This document discusses antipsychotic drugs, including their indications, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and the nurse's responsibilities for patients receiving antipsychotics. It notes that antipsychotics are used to treat psychotic symptoms and various organic, functional, mood, childhood, and medical disorders. Their mechanisms of action involve blocking dopamine receptors. Adverse effects include extrapyramidal symptoms like parkinsonism and dystonia, as well as autonomic, seizure, and sedation side effects. Nurses must monitor for and manage these side effects, ensure safe medication administration, and educate patients.
This document discusses antipsychotic drugs, including their classification, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and the nurse's role in monitoring patients taking these medications. It outlines that antipsychotics can reduce psychotic symptoms in conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. Common side effects include anticholinergic effects, hormonal effects, extrapyramidal symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia with long term use. Nurses must closely monitor patients for any side effects or complications and ensure they receive their medications accurately.
This document provides information about psychotic disorders and their treatment. It discusses:
- Types of psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, brief psychotic disorder, and others.
- Causes of psychosis including genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors.
- Signs and symptoms of psychosis such as delusions, hallucinations, and behavioral changes.
- Types of antipsychotic medications including first-generation ("typical") and second-generation ("atypical") drugs. It provides examples of drugs from each class and their mechanisms of action and side effects.
The primary treatment for schizophrenia is psychopharmacology. Antipsychotic medications, also known as neuroleptics, are prescribed to decrease psychotic symptoms. Conventional antipsychotics target positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations by blocking dopamine, while atypical antipsychotics also target negative symptoms by blocking serotonin. Common side effects of antipsychotics include extrapyramidal symptoms like dystonia, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia. Clozapine is effective but carries the risk of the potentially fatal agranulocytosis if white blood cell counts are not regularly monitored. Long-acting injectable forms of fluphenazine and haloperidol can be used for maintenance therapy
The document discusses antipsychotic drugs, including their history, classification, properties, indications, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and adverse effects. It notes that chlorpromazine and reserpine were the first drugs found useful for schizophrenia. Antipsychotics are primarily used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic states by blocking D2 receptors. Common adverse effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, autonomic effects, sedation, and weight gain. Nurses are responsible for monitoring patients and educating them about proper use and side effects of antipsychotic medications.
This is the outline of antipsychotic drugs, their mechanism of action, doses, indications, and contraindication which will help students to understand clearly.
This document provides an overview of psychopharmacological therapy. It discusses important terms, symptoms, side effects, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and half-life of drugs. The major categories of drugs covered are neuroleptics, anxiolytics, hypnotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and psychostimulants. Neuroleptics, also called antipsychotics, are used to treat psychoses and can be divided into typical and atypical categories. Side effects of antipsychotics include extrapyramidal symptoms like pseudoparkinsonism, akinesia, akathisia, dystonia, oculogyric crisis, tardive dyskinesia, neurole
This document discusses antipsychotic drugs, including their indications, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and the nurse's responsibilities for patients receiving antipsychotics. It notes that antipsychotics are used to treat psychotic symptoms and various organic, functional, mood, childhood, and medical disorders. Their mechanisms of action involve blocking dopamine receptors. Adverse effects include extrapyramidal symptoms like parkinsonism and dystonia, as well as autonomic, seizure, and sedation side effects. Nurses must monitor for and manage these side effects, ensure safe medication administration, and educate patients.
This document discusses antipsychotic drugs, including their classification, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and the nurse's role in monitoring patients taking these medications. It outlines that antipsychotics can reduce psychotic symptoms in conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. Common side effects include anticholinergic effects, hormonal effects, extrapyramidal symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia with long term use. Nurses must closely monitor patients for any side effects or complications and ensure they receive their medications accurately.
This document provides information about psychotic disorders and their treatment. It discusses:
- Types of psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, brief psychotic disorder, and others.
- Causes of psychosis including genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors.
- Signs and symptoms of psychosis such as delusions, hallucinations, and behavioral changes.
- Types of antipsychotic medications including first-generation ("typical") and second-generation ("atypical") drugs. It provides examples of drugs from each class and their mechanisms of action and side effects.
The primary treatment for schizophrenia is psychopharmacology. Antipsychotic medications, also known as neuroleptics, are prescribed to decrease psychotic symptoms. Conventional antipsychotics target positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations by blocking dopamine, while atypical antipsychotics also target negative symptoms by blocking serotonin. Common side effects of antipsychotics include extrapyramidal symptoms like dystonia, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia. Clozapine is effective but carries the risk of the potentially fatal agranulocytosis if white blood cell counts are not regularly monitored. Long-acting injectable forms of fluphenazine and haloperidol can be used for maintenance therapy
The document discusses antipsychotic drugs, including their history, classification, properties, indications, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and adverse effects. It notes that chlorpromazine and reserpine were the first drugs found useful for schizophrenia. Antipsychotics are primarily used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic states by blocking D2 receptors. Common adverse effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, autonomic effects, sedation, and weight gain. Nurses are responsible for monitoring patients and educating them about proper use and side effects of antipsychotic medications.
This is the outline of antipsychotic drugs, their mechanism of action, doses, indications, and contraindication which will help students to understand clearly.
This document provides an overview of psychopharmacological therapy. It discusses important terms, symptoms, side effects, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and half-life of drugs. The major categories of drugs covered are neuroleptics, anxiolytics, hypnotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and psychostimulants. Neuroleptics, also called antipsychotics, are used to treat psychoses and can be divided into typical and atypical categories. Side effects of antipsychotics include extrapyramidal symptoms like pseudoparkinsonism, akinesia, akathisia, dystonia, oculogyric crisis, tardive dyskinesia, neurole
Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that affects about 1% of the population. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech and behavior. It is believed to have genetic and environmental causes. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications, which help control symptoms by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. Older antipsychotics controlled positive symptoms but had side effects, while newer atypical antipsychotics also help negative symptoms but can cause weight gain and metabolic issues. Patients require lifelong treatment and monitoring to help prevent relapses.
Second generation atypical anti-psychotic used for mental disorders more extensively for bipolar disorder. have very low side effects than other SGA Medications
This document provides an overview of drugs used in the nervous system, including analgesics, sedatives, and hypnotics. It discusses the classification, mechanism of action, dosages, indications, contraindications, side effects, and nursing responsibilities for various classes of drugs like NSAIDs, opioids, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. The key classes covered are analgesics like NSAIDs for pain and fever relief, sedatives-hypnotics including benzodiazepines and barbiturates for inducing sleep or calm, and their use, effects, and monitoring by nurses.
The document discusses antidepressants, including their classification, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and nursing responsibilities. Some key classes covered are SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs. SSRIs are most commonly prescribed and work by inhibiting serotonin reuptake. SNRIs also inhibit norepinephrine reuptake. TCAs and MAOIs have more side effects due to their broader mechanisms of action. Nurses must carefully monitor patients taking antidepressants due to risks like hypertensive crisis, seizures, and interactions with foods/medications.
This document discusses several classes of neurological medications including adrenergic drugs, cholinergic drugs, anticholinergic drugs, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, narcotic analgesics, and narcotic antagonists. It describes the uses, side effects, and nursing considerations for medications in each class. Key points covered include the effects of these drugs on the central and autonomic nervous systems, symptoms of overdose or toxicity, and importance of monitoring for side effects when patients take these medications.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The document discusses the history, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia including antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy. Nursing management focuses on safety, medication administration and psychosocial support.
The document provides an overview of antipsychotic drugs. It discusses the history and classification of antipsychotics and their mechanisms of action. First generation antipsychotics act primarily as dopamine antagonists, while second generation drugs also act as serotonin antagonists. Common side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, metabolic issues, and tardive dyskinesia. Newer treatments target glutamate receptors or have novel mechanisms of action like partial dopamine agonism to provide antipsychotic effects with fewer side effects.
The document discusses various topics related to pharmacology including:
1) Extrapyramidal effects such as Parkinson-like symptoms and Tardive Dyskinesia that can occur with antipsychotic drugs.
2) Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, a potentially fatal reaction to antipsychotic drugs characterized by high fever, muscle rigidity and confusion.
3) Precautions for stopping medications that affect the nervous system like migraine medications and barbiturates which should be tapered to avoid rebound symptoms.
This document discusses various drugs used in the nervous system. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, including analgesics, anesthetics, cholinergics, anticholinergics, antidepressants, and CNS stimulants. It then provides details on analgesics like NSAIDs, opioids, and barbiturates. It explains their mechanisms of action, examples and dosages, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, drug interactions, and nursing responsibilities. Sedatives and hypnotics are also summarized, focusing on benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Overall, the document concisely reviews many commonly used drugs for the nervous system.
This document discusses various types of antidepressants and antipsychotics used to treat mood disorders such as depression. It describes three types of depression - reactive, major, and bipolar disorder. It then covers different classes of antidepressants including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), atypical antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Side effects and contraindications of these drug classes are also outlined. The document also discusses antipsychotics used to treat psychosis and their classification into typical and atypical drugs. Extrapyramidal side effects of typical antipsychotics are noted.
This document discusses psychosis and its treatment. It defines psychosis as a loss of contact with reality, characterized by disturbances in reality, perception, and cognition. Common signs and symptoms include delusions and hallucinations. The document outlines typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychosis, noting their mechanisms of action and side effects. It also discusses alternative treatments for psychosis like Ayurvedic medicines, aromatherapy, music therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and deep brain stimulation. Recent drugs under clinical trials are also mentioned.
Psychopharmacology is the study of drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior. These drugs may originate from natural sources such as plants and animals, or from artificial sources such as chemical syntheses in the laboratory.
Major Categories of Drugs
1- Neuroleptics 2- Anxiolytics 3- Hypnotics 4- Antidepressants 5- Mood Stabilizers 6- Psychostimulants
Antidepressants are the second most prescribed medication in the US, with 15 million Americans affected by depression each year. Depression is treated through medications and therapy. Antidepressants work by adjusting neurotransmitter levels in the brain like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Common classes include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs. While effective, antidepressants can cause side effects like nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and increased suicide risk initially. Doctors closely monitor patients to improve treatment outcomes and safety.
Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of medications primarily used to manage symptoms of psychosis, a mental state characterized by impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors, often seen in conditions like schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and certain mood disorders. These medications work by modulating neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly dopamine, to alleviate or reduce the severity of symptoms associated with psychosis. this ppt contains information regarding antipsychotics
This document provides information on psychoactive drugs used to treat psychiatric conditions. It defines psychoactive drugs as substances that act on the central nervous system, altering brain function and resulting in changes in perception, mood, consciousness, and behavior. The document then summarizes several classes of psychoactive drugs - antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, stimulants, and depressants - listing their indications, mechanisms of action, side effects, and nursing responsibilities for each.
This document discusses various psychotropic drugs used to treat mental disorders involving psychosis, depression, anxiety, mania, and hallucinations. It provides details on the classification, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and indications of antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antimanic drugs, and drugs used to treat hallucinations. Key points include: antipsychotics work by blocking dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain; antidepressants increase neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine; benzodiazepines enhance GABA inhibition in the brain; lithium is used as an antimanic drug and stabilizes mood in bipolar disorder; schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease are common causes of hallucinations.
Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that affects about 1% of the population. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech and behavior. It is believed to have genetic and environmental causes. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications, which help control symptoms by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. Older antipsychotics controlled positive symptoms but had side effects, while newer atypical antipsychotics also help negative symptoms but can cause weight gain and metabolic issues. Patients require lifelong treatment and monitoring to help prevent relapses.
Second generation atypical anti-psychotic used for mental disorders more extensively for bipolar disorder. have very low side effects than other SGA Medications
This document provides an overview of drugs used in the nervous system, including analgesics, sedatives, and hypnotics. It discusses the classification, mechanism of action, dosages, indications, contraindications, side effects, and nursing responsibilities for various classes of drugs like NSAIDs, opioids, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. The key classes covered are analgesics like NSAIDs for pain and fever relief, sedatives-hypnotics including benzodiazepines and barbiturates for inducing sleep or calm, and their use, effects, and monitoring by nurses.
The document discusses antidepressants, including their classification, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and nursing responsibilities. Some key classes covered are SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs. SSRIs are most commonly prescribed and work by inhibiting serotonin reuptake. SNRIs also inhibit norepinephrine reuptake. TCAs and MAOIs have more side effects due to their broader mechanisms of action. Nurses must carefully monitor patients taking antidepressants due to risks like hypertensive crisis, seizures, and interactions with foods/medications.
This document discusses several classes of neurological medications including adrenergic drugs, cholinergic drugs, anticholinergic drugs, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, narcotic analgesics, and narcotic antagonists. It describes the uses, side effects, and nursing considerations for medications in each class. Key points covered include the effects of these drugs on the central and autonomic nervous systems, symptoms of overdose or toxicity, and importance of monitoring for side effects when patients take these medications.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The document discusses the history, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia including antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy. Nursing management focuses on safety, medication administration and psychosocial support.
The document provides an overview of antipsychotic drugs. It discusses the history and classification of antipsychotics and their mechanisms of action. First generation antipsychotics act primarily as dopamine antagonists, while second generation drugs also act as serotonin antagonists. Common side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, metabolic issues, and tardive dyskinesia. Newer treatments target glutamate receptors or have novel mechanisms of action like partial dopamine agonism to provide antipsychotic effects with fewer side effects.
The document discusses various topics related to pharmacology including:
1) Extrapyramidal effects such as Parkinson-like symptoms and Tardive Dyskinesia that can occur with antipsychotic drugs.
2) Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, a potentially fatal reaction to antipsychotic drugs characterized by high fever, muscle rigidity and confusion.
3) Precautions for stopping medications that affect the nervous system like migraine medications and barbiturates which should be tapered to avoid rebound symptoms.
This document discusses various drugs used in the nervous system. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, including analgesics, anesthetics, cholinergics, anticholinergics, antidepressants, and CNS stimulants. It then provides details on analgesics like NSAIDs, opioids, and barbiturates. It explains their mechanisms of action, examples and dosages, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, drug interactions, and nursing responsibilities. Sedatives and hypnotics are also summarized, focusing on benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Overall, the document concisely reviews many commonly used drugs for the nervous system.
This document discusses various types of antidepressants and antipsychotics used to treat mood disorders such as depression. It describes three types of depression - reactive, major, and bipolar disorder. It then covers different classes of antidepressants including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), atypical antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Side effects and contraindications of these drug classes are also outlined. The document also discusses antipsychotics used to treat psychosis and their classification into typical and atypical drugs. Extrapyramidal side effects of typical antipsychotics are noted.
This document discusses psychosis and its treatment. It defines psychosis as a loss of contact with reality, characterized by disturbances in reality, perception, and cognition. Common signs and symptoms include delusions and hallucinations. The document outlines typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychosis, noting their mechanisms of action and side effects. It also discusses alternative treatments for psychosis like Ayurvedic medicines, aromatherapy, music therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and deep brain stimulation. Recent drugs under clinical trials are also mentioned.
Psychopharmacology is the study of drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior. These drugs may originate from natural sources such as plants and animals, or from artificial sources such as chemical syntheses in the laboratory.
Major Categories of Drugs
1- Neuroleptics 2- Anxiolytics 3- Hypnotics 4- Antidepressants 5- Mood Stabilizers 6- Psychostimulants
Antidepressants are the second most prescribed medication in the US, with 15 million Americans affected by depression each year. Depression is treated through medications and therapy. Antidepressants work by adjusting neurotransmitter levels in the brain like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Common classes include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs. While effective, antidepressants can cause side effects like nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and increased suicide risk initially. Doctors closely monitor patients to improve treatment outcomes and safety.
Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of medications primarily used to manage symptoms of psychosis, a mental state characterized by impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors, often seen in conditions like schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and certain mood disorders. These medications work by modulating neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly dopamine, to alleviate or reduce the severity of symptoms associated with psychosis. this ppt contains information regarding antipsychotics
This document provides information on psychoactive drugs used to treat psychiatric conditions. It defines psychoactive drugs as substances that act on the central nervous system, altering brain function and resulting in changes in perception, mood, consciousness, and behavior. The document then summarizes several classes of psychoactive drugs - antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, stimulants, and depressants - listing their indications, mechanisms of action, side effects, and nursing responsibilities for each.
This document discusses various psychotropic drugs used to treat mental disorders involving psychosis, depression, anxiety, mania, and hallucinations. It provides details on the classification, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and indications of antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antimanic drugs, and drugs used to treat hallucinations. Key points include: antipsychotics work by blocking dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain; antidepressants increase neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine; benzodiazepines enhance GABA inhibition in the brain; lithium is used as an antimanic drug and stabilizes mood in bipolar disorder; schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease are common causes of hallucinations.
PSYCHIATRIC History collection FORMAT.pptxPoojaSen20
IDENTIFICATION DATA
NAME
AGE
SEX
FATHER/SPOUSE NAME
ADDRESS
EDUCATION
OCCUPATION
INCOME
MARITAL STATUS
RELIGION
INFORMANT
PRESENTING CHIEF COMPLAIN-
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS-
DURATION –DAYS/WEEK/MONTH/YEAR
MODE OF ONSET-ABRUPT/ACUTE/SUBACUTE/INSIDIOUS
COURSE-CONTINOUS/EPISODIC/FLUCTUATIG/UNCLEAR
PRECIPITATING FACTOR-YES(EXPLAIN)/NO
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT ILLNESS-
(CHRONOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR ASSOCIATED WITH PROBLEM LIKESUCIDE ,SPEECH,MOOD STATE,CHNGES IN ACTIVITY IN DAILY LIVING(ADL)
TREATMENT HISTORY
DRUGS (NAME OF DRUGS, DOSE, ROUTE,SIDE EFFECT)
ECT(ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERPY)
PSYCHOTHERPY
PAST PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL/SURGICAL HISTORY
NUMBER OF PREVIOUS EPISODE
DURATION
TREATMENT DETAILS
TREATMENT OUTCOME
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
ANY SURGICAL PROCEDURE
SAMPLING METHODS ( PROBABILITY SAMPLING).pptxPoojaSen20
SAMPLING
SAMPLING IS THE PROCESS OF SELECTING A SMALL NUMBER OF ELEMNTS FROM A LARGER DEFINED TARGET GROUP OF ELEMNTS SUCH THAT THE INFORMATION GATHERDED FROM THE SMALL GROUP WILL ALLOW JUDEN=MENT TO BE MADE ABOUT THE LARGER GROUPS.
IN SIMPLE WORDS A PROCEDURE BY WHICH SOME MEMBERS OF A GIVEN POPULATION ARE SELECTED AS REPRESENTATION OF THE ENTIRE POPULATION .
PURPOSE OF SAMPLING
To gather data about the population in order to make an inference that can be generalized to the populations. .
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Probability sampling is a type of sampling where each member of the population has a known probability of being selected in the sample .
In probability sampling some elements of randomness is involved in selection of units ,so that personal judgement or bias is not there.
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Non- Probability sampling is a type of sampling where each member of the population does not have known probability of being selected in the sample.
In this each member of the population does not get equal chance of being selected in the sample.
This sampling methods is adopted when each member of the population can not be selected or the researcher deliberately wants to choose member selectively
The process of using a small number of items or parts of larger population to make a conclusions about the whole population.
Sampling is the process of selecting representative units from an entire populations of a study .
Sampling is a technique of selecting a subset of the population.
EXAMPLE – While cooking rice to see whether the rice are cooked or not we never see each and every grain of rice. only a sample of rice grain is checked to make the decision regarding the cooked or the uncooked rice
A sample should be reliable.
A sample should be economical.
A sample should be goal oriented.
A sample should be appropriate in size.
A sample should be free from bias and errors.
A sample should be true representation of population.
NATURE OF THE RESEARCHER-
Inexperienced investigator
Lack of interest
Lack of honesty
Lack of adequate resources
Inadequate supervision
NATURE OF SAMPLE –
Inappropriate sampling technique
Sample Size
Defective sampling Frame
GRIEF- Grief is the natural emotional response to the loss of someone close, such as a family member or friend. grief can also occur after a serious illness, a divorce or other significant losses. grief often involves intense sadness, and sometimes feelings of shock or even denial and anger.
BEREAVEMENT - Bereavement is the experience of losing someone important to us. It's characterized by grief, which is the process and the range of emotions we go through when we experience a loss. ( It is the starting stage of grief)
MOURNING – A reaction activated by a person to assist in overcoming a great personal loss.
Mourning is an expression of grief or a time of grieving that follows a loved one's death or other serious loss. To begin to feel or show sadness for someone who has died :
EX. - To begin the ritual observances accompanying a death (such as the wearing of WHITE - she went into mourning for her dead husband)
HOSPICE CARE -Hospice care focuses on the care, comfort, and quality of life of a person with a serious illness who is approaching the end of life. At some point, it may not be possible to cure a serious illness, or a patient may choose not to undergo certain treatments.
LAST OFFICE -The last offices, or laying out, is the procedures performed, usually by a nurse, to the body of a dead person shortly after death has been confirmed.
The fact or process of losing something or someone.
Loss is an inevitable (which can not be avoid) part of life, loss is an actual and symbolic (sure to happen) situation in which something that is valued is changed or no longer available or gone.
SUDDEN LOSS - sudden loss or shocking losses due to event like crime, accident, suicide .
PREDICTABLE LOSS / ANTICIPATORY LOSS - Predictable loss occurs due to terminal illness sometime allow more time to prepare for loss.
PHYSICAL LOSS – Loss of part or aspect of the body, such as loss of an extremely in an accident, burn.
PHYSIOLOGICAL LOSS - Emotional loss such as women feeling inadequately after menopause.
MATURATIONAL LOSS – A maturational loss is a form of necessary loss which is normally expected occur during the life cycle.
Ex. Death of spouse due to old age.
ACTUAL LOSS – Actual loss is when something valuable is lost or damaged unexpectedly.
.Ex. – If you buy a toy and it breaks.
PERCEIVED LOSS – A perceived loss is a loss that is not necessarily seen or felt by others. loss occurs when a Divorce, property, Job termination .
Grief is a subjective state of emotional, physical & social response to the loss.
Grief is a series of intense physical, psychological response that occurs following loss.
Grief is the subjective feeling participated by the death of loved one.
NORMAL / COMMON GRIEF -
Normal or common grief begins soon after a loss and symptoms go away over the time.
Normal grief usually includes some common emotional reaction shock, denial occurring immediately after death if death is unexpected.
Normal or common grief occur in 50 Percentag
DIFFRENCES BETWEEN CULTURE & CIVILIZATION.pptxPoojaSen20
Pooja Sen is a Nursing Lecturer with a Master's in Health Nursing. Culture refers to the learned behaviors, beliefs, norms and practices shared by a social group. Civilization comes from the Latin word for citizen and refers to the advancement of technology and society by human groups.
Societies not only group of people it is a system of relationship that exist between the individual and group.
Society consist of multicultural individual & everybody shares the culture, adjust with each other & adapt the new culture.
Concept Of Transcultural Society
It imposes every individual & group to adopt new values, ideas & knowledge.
There is an equal exchange of 2 cultural group.
Society people have a deep understanding & respect for all culture, every one Learn from each other & grow together.
Society people have a deep understanding & respect for all culture, every one Learn from each other & grow together.
Formation of Transcultural Society
It started when people of 2 or more cultures borrow some elements of each other culture.
society and its types nd chracterstics.pptxPoojaSen20
The word society is most fundamental to sociology. It is derived from the latin word “SOCIOUS” meaning “Companion ship or fellowship "or friendship.
According to Aristotle – Man is a social animal and cannot live alone. He needs society for every thing in life ,from survival to work and enjoyment Society is the group of people living in a particular region and having shared customs ,laws and organization”.
“A society may be defined as a network of interconnected major groups viewed as a unit and sharing a common culture” .
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. PSYCHOSIS REFERS TO AN ABNORMAL CONDITION OF THE MIND
DESCRIBED AS INVOLVING A “LOSS OF CONTACT WITH REALITY”
PEOPLE EXPERIENCING PSYCHOSIS MAY EXHIBIT SOME PERSONALITY
CHANGES & THOUGHT DISORDER. BUT MAINLY INDIVIDUAL STRUGGLE
WITH DELUSION,HALLUCINATION & IMPAIRED INSIGHT.
PSYCHOSIS
3. 1. ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
Anti psychotic drugs are also known as neuroleptic drugs or major tranquilizer.
It primarily used to treat schizophrenia, but they are also effective for psychotic
state.
Antipsychotic drugs are not curative and not eliminate the chronic thought
disorder but they decrease the intensity of hallucination & delusions .
Antipsychotic drugs used in modern medicine more than 50 years.
Chlorpromazine & Reserpine were the first drugs found to be useful in
schizophrenia.
4. 1. ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
The antipsychotic drugs are broadly defined as the drugs ,which are used to treat the
psychiatric disorder.
The drugs are also called as neuroleptic agents as they reduce the agitation ( a state
of anxiety) & disturbed behavior associated with delusion & hallucination.
5. 1. ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS TYPES
TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS – Are a class of antipsychotic drugs ,first
developed in the 1950s and used to treat psychosis. Also called as a first
generation drugs.
Clozapine 50-450 mg/day (oral dose)
Risperidone 0.5-50 mg/day (oral dose)
Olanzapine 10-20 mg/day (oral dose)
Quetiapine 175-750 mg/day (oral dose)
Ziprasidone
Asenapine
7. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Anti psychotic medication drugs block
the D2 receptors in the mesolimbic &
mesofrontal system.
Sedation caused by alpha-adrenergic
blockade.
Anti dopaminergic action on basal
ganglia are responsible for causing EPS (
extra pyramidal symptoms.)
8. INDICATION
Antipsychotic is mainly treat for acute & chronic type of psychosis
Organic Disorder- delirium, dementia, delirium tremors.
Functional Disorders – Schizophrenia , schizoaffective disorder
Mood Disorder – Mania, major depression with psychotic symptoms.
Childhood disorder- ADHD, Autism, enuresis, conduct disorder
Neurotic disorder- Anorexia nervosa, OCD ,Anxiety.
Medical Disorder – Huntington's Chorea , eclampsia ,tic disorder
9. CONTRA INDICATION
Hypersensitivity
Not to be used when CNS depression
Parkinson's diseases
Elder, severely ill or respiratory insufficiency ,prostatic hypertrophy or
intestinal obstruction.
11. These are serious neurological symptoms and major side effects of antipsychotic
drugs, blockade of D2 receptor in the mid brain region of the brain stem is
responsible for the development of EPS.
Typical antipsychotic cause grater incidence of EPS then atypical antipsychotic.
There are serious neurological changes which represent the following symptoms.
EXTRA PARAMEDIAL SYMPTOMS
12. EXTRA PARAMEDIAL SYMPTOMS
Neuroleptic induced parkinsonism – Symptoms include rigidity,
tremors, bradykinesia (Slowness of movements & speed), ataxia
(impaired balance & coordination),akinesia(inability to move one’s
muscles voluntarily).
Acute dystonia- dystonic movement result from a slow sustained
muscular spasm that lead to an involuntary movement. dystonia
can involve the neck, jaw, tongue and the entire body
(opisthotonos).There is also involment of the eye known as
oculogyric crisis .
13. EXTRA PARAMEDIAL SYMPTOMS
Akathisia – Akathisia is a subjective feelings of muscular
discomfort that can cause patient to be agitated, restlessness and
feel generally dysphoric.
Tardive Dyskinesia- It is a delayed adverse effect of antipsychotic.
It consist of abnormal ,irregular movements of the muscles of the
head, limb and trunk. It is characterized by chewing, sucking ,
grimacing and perioral movements.
14. EXTRA PARAMEDIAL SYMPTOMS
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome – This is a rare but serious
disorder occurring in a small minority of patients taking
neuroleptics ,especially high potency compounds.
The onset is often but not invariably in the first 10 days of treatment
.the clinical picture includes the rapid onset (usually over 24-72
hours) of severe motor, mental & autonomic disorders.
15. EXTRA PARAMEDIAL SYMPTOMS
Autonomic side effect – dry mouth, constipation, cycloplegia,
mydriasis , urinary retention , orthostatic hypertension , impotence
and impaired ejaculation.
Agranulocytosis
Seizure
Sedation
Wight gain
16. NURSES RESPONCIBILITY
Instruct the patient to take sips of water frequently to relieve
dryness of mouth. Frequently use of mouth wash, use of chew
gum applying glycerin on the lips are also helpful.
A high fiber diet ,increased fluid intake and laxatives if needed
help to reduce constipation.
Advice patient to get up from the bed or chair very slowly.
Patient should sit on the edge of the bed for one min. dangling his
feet before standing up.
17. NURSES RESPONCIBILITY
Check BP before or after medication is given. This is an important
measure to prevent falls and other complications resulting from
orthostatic hypertension.
Observe patient regularly for abnormal movements.
Take all seizure precautions.
Patient should be warned about driving a car or operating
machinery when first treated with the antipsychotic drugs.
18. NURSES RESPONCIBILITY
Giving entire dose at bed time usually eliminate any problem from
sedation.
Advice patient to use sunscreen measures ( use of full sleeves
,dark glasses) for photosensitive reactions.
Teach the importance of drug compliance, side effect of drugs and
reporting if too severe ,regular follow up .
Give reassurance and reduce unfounded fears and anxiety.
19. NURSES RESPONCIBILITY
Stop the drugs if the WBS count drops to less than 3000/mm3 of
blood.
Seizure precautions should also be taken .
The dose should be regulated carefully and the patient may also
be put on anticonvulsants drugs.