Antihypertensives
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This document summarizes several classes of antihypertensive medications used to treat high blood pressure. It describes ACE inhibitors which work by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme and decreasing production of angiotensin II, a chemical that causes blood vessel constriction. Beta blockers prevent stimulation of receptors responsible for increased heart rate and cardiac output. Angiotensin II receptor blockers block the action of angiotensin II to prevent constriction of blood vessels. Calcium channel blockers relax blood vessels and reduce workload on the heart. Thiazide diuretics increase sodium excretion to reduce fluid retention. Alpha blockers relax muscles in blood vessel walls to dilate vessels and increase blood flow.
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Anti hypertension drugs and treatment
This document summarizes the pharmacotherapy of hypertension. It begins by defining blood pressure and classifications of hypertension. It then discusses the goals of antihypertensive therapy and classifications of commonly used drug classes including: diuretics, adrenoceptor antagonists, renin-angiotensin system agents, calcium channel blockers, and other centrally acting drugs. Specific examples are provided within each drug class along with their mechanisms of action and uses for treating hypertension.
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
This document summarizes the chemistry of antihypertensive agents. It begins by defining hypertension as high blood pressure that can be caused by both environmental and genetic factors. It then classifies antihypertensive drugs into four main categories: 1) sympatholytic drugs that act on adrenergic receptors, 2) vasodilators such as nitric oxide releasers and calcium channel blockers, 3) diuretics including thiazides and loop diuretics, and 4) angiotensin inhibitors and antagonists like ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Examples of specific drugs are discussed within each class, along with their mechanisms of action and brief descriptions of relevant syntheses.
Hypertension & anti hypertensive drugs
This document summarizes a seminar on hypertension and antihypertensive drugs presented by Debam Chakrabarty. It defines hypertension and blood pressure, describes symptoms of hypertension. It also explains what antihypertensive drugs are, how they work, and examples of different classes of antihypertensive drugs. The document lists side effects of various antihypertensive drugs and natural ways to treat hypertension. It also discusses the structure and synthesis of some antihypertensive drugs and provides updates on new antihypertensive drugs under development.
Antihypertensive agents
This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It then discusses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway which controls blood pressure. Various classes of antihypertensive agents are described, including beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Specific drugs from each class are provided along with their mechanisms and uses for treating hypertension. The mechanisms of action are summarized for each drug class, such as how beta-blockers work by blocking epinephrine to slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It classifies these drugs into 10 categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, alpha-beta blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, and renin inhibitors. For each drug class, it describes the mechanism of action how each lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels or reducing cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Adverse effects like hypotension and cough are also mentioned.
Pharmacology presentation Antihypertensive drugs
Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against artery walls as the heart pumps blood. Normal blood pressure is under 120/80 mmHg, while readings over that are considered high. High blood pressure can damage organs if left untreated over time. Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, weight control, and limiting alcohol can help control high blood pressure, as can medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and alpha-blockers.
#Antihypertensive Drugs
The document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It describes different categories of hypertension based on blood pressure readings and complications like heart failure. It explains mechanisms that control blood pressure like the kidney and baroreceptors. Treatment strategies aim to reduce cardiovascular and renal risks using drug combinations like a thiazide diuretic initially and adding other drugs if needed. Thiazide diuretics are recommended as first-line treatment and their mechanisms and examples like hydrochlorothiazide are provided along with monitoring potassium levels due to potential hypokalemia.
IVMS-CV-Pharmacology- Anti-hypertensive Agents
Individualized Webcam facilitated and e-Classroom USMLE Step 1 Tutorials with Dr. Cray. 1 BMS Unit is 4 hr. General Principles and some Organ System require multiple units to complete in preparation for the USMLE Step 1 A HIGH YIELD FOCUS IN Biochemistry / Cell Biology, Microbiology / Immunology and the 4 P’s-Phiso, Pathophys, Path and Pharm. Webcam Facilitated USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge and Clinical Skills diadactic tutorials /1 Unit is 4 hours, individualized one-on-one and group sessions, Including all Internal Medicine sub-sub-specitialities. For questions or more information.. drcray@imhotepvirtualmedsch.com
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Anti hypertension drugs and treatment
This document summarizes the pharmacotherapy of hypertension. It begins by defining blood pressure and classifications of hypertension. It then discusses the goals of antihypertensive therapy and classifications of commonly used drug classes including: diuretics, adrenoceptor antagonists, renin-angiotensin system agents, calcium channel blockers, and other centrally acting drugs. Specific examples are provided within each drug class along with their mechanisms of action and uses for treating hypertension.
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
This document summarizes the chemistry of antihypertensive agents. It begins by defining hypertension as high blood pressure that can be caused by both environmental and genetic factors. It then classifies antihypertensive drugs into four main categories: 1) sympatholytic drugs that act on adrenergic receptors, 2) vasodilators such as nitric oxide releasers and calcium channel blockers, 3) diuretics including thiazides and loop diuretics, and 4) angiotensin inhibitors and antagonists like ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Examples of specific drugs are discussed within each class, along with their mechanisms of action and brief descriptions of relevant syntheses.
Hypertension & anti hypertensive drugs
This document summarizes a seminar on hypertension and antihypertensive drugs presented by Debam Chakrabarty. It defines hypertension and blood pressure, describes symptoms of hypertension. It also explains what antihypertensive drugs are, how they work, and examples of different classes of antihypertensive drugs. The document lists side effects of various antihypertensive drugs and natural ways to treat hypertension. It also discusses the structure and synthesis of some antihypertensive drugs and provides updates on new antihypertensive drugs under development.
Antihypertensive agents
This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It then discusses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway which controls blood pressure. Various classes of antihypertensive agents are described, including beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Specific drugs from each class are provided along with their mechanisms and uses for treating hypertension. The mechanisms of action are summarized for each drug class, such as how beta-blockers work by blocking epinephrine to slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It classifies these drugs into 10 categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, alpha-beta blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, and renin inhibitors. For each drug class, it describes the mechanism of action how each lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels or reducing cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Adverse effects like hypotension and cough are also mentioned.
Pharmacology presentation Antihypertensive drugs
Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against artery walls as the heart pumps blood. Normal blood pressure is under 120/80 mmHg, while readings over that are considered high. High blood pressure can damage organs if left untreated over time. Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, weight control, and limiting alcohol can help control high blood pressure, as can medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and alpha-blockers.
#Antihypertensive Drugs
The document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It describes different categories of hypertension based on blood pressure readings and complications like heart failure. It explains mechanisms that control blood pressure like the kidney and baroreceptors. Treatment strategies aim to reduce cardiovascular and renal risks using drug combinations like a thiazide diuretic initially and adding other drugs if needed. Thiazide diuretics are recommended as first-line treatment and their mechanisms and examples like hydrochlorothiazide are provided along with monitoring potassium levels due to potential hypokalemia.
IVMS-CV-Pharmacology- Anti-hypertensive Agents
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Anti-hypertensive drugs
This document provides information about antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg according to WHO standards. It then discusses different classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. For ACE inhibitors specifically, it explains their mechanism of inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby lowering blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. Common ACE inhibitors mentioned are captopril, enalapril, and lisinopril.
Anti hypertensive drugs | diuretics
In this PPT I have shown the classification of drug used for antihypertensive and their mechanism of action adverse effects of drugs
Antihypertensives drugs
The document classifies drugs used to treat hypertension into 9 categories based on their mechanisms of action. These categories include drugs that act centrally, on autonomic ganglia, on postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings, on adrenergic receptors, directly on vascular smooth muscle, as potassium channel activators, by blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, oral diuretics, and miscellaneous drugs. Examples are provided for each category of antihypertensive drugs.
Anti hypertensive drugs
Anti hypertensive drugs classification detailed explanation with diagrams. Diuretics, renin angiotensin inhibitors, sympathetic inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators
Anti hypertensives and diuretics drugs - pharmacology
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. It can be caused by increased vascular resistance or reduced venous capacitance. While often asymptomatic, long term effects include strokes, heart failure, kidney damage, etc. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications like diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers to lower blood pressure and reduce risks. Careful management is needed as uncontrolled hypertension can lead to serious health issues.
Antihypertensives
This document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including their mechanisms and side effects. It describes how diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha/beta blockers, and other classes work to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, reducing fluid retention, or inhibiting hormone systems like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Common side effects across drug classes include low blood pressure, dizziness, fatigue, and electrolyte imbalances. Regular monitoring is important when taking antihypertensive medications.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It describes 7 classes of antihypertensive drugs: diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, sympatholytics/alpha blockers, and direct vasodilators. It provides details on the types, mechanisms of action, advantages, indications, side effects and considerations for each class. It also discusses patient compliance with antihypertensive medications and strategies to improve compliance.
Antihypertensive drugs (79,80)
This document presents an overview of antihypertensive drugs. It discusses various classes of antihypertensive medications including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, ganglionic blockers, adrenergic neuronal blockers, and vasodilators. For each class, it describes the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reactions, and clinical uses. It also discusses special considerations for use of antihypertensive drugs during pregnancy.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and describes its causes and classifications. It then discusses the body's mechanisms for controlling blood pressure via the baroreflex and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The goals of treatment are to reduce cardiovascular risks. First-line therapies include thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. The document provides details on the mechanisms and uses of these drug classes and their adverse effects.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It defines hypertension and classifies blood pressure levels. It covers the causes of primary and secondary hypertension. Non-pharmacological treatments including lifestyle modifications are outlined. The major classes of antihypertensive drugs are described as sympatholytics, vasodilators, agents acting on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and diuretics. Examples are provided for each subclass. The document concludes that hypertension is common and can be treated through medication and lifestyle changes.
Antihypertensive drugs
1) Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg or a diastolic over 90 mm Hg. Antihypertensive drugs are used to reduce high blood pressure.
2) There are several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics, and angiotensin receptor blockers.
3) The document provides details on the mechanisms of several classes of antihypertensive drugs and examples of drugs within each class, such as ACE inhibitors decreasing angiotensin II and calcium channel blockers inhibiting calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells.
Antihypertensive
Topics of antihypertensive drug:
1. Definition
2. Classification
3. Sympatholytic agent (SAR of beta blockers, mechanism, examples, synthesis of propanolol)
4 .ACE inhibitor (SAR, mechanism, examples, synthesis of one drug)
5. Antiarrhythmic agent (definition, classification, mechanism,
6. Antianginal drug (definition, classification, mechanism)
Drugs used in hypertension
Hypertension is defined as a sustained high blood pressure that makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the arteries. It has two main components: systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There are several classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. Lifestyle changes such as exercise, weight loss, reducing salt and alcohol intake, and quitting smoking can also help control blood pressure. The goals of treatment are to prevent complications like heart attacks, strokes, and kidney disease.
Anti hypertensives
Basic must know things about Anti Hypertensive drugs including the recent JNC-8 classification and protocols for treating Hypertension with various co-morbid condition.
worlb bank
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. It provides details on specific drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and side effects. Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide are recommended as first-line treatment for hypertension when used at low doses to avoid side effects. ACE inhibitors like lisinopril and enalapril are also good first-line options as they lower blood pressure without affecting electrolytes and have additional cardiovascular benefits. Angiotensin receptor blockers such as losartan are an alternative that provide complete blockade
Drugs Used in Hypertension
This document discusses various drug classes used to treat hypertension. It describes how diuretics, sympathoplegic drugs, alpha-2 agonists, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers are used to lower blood pressure through different mechanisms like reducing blood volume, blocking sympathetic nervous system effects, vasodilation, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. It also covers approaches to treatment, including stepped care using multiple drug classes, monotherapy with a single drug, and emergent treatment of hypertensive crisis with intravenous vasodilators.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document provides an overview of hypertension including its classification, types, signs and symptoms, causes, and treatment. It defines hypertension as having a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. The document classifies hypertension and discusses the types of essential and secondary hypertension. It outlines the signs and symptoms of hypertension and discusses its causes. The document then describes the classification and mechanisms of antihypertensive drugs and provides details on drug classes including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. It discusses treatment approaches for hypertension and managing hypertensive emergencies.
Anti Hypertensive Drugs
The document discusses different types of antihypertensive drugs, their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It defines hypertension and guidelines for initiating treatment. The main drug classes covered are diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, alpha blockers, vasodilators, and central acting agents. Factors such as age, comorbidities, and resistant hypertension are addressed in principles of treatment.
Antihypertensive mbbs copy
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME NHIBITORS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MYOCARDIAL INFAR...
This document discusses angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and their use in the management of myocardial infarction (MI). It begins with an introduction to MI and an overview of ACEIs, including their mechanism of action which is to inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This system contributes to pathological changes after MI by stimulating cardiac fibrosis. The document then discusses the pharmacology of specific ACEIs like captopril and lisinopril and their interactions, side effects, and counseling points when used for MI.
Atmosphere
This document summarizes the ATMOSPHERE trial which tested whether combining the renin inhibitor aliskiren with the ACE inhibitor enalapril was superior to enalapril alone in patients with heart failure. The trial found no benefit to adding aliskiren to enalapril and aliskiren alone was not proven to be no worse than enalapril alone. The combination led to more adverse effects without additional clinical benefits. The results do not support using aliskiren in addition to or as an alternative to ACE inhibitors for heart failure patients.
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Anti-hypertensive drugs
This document provides information about antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg according to WHO standards. It then discusses different classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. For ACE inhibitors specifically, it explains their mechanism of inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby lowering blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. Common ACE inhibitors mentioned are captopril, enalapril, and lisinopril.
Anti hypertensive drugs | diuretics
In this PPT I have shown the classification of drug used for antihypertensive and their mechanism of action adverse effects of drugs
Antihypertensives drugs
The document classifies drugs used to treat hypertension into 9 categories based on their mechanisms of action. These categories include drugs that act centrally, on autonomic ganglia, on postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings, on adrenergic receptors, directly on vascular smooth muscle, as potassium channel activators, by blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, oral diuretics, and miscellaneous drugs. Examples are provided for each category of antihypertensive drugs.
Anti hypertensive drugs
Anti hypertensive drugs classification detailed explanation with diagrams. Diuretics, renin angiotensin inhibitors, sympathetic inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators
Anti hypertensives and diuretics drugs - pharmacology
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. It can be caused by increased vascular resistance or reduced venous capacitance. While often asymptomatic, long term effects include strokes, heart failure, kidney damage, etc. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications like diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers to lower blood pressure and reduce risks. Careful management is needed as uncontrolled hypertension can lead to serious health issues.
Antihypertensives
This document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including their mechanisms and side effects. It describes how diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha/beta blockers, and other classes work to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, reducing fluid retention, or inhibiting hormone systems like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Common side effects across drug classes include low blood pressure, dizziness, fatigue, and electrolyte imbalances. Regular monitoring is important when taking antihypertensive medications.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It describes 7 classes of antihypertensive drugs: diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, sympatholytics/alpha blockers, and direct vasodilators. It provides details on the types, mechanisms of action, advantages, indications, side effects and considerations for each class. It also discusses patient compliance with antihypertensive medications and strategies to improve compliance.
Antihypertensive drugs (79,80)
This document presents an overview of antihypertensive drugs. It discusses various classes of antihypertensive medications including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, ganglionic blockers, adrenergic neuronal blockers, and vasodilators. For each class, it describes the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reactions, and clinical uses. It also discusses special considerations for use of antihypertensive drugs during pregnancy.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and describes its causes and classifications. It then discusses the body's mechanisms for controlling blood pressure via the baroreflex and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The goals of treatment are to reduce cardiovascular risks. First-line therapies include thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. The document provides details on the mechanisms and uses of these drug classes and their adverse effects.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It defines hypertension and classifies blood pressure levels. It covers the causes of primary and secondary hypertension. Non-pharmacological treatments including lifestyle modifications are outlined. The major classes of antihypertensive drugs are described as sympatholytics, vasodilators, agents acting on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and diuretics. Examples are provided for each subclass. The document concludes that hypertension is common and can be treated through medication and lifestyle changes.
Antihypertensive drugs
1) Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg or a diastolic over 90 mm Hg. Antihypertensive drugs are used to reduce high blood pressure.
2) There are several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics, and angiotensin receptor blockers.
3) The document provides details on the mechanisms of several classes of antihypertensive drugs and examples of drugs within each class, such as ACE inhibitors decreasing angiotensin II and calcium channel blockers inhibiting calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells.
Antihypertensive
Topics of antihypertensive drug:
1. Definition
2. Classification
3. Sympatholytic agent (SAR of beta blockers, mechanism, examples, synthesis of propanolol)
4 .ACE inhibitor (SAR, mechanism, examples, synthesis of one drug)
5. Antiarrhythmic agent (definition, classification, mechanism,
6. Antianginal drug (definition, classification, mechanism)
Drugs used in hypertension
Hypertension is defined as a sustained high blood pressure that makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the arteries. It has two main components: systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There are several classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. Lifestyle changes such as exercise, weight loss, reducing salt and alcohol intake, and quitting smoking can also help control blood pressure. The goals of treatment are to prevent complications like heart attacks, strokes, and kidney disease.
Anti hypertensives
Basic must know things about Anti Hypertensive drugs including the recent JNC-8 classification and protocols for treating Hypertension with various co-morbid condition.
worlb bank
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. It provides details on specific drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and side effects. Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide are recommended as first-line treatment for hypertension when used at low doses to avoid side effects. ACE inhibitors like lisinopril and enalapril are also good first-line options as they lower blood pressure without affecting electrolytes and have additional cardiovascular benefits. Angiotensin receptor blockers such as losartan are an alternative that provide complete blockade
Drugs Used in Hypertension
This document discusses various drug classes used to treat hypertension. It describes how diuretics, sympathoplegic drugs, alpha-2 agonists, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers are used to lower blood pressure through different mechanisms like reducing blood volume, blocking sympathetic nervous system effects, vasodilation, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. It also covers approaches to treatment, including stepped care using multiple drug classes, monotherapy with a single drug, and emergent treatment of hypertensive crisis with intravenous vasodilators.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document provides an overview of hypertension including its classification, types, signs and symptoms, causes, and treatment. It defines hypertension as having a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. The document classifies hypertension and discusses the types of essential and secondary hypertension. It outlines the signs and symptoms of hypertension and discusses its causes. The document then describes the classification and mechanisms of antihypertensive drugs and provides details on drug classes including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. It discusses treatment approaches for hypertension and managing hypertensive emergencies.
Anti Hypertensive Drugs
The document discusses different types of antihypertensive drugs, their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It defines hypertension and guidelines for initiating treatment. The main drug classes covered are diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, alpha blockers, vasodilators, and central acting agents. Factors such as age, comorbidities, and resistant hypertension are addressed in principles of treatment.
Antihypertensive mbbs copy
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
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This document summarizes the ATMOSPHERE trial which tested whether combining the renin inhibitor aliskiren with the ACE inhibitor enalapril was superior to enalapril alone in patients with heart failure. The trial found no benefit to adding aliskiren to enalapril and aliskiren alone was not proven to be no worse than enalapril alone. The combination led to more adverse effects without additional clinical benefits. The results do not support using aliskiren in addition to or as an alternative to ACE inhibitors for heart failure patients.
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1) Hypertension can damage the kidneys through several mechanisms including increased glomerular pressure, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
2) Renal damage from hypertension leads to decreased kidney function over time as evidenced by declining glomerular filtration rate and the development of proteinuria.
3) Angiotensin II plays a key role in hypertension-induced kidney damage by promoting oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and loss of nephrons.
Hypertension and renal diseases
This document discusses hypertension and kidney diseases. It begins with an outline covering topics like the definition, measurement, evaluation, and management of hypertension as well as its relation to other conditions. It then focuses on the relationship between kidney diseases and blood pressure. It discusses how high blood pressure can damage kidneys and be both a cause and effect of kidney disease. It covers prevalence of hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages, pathogenesis, risk factors, and therapy goals. Cardiovascular disease is a primary cause of death in CKD patients due to factors like inflammation and mineral metabolism abnormalities. Goals for treating hypertension in CKD depend on level of proteinuria.
Class antihypertensives
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. It explains their mechanisms of action in lowering blood pressure by reducing cardiac output, peripheral resistance, or sodium retention. Some advantages and side effects are provided for each drug class. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its role in blood pressure regulation is also summarized.
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ACE inhibitors like lisinopril, imidapril, and captopril were found to directly inhibit MMP-9 activity in addition to ACE activity. Studies in hamsters after myocardial infarction showed that lisinopril suppressed both ACE and MMP-9 activities, while an ARB did not affect MMP-9. Both lisinopril and imidapril significantly inhibited ACE and MMP-9 activities in rats after MI, with imidapril showing stronger MMP-9 inhibition. Captopril also dose-dependently inhibited ACE and MMP-9 activities in human plasma samples from MI patients. This suggests ACE inhibitors may provide benefits beyond blood pressure control by directly inhibiting MMP-9.
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1) ACE inhibitors have been shown to reduce mortality in patients with heart failure, myocardial infarction, and left ventricular dysfunction based on large clinical trials from the 1980s-1990s.
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Anti hypertensive Drugs Part 1
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, side effects, and contraindications. Diuretics are first-line treatment for mild to moderate hypertension and work by increasing sodium excretion. ACE inhibitors and ARBs block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers inhibit calcium channels to cause vasodilation and lower blood pressure.
Digoxin
This document discusses therapeutic drug monitoring for digoxin. Digoxin is used to treat heart conditions like congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. It works by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump in cardiac cells. Therapeutic drug monitoring is important due to digoxin's narrow therapeutic index and interactions with other drugs and conditions that can impact its levels. The therapeutic range is 0.8-2 ng/ml. Samples should be taken at least 8 hours after administration to allow for distribution. Dosing is calculated based on factors like renal function and weight. Levels are monitored to confirm toxicity, assess noncompliance or treatment failure, and evaluate factors altering pharmacokinetics.
Ace inhibitor
ACE inhibitors were originally synthesized from compounds found in pit viper venom. They work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, lowering blood pressure. Major clinical trials have shown that ACE inhibitors reduce mortality and hospitalization in patients with heart failure, myocardial infarction, diabetes, and vascular disease. Landmark trials such as HOPE and EUROPA demonstrated that ACE inhibitors provide cardiovascular protection beyond blood pressure lowering alone in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events.
Management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
This document provides an overview of the management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It discusses the differences between gestational hypertension and chronic hypertension, how to assess proteinuria, prevention strategies, recommendations for various stages of mild to severe hypertension during pregnancy and postpartum, which antihypertensive medications to use and avoid, risk factors for preeclampsia, and conclusions about early diagnosis and treatment improving outcomes for both mother and baby. The conclusions recommend labetolol and methyldopa as first-line drugs, watching high risk women closely for preeclampsia, using urine protein to creatinine ratio for proteinuria screening, and aspirin as the only proven primary prevention method.
Renal Hypertension
Renal hypertension is high blood pressure caused by kidney disease. It can be caused by renal stenosis where the renal arteries narrow, decreasing blood flow to the kidneys, or chronic glomerulonephritis where inflammation damages the glomeruli. This causes increased renal vascular resistance and decreased glomerular filtration, stimulating the renin-angiotensin system which increases blood pressure. Investigations include blood and urine tests, ultrasound, CT scan, and biopsy. Treatments depend on the cause but may include angioplasty, stenting, medications, or controlling blood pressure and protein intake.
Telmisartan
Telmisartan is a new angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) that has several potential advantages over other ARBs. It has the strongest binding affinity to the AT1 receptor compared to other ARBs. This may provide stronger and longer-lasting blood pressure lowering effects. Telmisartan also has partial agonist effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, which can improve insulin resistance and exert anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects in the vasculature. Studies in animals and cells suggest Telmisartan may have insulin sensitizing effects and protect against diabetic complications by blocking upregulation of VEGF and AGE-RAGE protein expression in the retina. While more randomized clinical trials
Angiotensin converting Enzyme inhibitors
This document discusses drugs that act on the renin angiotensin system, including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). It provides details on the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and side effects of ACEIs such as Captopril, Enalapril, and Lisinopril. It also summarizes the mechanism of action of ARBs such as Losartan and Valsartan, and their uses in treating conditions like high blood pressure and heart failure.
Htn05
This document summarizes the pharmacology of medications used to treat hypertension, including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and CCBs. It reviews their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles. It also discusses the renin-angiotensin system and its role in hypertension, current treatment guidelines, lifestyle modifications, and algorithms for antihypertensive drug selection and combination therapy.
Angiotensin receptor blockers
This document discusses angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) which are used to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions. It notes that ARBs work by competitively blocking the angiotensin receptor type 1, leading to vasodilation and other effects. Some examples of individual ARB drugs are provided like losartan, candesartan, and valsartan. The document compares ARBs to ACE inhibitors, noting that ARBs do not cause cough like ACE inhibitors. It concludes by discussing the theoretical rationale and benefits of combining ARBs with ACE inhibitors to more completely suppress the renin-angiotensin system.
Are+all+sartans+equal
The document discusses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and its role in cardiovascular diseases. It describes how inappropriate activation of RAAS can lead to hypertension, diabetes, obesity, heart failure and kidney diseases. RAAS modulators like angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are effective in managing these conditions by inhibiting RAAS. Clinical trials have shown that drugs like losartan, valsartan and candesartan reduce blood pressure and cardiovascular events.
Angiotensin-II Receptor Blocker Update --dr shanjida
1) Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are a class of drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by selectively blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptor.
2) Losartan was the first ARB developed and approved for clinical use in 1995. Since then, several other ARBs have been approved to treat hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, and stroke.
3) ARBs are as effective as ACE inhibitors at lowering blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular events with fewer side effects like cough. They are considered a first-line treatment for hypertension by European guidelines.
ACE Inhibitors
This presentation discusses angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which are used to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions. It describes the structure and function of ACE, the drug classification of ACE inhibitors based on their zinc-binding groups, and the structure-activity relationships that determine ACE inhibitor potency. Examples of commonly used ACE inhibitors are provided, along with their chemical nature, bioavailability, time to peak action, elimination, dosing, and adverse effects. Clinical uses and drug interactions of ACE inhibitors are also summarized.
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ACE inhibitors- How do they work?
ACE inhibitors block the angiotensin-converting enzyme found throughout vascular tissue that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Let us know how do ACE Inhibitors work?
Anti hypertensive drugs
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its causes, mechanisms of blood pressure control, and antihypertensive drug treatments. It describes how hypertension is defined and its prevalence. It explains the roles of the baroreceptor and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in long-term and short-term blood pressure regulation. Finally, it provides details on major classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and others.
ACE INHIBITORS.pptx
This document provides information about ACE inhibitors, which are a class of drugs used to treat hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and describing antihypertensive drugs. It then focuses on ACE inhibitors, explaining their mechanism of action in blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby reducing vasoconstriction and sodium retention. The document outlines the therapeutic uses of ACE inhibitors for conditions like heart failure and kidney disease, and discusses potential adverse effects like cough, hypotension, and hyperkalemia. It concludes by listing contraindications like previous angioedema or hypersensitivity to ACE inhibitors.
ACEI.pptx
The kidney regulates blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Low blood pressure or sodium levels cause the kidney to release renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and II. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels and stimulates aldosterone secretion, both of which increase blood pressure. ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion. They are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and diabetic nephropathy by decreasing blood pressure and improving cardiac function. Common side effects include dry cough, rash,
Antihypertensives acting on RAAS
- A 48-year-old male presented with essential hypertension and was prescribed captopril. He returned with a persistent brassy cough.
- Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that works by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. However, it can cause cough as a side effect by inhibiting the breakdown of bradykinin.
- The patient's cough was likely caused by captopril as a side effect. His blood pressure was now under control, so the doctor would need to consider changing him to an alternative antihypertensive like an ARB that is less likely to cause cough.
Anti hypertensive drugs Biomedical science slideshare
This document summarizes different classes of antihypertensive drugs and their mechanisms of action. It discusses:
1) Diuretics like thiazides and loop diuretics which decrease blood volume and cardiac output.
2) ACE inhibitors and ARBs which inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to reduce vasoconstriction and sodium retention.
3) Calcium channel blockers which relax blood vessels by blocking calcium channels.
Each class is described along with examples, mechanisms, and potential adverse effects. The document provides an overview of the major pharmacological approaches for treating hypertension.
hypertension.pptx
This document discusses the classification and mechanisms of action of various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It describes beta blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. For each class, it provides details on their mechanisms of action in lowering blood pressure, medical uses for treating conditions like heart failure and hypertension, and potential side effects. The document aims to explain the pharmacology of antihypertensive drugs and help understand their different classifications and mechanisms of action.
Hypertension pharmacological management
ACE inhibitors work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, preventing vasoconstriction. Common ACE inhibitors include benazepril, enalapril, and lisinopril. Side effects include cough, hyperkalemia, and hypotension when combined with diuretics or ARBs. ACE inhibitors are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, kidney disease, and prevent strokes. ARBs block angiotensin II from binding its receptor, also causing vasodilation. Common ARBs include losartan, valsartan, and telmisartan. Alpha blockers work by blocking norepinephrine from binding alpha receptors, causing vasodilation. Examples
1. Anti hypertensive drugs.pptx what's hypertension
This document discusses various aspects of hypertension and its treatment. It begins by defining hypertension as a blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg. It then explains factors that determine blood pressure like cardiac output and peripheral resistance. It discusses the renin-angiotensin system and how beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics are used to treat hypertension by various mechanisms like reducing cardiac output or blocking angiotensin II formation. Common side effects and considerations for different drug classes are also outlined.
Anti - Hypertensive agent/ Drug
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive agents including: diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and direct arterial vasodilators. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, indications, side effects and contraindications of each class. The document was submitted by Md.Moshiur Rahman from Gono Bishwabidyalay as an assignment on antihypertensive agents to his lecturer Mst. Rozina Parul.
Ant ihypertensive
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat high blood pressure. It describes 7 classes: diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytic and alpha adrenergic blockers, and direct arterial vasodilators. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, advantages, indications, side effects and other relevant information. Diuretics are further broken down into their types, mechanisms, effects and side effects.
Antihypertensives Ch 1.pptx
The document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It describes how hypertension results from increased vascular resistance and defines normal and elevated blood pressure readings. It explains the two main mechanisms that control blood pressure - the baroreflex system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The rest of the document summarizes several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and calcium channel blockers. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects in treating hypertension.
Blood pressure regulation renal mechanism
The renal mechanism plays a significant role in long-term blood pressure regulation when the nervous system fails. The kidney regulates blood pressure in two ways: by regulating extracellular fluid volume and through the renin-angiotensin mechanism. When blood pressure increases, the kidneys excrete more water and sodium to decrease extracellular fluid volume and blood volume, lowering pressure. Alternatively, when pressure decreases, the kidneys reabsorb more water and sodium to increase volume and restore normal pressure. The renin-angiotensin system also helps regulate pressure by converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin II, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention when pressure decreases.
Renin-Angiotensin Aldeaterone System RAAS
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. It involves the release of renin from the kidneys in response to low blood pressure, sodium levels, or sympathetic stimulation. Renin then cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I and eventually angiotensin II with ACE. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and aldosterone release to increase blood pressure. ACE inhibitors are used to treat hypertension and heart failure by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II and reducing RAAS activity.
Myocardial Infarction treatment drugs
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The document summarizes several classes of cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension and heart failure. It discusses the mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, side effects and nursing considerations for drugs from classes like diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and cardiac glycosides like digoxin. The document provides an overview of how these drugs work and how they are used to treat various cardiac conditions.
Antihypertensives | Classes of Drugs | Baro Receptor
This Presentation provides a knowledge about Antihypertensives, types of blood pressure, hypertension types, normal blood pressure regulation, baro receptors, classes of antihypertensive drugs,recent discovery on hypertension. This is an assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Heart System Disease
Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by anything that reduces the heart's ability to fill or contract properly. Common causes include hypertension, heart attacks, alcohol/drug use, and rapid heart rhythms. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling, and coughing. Treatment focuses on improving cardiac contractility, reducing preload and afterload stresses on the heart, and managing fluid retention through diuretics and other medications.
Renin angiotensin system
This document discusses drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system for treating hypertension and other conditions. It describes how ACE inhibitors work by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme and decreasing angiotensin II formation, while also increasing bradykinin levels. Angiotensin receptor blockers competitively block the angiotensin II receptor. Both classes lower blood pressure by vasodilation and reduced sodium retention. They are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, and myocardial infarction. Adverse effects include hypotension, hyperkalemia, and cough with ACE inhibitors.
BLOOD PRESSURE AND REGULATION (RAAS).pptx
Blood Pressure Basics
Measured by Force of Blood on Artery Walls
Measured in Millimeters of Mercury (mmHg)
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure:
Volume of Water in Body
Salt Content of Body
Condition of Kidneys, Nervous System and Blood Vessels (Arteries and Veins)
Levels of Various Hormones in Body (adrenal hormones eg.aldosterone)
Definition of Blood pressure:
The Bp is the pressure of the blood within the arteries.
OR
Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels.
OR
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel that helps to push blood through the body.
Arteries take blood away from the heart.
Arterial Pressure is the force exerted by the blood upon the walls of the arteries.
Veins bring blood to the heart.
Venous Pressure is the force exerted by the blood upon the wall of the veins.
Systole over Diastole
Blood Pressure = Systolic Pressure over Diastolic Pressure
120/80 mmHg (Healthy Measurement)
Blood Pressure is Highest(120) During Systole (Ventricles Contract and send blood out)
Blood Pressure is Lowest (80) pressure During Diastole( Ventricles Relax and Refill )
Systolic blood pressure measures the amount of pressure that blood exerts on vessels while the heart is beating(systole).
The optimal systolic blood pressure is 120 mmHg.
Diastolic blood pressure measures the pressure in the vessels between heartbeats(diastole). The optimal diastolic blood pressure is 80 mmHg.
FACTORS AFFECTING BP
Age, race, family history, overweight, alcoholism.high intake of sodium. Less potassium, chronic diseases, stress etc.
REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
SHORT-TERM NEURAL CONTROL
Neural or nervous system regulating of blood pressure is achieved through the role of cardiovascular centers and baroreceptor stimulation.
Autonomic nervous system: the part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary activity of the heart, blood pressure modulation.
Sympathetic nervous system: under stress raises blood pressure and heart rate, constricts blood vessels.
Parasympathetic: inhibits or opposes the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
Baroreceptor: a nerve ending that is sensitive to changes in blood pressure in the blood vessels .
Norepinephrine: Epinephrine increases arterial pressure.
SHORT-TERM CHEMICAL CONTROL
Blood pressure is controlled chemically through dilation or constriction of the blood vessels by vasodilators and vasoconstrictors.
Constriction or dilation of blood vessels alters resistance, increasing or decreasing blood pressure respectively.
vasodilation: The dilation (widening) of a blood vessel. Ex:Nitroglycerin,hydralazine
vasoconstriction: The constriction (narrowing) of a blood vessel.epinephrine ,dopamine.
The Classical RAS Pathway Works
The important members of the classical RAS pathway are:
Renin
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin II
Angiotensin converting enzyme 1 (ACE1)
Aldosterone
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Linga Mudra(Mark of Siva) generates excessive heat within the body
Benefits:
Linga mudra generates excessive heat within the body and is very useful for dealing with colds.
It also helps in boosting the immune system and makes the body more resistant to colds and similar infections.
The benefits of penis posture also extend to the respiratory system and it can help loosen the phlegm accumulated from the throat.
This posture also helps in weight loss.
Discomfort experienced in an air conditioned room is relieved by this mudra.
Difficulty in breathing can be relieved by this mudra.
Congested nose can be relieved by this mudra immediately and one can get good sleep.
It controls the flow of the menstrual cycle. Performing the Linga mudra with the Sun Mudra gives better results – both 15 minutes each, one after the other.
When navel center is shifted from its original place, comes back to its place by this mudra.
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Antihypertensives
- 2. ACE Inhibitors • Lisinopril • Captopril • Enalapril • Ramipril • Perindopril • Angiotensin II is a very potent chemical produced by the body that primarily circulates in the blood. It causes the muscles surrounding blood vessels to contract, thereby narrowing the vessels. The narrowing of the vessels increases the pressure within the vessels causing increases in HTN. Angiotensin II is formed from angiotensin I in the blood by the enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). (Angiotensin I in the blood is itself formed from angiotensinogen, a protein produced by the liver and released into the blood..) angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) are medications that slow (inhibit) the activity of the enzyme ACE, which decreases the production of angiotensin II. As a result, blood vessels enlarge or dilate, and blood pressure is reduced. • http://www.medicinenet.com/ace_inhibitors/article.htm
- 3. Beta Blockers • Atenolol • Bisoprolol • propranolol • Beta blockers prevent the stimulation of the adrenergic receptors responsible for increased cardiac action. Beta blockers are used to control heart rhythm, treat angina, and reduce high blood pressure. • Ex.) only certain receptors are affected due to nonselct antagonist that block beta 1 and beta 2 causing “ bronchconstriction and inhibited glycogenolysis.
- 4. Angiotensin II receptor antagonist • Angiotensin II is a very potent chemical formed in the blood that causes muscles surrounding blood vessels to contract, thereby narrowing the vessels. This narrowing increases the pressure within the vessels and can cause high blood pressure (hypertension) • Candestran • Irbesartan • lorsartan • Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications that block the action ofangiotensin II by preventing angiotensin II from binding to angiotensin II receptors on the muscles surrounding blood vessels. As a result, blood vessels enlarge (dilate) and blood pressure is reduced.
- 5. Calcium Channel blockers • Veraparnil • Diltiazem • Amlodipine • Felodipine • nifedipine • Calcium channel blockers are prescription medications that relax blood vessels and increase the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while also reducing the heart's workload
- 6. Thiazide-like diuretics • Chlortalidone • indapamide • decrease reabsorption of sodium by the kidney and thereby increase loss of water and sodium. They also increase urinary secretion of chloride, potassium, and bicarbonate ions. Ex: Loop diuretics.
- 7. Alpha blockers • Doxazosin • Prazosin • terazosin • Alpha blockers relax certain muscles and help small blood vessels remain open. • NE tightens the muscles in the walls of smaller arteries and veins. The tightening of the vessels keeps them opened and relaxed.Resulting in increased blood flow and lowers blood pressure.