Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
This document provides an overview of basic principles of antimicrobial therapy. It discusses key terms like antimicrobial, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and selective toxicity. It also covers topics like antibiotic resistance, restricted antibiotics, selection of antibiotics, antibiotic combinations, classification of antimicrobials by category and common drugs and their indications and adverse drug reactions. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on fundamental concepts in antimicrobial treatment and management.
This document is a biology project on antibiotics completed by Riya Gupta of class XII-A at VSPK International School during the 2017-2018 academic year under the guidance of Ms. Jasbir Kaur. It includes an introduction to antibiotics, how they work, common uses and classes of antibiotics, possible side effects, issues with stopping antibiotics early, antibiotic allergies, and antibiotic resistance. The project cites five references used in its creation.
Antibiotics,antibiotics resistances,classification of antibiotics,misuse of antibiotics details discussed here. for more information visit my blog helpful for pharmacy and medical student.thanks.
http://mydreamlan.wordpress.com/category/education/
General principles of antimicrobial therapyAbialbon Paul
This document outlines several key principles of antimicrobial therapy, including:
- Selecting drugs based on their selective toxicity to pathogens, pharmacokinetics, and whether they are bacteriostatic or bactericidal.
- Considering concentration-dependent vs. time-dependent killing and the post-antibiotic effect.
- Using combination therapy appropriately to enhance effects and delay resistance.
- Choosing drugs based on the infection's spectrum, risk of superinfections, and empirical vs. prophylactic use.
- Accounting for microbial sensitivity, mechanisms of resistance development, and host factors like disease states and organ function.
- Managing adverse effects, drug interactions, and cost considerations.
Evaluation of anti infective drugs updatedMarkos Tadele
The document discusses the evaluation of anti-infective drugs which involves several stages. In vitro studies are conducted to determine a drug's mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Animal models are used to study efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics. Clinical trials in humans have four phases to establish safety, efficacy, appropriate dosing, and post-market surveillance. The evaluation provides critical information on anti-infective drugs before their approval and clinical use.
General principles of antimicrobial therapy...Mark Gokia
This document outlines general principles of antimicrobial therapy. It discusses establishing a clinical diagnosis and microbiological diagnosis before initiating empirical therapy. It also covers determining the appropriate antimicrobial agent based on the likely pathogens, infection site, and host factors. Monitoring the patient's response and making adjustments based on culture results is also discussed.
This document discusses anti-infective therapy for periodontal disease. It begins by defining periodontal disease as a host-microbe interaction disease caused by plaque biofilm. Mechanical therapy is the mainstay treatment, while anti-infective therapy can serve as an adjunct. It then discusses various anti-infective agents including antibiotics, their mechanisms of action, appropriate uses, and guidelines for use as adjuncts to mechanical therapy for periodontal disease. It emphasizes the importance of disrupting biofilm for antibiotics to be effective and cautions about developing antibiotic resistance.
This document provides an overview of basic principles of antimicrobial therapy. It discusses key terms like antimicrobial, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and selective toxicity. It also covers topics like antibiotic resistance, restricted antibiotics, selection of antibiotics, antibiotic combinations, classification of antimicrobials by category and common drugs and their indications and adverse drug reactions. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on fundamental concepts in antimicrobial treatment and management.
This document is a biology project on antibiotics completed by Riya Gupta of class XII-A at VSPK International School during the 2017-2018 academic year under the guidance of Ms. Jasbir Kaur. It includes an introduction to antibiotics, how they work, common uses and classes of antibiotics, possible side effects, issues with stopping antibiotics early, antibiotic allergies, and antibiotic resistance. The project cites five references used in its creation.
Antibiotics,antibiotics resistances,classification of antibiotics,misuse of antibiotics details discussed here. for more information visit my blog helpful for pharmacy and medical student.thanks.
http://mydreamlan.wordpress.com/category/education/
General principles of antimicrobial therapyAbialbon Paul
This document outlines several key principles of antimicrobial therapy, including:
- Selecting drugs based on their selective toxicity to pathogens, pharmacokinetics, and whether they are bacteriostatic or bactericidal.
- Considering concentration-dependent vs. time-dependent killing and the post-antibiotic effect.
- Using combination therapy appropriately to enhance effects and delay resistance.
- Choosing drugs based on the infection's spectrum, risk of superinfections, and empirical vs. prophylactic use.
- Accounting for microbial sensitivity, mechanisms of resistance development, and host factors like disease states and organ function.
- Managing adverse effects, drug interactions, and cost considerations.
Evaluation of anti infective drugs updatedMarkos Tadele
The document discusses the evaluation of anti-infective drugs which involves several stages. In vitro studies are conducted to determine a drug's mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Animal models are used to study efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics. Clinical trials in humans have four phases to establish safety, efficacy, appropriate dosing, and post-market surveillance. The evaluation provides critical information on anti-infective drugs before their approval and clinical use.
General principles of antimicrobial therapy...Mark Gokia
This document outlines general principles of antimicrobial therapy. It discusses establishing a clinical diagnosis and microbiological diagnosis before initiating empirical therapy. It also covers determining the appropriate antimicrobial agent based on the likely pathogens, infection site, and host factors. Monitoring the patient's response and making adjustments based on culture results is also discussed.
This document discusses anti-infective therapy for periodontal disease. It begins by defining periodontal disease as a host-microbe interaction disease caused by plaque biofilm. Mechanical therapy is the mainstay treatment, while anti-infective therapy can serve as an adjunct. It then discusses various anti-infective agents including antibiotics, their mechanisms of action, appropriate uses, and guidelines for use as adjuncts to mechanical therapy for periodontal disease. It emphasizes the importance of disrupting biofilm for antibiotics to be effective and cautions about developing antibiotic resistance.
The document discusses antibiotic classification and modes of action. It begins by explaining the objectives of the document, which are to explain antibiotic classification schemes, modes of action, and why susceptibility testing is performed. It then covers topics like the definition of antibiotics, sources of antibacterial agents, their role in inhibiting or destroying bacteria, and how they work through various mechanisms of action. The goal of susceptibility testing is outlined as providing guidance for appropriate therapy selection to help patients currently and in the future, as well as monitor resistance evolution. Interpretation of susceptibility test results is discussed alongside factors that can influence clinical outcomes.
This document provides an overview of general principles of antimicrobial therapy. It discusses key topics such as classes of antimicrobial agents based on their mechanism of action and targets, pharmacokinetic principles for dosing, types and goals of antimicrobial therapy including prophylaxis, empirical and definitive treatment. It also covers mechanisms of resistance, how resistance emerges evolutionarily, and principles of combination antimicrobial chemotherapy. The overall aim is to help readers understand fundamental concepts in antimicrobial drug selection, use and resistance.
The document discusses antimicrobials and their classification. It defines antimicrobials as agents that act against microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. It notes that while all antibiotics are antimicrobials, not all antimicrobials are antibiotics. Antibiotics specifically refer to substances produced by microorganisms that act against other microorganisms. The document also discusses the mechanisms of different antimicrobials, their effects on bacteria, classification based on spectrum of activity, impact on soil functions, and degradation in soil.
Antibiotics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
New microsoft power point presentationwria zangana
This document discusses the use of antibiotics, both systemic and local, in the treatment of periodontal disease. It outlines several antibiotics commonly used systemically, including tetracyclines, metronidazole, penicillins, cephalosporins, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, and macrolides. It notes their mechanisms of action, effectiveness against various bacteria, recommended dosages, and potential side effects. The document also discusses using antibiotics in combination or sequentially, as periodontal infections often involve multiple bacteria. Finally, it mentions the benefits of local antibiotic delivery directly into periodontal pockets to treat target bacteria while avoiding systemic side effects.
General Principles of Antimicrobial Selection - 2018Arwa M. Amin
Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it
This document discusses principles of antibiotic classification and use. It begins by defining antibiotics and outlining their importance as well as risks of misuse. It then categorizes antibiotics as bactericidal or bacteriostatic and discusses antibiotic susceptibility testing. Various classification schemes are provided based on antibiotic mechanisms of action, including inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, increasing membrane permeability, and interfering with protein or nucleic acid synthesis. The development of antibiotic resistance and methods to delay its emergence are also summarized.
Antibiotics used in peridontal diseases(1)Hafsa Zubair
This document discusses the use of antibiotics in treating periodontal disease. It begins by defining periodontal disease as a pathological condition involving the supporting tissues of the teeth, usually caused by bacterial infections. It then discusses how periodontal pockets form through the accumulation of plaque and destruction of bone. The document outlines guidelines for using antibiotics as an adjunct to mechanical debridement for treating periodontal pockets. It provides details on common systemic and local antibiotic regimens, including agents like metronidazole, amoxicillin, doxycycline, and minocycline. The document concludes by discussing approaches like serial or combination antibiotic therapy and local delivery agents for targeted treatment of periodontal infections.
Basic principles of antimicrobial therapy Javed Iqbal
The document discusses the basic principles of antimicrobial therapy. It states that antibiotics are often used inappropriately, for non-infective diseases or when surgical intervention is needed instead. Proper use of antibiotics requires using them for the appropriate duration and not as a replacement for good aseptic techniques like handwashing. The choice of antibiotic depends on factors like the infection source, likely pathogens, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and patient characteristics. Initial broad-spectrum therapy may be needed for serious infections but should be de-escalated once culture results are available to improve outcomes while minimizing resistance.
2. Choice and combined use of Anti-microbial agentsJagirPatel3
This document discusses factors that influence the choice and combined use of antimicrobial agents (AMAs). It notes that empiric therapy is sometimes necessary before laboratory results are available. When selecting AMAs, clinicians must consider the activity of the agent against the suspected organism, site of infection, administration route, metabolism/excretion, treatment duration, frequency, toxicity, cost, and local resistance rates. Combining AMAs can achieve synergism, broaden antimicrobial spectrum, reduce toxicity, prevent resistance emergence, and treat mixed infections, but may also increase adverse effects, resistance, costs, and superinfections if not used rationally.
Principles of Antimicrobial therapy_Pharmacologypavelbd
This document outlines principles of antimicrobial therapy. It discusses how antimicrobial drugs work by exploiting biochemical differences between microorganisms and human cells. Selection of antimicrobial agents involves identifying the infecting organism, determining its susceptibility, the site of infection, patient factors, safety, and cost. Empiric therapy may be used until identification. Determining minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations helps ensure clinically effective drug levels. The route of administration depends on a drug's absorption. Dosing is influenced by concentration-dependent killing and post-antibiotic effects. A variety of agents treat different types of bacteria.
This document discusses antibiotics used in periodontics. It defines key terms like antibiotic, antimicrobial, and provides classifications of antibiotics based on chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and source. It outlines guidelines for antibiotic use in periodontal disease, including indications, choosing an antibiotic based on patient and microbe factors, dosing principles, and duration of therapy. Systemic and local antibiotic administration methods are discussed. Common antibiotics used in periodontics that have been extensively evaluated are also listed.
1) The document discusses principles of antimicrobial therapy, including how antimicrobial drugs work by selectively killing microorganisms without harming host cells.
2) Selection of the best antimicrobial agent requires identifying the infecting organism, determining its drug susceptibility, considering the infection site and patient factors like immunity or organ function, and weighing the drug's safety, cost and ability to reach the infection site.
3) Antimicrobial therapy aims to rapidly identify pathogens, start immediate empiric treatment when needed, and later adjust therapy based on identification and susceptibility results while considering host barriers, drug properties, and toxicity risks.
This document discusses antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It covers several classes of antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and their generations. Antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, disrupting cellular membranes, or interfering with protein, nucleic acid, or folic acid synthesis. Their use requires consideration of the infecting organism, patient factors, and development of resistance. Combination antibiotic therapy can have additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects.
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It discusses the germ theory of disease, the timeline of antibiotic discovery, and classifications of antimicrobial agents. It describes different types of antimicrobial therapy including prophylaxis, empirical, and definitive therapy. Key concepts covered include bacteriostatic vs bactericidal agents, minimum inhibitory concentration, and principles of antibiotic dosing. The document also addresses factors influencing antimicrobial choice, problems with antimicrobial use including resistance, and Schedule HX regulations in India.
The document discusses principles of antimicrobial therapy and public health implications of antimicrobial resistance. It provides an introduction to antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It discusses factors to consider when choosing an antimicrobial agent, including related to the organism, drug, and patient. It describes principles of antimicrobial therapy including combined use, prophylactic use, and adverse effects. It then discusses antimicrobial resistance as a global concern, providing data on deaths and increased healthcare costs attributable to resistance. It summarizes the status of resistance in South Asia and Nepal specifically, noting high resistance to common drugs. It outlines future plans in Nepal to address resistance through policy, guidelines, and public awareness efforts.
systemic anti-microbials in periodontal therapyMehul Shinde
This document discusses the use of systemic antimicrobials in periodontal therapy. It provides an overview of the rationale for using antibiotics to treat periodontal diseases, commonly prescribed antibiotics like amoxicillin, metronidazole, tetracyclines, and their mechanisms of action, side effects, and clinical usage. Guidelines for antibiotic use recommend they be used as an adjunct to scaling and root planing based on microbial analysis and not as monotherapy. The ideal antibiotic would be pathogen-specific, non-toxic, substantive, and inexpensive.
principle of antimicrobial agents and antibioticsbahati_jr
This document discusses principles of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It defines antimicrobial agents and antibiotics, and outlines ideal qualities such as killing pathogens without harming the host. Antibiotics can be natural, derived from fungi or bacteria, or synthetic. Terms like bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and synergistic effects are explained. The document also covers antibiotic resistance, mechanisms by which it occurs, and risks that can lead to resistance. Consequences of antibiotic resistance and measures to combat it are described. Finally, antibiotics are classified based on their activity, spectrum, absorption, and mechanism of action.
1. Chemotherapy involves using chemicals to treat diseases by killing cells or microorganisms like cancer cells or bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of chemotherapy used to treat infections caused by microorganisms.
2. When selecting antimicrobial drugs, factors considered include the cost, safety, toxicity, and targeting the specific microorganism. The dose, duration, and route of administration are chosen to achieve the minimum inhibitory concentration needed.
3. Adverse effects of antimicrobial agents include toxicity, hypersensitivity reactions, drug resistance, superinfections, and nutritional deficiencies. Proper use and completing treatment helps prevent these issues.
Antimicrobials in periodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
New generation Antibiotics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The document discusses various new and existing antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals. It provides information on their classification, mechanism of action, indications, dosage, and adverse effects. Several new drugs are highlighted, including tigecycline for resistant infections, voriconazole and posaconazole for serious fungal infections, and atazanavir and tenofovir for HIV treatment. The document serves as a reference for dental professionals on current antimicrobial agents.
The document discusses antibiotic classification and modes of action. It begins by explaining the objectives of the document, which are to explain antibiotic classification schemes, modes of action, and why susceptibility testing is performed. It then covers topics like the definition of antibiotics, sources of antibacterial agents, their role in inhibiting or destroying bacteria, and how they work through various mechanisms of action. The goal of susceptibility testing is outlined as providing guidance for appropriate therapy selection to help patients currently and in the future, as well as monitor resistance evolution. Interpretation of susceptibility test results is discussed alongside factors that can influence clinical outcomes.
This document provides an overview of general principles of antimicrobial therapy. It discusses key topics such as classes of antimicrobial agents based on their mechanism of action and targets, pharmacokinetic principles for dosing, types and goals of antimicrobial therapy including prophylaxis, empirical and definitive treatment. It also covers mechanisms of resistance, how resistance emerges evolutionarily, and principles of combination antimicrobial chemotherapy. The overall aim is to help readers understand fundamental concepts in antimicrobial drug selection, use and resistance.
The document discusses antimicrobials and their classification. It defines antimicrobials as agents that act against microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. It notes that while all antibiotics are antimicrobials, not all antimicrobials are antibiotics. Antibiotics specifically refer to substances produced by microorganisms that act against other microorganisms. The document also discusses the mechanisms of different antimicrobials, their effects on bacteria, classification based on spectrum of activity, impact on soil functions, and degradation in soil.
Antibiotics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
New microsoft power point presentationwria zangana
This document discusses the use of antibiotics, both systemic and local, in the treatment of periodontal disease. It outlines several antibiotics commonly used systemically, including tetracyclines, metronidazole, penicillins, cephalosporins, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, and macrolides. It notes their mechanisms of action, effectiveness against various bacteria, recommended dosages, and potential side effects. The document also discusses using antibiotics in combination or sequentially, as periodontal infections often involve multiple bacteria. Finally, it mentions the benefits of local antibiotic delivery directly into periodontal pockets to treat target bacteria while avoiding systemic side effects.
General Principles of Antimicrobial Selection - 2018Arwa M. Amin
Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it
This document discusses principles of antibiotic classification and use. It begins by defining antibiotics and outlining their importance as well as risks of misuse. It then categorizes antibiotics as bactericidal or bacteriostatic and discusses antibiotic susceptibility testing. Various classification schemes are provided based on antibiotic mechanisms of action, including inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, increasing membrane permeability, and interfering with protein or nucleic acid synthesis. The development of antibiotic resistance and methods to delay its emergence are also summarized.
Antibiotics used in peridontal diseases(1)Hafsa Zubair
This document discusses the use of antibiotics in treating periodontal disease. It begins by defining periodontal disease as a pathological condition involving the supporting tissues of the teeth, usually caused by bacterial infections. It then discusses how periodontal pockets form through the accumulation of plaque and destruction of bone. The document outlines guidelines for using antibiotics as an adjunct to mechanical debridement for treating periodontal pockets. It provides details on common systemic and local antibiotic regimens, including agents like metronidazole, amoxicillin, doxycycline, and minocycline. The document concludes by discussing approaches like serial or combination antibiotic therapy and local delivery agents for targeted treatment of periodontal infections.
Basic principles of antimicrobial therapy Javed Iqbal
The document discusses the basic principles of antimicrobial therapy. It states that antibiotics are often used inappropriately, for non-infective diseases or when surgical intervention is needed instead. Proper use of antibiotics requires using them for the appropriate duration and not as a replacement for good aseptic techniques like handwashing. The choice of antibiotic depends on factors like the infection source, likely pathogens, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and patient characteristics. Initial broad-spectrum therapy may be needed for serious infections but should be de-escalated once culture results are available to improve outcomes while minimizing resistance.
2. Choice and combined use of Anti-microbial agentsJagirPatel3
This document discusses factors that influence the choice and combined use of antimicrobial agents (AMAs). It notes that empiric therapy is sometimes necessary before laboratory results are available. When selecting AMAs, clinicians must consider the activity of the agent against the suspected organism, site of infection, administration route, metabolism/excretion, treatment duration, frequency, toxicity, cost, and local resistance rates. Combining AMAs can achieve synergism, broaden antimicrobial spectrum, reduce toxicity, prevent resistance emergence, and treat mixed infections, but may also increase adverse effects, resistance, costs, and superinfections if not used rationally.
Principles of Antimicrobial therapy_Pharmacologypavelbd
This document outlines principles of antimicrobial therapy. It discusses how antimicrobial drugs work by exploiting biochemical differences between microorganisms and human cells. Selection of antimicrobial agents involves identifying the infecting organism, determining its susceptibility, the site of infection, patient factors, safety, and cost. Empiric therapy may be used until identification. Determining minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations helps ensure clinically effective drug levels. The route of administration depends on a drug's absorption. Dosing is influenced by concentration-dependent killing and post-antibiotic effects. A variety of agents treat different types of bacteria.
This document discusses antibiotics used in periodontics. It defines key terms like antibiotic, antimicrobial, and provides classifications of antibiotics based on chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and source. It outlines guidelines for antibiotic use in periodontal disease, including indications, choosing an antibiotic based on patient and microbe factors, dosing principles, and duration of therapy. Systemic and local antibiotic administration methods are discussed. Common antibiotics used in periodontics that have been extensively evaluated are also listed.
1) The document discusses principles of antimicrobial therapy, including how antimicrobial drugs work by selectively killing microorganisms without harming host cells.
2) Selection of the best antimicrobial agent requires identifying the infecting organism, determining its drug susceptibility, considering the infection site and patient factors like immunity or organ function, and weighing the drug's safety, cost and ability to reach the infection site.
3) Antimicrobial therapy aims to rapidly identify pathogens, start immediate empiric treatment when needed, and later adjust therapy based on identification and susceptibility results while considering host barriers, drug properties, and toxicity risks.
This document discusses antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It covers several classes of antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and their generations. Antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, disrupting cellular membranes, or interfering with protein, nucleic acid, or folic acid synthesis. Their use requires consideration of the infecting organism, patient factors, and development of resistance. Combination antibiotic therapy can have additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects.
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It discusses the germ theory of disease, the timeline of antibiotic discovery, and classifications of antimicrobial agents. It describes different types of antimicrobial therapy including prophylaxis, empirical, and definitive therapy. Key concepts covered include bacteriostatic vs bactericidal agents, minimum inhibitory concentration, and principles of antibiotic dosing. The document also addresses factors influencing antimicrobial choice, problems with antimicrobial use including resistance, and Schedule HX regulations in India.
The document discusses principles of antimicrobial therapy and public health implications of antimicrobial resistance. It provides an introduction to antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It discusses factors to consider when choosing an antimicrobial agent, including related to the organism, drug, and patient. It describes principles of antimicrobial therapy including combined use, prophylactic use, and adverse effects. It then discusses antimicrobial resistance as a global concern, providing data on deaths and increased healthcare costs attributable to resistance. It summarizes the status of resistance in South Asia and Nepal specifically, noting high resistance to common drugs. It outlines future plans in Nepal to address resistance through policy, guidelines, and public awareness efforts.
systemic anti-microbials in periodontal therapyMehul Shinde
This document discusses the use of systemic antimicrobials in periodontal therapy. It provides an overview of the rationale for using antibiotics to treat periodontal diseases, commonly prescribed antibiotics like amoxicillin, metronidazole, tetracyclines, and their mechanisms of action, side effects, and clinical usage. Guidelines for antibiotic use recommend they be used as an adjunct to scaling and root planing based on microbial analysis and not as monotherapy. The ideal antibiotic would be pathogen-specific, non-toxic, substantive, and inexpensive.
principle of antimicrobial agents and antibioticsbahati_jr
This document discusses principles of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It defines antimicrobial agents and antibiotics, and outlines ideal qualities such as killing pathogens without harming the host. Antibiotics can be natural, derived from fungi or bacteria, or synthetic. Terms like bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and synergistic effects are explained. The document also covers antibiotic resistance, mechanisms by which it occurs, and risks that can lead to resistance. Consequences of antibiotic resistance and measures to combat it are described. Finally, antibiotics are classified based on their activity, spectrum, absorption, and mechanism of action.
1. Chemotherapy involves using chemicals to treat diseases by killing cells or microorganisms like cancer cells or bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of chemotherapy used to treat infections caused by microorganisms.
2. When selecting antimicrobial drugs, factors considered include the cost, safety, toxicity, and targeting the specific microorganism. The dose, duration, and route of administration are chosen to achieve the minimum inhibitory concentration needed.
3. Adverse effects of antimicrobial agents include toxicity, hypersensitivity reactions, drug resistance, superinfections, and nutritional deficiencies. Proper use and completing treatment helps prevent these issues.
Antimicrobials in periodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
New generation Antibiotics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The document discusses various new and existing antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals. It provides information on their classification, mechanism of action, indications, dosage, and adverse effects. Several new drugs are highlighted, including tigecycline for resistant infections, voriconazole and posaconazole for serious fungal infections, and atazanavir and tenofovir for HIV treatment. The document serves as a reference for dental professionals on current antimicrobial agents.
The Khmer Empire dominated trade in Southeast Asia for centuries, starting as the early kingdom of Funan. By 800 CE the Khmer had expanded to become a powerful empire, reaching their peak around 1200 CE through trade and conquest. The Sailendra dynasty ruled Java and left behind the great Buddhist temple of Borobudur, blending Indian and Javanese influences before being overcome by the Srivijaya kingdom. Vietnam was less influenced by India, becoming an independent kingdom in 939 after being controlled by China under the Han dynasty.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pendidikan karakter di Indonesia. Secara garis besar, dokumen tersebut menjelaskan pengertian pendidikan karakter, perbedaan antara karakter dan kepribadian, contoh program pendidikan karakter di sekolah dan keluarga, serta peran pendidikan karakter dalam membangun keberadaban bangsa.
Enjeux et défis de la phonétique corrective en fleMichel Billières
Un exposé destiné à présenter l'intérêt de pratiquer la correction phonétique en L2 et s'adressant à des personnes n'ayant pas de connaissances ni en linguistique ni en phonétique.
This document discusses chemical hazards in antibiotics, specifically:
1. It categorizes chemical hazards into naturally occurring, intentionally added, and unintentionally added chemicals. Antibiotics can contain unintentionally added chemicals from raw materials or packaging.
2. It describes various mechanisms of action of antibacterial drugs including inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and metabolic pathways.
3. It discusses EU legislation around antibiotic residues in food including definitions of maximum residue limits and prohibited substances. Monitoring programs help enforce regulations and issue alerts when risks are detected.
This document discusses the use of antibiotics in periodontal therapy. It defines antibiotics and related terms, and explains their rationale for use as adjuncts to mechanical periodontal debridement. It covers the classification of antibiotics based on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and more. Guidelines for antibiotic use include indications like non-responsive patients or acute infections. Proper patient evaluation, microbial testing, and consideration of antibiotic properties are emphasized for selection. Potential adverse effects are also reviewed.
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistanceSantosh Reddy
Antibiotics are drugs that fight bacterial infections but not viral infections. While they have been effective, antibiotic resistance has emerged as bacteria evolve and develop ways to withstand antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs globally and is considered a major public health threat. The overuse, misuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics has contributed greatly to the growth of antibiotic resistance. Rational and appropriate antibiotic use, through practices like restricting their use and employing them only when necessary, can help control the spread of resistance.
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistanceSantosh Reddy
Antibiotics are drugs that fight bacterial infections but not viral infections. While they have been effective, antibiotic resistance has emerged as bacteria evolve and develop ways to withstand antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs globally and is considered a major public health threat. It develops due to overuse, misuse and improper use of antibiotics in both humans and livestock. Rational antibiotic use through prudent prescribing practices and infection prevention can help curb the rise and spread of antibiotic resistance.
The document discusses various classes of antimicrobial agents including their classification, mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, and examples. It covers antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. It also addresses antimicrobial resistance, rational antibiotic usage, and combination therapy.
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial agents (AMAs), including a brief history, classifications, characteristics of ideal antibiotics, factors to consider when choosing an AMA, indications, contraindications, problems associated with AMA use, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. It covers topics such as the distinction between bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages of each, and common causes of AMA treatment failure.
This document presents information on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It defines AMR as microorganisms becoming resistant to antimicrobial drugs like antibiotics, antivirals, and antimalarials. The document discusses factors that contribute to AMR, including overuse of antibiotics. It describes mechanisms of resistance such as mutations, plasmids, and enzymes that inactivate drugs. It recommends strategies to control AMR like prudent antibiotic use, developing new drugs, and reducing unnecessary use in animals. The conclusion emphasizes that AMR is a global threat that requires strategies to prevent further resistance development.
This document discusses antibiotics, including their classification, uses, misuses, and side effects. It describes how antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. The document also addresses the problems of antibiotic misuse and overprescription, which can lead to antibiotic resistance and "super bugs." Side effects of antibiotics are outlined as well as the important role of pharmacists in ensuring appropriate antibiotic usage.
The rationale for using antibiotics and chemotherapeutics in the periodontal disease treatment is its polymicrobial nature of disease. Antibiotic use should be done cautiously in treating various periodontal infection as improper use of it can lead to its resistance by bacterial strains. Antibiotic in periodontics is a very helpful adjunct in controlling the bacteria in the oral cavity
Principles of surgical and antimicrobial infection managemen/ dental crown & ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Decision making in systemic antibiotic therapy.pptxPrasanthThalur
This document discusses the use of systemic antibiotics as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of periodontal disease. It provides information on types of antibiotic therapy, current understanding of the microbial etiology of periodontal disease, and guidelines for periodontal therapy. Systematic reviews have found additional benefits of adjunctive antibiotics including improved clinical attachment level gains and reduced risk of further attachment loss. However, questions remain about which specific antibiotics or combinations are most appropriate for different forms of periodontal infections. The document also discusses the rationale for using systemic antibiotics as well as their limitations when biofilms are present. It provides criteria for an ideal antibiotic for periodontal therapy and discusses various antibiotic options and their administration.
The document discusses antibiotics and the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. It notes that while antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 1940s, overuse and misuse has led to more antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It describes how antibiotic resistance develops and spreads when bacteria are exposed to sub-lethal antibiotic levels. The document advocates judicious antibiotic use in humans and animals to help reduce resistance and prolong the usefulness of current antibiotics, as no new classes have been introduced in decades. It also supports documenting antibiotic susceptibility data using the WHONET program to help monitor local and global resistance trends.
Management of antibiotic resistance uploadAnimesh Gupta
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and its management. It defines antibiotic resistance as when microorganisms become resistant to drugs that previously treated infections from them. It outlines various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and lists priority resistant bacteria. It also discusses superbugs and different strategies to manage antibiotic resistance like prudent antibiotic use, infection control, developing new drugs, and reducing agricultural overuse of antibiotics.
This document discusses antibiotics. It begins by defining antibiotics as chemical compounds that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. It then provides a brief history of antibiotics, noting that penicillin was the first antibiotic successfully used to treat bacterial infections. The document goes on to classify antibiotics based on their chemical structure and mechanism of action. It also discusses antibiotic resistance and appropriate antibiotic use.
ANTIBIOTICS - ALL U WANT U KNW ( FOR MEDICAL& PHARMA STUDENTS) !Aaromal Satheesh
This document provides information about a pharmacotherapeutics assignment on antibiotics submitted by a student. It includes an introduction to antibiotics that describes how they work and their different types. It then covers various topics related to antibiotics like their sources, classifications, mechanisms of action, specific drug classes like penicillins and cephalosporins, and adverse effects. The assignment appears to provide an overview of key concepts regarding antibiotics.
Similar to Antibiotics-1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
4. INTRODUCTION
Antimicrobial
agents: Substances that will
suppress the growth/ multiplication of
bacteria and prevent their action.
Antibiotic
agents: Chemical substances
produced by microorganisms that have the
capacity, in dilute solutions, to produce
antimicrobial action.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. HISTORYOF ANTIBIOTICS
1877 Louis Pasteur Inhibition of some
microbes by others; anthrax (Bacillus
anthracis)
1908 Gelmo Synthesized sulfanilamide
(1st sulfonamide
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. 1928 Fleming…
Penicillin notatum inhibits growth
‘PENICILLINS’
1941 Chain n Florey
Discovered properties of penicillin
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. Problems with use of AMA
Toxicity
-Local irritancy:
-Systemic toxicity:
-Therapeutic index- high, low, very low
Hypersensitivity reactions :
Drug resistance
- Natural- lack of metabolic process or target site
- Acquired – due to use over a period of time, mutations
or gene transfer
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. Preventing
Resistance to Drugs
Limit
the use of antimicrobial agents to the treatment
of specific pathogens sensitive to the drug being used
Notorious-Make
sure doses are high enough, and the
duration of drug therapy long enough , combination
therapy
Be
cautious about the indiscriminate, inadequate or
unduly prolonged use of anti-infectives
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. Choice of AMA agent- patient factors
1.Age : affect kinetics of drug.
Conjugation and excretion of chloremphenicol- gray baby
syndrome
Sulfonamides displace bilirubin from PBS- kernicterus
Tetracycline accumulates in bone and teeth
2. Renal and hepatic failure: cautious use and dose
reduction
3. Local factors:
presence of pus and secretions- AMAs, surgical
drainage reduces causative bacteria and suppresses
anaerobic bacteria
Presence of necrotic material and infection
Hematomas – foster growth
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24.
Organism related considerations
Drug factors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Spectrum of activity
Type of activity
Sensitivity of the organism
Relative toxicity
Pharmacokinetic profile
Route of administation
Evidence of clinical efficacy
Cost
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
PRINCIPLE 1: TO DETERMINE THE SEVERITY OF
INFECTION
PRINCIPLE 2: TO EVALUATE STATE OF PATIENT’S
HOST DEFENSE MECHANISMS
PRINCIPLE 3: TO TREAT INFECTION SURGICALLY
PRINCIPLE 4: TO SUPPORT THE PATIENT
MEDICALLY
PRINCIPLE 5: CHOOSE AND PRESCRIBE
APPROPRIATE ANTIBIOTIC
PRINCIPLE 6: PROPER ANTIBIOTIC
ADMINISTRATION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBIOTIC ADMINISTRATION
1.
Proper dose :
DRUG DOSAGE
‘Dose’ is the appropriate amount of a drug needed to produce a
certain degree of response in a patient.
Body size :
Individual dose = BW(kg)/70 x average adult dose
Individual dose = BSA(m2
) /1.7x average adult dose
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. Age :
The dose of drug for children is often calculated from the adults dose
Young’s formula
Child dose =
Age
x adult dose
Age +12
Dilling’s formula
Child dose =
Age
20 x adult dose
Clarke’s rule
Child dose =
wt in lb x adult dose
150
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. NEONATES AND INFANTS
Greater
percentage of body weight
compared with body water
Greater volume of distribution
Increased serum half lives
Reduced gastric emptying
Reduced plasma protein binding
Reduced GFR
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. 2) Proper time interval :
3) Proper route of administration :
Parenteral administration will produce the necessary serum level
of antibiotics.
Oral route results in the most variable absorption.
For maximum absorption is taken in fasting stage.
4) Consistency in regard to route of administration :
When treating a serious, established infections, parenteral
antibiotic therapy is frequently the method of choice.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34.
Combination antibiotic therapy :
The rationale for the use of 2 or more drugs together is to minimize
the emergence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms
to increase the certainty of a successful clinical outcome
to treat mixed bacterial infections
to prevent superinfection
to treat severe infections of unknown etiology
to decrease toxicity without decreasing efficacy
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. Examples :
Isoniazid + ethambutol + streptomycin in treatment of
tuberculosis.
Rules :
2 bactericidal drugs produce, supraadditive effects, not
antagonism. (1+1>2)
The combination of a bacteriostatic and a bactericidal
drug generally results in diminished effects. (1+1<2)
2 bacteriostatic drugs are never inhibitory. (1+1=2)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. Results :
Indifference when the effect is equal to the
single most active drug or equal to the
arithmetic sum of the two, use is not justified.
Antagonism : when the combined drug effect is
less than the algebraic sum of the effects on
the individual drugs in the mixture.
Synergism : ability of two antibiotics acting
together to markedly increases the rate of
bactericidal action compared to either drug
alone.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. Disadvantages :
Adds nothing to therapeutic efficacy and may even reduce it
(antagonism).
Increase antibiotic toxicity and allergy.
Increase the likelihood of superinfection
Discourages specific etiologic diagnosis and promote false
security.
Encourage inadequate doses, particularly with fixed dose
combination therapy.
Increased cost
Emergence of resistant bacterial strains
Increase the environmental spread of antibiotic resistant
bacteria.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. MINIMAL INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION
Is
the lowest antibiotic concentration that
prevents growth of microorganism after an
incubation period of 18 – 24 hours with a
standard inoculum of 104 to 105 cu/ml
MINIMAL
BACTERICIDAL CONCENTRATION
Is the lowest concentration of drug that causes
the complete destruction of the organisms or
permits survival of less than 0.1% of the
inoculum
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. RULE OF THUMB
The
concentration of the antibiotic in the
blood should exceed the MIC by a factor
of 2-8 times to offset the tissue barriers
that restrict access to the infected site
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. CONCENTRATION DEPENDENT
Vs
TIME DEPENDENT ANTIBIOTICS
Aminoglycosides, metronidazole,
fluoroquinolones
Concentration dependent
Bactericidal activity depends on the
drug concentration
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. POSTANTIBIOTIC EFFECTS
Is
the persistent supression of microbial
growth after short time exposure to an
antimicrobial agent.
MECHANISM
:
Is the time necessary to recover from
sublethal structural and metabolic
alterations that prevents resumption of
bacterial regrowth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. Dental procedure for which antibiotic prophylaxis is
recommended to prevent infective endocardititis
(AHA recommendation)
Dental extractions
Periodontal procedures
Replantation procedure
Implant placement
Initial placement of orthodontic bands
Intra ligamentary local anesthetic injection
Incision and drainage
Not recommended :
1.Restorative dentistry
2.LA injections
3.Intracanal endodontic treatment
4.Post-op suture removal
5.Oral radiographs
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. American Heart Association guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis
Standard general
prophylaxis
Amoxicillin
Adults: 2 g
Children: 50 mg per kg
Taken orally one hour before the procedure
Patient is unable to
take oral medications
Ampicillin
Adults: 2 g
Children: 50 mg per kg
Given IM or IV within 30 minutes before the procedure
Patient is allergic to
penicillin
Clindamycin
Adults: 600 mg
Children: 20 mg per kg
Taken orally one hour before the procedure
or
Azithromycin
or clarithromycin
Patient is allergic to
penicillin and is
unable to take oral
medication
Clindamycin
Adults: 500 mg
Children: 15 mg per kg
Taken orally one hour before the procedure
Adults: 600 mg
Children: 20 mg per kg
Given IV or IM within 30 minutes before the procedure
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50.
Preparation and dose :
PnG inj 0.5-5 MU i.m or i.v 6-12 hours
Procaine pencillin inj 0.5, 1 MU dry powder in vial
ADVERSE REACTIONS :
Miscellaneous reactions :
Nausea and vomiting on oral PnG
Sterile inflammatory reaction at the site of IM inj.
Prolonged IV administration may cause
thrombophlebitis
Accidental IV administration of procaine PP cause
anxiety, mental disturbances paraesthesia and
convulsions
www.indiandentalacademy.com
51.
Intolerance :
Major problem with PnG includes idiosyncratic, anaphylactic and
allergic reactions
Other allergic reactions are
Skin rashes
Serum sickness
Renal disturbance
Hemolytic disturbance
Anaphylaxis
Jarisch herxheimer reaction
Super infection
Hyperkalemia
www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. Uses :
PnG is the drug of choice for infections
Streptococcal infections
Pneumococcal infections
Meningococcal infections
Gonorrhoea
Syphilis
Diphtheria
Tetanus and gas gangrene
Prophylactic uses
www.indiandentalacademy.com
53.
The major drawbacks of benzyl penicillin
are
Inactivation by the gastric hydrochloric acid
Short duration of action
Poor penetration into CSF
Activity mainly against gram +ve organism
Possibility of anaphylaxis
www.indiandentalacademy.com
54. Acid resistant pencillins :
1. Potassium phenoxymethyl penicillin (penicillin V)
Dose : infants 60 mg, children 125-250 mg given 6 hourly
CRYSTAPEN-V, KAYPEN, PENIVORAL 65, 130, 125, 250
mg tablets 125 mg/5 ml dry ser
www.indiandentalacademy.com
55. II) Pencillinase resistant pencillins :
Methicillin
Effective in staphylococci
It is given IM or IV (slow) in the dose of 1 gm every 4-6 hours.
Haematuria, albuminuria and reversible interstitial nephritis are the
special adverse effect of methicillin.
Cloxacillin
Weaker antibacterial activity.
Distrubuted throught out the body, but highest concentration in
kidney and liver. 30% excreted in urine.
Oral dose for adults 2-4 gm divided into 4 portions children 50100mg/kg/day.
IM adults 2-12 gm/day, children 100-300 mg/kg/day every 4-6 hours.
BIOCLOX, KLOX, CLOCILIN 0.25, 0.5 gm cap, 0.5 gm/vial.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
56.
III) Extended spectrum pencillins :
Amino pencillins
Ampicillin –
Antibacterial activity is similar to that of PnG that is more
effective than PnG against a variety of gram-ve bacteria
Drug is effective against H.influenzae strep.viridans,
N.gonorrhea, Salmonella, shigellae, Klebsilla and enterococci.
Absorption, fate and excretion :
Oral absorption is incomplete but adequate
Food interferes with absorption
Partly excreted in bile and partly by kidney
www.indiandentalacademy.com
57. Dose : 0.5-2 gm oral/IM or IV depending on severity of
infection every 6 hours
Children : 25-50 mg/kg/day
AMPILIN, ROSCILLIAN, BIOCILIN – 250, 500 mg cap 100mg/ml
ped drops, 250 mg/ml dry syr, 1 gm/vial inj.
USES :
Urinary tract infections
Respiratory tract infections
Meningitis
Gonorrhoea
Bacillary dysentry
Septicaemias
SABE
www.indiandentalacademy.com
58. Adverse
effects :
Diarrhoea
is frequent
Skin
rashes is more common
Unabsorbed drug irritates lower intestines
Patient with history of hypersensitivity to PnG
should not be given ampicillin.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
59. AMOXICILLIN
:
This
is a semisynthetic penicillin.
(amino-p-hydroxy-benzylpenicillin)
Antibacterial spectrum is similar to ampicillin.
Oral absorption is better; food does not interfere;
higher and more sustained blood levels are produced.
It is less protein bond and urinary excretion is higher
than that of ampicillin.
Incidence of diarrhoea is less
www.indiandentalacademy.com
61. BETA LACTAMASE INHIBITORS
CLAVULANIC ACID
Obtained from STREPTOMYCES CLAVULIGERUS
Betalactam ring – no antibacterial activity
Suicide inhibitor –inactivated after binding to enzyme
Permeates the outer layers of cell wall of gram-ve bacteria
Pharmacokinetics :
Oral absorption- rapid
Bioavailability-60%
Distribution similar that of amoxicillin
Excretion-tubular secretion
Used as :
Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (AUGMENTIN,ENHANCIN)
Ticarcillin+clavulanic acid (TIMENTIN)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
63. CEPHALOSPORINS
Cephalosporium acremonium was the first source.
They contain 7 amino cephalosporonic acid nucleus.
Structurally they contain betalactam and dihydro thiazine
rings.
Mechanism of action :
Act by inhibiting bacterial cell was synthesis and are
bactericidal.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
64. Classification
Classified according to its antibacterial activity.
First generation cephalosporin
Good activity against gram +ve bacteria. (except
enterococci).
Most oral cavity anaerobes are sensitive.
Parental
Oral
CEPHALOTHIN
CEPHALEXIN
CEFAZOLIN
CEPHRADINE
CEFADROXIL
www.indiandentalacademy.com
65. Cephalaxin and Cephadroxil :
Useful in treating community acquired, respiratory and
urinary tract infections and in surgical prophylaxis.
Infections of head and neck region.
Dose: Oral 0.25 - 1g 6-8 hrly
Children : 25-100mg/kg/day
IM – 0.25g 8 hrly (mild cases) 1g 6 hrly (severe cases).
Drops – cephaxin 125mg/5ml syrup.
100mg /ml ped. drops.
SPORIDEX, CEPHAXIN, CEPHACILLIN, CEFADROX,
DROXYL
www.indiandentalacademy.com
66. Second generation cephalosporins :
Increased activity against gram –ve organism.
More active against anaerobes.
Parenteral
Oral
CEFUROXIME
CEFACLOR
CEFOXITIN
CEFUROXIME AXETIL
More active against H. influenzae, E coli.
Dose : 250mg, 125mg, 125mg/5ml syr. and
50 mg /ml ped. drops.
KEFLOR, CEFTUM, CEFOGEN, FUROXIL.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
67. Third Generation Cephalosporins
High activity against gram –ve entrobacteriaceae, some
inhibit Pseudomonas as well.
Parenteral
Oral
Cefataxime
Cefixime
Ceftizoxime
Cefpodoxime proxetil
Ceftriaxone
Cefdinir
Ceftazidime
Ceftibuten
Cefoperazone
Dose: 250mg, 500mg, 1000mg per vial inj
CLAFORAN, CEFIZOX,MONOCEF,CEFAZID.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
68. Fourth Generation Cephalosporins
Similar to 3rd generation ,but is highly resistant to
betalactamases. Due to high potency and extended
spectrum, it is effective in many serious infections like
hospital acquired pneumonia, bacteremia, septicaemia.
Parentral
Cefepime
Cefpirome
Dose: 1-2 g i.m/i.v 12hrly
CEFROM, CEFROTH, KEFAGE
www.indiandentalacademy.com
69. Adverse reactions :
Local reactions – cause pain (IM) and cause
thrombophlebitis (IV)
Allergy – skin rashes
Nephrotoxicity
Bleeding disorders
Intolerance to alcohol
www.indiandentalacademy.com
70. Uses :
Alternatives to penicillins.
RTI, UTI and soft tissue infection
Penicillinase producing staph infection.
Septicaemias.
Surgical prophylaxis
Meningitis, gonorrhoea
Typhoid
Mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections
Infection by odd organism or hospital infections
Prophylactic treatment in neutropenic patients.
Dental infections
Alternative to pencillins- hypersensitivity and resistance
Oral – 1st and 2nd generation
www.indiandentalacademy.com
71. Sulfonamides
Short acting(4-8hr)- Sulfadiazine
Intermediate acting (8-12hr)- Sulfamethoxazole,
Sulfamoxole
Long acting(7 days)- Sulfadoxine, Sulfamethopyrazine
Special purpose Sulfonamides – Sulfacetamide sod,
Sulfasalazine,
Mafenide,
Silver sulfadiazine
www.indiandentalacademy.com
72. Mechanism of action
In
bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as
competitive inhibitors of the enzyme
dihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses
the conversion of PABA (para-aminobenzoate) to
dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate
is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids
(nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA
and RNA), and in its absence cells will be unable to
divide. Hence the sulfonamide antibacterials exhibit a
bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal effect.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
73. Side
effects
Sulfonamides have the potential to cause a variety of
untoward reactions, including urinary tract disorders,
haemopoietic disorders, porphyria and hypersensitivity
reactions. When used in large dose, it may develop a
strong allergic reaction. One of the most serious is
Stevens Johnson syndrome(or toxic epidermal
necrolysis).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
74. QUINOLONES
Entirely
synthetic antimicrobials are active
primarily against gram –ve bacteria.
Nalidixic acid- low potency, modest blood and
tissue levels, limited spectrum, high resistance
Fluoroquinolones – high potency, expanded
spectrum, better tissue penetrance, slow
resistance.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
75. Mechanism
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are bactericidal
drugs, actively killing bacteria. Quinolones inhibit
the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV
enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and
transcription.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
77. CIPROFLOXACIN
First generation FQ active against a broad range of bacteria
especially gram –ve aerobic bacilli.
Microbiological features :
Rapid bactericidal activity and high potency.
Relatively long post antibiotic effect
Low frequency of mutational resistance.
Protective intestinal streptococci and anaerobes are spared.
Less active at acidic pH.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
78. Adverse effect :
GIT
– Nausea, vomiting, bad taste, anorexia,
diarrhoea is infrequent.
CNS- Dizziness, headache, restlessness,
anxiety, insomnia and seizures are rare.
Skin/hypersensitivity – rashes, pruritis, urticaria.
Tendonitis and tendon rupture
www.indiandentalacademy.com
79. Uses :
Broad range of infections
Minor cases, orodental -not indicated
UTI
Bacterial gastroenteritis
Prophylaxis -Typhoid
Bone, soft tissue, wound infection.
Combinations- gram –ve septicaemias
Tuberculosis
CIFRAN, CIPLOX, CIPROBID, CIPROLET
250, 500,750 mg tab, 200mg/100 ml IV infusion 3mg/ml eye drops.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
80. Norfloxacin
- Less potent than Ciprofloxacin.
- Used for Pseudomonas, Urinary and genital tract
infections.
NORFLOX -200,400mg
Ofloxacin
- Activity against gram –ve bacteria
- Chlamydia and Mycoplasma
- Alternative drug for Tuberculosis
- Used mainly for Gonorrhea
ZANOCIN -200,400mg
www.indiandentalacademy.com
81. Levofloxacin
- Sinusitis, Pylonephritis, soft tissue infections.
LOMEF- 400mg
Gatifloxacin
- Excellent activity against Streptococci
pneumoniae
- Indicated in community acquired pneumonia,
exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and other respiratory
tract infections.
- Used in urinary tract infectons and gonorrhhoea.
GATIQIN – 200,400 mg tab
www.indiandentalacademy.com
82. Sparfloxacin
-Enhanced activity against gram –ve bacteria,
Bacteroides fragilis, anaerobes and mycobacteria.
- Indicated in Pneumonias, chronic bronchitis,
sinusitis and other ENT infections.
- Good efficacy in Mycobacterium avium infection in
AIDS patients and Leprosy.
- Higher incidence of phototoxic reactions.
SPARTA, SPARDAC -100,200 mg tab
www.indiandentalacademy.com
83. NITROIMIDAZOLES
METRONIDAZOLE :
Introduced in 1959
Broad spectrum- e.histolytica, giardia lamblia
Anaerobic infections- chance discovery
Tinidazole, secnidazole, ornidazole, satranidazole
Cidal activity against protozoa and anaerobic bacteria
such as B fragilis, Fusobacterium, h.pyroli, spirochetes
Metronidazole is selectively toxic to anaerobic
microorganisms.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
84. Pharmacokinetics :
Completely absorbed from the small
intestine.
Widely distributed in the body
It is metabolized in liver
Excreted in urine. 8hr
www.indiandentalacademy.com
85. Adverse effects :
Anorexia, nausea, metallic taste and abdominal cramps
Looseness of stool is occasional,
Headache, glossitis, dryness of mouth, dizziness, rashes and transient
neutropenia.
Prolonged administration may cause peripheral neuropathy and CNS effects
Thrombophlebitis
Contraindications :
In neurological disease, blood dyscrasias, chronic alcoholism
First trimister of pregnancy
www.indiandentalacademy.com
86. Ornidazole
Activity similar to Metronidazole but it is slowly
metabolised .
Used in anaerobic infections, Amoebiasis, Giardiasis,
Trichomonasis, and bacterial vaginosis.
DAZOLIC -500mg tab, 500mg/100ml vial for i.v. infusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
88. TINIDAZOLE
It is an equally efficacious congener of metronidazole
Metabolism is slower and duration of action is longer
Incidence of side effects is lower-Metallic taste, nausea,
rashes
TINIBA, TRIDAZOLE, 300, 500, 1000 mg tab, 800
mg/400 ml iv
Dental infections: 0.5g(10mg/kg) BD for 5 days
2g orally followed 0.5g BD for 5days
800mg iv until oral therapy
www.indiandentalacademy.com
89. TETRACYCLINES
Napthacene derivatives made up by fusion of 4 partially
unsaturated cyclohexane radicals
Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic.
Classification
Antimicrobial activity :
Gram+ve and –ve cocci are sensitive-R
Gram+ve bacilli are inhibited
Entero bacteriaceae are highly resistant
Spirochetes are quite sensitive
All rickettsiae and chlamydiae are highly sensitive
www.indiandentalacademy.com
91. Mechanism
of action
Tetracycline antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by
inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNAribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the
30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex.[
Tetracyclines are widely used in treatment of
periodontal diseases.
Used in the treatment of Localised aggressive
periodontitis.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
93. DOSE
Tetracycline – 1-2g per day in adults
Children over 8yrs -25 to 50mg /kg daily in 2
to4 divided dose
TERRAMYCIN,RESTECLIN250,500mgcap,50mg/ml in10ml vial inj
Ledermycin 150,300mg cap/tab
DOXT, NOVADOX, TETRADOX-100mg cap.
Cyanomycin 50,100 mg cap
www.indiandentalacademy.com
94. Precaution :
Not to be used in pregnancy, lactation and in children
Avoided in patients on diuretics
Used cautiously in renal and hepatic insufficiency
Beyond expiry date should not be used
Do not mix injectable Tc with Pn- inactivation occurs
www.indiandentalacademy.com
95. Local Drug Delivery Systems
One of the alternative delivery system used to control
release of drugs.
Tetracycline fibres
-An ethylene/ Vinyl acetate copolymers of fibres of 0.5mm
diameter containing Tetracycline drug. (12.7mg per 9inch)
-Packed in periodontal pocket for 10 days.
-Required to inhibit the growth of pathogens isolated from
periodontal pockets.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
96. Subgingival
Doxycycline
-FDA approved 10% of Doxycycline in gel system
using a syringe Atridox.
Reduction in oral microbes. No overgrowth of foreign
pathogens.
Subgingival
Minocycline
-Sustained release form of Minocycline
microspheres(Arestin) for subgingival placement as an
adjuvant to scaling and root planing.
-2% Encapsulated into bioresorbable microspheres is
used.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
98. AMINOGLYCOSIDES
These include amikacin, arbekacin,
gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, netilmicin,
paromomycin, streptomycin, tobramycin, and
apramycin.
Mechanism of action
Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial
30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to
the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of
the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site
and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving
the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital
to its growth. They kill bacteria by inhibiting
protein synthesis.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
99. Streptomycin
Uses
•Tuberculosis in combination with other anti-TB
drugs. It is not the first line treatment.
•Plague has historically been treated with it as the
first line treatment.
•Infective endocarditis caused by enterococcus
when the organism is not sensitive to Gentamicin
www.indiandentalacademy.com
100. MACROLIDES
Macrocyclic lactone ring with attached sugars
ERYTHROMYCIN-Streptomyces erythreus
Alternative to pencillin
Water solubility is limited-stable in cold
Antibacterial activity : static- cidal
Narrow spectrum antibiotic
against penicillin resistant staphylococci
Active against more gram+ve
Mechanism of action :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
102. Adverse effects :
GIT – epigastric pain
On high doses – hearing impairment
Hypersensitivity reactions – rare
Uses :
Substitute for penicillin, pencillin resistant infections
Oral adm, safe and effective
Perio/periapical/NUG/extraction
Prophylactic use
www.indiandentalacademy.com
103. ROXITHROMYCIN
Semisynthetic
- long acting, stable macrolide
Antibacterial spectrum similar to erythromycin
Dose - 150-300mg BD 30min before food
Children - 2.5-5mg/kg BD
ROXID, ROXIBID 150,300mg tab
50mg kid tab,150 mg tab
Clarithromycin – CLARIMAC 250,500mg tab
www.indiandentalacademy.com
104. CLINDAMYCIN
It
is lincosamide antibiotic having similar action
(macrolide 50s)
Bacteriostatic – low conc;Bacteriocidal – high
conc
Most active against gram+ve cocci,
C.diphtheriae, Actinomyces
Highly active against – anaerobes (B fragilis)
Pharmacokinetics :
Oral absorption – good
Distribution – skeletal and soft tissues
Excreted in urine
www.indiandentalacademy.com
105. Adverse effects :
Rashes ,Urticaria
Abdominal pain
Superinfection -Enterocolitis &Diarrhoea
Uses :
Anaerobic and mixed infections- alternative to Pn &
macro
Abscess and bone infections-staphy and bacteroids
Infective endocarditis
Doses : 150-300 mg QID oral ; 200-600mg I.v. 8 hourly
DALCAP, CLINCIN, DALCIN, 150, 300 mg cap,
300mg/2ml and 600 mg/4ml inj.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
106. Anti fungal drugs
Fungus
Composed
of a rigid cell wall made up of chitin and
various polysaccharides, and a cell membrane
containing ergosterol
Protective layers of the fungal cell make the organism
resistant to antibiotics
Related groups of anti fungal agents
1.Antibiotics
A. Polyenes
B. Heterocyclic benzofuram
2.Antimetabolites
3. Azoles
A.Imidazoles
B.Triazoles
4.Allylamine
5.Topical agents
www.indiandentalacademy.com
107. Nystatin
A polyene derived from Streptomyces noursei
Binds to sterols of fungal cell membrane
Topical antifungal agent- fungicidal
2nd choice to clotrimazole
1 lac units-4 times a day, 10-14 days
Suspended with glycerine
www.indiandentalacademy.com
108. CLOTRIMAZOLE
Effective
in the topical treatment. Esp, athletes
foot, otomycosis and oral, cutaneous
candidiasis.
10mg -3-4times a day. Gel or lotion-denture
stomatitis
Angular chelitis
well tolerated although Local irritation and
burning
No systemic toxicity is seen after topical use.
SURFAZ, CLOTRIN, CLODERM, 1% lotion,
cream, powder 100mg tab.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
110. Acyclovir
Indications:
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1
and 2 infections; HSV encephalitis; shingles
and chickenpox; ointment for herpes
infections; cream for cold sores
Actions: Inhibits viral DNA replication
www.indiandentalacademy.com
111. Symptoms
Rapid
progressing- facial cellulitis-HI/SP
Chronic/ slowly progressing-odontogenicstaphylococcal/mixed
>101 F –nonodontogenic- hospitalization
Colour:red/ violecious
Swelling: indurated, non fluctuant or
erythematous – cellulitis
Pointed, fluctuant or productive- abscess
www.indiandentalacademy.com
112. Management
Upper face
Outpatient: amoxicillin clavulanate or cefaclor orally
Ceftriaxone- 1 day iv
Inpatient : cefuroxime/ ampicillin+ sulbactam 7-10 days
Odontogenic –pencillin/ clindamycin, surgical
intervention
Lower face
Outpatient: cephalexin, amoxicillin clavuanate,
erythromycin
Inpatient : iv cefazolin, clindamycin
www.indiandentalacademy.com
113. Some of the commonly used drugs
Amox-250,500mg-tid
250mg-Rs
67.50
500mg-Rs120.80
Children20-40mg/kg body weight-tid
-125,250mg
www.indiandentalacademy.com
115. Metrogyl
200mg;tab
10-Rs3.64
400mg;tab 10-6.31- given tid for 5-10 days
Suspension; 200mg /5ml-30ml-Rs8.09
60ml-Rs-12.27
www.indiandentalacademy.com
116. KNOW THE BUGS, KNOW THE DRUGS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
117. List of references
Essentials of medical pharmacology :
KD TRIPATHI; 5th edi.
Clinical pharmacology – Bennet & Brown 9th ed
Oral & maxillofacial infections – Topazian 4th ed
.Text book of pediatric dentistry – Damle 3rd ed
Caranza Text book of periodontology 10th
www.indiandentalacademy.com
118. Questions to ask
before starting antibiotics
•Does this patient actually need
antibiotics?
•What is best treatment?
•What are the likely organisms?
•Where is the infection?
•How much, how often, what
route, for how long?
•How much does it cost?
•Are there any problems in
using antibiotics in this
patient?
www.indiandentalacademy.com