What is antigen
What is epitope & paratope?
Classification of antigen
Pro antigen
Superantigens
Antigenicity
Determinants of antigenicity
Test for antigen detection
A brief covering basics of immunity understanding and also allowing students to understand with ease the concepts of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Tcell, Bcell, MHC molecular genetics, and also cytokines and also its role in various disease.
roviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be done
roviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be gi
What is antigen
What is epitope & paratope?
Classification of antigen
Pro antigen
Superantigens
Antigenicity
Determinants of antigenicity
Test for antigen detection
A brief covering basics of immunity understanding and also allowing students to understand with ease the concepts of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Tcell, Bcell, MHC molecular genetics, and also cytokines and also its role in various disease.
roviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be done
roviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be gi
roviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be gi
roviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be gi
roviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be gi
roviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be gi
roviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be gi
roviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be given credit terms and credit evaluation must likewise be doneroviding credits to a customer is one way of increasing sales and gaining additional customers. Properly managing the accounts receivable lets the company continue its operations. To minimize loss from accounts receivable, the customer must be gi
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Antigen.docx
1. Antigen
From Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia
Jumpto navigationJumptosearch
An illustrationthatshowshowantigensinducethe immunesystemresponse byinteractingwithan
antibodythatmatchesthe molecularstructure of an antigen
In immunology,an antigen(Ag) isamolecule ormolecularstructure oranyforeignparticulate matteror
a pollengrainthatcan bindto a specificantibodyorT-cell receptor.[1] The presence of antigensinthe
bodymay triggeran immune response.[2] The termantigenoriginallyreferredtoa substance thatisan
antibodygenerator.[3] Antigenscanbe proteins,peptides(aminoacidchains),polysaccharides(chains
of monosaccharides/simple sugars),lipids,ornucleicacids.[4]
Antigensare recognizedbyantigenreceptors, includingantibodiesandT-cell receptors.Diverse antigen
receptorsare made by cellsof the immune systemsothateach cell hasa specificityforasingle antigen.
Upon exposure toanantigen,onlythe lymphocytesthatrecognize thatantigenare activatedand
expanded,aprocessknownasclonal selection.[4] Inmostcases,an antibodycanonlyreact to and bind
one specificantigen;insome instances,however,antibodiesmaycross-reactandbindmore thanone
antigen.
The antigenmayoriginate fromwithinthe body("self-protein") orfromthe external environment
("non-self").[2] The immune systemidentifiesandattacks"non-self"external antigensandusuallydoes
not react to self-proteindue tonegative selectionof Tcellsinthe thymusandB cellsin the bone
marrow.[5]
Vaccinesare examplesof antigensinanimmunogenicform, whichare intentionallyadministeredtoa
recipienttoinduce the memoryfunctionof the adaptiveimmunesystemtowardsantigensof the
pathogeninvadingthatrecipient.The vaccine forseasonal influenzaisacommon example.[6]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Terminology
3 Sources
2. 3.1 Exogenousantigens
3.2 Endogenousantigens
3.3 Autoantigens
3.4 Neoantigens
3.4.1 Viral antigens
3.4.2 Tumor antigens
3.4.2.1 Process
3.5 Nativity
4 Antigenicspecificity
5 See also
6 References
Etymology
Paul Ehrlichcoinedthe termantibody(inGermanAntikörper) inhisside-chaintheoryatthe endof the
19th century.[7] In1899, LadislasDeutsch(LászlóDetre) namedthe hypothetical substanceshalfway
betweenbacterialconstituentsandantibodies"substancesimmunogènesouantigènes"(antigenicor
immunogenicsubstances).He originallybelievedthosesubstancestobe precursorsof antibodies,justas
zymogenisa precursorof an enzyme.But,by1903, he understoodthatan antigeninducesthe
productionof immune bodies(antibodies)andwrote thatthe wordantigenisa contractionof
antisomatogen(Immunkörperbildner).The OxfordEnglishDictionaryindicatesthatthe logical
constructionshouldbe "anti(body)-gen".[8]
Terminology
Epitope – the distinctsurface featuresof anantigen,itsantigenicdeterminant.
Antigenicmolecules,normally"large"biological polymers,usuallypresentsurface featuresthatcanact
as pointsof interactionforspecificantibodies.Anysuchfeature constitutesanepitope.Mostantigens
have the potential tobe boundbymultiple antibodies,eachof whichisspecifictoone of the antigen's
epitopes.Usingthe "lockandkey"metaphor,the antigencanbe seenasa stringof keys(epitopes) each
of whichmatchesa differentlock(antibody).Differentantibodyidiotypes,eachhave distinctlyformed
complementarity-determiningregions.
Allergen –A substance capable of causingan allergicreaction.The (detrimental)reactionmayresult
afterexposure viaingestion,inhalation,injection,orcontactwithskin.
Superantigen –A class of antigensthatcause non-specificactivationof T-cells,resultinginpolyclonal T-
cell activationandmassive cytokinerelease.
3. Tolerogen –A substance thatinvokesaspecificimmune non-responsivenessdue toitsmolecularform.
If its molecularformischanged,atolerogencanbecome animmunogen.
Immunoglobulin-bindingprotein –ProteinssuchasproteinA,proteinG,and proteinLthat are capable
of bindingtoantibodiesatpositionsoutside of the antigen-bindingsite.While antigensare the "target"
of antibodies,immunoglobulin-bindingproteins"attack"antibodies.
T-dependentantigen –Antigensthatrequirethe assistance of Tcellstoinduce the formationof specific
antibodies.
T-independentantigen –Antigensthatstimulate Bcellsdirectly.
Immunodominantantigens –Antigensthatdominate (overall othersfromapathogen) intheirabilityto
produce an immune response.Tcell responsestypicallyare directedagainstarelativelyfew
immunodominantepitopes,althoughinsome cases(e.g.,infectionwiththe malariapathogen
Plasmodiumspp.) itisdispersedoverarelativelylarge numberof parasite antigens.[9]
Antigen-presentingcellspresentantigensinthe formof peptidesonhistocompatibilitymolecules.The T
cellsselectivelyrecognize the antigens;dependingonthe antigenandthe type of the histocompatibility
molecule,differenttypesof Tcellswill be activated.ForT-cell receptor(TCR) recognition,the peptide
mustbe processedintosmall fragmentsinside the cell andpresentedbyamajorhistocompatibility
complex (MHC).[10] The antigencannotelicitthe immuneresponse withoutthe helpof animmunologic
adjuvant.[11] Similarly,the adjuvantcomponentof vaccinesplaysanessentialrole inthe activationof
the innate immune system.[12][13]
An immunogenisanantigensubstance (oradduct) thatisable to triggera humoral (innate) orcell-
mediatedimmuneresponse.[14] Itfirstinitiatesaninnate immune response,whichthencausesthe
activationof the adaptive immune response.Anantigenbindsthe highlyvariable immunoreceptor
products(B-cell receptororT-cell receptor) once thesehave beengenerated.Immunogensare those
antigens, termedimmunogenic,capable of inducinganimmune response.[15]
At the molecularlevel,anantigencanbe characterizedbyitsabilitytobindtoan antibody'sparatopes.
Differentantibodieshave the potential todiscriminateamongspecificepitopespresentonthe antigen
surface.A haptenis a small moleculethatcan onlyinduce animmune responsewhenattachedtoa
largercarrier molecule,suchasa protein.Antigenscanbe proteins,polysaccharides,lipids,nucleicacids
or otherbiomolecules.[4] This includesparts(coats,capsules,cell walls,flagella,fimbriae,andtoxins) of
bacteria,viruses,andothermicroorganisms.Non-microbial non-self antigenscaninclude pollen,egg
white,andproteinsfromtransplantedtissuesandorgansor onthe surface of transfusedbloodcells.
Sources
Antigenscanbe classifiedaccordingtotheirsource.
4. Exogenousantigens
Exogenousantigensare antigensthathave enteredthe bodyfromthe outside,forexample,by
inhalation,ingestionorinjection.The immunesystem'sresponsetoexogenousantigensisoften
subclinical.Byendocytosisorphagocytosis,exogenousantigensare takenintothe antigen-presenting
cells(APCs) andprocessedintofragments.APCsthenpresentthe fragmentstoT helpercells(CD4+) by
the use of classII histocompatibilitymoleculesontheirsurface.SomeTcellsare specificforthe
peptide:MHCcomplex.Theybecome activatedandstartto secrete cytokines,substancesthatactivate
cytotoxicT lymphocytes(CTL),antibody-secretingBcells,macrophagesandotherparticles.
Some antigensstartout as exogenousandlaterbecome endogenous(forexample,intracellularviruses).
Intracellularantigenscanbe returnedtocirculationuponthe destructionof the infectedcell.
Endogenousantigens
Endogenousantigensare generatedwithinnormal cellsasa resultof normal cell metabolism, or
because of viral or intracellularbacterial infection.The fragmentsare thenpresentedonthe cell surface
inthe complex withMHCclassI molecules.If activatedcytotoxicCD8+T cellsrecognize them,the Tcells
secrete varioustoxinsthatcause the lysisorapoptosisof the infectedcell.Inordertokeepthe cytotoxic
cellsfromkillingcellsjustforpresentingself-proteins,the cytotoxiccells(self-reactive Tcells) are
deletedasaresultof tolerance (negativeselection).Endogenousantigensinclude xenogenic
(heterologous),autologousandidiotypicorallogenic(homologous) antigens.Sometimesantigensare
part of the hostitself inanautoimmune disease.[2]
Autoantigens
An autoantigenisusuallyaself-proteinorproteincomplex(andsometimesDNA orRNA) that is
recognizedbythe immune systemof patientssufferingfromaspecificautoimmune disease.Under
normal conditions,theseself-proteinsshouldnotbe the targetof the immune system,butin
autoimmune diseases,theirassociatedTcellsare notdeletedandinsteadattack.
Neoantigens
Neoantigensare those thatare entirelyabsentfromthe normal humangenome.Ascomparedwith
nonmutatedself-proteins,neoantigensare of relevance totumorcontrol,asthe qualityof the T cell
pool that isavailable forthese antigensisnotaffectedbycentral Tcell tolerance.Technologyto
systematicallyanalyzeTcell reactivityagainstneoantigensbecame available onlyrecently.[16]
Neoantigenscanbe directlydetectedandquantifiedthroughamethodcalledMANA-SRMdevelopedby
a moleculardiagnosticscompany,Complete OmicsInc.,throughcollaboratingwithateaminJohns
HopkinsUniversitySchool of Medicine.[17]
5. Viral antigens
For virus-associatedtumors,suchascervical cancerand a subsetof headand neckcancers, epitopes
derivedfromviral openreadingframescontribute tothe pool of neoantigens.[16]
Tumor antigens
Tumor antigensare those antigens thatare presentedbyMHCclass I or MHC classII moleculesonthe
surface of tumor cells.Antigensfoundonlyonsuchcellsare calledtumor-specificantigens(TSAs)and
generallyresultfromatumor-specificmutation.More commonare antigensthatare presentedby
tumor cellsandnormal cells,calledtumor-associatedantigens(TAAs).CytotoxicTlymphocytesthat
recognize these antigensmaybe able todestroytumorcells.[16]
Tumor antigenscanappearon the surface of the tumorin the formof, forexample,amutatedreceptor,
inwhichcase theyare recognizedbyB cells.[16]
For humantumorswithouta viral etiology,novel peptides(neo-epitopes) are createdbytumor-specific
DNA alterations.[16]
Process
A large fractionof humantumor mutationsiseffectivelypatient-specific.Therefore,neoantigensmay
alsobe basedonindividualtumorgenomes.Deep-sequencingtechnologiescanidentifymutations
withinthe protein-codingpartof the genome (the exome) andpredictpotential neoantigens.Inmice
models,forall novel proteinsequences,potential MHC-bindingpeptideswere predicted.The resulting
setof potential neoantigenswasusedtoassessTcell reactivity.Exome–basedanalyseswere exploited
ina clinical setting,toassessreactivityinpatientstreatedbyeithertumor-infiltratinglymphocyte (TIL)
cell therapyorcheckpointblockade.Neoantigenidentificationwassuccessfulformultiple experimental
model systemsandhumanmalignancies.[16]
The false-negativerate of cancerexome sequencingislow—i.e.:the majorityof neoantigensoccur
withinexonicsequence withsufficientcoverage.However,the vastmajorityof mutationswithin
expressedgenesdonotproduce neoantigensthatare recognizedbyautologousTcells.[16]
As of 2015 mass spectrometryresolutionisinsufficienttoexclude manyfalsepositivesfromthe pool of
peptidesthatmaybe presentedbyMHC molecules.Instead,algorithmsare usedtoidentifythe most
likelycandidates.Thesealgorithmsconsiderfactorssuchas the likelihoodof proteasomal processing,
transportintothe endoplasmicreticulum, affinityforthe relevantMHCclassI allelesandgene
expressionorproteintranslationlevels.[16]
6. The majorityof human neoantigensidentifiedinunbiasedscreensdisplayahighpredictedMHCbinding
affinity.Minorhistocompatibilityantigens,aconceptuallysimilarantigenclassare alsocorrectly
identifiedbyMHCbindingalgorithms.Anotherpotential filterexamineswhetherthe mutationis
expectedtoimprove MHCbinding.The nature of the central TCR-exposedresiduesof MHC-bound
peptidesisassociatedwithpeptide immunogenicity.[16]
Nativity
A native antigenisanantigenthatisnot yetprocessedbyan APCto smallerparts.T cellscannotbind
native antigens,butrequire thattheybe processedbyAPCs,whereasBcellscanbe activatedbynative
ones.
Antigenicspecificity
Antigenicspecificityisthe abilityof the hostcellstorecognize anantigenspecificallyasaunique
molecularentityanddistinguishitfromanotherwith exquisite precision.Antigenspecificityisdue
primarilytothe side-chainconformationsof the antigen.Itismeasurable andneednotbe linearorof a
rate-limitedsteporequation.[2][6] BothT cellsandB cellsare cellularcomponentsof adaptive
immunity.[2][4]
See also
Antigenicescape
Antitoxin
Conformational epitope
Epitope
Linearepitope
Magneticimmunoassay
Neutralizingantibody
Original antigenicsin
Paul Ehrlich:Magic Bullet
Polyclonal Bcell response
Priming(immunology)
References
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![Antigen
From Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia
Jumpto navigationJumptosearch
An illustrationthatshowshowantigensinducethe immunesystemresponse byinteractingwithan
antibodythatmatchesthe molecularstructure of an antigen
In immunology,an antigen(Ag) isamolecule ormolecularstructure oranyforeignparticulate matteror
a pollengrainthatcan bindto a specificantibodyorT-cell receptor.[1] The presence of antigensinthe
bodymay triggeran immune response.[2] The termantigenoriginallyreferredtoa substance thatisan
antibodygenerator.[3] Antigenscanbe proteins,peptides(aminoacidchains),polysaccharides(chains
of monosaccharides/simple sugars),lipids,ornucleicacids.[4]
Antigensare recognizedbyantigenreceptors, includingantibodiesandT-cell receptors.Diverse antigen
receptorsare made by cellsof the immune systemsothateach cell hasa specificityforasingle antigen.
Upon exposure toanantigen,onlythe lymphocytesthatrecognize thatantigenare activatedand
expanded,aprocessknownasclonal selection.[4] Inmostcases,an antibodycanonlyreact to and bind
one specificantigen;insome instances,however,antibodiesmaycross-reactandbindmore thanone
antigen.
The antigenmayoriginate fromwithinthe body("self-protein") orfromthe external environment
("non-self").[2] The immune systemidentifiesandattacks"non-self"external antigensandusuallydoes
not react to self-proteindue tonegative selectionof Tcellsinthe thymusandB cellsin the bone
marrow.[5]
Vaccinesare examplesof antigensinanimmunogenicform, whichare intentionallyadministeredtoa
recipienttoinduce the memoryfunctionof the adaptiveimmunesystemtowardsantigensof the
pathogeninvadingthatrecipient.The vaccine forseasonal influenzaisacommon example.[6]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Terminology
3 Sources](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antigen-220420040143/85/Antigen-docx-1-320.jpg)
![3.1 Exogenousantigens
3.2 Endogenousantigens
3.3 Autoantigens
3.4 Neoantigens
3.4.1 Viral antigens
3.4.2 Tumor antigens
3.4.2.1 Process
3.5 Nativity
4 Antigenicspecificity
5 See also
6 References
Etymology
Paul Ehrlichcoinedthe termantibody(inGermanAntikörper) inhisside-chaintheoryatthe endof the
19th century.[7] In1899, LadislasDeutsch(LászlóDetre) namedthe hypothetical substanceshalfway
betweenbacterialconstituentsandantibodies"substancesimmunogènesouantigènes"(antigenicor
immunogenicsubstances).He originallybelievedthosesubstancestobe precursorsof antibodies,justas
zymogenisa precursorof an enzyme.But,by1903, he understoodthatan antigeninducesthe
productionof immune bodies(antibodies)andwrote thatthe wordantigenisa contractionof
antisomatogen(Immunkörperbildner).The OxfordEnglishDictionaryindicatesthatthe logical
constructionshouldbe "anti(body)-gen".[8]
Terminology
Epitope – the distinctsurface featuresof anantigen,itsantigenicdeterminant.
Antigenicmolecules,normally"large"biological polymers,usuallypresentsurface featuresthatcanact
as pointsof interactionforspecificantibodies.Anysuchfeature constitutesanepitope.Mostantigens
have the potential tobe boundbymultiple antibodies,eachof whichisspecifictoone of the antigen's
epitopes.Usingthe "lockandkey"metaphor,the antigencanbe seenasa stringof keys(epitopes) each
of whichmatchesa differentlock(antibody).Differentantibodyidiotypes,eachhave distinctlyformed
complementarity-determiningregions.
Allergen –A substance capable of causingan allergicreaction.The (detrimental)reactionmayresult
afterexposure viaingestion,inhalation,injection,orcontactwithskin.
Superantigen –A class of antigensthatcause non-specificactivationof T-cells,resultinginpolyclonal T-
cell activationandmassive cytokinerelease.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)