Psychopharmacology-Unit-5.

1. Psychopharmacological Therapy
Presented by
Dr. Ved Prakash Rawat
Assistant Professor.
Department of Psychology
Vasanta College for Women
Rajghat Fort
Varanasi – 221001
Mob/No-9451606320
Email-rawatv704@gmail.com

2. Psychopharmacological Therapy
• Overview of Psychopharmacological Therapy
• Important Terms, Symptoms & Side Effects
• Pharamacodynamics: Where Drugs Act or Mode
of Action.
• Pharmacokinetics: How the Body Acts on the
Drug?
• Half Life of Drug
• Major Categories of Drugs
• Side Effects of Drugs

3. Major Categories of Drugs
1- Neuroleptics
2- Anxiolytics
3- Hypnotics
4- Antidepressants
5- Mood Stabilizers
6- Psychostimulants

4. NEUROLEPTIC

5. NEUROLEPTICS /ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS
• Indications: Suchako
– These are also called major tranquilizers or
neuroleptics.
– They are used in the treatment of acute and chronic
psychoses particularly when accompanied by increased
psychomotor activity.
– Selected agents are used as antiemetics in the
treatment of intractable hiccoughs and for the control
of tics and vocal utterances in Tourette’s disorder.
– Antipsychotic drugs are divided in to two categories:
Typical Neuroleptics and Atypical Neuroleptic
Pratiki apratiki

6. Antipsychotic Drugs
 Examples of First generation or
Conventional antipsychotics or
Typical Neuroleptics :
1-Phenothiazines (Thorazine,
Prolixin)
2-Thioxanthene (Navane)
3-Butyrophenones
4- Dibenzoxazepines (Loxitane)
5-Haloperidol (Haldol)
SideEffects: Appeared Movement
Related disorders which is called
Extrapyramidal Symptoms.
 Examples of Second generation
or Novel antipsychotics or
Atypical Neuroleptics :
1-Clozapine (Clozaril)
2-Risperidone (Risperdal)
3-Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
4-Quetiapine (Seroquel)
5-Ziprasidone (Geodon)
Side Effects
A-Positive Side Effects: delusions,
Hallucinations, disorganiged
speech and behaviour
B-Negative Side Effects: Flat
affect, Poverty of speech, Loss
of directions

7. Some Side Effects of Antipsychotics
• Side effects of antipsychotics: Pasharv Prabhav
– Anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth, blurred
vision, constipation, urinary retention
– Nausea
– Skin rash
– Sedation
– hypotension
– Photosensitivity
– Hormonal effects
– ECG Changes
– Reduction of seizure threshold
– Hypersalivation

8. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS): They are related to
movement disorder and related to typical Neuroleptics.
1-Pseudoparkinsonism: Rigidity, Tremor in hand and leg,
sad facial expression, mask like face, loss of spontaneous
movements and some time show rabbit syndrome.
Some Side Effects of Antipsychotics

9. Yassa & Lal (1986) have found that Rabbit syndrome is a
rare form of extrapyramidal symptoms side effect of
antipsychotic drugs in which perioral (Jhatkey) tremors
occur at a rate of approximately 5 Hz (Schwartz &
Hocherman, 2004).
Villeneuve (1972), Ciapparelli, Antonio, Frank, & Ellen
(2007) have explained that Rabbit syndrome is
characterized by involuntary, fine, rhythmic motions of the
mouth along a vertical plane, without involvement of the
tongue.
Rabbit syndrome

10.  Rabbit Syndrome is usually seen after years of
pharmacotherapy, and is more prominent with high
potency drugs like haloperidol, fluphenazine,
and pimozide.
Rabbit syndrome can be treated with
anticholinergic drugs.
It generally disappears within a few days of treatment
but may re-emerge after anticholinergic treatment is
stopped.
Another treatment strategy is to switch the patient to
an atypical antipsychotic with high anti-cholinergic
properties.
Cognitive symptoms involve impaired thinking
ability.
Rabbit Syndrome

11. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS): They are related to movement
disorder and related to typical Neuroleptics.
2-Akinesia: Slow movement or This is loss of standard motor
functions or slowness that causes impaired movement of muscle and
plainly “without movement” or “without much movement”. It can be
caused by paralysis, that is temporary and also from being in a
coma. It might disturb all or only a portion of the body.
3-Akathisia: An often distressing sense of inner restlessness or
patients typically complain of feeling of restless. Obvious sign of
restlessness include continual foot-tapping, marching, pacing or
shuffling. Patients might also rock back and forth while sitting or
standing. Other symptoms include continually shifting body weight
from one leg to another.
Some Side Effects of Antipsychotics

12. Dystonia: Series of uncontrollable contractions in eye,
back, tongue and muscles
Oculogyric crisis: A prolonged involuntary upward
deviation of the eyes.
Tardive dyskinesia: Irregular, repetitive involuntary
movements of mouth, face, and tongue, including
chewing, tongue protrusion, lip smacking, puckering of
the lips, and rapid eye blinking. Abnormal finger
movements are common.
Some Side Effects of Antipsychotics

13. -Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: NMS typically consists of muscle
rigidity, fever, autonomic instability, and cognitive changes such as delirium.
-Hyperglycemia and diabetes: high blood sugar is a condition in which
an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma.
Some Side Effects of Antipsychotics

14. THANKS