The document discusses solutions to reduce antibiotic resistance, including administering prebiotics to livestock to reduce antibiotics in animal feed, using the protein HAMLET and Manuka honey as natural antibiotics, and implementing these solutions could help curb the growing problem of antibiotic resistance over the long term. However, producing and approving HAMLET supplements may be an expensive process, and the effects of these solutions will need to be monitored to understand their full ramifications. Overall, reducing unnecessary antibiotic use is key to slowing the development and spread of resistance.
Antibiotic Resistance form food of animal origint- Debatable issueAsima Zehra
The document discusses antibiotic resistance arising from food of animal origin. It provides context on the global rise in antibiotic resistance and drivers such as extensive antibiotic use in livestock. Over 50% of antibiotics globally are used in livestock, primarily for growth promotion rather than treating disease. Several studies show foodborne pathogens from poultry and livestock harboring antibiotic resistance genes, which can transmit to humans. The document calls for regulating antibiotic use in livestock to curb the development and spread of resistant bacteria.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that tested the ability of homodium bromide (HmBr) to enhance the antibiotic sensitivity of a multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolate. The isolate was resistant to 8 of 11 antibiotics tested. Treatment with non-toxic concentrations of HmBr for various time periods increased the isolate's sensitivity to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and streptomycin in a time and concentration dependent manner, with higher concentrations and shorter incubation times producing greater enhancements. This suggests HmBr may be useful as an antibiotic sensitivity enhancer by increasing bacterial permeability.
Dr. Brian Lubbers - Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistanc...John Blue
Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistance - What Should (& Should Not) Be On The Table - Dr. Brian Lubbers, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Director of Clinical Microbiology, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Alternatives to Antibiotic Use in Food Animal ProductionPewEnvironment
Stephen Jay, M.D., professor of Medicine and Public Health and past founding chair, Department of Public Health, Indiana University School of Medicine.
Antimicrobial resistance as an emerging food-borne infectious diseaseJean Jacques Bernatas
This document summarizes the rise of antimicrobial resistance as a growing public health issue linked to overuse of antibiotics in agriculture. It discusses how non-therapeutic use of antibiotics as growth promoters in farm animals has led to widespread resistance in bacteria. Studies show resistant bacteria can spread between animals on a farm and from animals to nearby humans and environment even without antibiotic use. The overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture has accelerated resistance by placing intense selective pressure on bacteria. Widespread antibiotic resistance now compromises treatment of bacterial infections in humans. Solutions proposed include restricting non-therapeutic antibiotic use in animals and more prudent antibiotic prescribing and use by medical professionals and consumers.
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. RealityJohn Blue
"Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. Reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, Former Undersecretary for Food Safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, from the 2014 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 14-15, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-minnesota-pork-congress"
The document discusses the role antibiotics play in disrupting the gut microbiome and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It outlines the early history of antibiotic discovery and current uses in agriculture and medicine. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics has put pressure on bacteria to develop resistance, undermining the effectiveness of our most powerful drugs. This has serious health implications, as at least 23,000 people in the US die each year from antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Both the medical and agricultural industries contribute to the problem through their antibiotic practices. Maintaining a diverse gut microbiome is important for health, but antibiotics can negatively impact this diversity.
Antibiotic Resistance form food of animal origint- Debatable issueAsima Zehra
The document discusses antibiotic resistance arising from food of animal origin. It provides context on the global rise in antibiotic resistance and drivers such as extensive antibiotic use in livestock. Over 50% of antibiotics globally are used in livestock, primarily for growth promotion rather than treating disease. Several studies show foodborne pathogens from poultry and livestock harboring antibiotic resistance genes, which can transmit to humans. The document calls for regulating antibiotic use in livestock to curb the development and spread of resistant bacteria.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that tested the ability of homodium bromide (HmBr) to enhance the antibiotic sensitivity of a multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolate. The isolate was resistant to 8 of 11 antibiotics tested. Treatment with non-toxic concentrations of HmBr for various time periods increased the isolate's sensitivity to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and streptomycin in a time and concentration dependent manner, with higher concentrations and shorter incubation times producing greater enhancements. This suggests HmBr may be useful as an antibiotic sensitivity enhancer by increasing bacterial permeability.
Dr. Brian Lubbers - Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistanc...John Blue
Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistance - What Should (& Should Not) Be On The Table - Dr. Brian Lubbers, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Director of Clinical Microbiology, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Alternatives to Antibiotic Use in Food Animal ProductionPewEnvironment
Stephen Jay, M.D., professor of Medicine and Public Health and past founding chair, Department of Public Health, Indiana University School of Medicine.
Antimicrobial resistance as an emerging food-borne infectious diseaseJean Jacques Bernatas
This document summarizes the rise of antimicrobial resistance as a growing public health issue linked to overuse of antibiotics in agriculture. It discusses how non-therapeutic use of antibiotics as growth promoters in farm animals has led to widespread resistance in bacteria. Studies show resistant bacteria can spread between animals on a farm and from animals to nearby humans and environment even without antibiotic use. The overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture has accelerated resistance by placing intense selective pressure on bacteria. Widespread antibiotic resistance now compromises treatment of bacterial infections in humans. Solutions proposed include restricting non-therapeutic antibiotic use in animals and more prudent antibiotic prescribing and use by medical professionals and consumers.
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. RealityJohn Blue
"Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. Reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, Former Undersecretary for Food Safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, from the 2014 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 14-15, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-minnesota-pork-congress"
The document discusses the role antibiotics play in disrupting the gut microbiome and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It outlines the early history of antibiotic discovery and current uses in agriculture and medicine. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics has put pressure on bacteria to develop resistance, undermining the effectiveness of our most powerful drugs. This has serious health implications, as at least 23,000 people in the US die each year from antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Both the medical and agricultural industries contribute to the problem through their antibiotic practices. Maintaining a diverse gut microbiome is important for health, but antibiotics can negatively impact this diversity.
In June this year Darren Parris and I visited Novus in St Charles, Missouri, to celebrate their 25-year anniversary. Among the revelries (including a personal highlight of a Cardinals baseball match) we were invited to some insightful talks at the Novus Media Jam. One of these talks specifically concerned the Antibiotic Free Movement or ABF, where the ‘sub-therapeutic’ use of antibiotics and the many alternatives Novus offer were discussed.
Felicia Wu
John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics
Excretion of antibiotic resistance genes by dairy calves fed milk replacers w...Partha Ray
This study examined the effects of feeding dairy calves milk replacer with varying doses of antibiotics on the establishment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in their feces. Twenty-eight calves were assigned to receive milk replacer containing no antibiotics (control), subtherapeutic doses, or therapeutic doses of tetracycline and neomycin. Fecal samples were collected at weeks 6, 7, and 12 and analyzed for ARGs using quantitative PCR. Surprisingly, antibiotic treatment had little effect on ARG levels, except for slightly higher levels of one tetracycline resistance gene in the highest antibiotic dose group. Several ARGs increased over time in all calves. While antibiotics provided no health benefits, the intensive feeding program used may have overridden any effects
Dr. Cyril Gay - Alternatives to AntibioticsJohn Blue
Alternatives to Antibiotics - Dr. Cyril Gay, Senior National Program Manager, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms become resistant to antimicrobial drugs that were previously able to treat infections. AMR arises through natural mutation and genetic transfer between microbes and is accelerated by misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. If not addressed, AMR could lead to increased mortality and healthcare costs as resistant organisms cause treatment failure. To combat AMR, proper antimicrobial use, hygiene, and surveillance are needed at the patient, clinical, agricultural, and policy levels. Education is also key to promoting appropriate antimicrobial usage.
Antimicrobial Resistance - AMR
A short presentation on Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on One health day organized in the Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur by the Department of Zoology. It's a short go through of the topic AMR.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Roles of Different Stakeholders_Prof saidur rahmanUdderHealthBD
This document summarizes a presentation on antimicrobial resistance and the roles of different stakeholders. It discusses the importance and development of antimicrobial resistance, including how resistance genes can be transferred between microbes and across human, animal, and environmental boundaries. It outlines global trends in antimicrobial consumption and reviews evidence that overuse contributes to resistance. The document also summarizes the limited pipeline of new antimicrobial drugs and calls for optimization of medically important antimicrobial use in animals and humans to preserve drug effectiveness. It identifies stakeholders across human, animal, and environmental domains that must work together to address antimicrobial resistance as a global challenge.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in N. gonorrhoeae (GC) - global problem but v...Игорь Шадеркин
Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a global problem, but valid data are lacking in many areas. Gonorrhea surveillance is crucial for public health to help prevent untreatable infections and inform treatment guidelines. However, resistance to traditional antibiotics is very high in most countries, and multi-drug resistant strains have emerged. Improved diagnostic testing and surveillance of antibiotic resistance according to WHO standards is needed worldwide, especially in low-resource areas.
1. Antibiotics are drugs that kill or slow the growth of bacteria. They work through various mechanisms like inhibiting cell wall synthesis or interfering with bacterial DNA/RNA.
2. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria no longer respond to antibiotics. Bacteria develop resistance through mechanisms like producing drug-inactivating enzymes or modifying antibiotic target sites.
3. The spread of antibiotic resistance is a major global concern as it could lead us back to a pre-antibiotic era where many infections were untreatable. Factors driving resistance include overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals.
The Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future Capitol Hill Briefing: Antibiot...Johns Hopkins University
This Congressional briefing document discusses the growing crisis of antibiotic resistance and its enormous economic and public health impacts. It notes that antibiotic resistant infections result in more deaths and disability and cost the healthcare system billions annually in increased costs and lost productivity. The overuse of antibiotics in agriculture also contributes to the rise of resistant bacteria, with millions of pounds used annually in food animals often just for growth promotion rather than therapeutic purposes. Presenters recommend banning the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in food animal production, increasing veterinary oversight of antibiotic use, and improving monitoring and surveillance of antibiotic resistance in both the healthcare and agricultural sectors.
Survey of enterobacteria and variation in blood parameters of birds (broilers...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of prolonged use of common antimicrobial agents on enterobacteria and blood parameters in broiler chickens. Faecal and blood samples were taken from birds in a control group and two treatment groups receiving different antimicrobial agents over 8 weeks. Enterobacteria isolated pre-treatment included E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterococcus. Post-treatment, E. coli persisted in all groups while Klebsiella and Enterococcus persisted in one treatment group. Blood parameters were not affected by the antimicrobial treatments. However, antimicrobial resistance was observed, so prolonged use of these agents in poultry is not recommended.
Overview of Laws Regulating Antibiotics in Livestock & Policy Positions of St...Cari Rincker
This was prepared for a presentation for the Association for the Bar for the City of New York's Committee on Animal Law & Health Law Committee. Outline with more detail and citations is available at http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/overviews-of-laws-regulating-antibiotics-15572/.
Randall Singer - Ensuring Healthy Animals and Food Safety – The Need to Prese...John Blue
Ensuring Healthy Animals and Food Safety – The Need to Preserve Antibiotics - Randall Singer, Ph.D, DVM, Associate Professor, Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, from the 2010 Animal Ag Alliance Stakeholder's Summit: Truth, Lies and Videotape: Is Activism Jeopardizing Our Food Security?, April 28 - 29, 2010, Washington, DC, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/home/conference/2010-animal-ag-alliance-stakeholders-summit
This document discusses the role of antibiotics in animal feed and the development of antibiotic resistance. It notes that antibiotic resistance first emerged as an intrinsic property in some bacteria and later developed through selective pressure from antibiotic exposure. The routine use of antibiotics as growth promoters in food animals is identified as a serious public health issue as it can create a reservoir of resistant bacteria that spread to humans. The document argues that antibiotics should not be used as growth promoters and only be used prudently for therapy and prophylaxis to minimize resistance. Adopting principles like restricting antibiotics critical for human medicine and minimizing prophylactic use could substantially reduce unnecessary antibiotic resistance.
Antibacterial resistance is a major global problem as many bacterial infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance. There are two main issues - increased antibiotic resistance among bacteria and a declining antibiotic pipeline. Bacteria are developing resistance to existing antibiotics, especially gram-negative rods, leaving some infections with no effective treatment options. Meanwhile, the development of new antibiotics has slowed dramatically in recent years. Novel approaches are being explored to address the antibiotic resistance crisis, such as developing antibiotics from non-culturable bacteria and using bacteriophages and their gene products. However, the problem of antibiotic resistance worldwide remains serious without action.
Kerry Groom is seeking a teaching position and has over 10 years of experience as a middle school science teacher. She holds a Bachelor's in Molecular Biotechnology, two Master's degrees in Education, and multiple teaching certifications. Her experience includes developing curriculum, implementing hands-on lessons, integrating technology, and managing diverse classrooms. She has taught at several schools in Arizona and has received honors for her academic achievements. References are provided from her previous principals and supervisors.
WW Group UK is a leading manufacturer and exporter of incontinence inner wear based in Tiruppur, India. They produce a variety of reusable and washable incontinence underwear for men, women, and children made from materials like cotton, nylon, and elastane. The document provides profiles for 11 different styles of incontinence inner wear, describing features like absorbency levels, sizes available, and materials used.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study that found certain gut bacteria present early in infants, including Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, Veillonella and Rothia, can help prevent the risk of developing asthma later in life. These gut bacteria produce metabolites that help regulate the immune system and reduce airway inflammation. The study suggests establishing these beneficial gut bacteria early in life through breastfeeding or probiotic supplementation could be a potential strategy for preventing asthma.
In June this year Darren Parris and I visited Novus in St Charles, Missouri, to celebrate their 25-year anniversary. Among the revelries (including a personal highlight of a Cardinals baseball match) we were invited to some insightful talks at the Novus Media Jam. One of these talks specifically concerned the Antibiotic Free Movement or ABF, where the ‘sub-therapeutic’ use of antibiotics and the many alternatives Novus offer were discussed.
Felicia Wu
John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics
Excretion of antibiotic resistance genes by dairy calves fed milk replacers w...Partha Ray
This study examined the effects of feeding dairy calves milk replacer with varying doses of antibiotics on the establishment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in their feces. Twenty-eight calves were assigned to receive milk replacer containing no antibiotics (control), subtherapeutic doses, or therapeutic doses of tetracycline and neomycin. Fecal samples were collected at weeks 6, 7, and 12 and analyzed for ARGs using quantitative PCR. Surprisingly, antibiotic treatment had little effect on ARG levels, except for slightly higher levels of one tetracycline resistance gene in the highest antibiotic dose group. Several ARGs increased over time in all calves. While antibiotics provided no health benefits, the intensive feeding program used may have overridden any effects
Dr. Cyril Gay - Alternatives to AntibioticsJohn Blue
Alternatives to Antibiotics - Dr. Cyril Gay, Senior National Program Manager, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms become resistant to antimicrobial drugs that were previously able to treat infections. AMR arises through natural mutation and genetic transfer between microbes and is accelerated by misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. If not addressed, AMR could lead to increased mortality and healthcare costs as resistant organisms cause treatment failure. To combat AMR, proper antimicrobial use, hygiene, and surveillance are needed at the patient, clinical, agricultural, and policy levels. Education is also key to promoting appropriate antimicrobial usage.
Antimicrobial Resistance - AMR
A short presentation on Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on One health day organized in the Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur by the Department of Zoology. It's a short go through of the topic AMR.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Roles of Different Stakeholders_Prof saidur rahmanUdderHealthBD
This document summarizes a presentation on antimicrobial resistance and the roles of different stakeholders. It discusses the importance and development of antimicrobial resistance, including how resistance genes can be transferred between microbes and across human, animal, and environmental boundaries. It outlines global trends in antimicrobial consumption and reviews evidence that overuse contributes to resistance. The document also summarizes the limited pipeline of new antimicrobial drugs and calls for optimization of medically important antimicrobial use in animals and humans to preserve drug effectiveness. It identifies stakeholders across human, animal, and environmental domains that must work together to address antimicrobial resistance as a global challenge.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in N. gonorrhoeae (GC) - global problem but v...Игорь Шадеркин
Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a global problem, but valid data are lacking in many areas. Gonorrhea surveillance is crucial for public health to help prevent untreatable infections and inform treatment guidelines. However, resistance to traditional antibiotics is very high in most countries, and multi-drug resistant strains have emerged. Improved diagnostic testing and surveillance of antibiotic resistance according to WHO standards is needed worldwide, especially in low-resource areas.
1. Antibiotics are drugs that kill or slow the growth of bacteria. They work through various mechanisms like inhibiting cell wall synthesis or interfering with bacterial DNA/RNA.
2. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria no longer respond to antibiotics. Bacteria develop resistance through mechanisms like producing drug-inactivating enzymes or modifying antibiotic target sites.
3. The spread of antibiotic resistance is a major global concern as it could lead us back to a pre-antibiotic era where many infections were untreatable. Factors driving resistance include overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals.
The Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future Capitol Hill Briefing: Antibiot...Johns Hopkins University
This Congressional briefing document discusses the growing crisis of antibiotic resistance and its enormous economic and public health impacts. It notes that antibiotic resistant infections result in more deaths and disability and cost the healthcare system billions annually in increased costs and lost productivity. The overuse of antibiotics in agriculture also contributes to the rise of resistant bacteria, with millions of pounds used annually in food animals often just for growth promotion rather than therapeutic purposes. Presenters recommend banning the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in food animal production, increasing veterinary oversight of antibiotic use, and improving monitoring and surveillance of antibiotic resistance in both the healthcare and agricultural sectors.
Survey of enterobacteria and variation in blood parameters of birds (broilers...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of prolonged use of common antimicrobial agents on enterobacteria and blood parameters in broiler chickens. Faecal and blood samples were taken from birds in a control group and two treatment groups receiving different antimicrobial agents over 8 weeks. Enterobacteria isolated pre-treatment included E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterococcus. Post-treatment, E. coli persisted in all groups while Klebsiella and Enterococcus persisted in one treatment group. Blood parameters were not affected by the antimicrobial treatments. However, antimicrobial resistance was observed, so prolonged use of these agents in poultry is not recommended.
Overview of Laws Regulating Antibiotics in Livestock & Policy Positions of St...Cari Rincker
This was prepared for a presentation for the Association for the Bar for the City of New York's Committee on Animal Law & Health Law Committee. Outline with more detail and citations is available at http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/overviews-of-laws-regulating-antibiotics-15572/.
Randall Singer - Ensuring Healthy Animals and Food Safety – The Need to Prese...John Blue
Ensuring Healthy Animals and Food Safety – The Need to Preserve Antibiotics - Randall Singer, Ph.D, DVM, Associate Professor, Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, from the 2010 Animal Ag Alliance Stakeholder's Summit: Truth, Lies and Videotape: Is Activism Jeopardizing Our Food Security?, April 28 - 29, 2010, Washington, DC, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/home/conference/2010-animal-ag-alliance-stakeholders-summit
This document discusses the role of antibiotics in animal feed and the development of antibiotic resistance. It notes that antibiotic resistance first emerged as an intrinsic property in some bacteria and later developed through selective pressure from antibiotic exposure. The routine use of antibiotics as growth promoters in food animals is identified as a serious public health issue as it can create a reservoir of resistant bacteria that spread to humans. The document argues that antibiotics should not be used as growth promoters and only be used prudently for therapy and prophylaxis to minimize resistance. Adopting principles like restricting antibiotics critical for human medicine and minimizing prophylactic use could substantially reduce unnecessary antibiotic resistance.
Antibacterial resistance is a major global problem as many bacterial infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance. There are two main issues - increased antibiotic resistance among bacteria and a declining antibiotic pipeline. Bacteria are developing resistance to existing antibiotics, especially gram-negative rods, leaving some infections with no effective treatment options. Meanwhile, the development of new antibiotics has slowed dramatically in recent years. Novel approaches are being explored to address the antibiotic resistance crisis, such as developing antibiotics from non-culturable bacteria and using bacteriophages and their gene products. However, the problem of antibiotic resistance worldwide remains serious without action.
Kerry Groom is seeking a teaching position and has over 10 years of experience as a middle school science teacher. She holds a Bachelor's in Molecular Biotechnology, two Master's degrees in Education, and multiple teaching certifications. Her experience includes developing curriculum, implementing hands-on lessons, integrating technology, and managing diverse classrooms. She has taught at several schools in Arizona and has received honors for her academic achievements. References are provided from her previous principals and supervisors.
WW Group UK is a leading manufacturer and exporter of incontinence inner wear based in Tiruppur, India. They produce a variety of reusable and washable incontinence underwear for men, women, and children made from materials like cotton, nylon, and elastane. The document provides profiles for 11 different styles of incontinence inner wear, describing features like absorbency levels, sizes available, and materials used.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study that found certain gut bacteria present early in infants, including Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, Veillonella and Rothia, can help prevent the risk of developing asthma later in life. These gut bacteria produce metabolites that help regulate the immune system and reduce airway inflammation. The study suggests establishing these beneficial gut bacteria early in life through breastfeeding or probiotic supplementation could be a potential strategy for preventing asthma.
Este documento presenta a la familia de Sandy Pimbo Chango. Describe a su madre María Griselda Chango Chango, quien nació en 1973 y se dedica a la agricultura. También describe a su padre Miguel Ángel Pimbo Moreta, quien nació en 1975 y también trabaja en agricultura. Presenta a su hermano Darwin Paul Pimbo Chango, quien estudia en la Universidad Técnica de Ambato y nació en 1994. Finalmente, se describe a sí misma, Sandy Maribel Pimbo Chango, quien estudia en la misma
WW Group UK is a leading manufacturer and exporter of incontinence inner wear based in Tiruppur, India. They produce a variety of reusable and washable incontinence underwear for men, women, and children made from materials like cotton, nylon, and elastane. The document provides profiles for 11 different styles of incontinence inner wear produced by WW Group UK, describing features like absorbency levels, sizes available, and materials used.
"Obteniendo la máxima rentabilidad de la empresa - La gestión financiera como herramienta clave para el accionista” Desayuno Conferencia organizado por el Club Empresarial de San Isidro.
The document discusses a workshop on whole brain architecture held at BICA 2015. It provides an agenda for the workshop including introductions and presentations on whole brain architecture and the WBAI initiative. The WBAI aims to create human-level artificial general intelligence by 2030 by learning from the entire brain architecture and taking a collaborative open community approach. A key activity is the BriCA project to develop a brain-inspired cognitive architecture platform.
The HPMS Robotics Club document outlines two projects for the club. Project 1 involves using Lego Mindstorm robots to complete an obstacle course at a Skills BC competition. It requests $2800 for robots, computers, and software. Project 2 uses Sphero balls for a competition at InquiryHub Secondary. It requests funding for a 12 pack of Sphero SPRK balls, covers, and a charging station totaling under $2000 to introduce students to maker education.
The document discusses the importance of learning English in China. It notes that English has become the international language of business, diplomacy, science, and tourism. As China's economy and tourism industry continue to grow globally, mastery of English will be important for opportunities and communication. The language institute aims to teach English to students of all ages and levels, with a focus on improving oral skills through practice, in order to prepare students for global careers and interactions in the future.
Monza Auto Parts is the retail division of Monza Motion, LLC. Monza Motion manufactures, markets and brokers national brand and private label automotive parts. We broker and market automotive products in-store and online.
This document is a resume for Kim Shade, who has 20 years of experience working in disability services. The resume outlines her professional objective of assisting people with disabilities to live independently. It then details her extensive experience in various roles within disability services, including as a casework consultant, practice support coordinator, residential service worker, and acting team leader. The resume also lists her education qualifications and training, as well as referees available upon request.
Goldilocks wandered into a house in the forest, tried different bowls of porridge until finding one that was just right, then explored more of the house until growing tired and falling asleep upstairs. When the owners returned home, they found Goldilocks had been sleeping in their house.
Encouraging students to read extensivelyKaren Loaiza
Extensive reading can be successful when students have access to a wide variety of genres at different levels to choose books that interest them. The books should challenge students without being too difficult to build reading fluency. Teachers can motivate students by asking about their books and encouraging optional mini-presentations or reviews to share opinions that help other students choose books. Regular short reading periods in class help students feel comfortable with the activity.
Group-4 Antibiotics uses in Livestock and Poultry Health issues.pptxssuser7ed574
The document discusses the use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry. It notes that antibiotics are used to treat sick animals and promote growth, but overuse can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The document outlines both the benefits of antibiotics, such as increased efficiency and disease prevention, and the harms, including developing resistance and environmental health risks. It concludes that antibiotics can increase farm productivity when used appropriately and in the right amounts, but regulations are needed to minimize resistance risks.
Probiotics and medicinal plants in poultry nutrition: a reviewSubmissionResearchpa
The use of medicinal plants and probiotics has recently gained interest since the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters by the European Union in 2006. They are new alternatives to bridge the gap between food safety and production. Medicinal plants are cheaper and loaded with several minerals, vitamins and phytochemicals such as: alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, phenols, tannins etc. which allows them to perform multiple biological activities. Probiotics on the other hand, repopulates the gastro intestinal tracts (GIT) with beneficial bacteria which controls the action of pathogens and control their population, thereby reducing mortality and improving general performance of an animal by Akintayo - Balogun Omolere. M and Alagbe, J.O 2020. Probiotics and medicinal plants in poultry nutrition: a review. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 214-221. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.730 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/730/703 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/730
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study on enhancing the sensitivity of multidrug resistant E. coli isolated from urine samples to commonly used antibiotics. 15 E. coli strains were tested, and 11 were resistant to most antibiotics. Strain EC8 was selected for sensitivity enhancement testing using non-toxic concentrations of homodium bromide over time periods of 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. EC8 showed increased sensitivity to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and streptomycin after treatment. Higher concentrations of 0.85 and 0.95 ug/ml homodium bromide produced the greatest sensitivity enhancements. The results suggest homodium bromide may be useful as an enhancer of bacterial permeability to increase the effectiveness of antibiotics.
updated statistics about antimicrobial resistance,causes and mechanism of antimicrobial resistances, national antimicrobial policy, national antimicrobial surveillance, new delhi b metallo-lactamase-1 bacteria
The overuse of antibiotics in both human medicine and agricultural practices has led to a growing problem of antibiotic resistance. When antibiotics are used to promote growth in farm animals, resistant bacteria can be passed to humans through meat consumption and spread among populations. If antibiotic resistance continues to increase, many infections could become untreatable, returning the world to a pre-antibiotic era. Reducing unnecessary antibiotic use in both medicine and agriculture is necessary to slow the development of resistance and preserve the effectiveness of these drugs.
Mastitis is the persistent, inflammatory reaction of the udder tissue which is associated with physical changes of udder and chemical or bacteriological changes in the milk of farm/lactating animals.
Also known as Garget, Mammitis, mammite, dagadi and agalactiosis.
One of the important infectious disease of mammary gland of all mammals that has serious impact on livestock production.
Phages are the most abundant biological entities on the planet, around 1031 (Batinovic 2019)
Method to combat antibiotic resistance bacteria
Alteration of gut microbiota
Phage Therapy
Antimicrobial peptides (AMP)
Importance of phage therapy
Phage therapy very important role in treating infections that don't respond to antibiotics
Phage therapy is nature’s “antibiotics” and may be a good alternative treatment
In developed countries, livestock farming accounts for about 50–80% of total antibiotic
Antimicrobial Resistance: A Major Cause for Concern and a Collective Responsi...Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
Antimicrobial resistance poses a major global threat as no new class of antibiotics has been introduced in decades and bacteria are developing resistance faster than new drugs can be developed. Antibiotic overuse and misuse in healthcare, agriculture, and the environment contribute to the rise of resistant bacteria. In response, Ireland and many other countries have implemented national action plans to promote appropriate antibiotic use and strengthen surveillance of resistant infections through improved prescribing, infection control, and public education. Coordinated global efforts are needed to address the growing crisis of antimicrobial resistance.
Probiotics are live microorganisms that are similar to beneficial microorganisms found in the human gut. They are derived from Greek and mean "for life". Probiotics are available to consumers mainly in dietary supplements and foods and can have health benefits such as reducing cholesterol levels and preventing diarrhea. However, there is a risk of probiotic bacteria developing antibiotic resistance as they can act as conduits for spreading antibiotic resistance genes between animals and humans. This document examines the antibiotic resistance and susceptibilities of Lactobacillus bacteria, an important probiotic, and the potential effects of antibiotic resistance in probiotics.
Bacterial antibiotic resistance is a topic that is causing increasing concern in the health community. Antibiotics are a necessary drug to help protect and heal us from pathogenic infections that our immune system is unable to successfully combat on its own. However, bacteria are very adept at utilizing evolutionary processes to develop antibiotic resistance in order to promote their own survival, reproduction and persistence. The development of antibiotic resistant bacteria is occurring at an alarming rate. Researchers are investigating the mechanisms that confer resistance on bacteria. With techniques for genomic sequencing now readily available, understanding of genetic mechanisms of resistance and evolution as a whole has been advancing rapidly. Researchers have found that bacteria are very adept at gene mutation and horizontal gene transfer. New insights regarding pleiotrophy and epistasis have been provided through these techniques. A possible result of this research will be the discovery of new antibiotic therapies. However, as the research is demonstrating, even if we develop new antibiotics, bacteria will develop resistance to them. Thus, important considerations to be taken from the research include finding ways to slow the development of resistance as we will most likely never be able to stop it entirely.
Role of antibiotics as growth enhancers in livestock Dr. Neeraj Bhatia
this article depicts the role of antibiotics used as growth promoters in livestock and the risks associated with it such as antibiotic resistance and various alternatives
This document describes a study conducted by students on the antimicrobial activities of plant extracts. It includes an introduction discussing the increasing resistance of microbes to antibiotics and the need to find alternatives. The document outlines the methodology used, which involved collecting 9 different plant parts and testing their ethanol, acetone and petroleum ether extracts against various bacteria and fungi. The results and discussion section analyzes the effectiveness of the different plant extracts.
In India, bacteria that cause common infections, such as urinary tract and bloodstream infections, are becoming resistant to nearly all antibiotics. This resistance is due to a combination of factors: uncontrolled access to antibiotics, gaps in infection prevention and control (IPC) practices, and high rates of communicable diseases. Antibiotic resistance, or AR, is a serious problem throughout the country, and threatens to reduce the usefulness of antibiotics both in India and around the world.
Because of this emerging threat, India is committed to slowing the spread of AR. Two institutions within India’s Ministry of Health – the Indian Council of Medical Research and National Centre for Disease Control – each developed national networks of public and private hospitals to measure AR trends, prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), and enhance appropriate use of antibiotics. The All India Institute of Medical Sciences is coordinating HAI measurement and prevention efforts in both networks. In addition, efforts in the state of Tamil Nadu focus on building district-level IPC capacity to prevent HAIs, focusing on maternal and neonatal patients.
The Indian Governamnet is is working closely with partners at the national and state level to:
Detect AR pathogens, including novel strains, by developing lab networks and lab expertise.
Use standardized surveillance to monitor and track AR infections in healthcare to learn how often these infections occur and to help develop strategies to prevent them.
Implement focused IPC activities and training.
Optimize use and reduce misuse of critical antibiotics through antibiotic stewardship programs.
Identification of probiotic bacteria in commercially available food products ...Thilina Abhayarathne
This document discusses lactobacillus bacteria, their sources, and analysis of their antibiotic resistance. It summarizes that:
Lactobacillus bacteria are commonly found in the digestive and reproductive systems and are used in fermented foods like yogurt. Sources of lactobacillus include foods like yogurt as well as plants. Studies have found that certain lactobacillus strains can help reduce cholesterol levels and prevent diarrhea.
Analysis of 29 lactobacillus strains found high levels of resistance to various antibiotics. Indiscriminate antibiotic use has led to increased antibiotic resistance in both harmful and beneficial bacteria. Most commercial foods are now supplemented with probiotic bacteria.
Application Of Prebiotics And Probiotics In Poultry ProductionLori Mitchell
This document discusses the application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production. It summarizes that the intestinal microbiota provides resistance to enteric pathogens through mechanisms like competing for resources and stimulating the immune system. Probiotics and prebiotics are potential alternatives to antibiotics for disease resistance as they can encourage beneficial bacterial growth. Ideal probiotics and prebiotics should selectively encourage specific beneficial bacteria and positively impact the host. Research suggests prebiotics and probiotics may reduce pathogen colonization in poultry through competitive exclusion and immunomodulation.
Management of antibiotic resistance uploadAnimesh Gupta
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and its management. It defines antibiotic resistance as when microorganisms become resistant to drugs that previously treated infections from them. It outlines various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and lists priority resistant bacteria. It also discusses superbugs and different strategies to manage antibiotic resistance like prudent antibiotic use, infection control, developing new drugs, and reducing agricultural overuse of antibiotics.
Antibiotic resistance has become a major health problem as bacteria evolve and develop defenses against antibiotics. When antibiotics were first introduced, they revolutionized medicine and many bacterial infections could be treated. However, over-prescription and over-use of antibiotics has accelerated the development of resistance. Now many bacterial infections are becoming harder or impossible to treat due to antibiotic-resistant strains. Managing antibiotic resistance requires more responsible antibiotic use to reduce selection pressure for resistance, developing new classes of antibiotics, and limiting transmission of resistant bacteria.
The Use Of Antibiotic In Food Producing Animals ,Dina m.
The document discusses the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and the associated risks and benefits. It notes that over 50% of antibiotics used in the US are administered to animals, which has led to increased antibiotic-resistant bacteria. While antibiotics are used to treat sick animals and prevent disease, they are also commonly included in animal feed in low doses to promote growth. This can select for bacteria resistant to important antibiotics also used in humans. The document examines specific classes of antibiotics like fluoroquinolones and their use in different food animals. It notes the risk that antibiotic-resistant bacteria could transfer to humans through the food chain.
This document summarizes research on the antimicrobial properties of blueberries against harmful bacteria. It finds that blueberry juice was highly effective at inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus but had little effect on Proteus vulgaris and Enterobacter aerogenes. The antimicrobial activity of blueberries is attributed to their high levels of phenolic compounds. While blueberries showed promise against S. aureus, more research is needed to determine if they can effectively treat infections from other antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
This document discusses the human microbiome and alternatives to antibiotics. It begins by describing the normal human microbiota and how probiotics can benefit health by maintaining microbial balance. It then discusses how overuse of antibiotics can disrupt this balance and lead to increased antibiotic resistance. The document explores some alternatives to antibiotics for treating infections, including probiotics like Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces boulardii, naturally occurring antimicrobials from plants like garlic and cranberry, and medicinal fungi and essential oils. It provides examples of how these alternatives have shown effectiveness against problematic infections. In summary, the document outlines the importance of the human microbiome and explores non-antibiotic approaches to treatment of infections.
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The good, the bad, the ugly and alternatives to antibiotics
CalmingtheProblemofAntibioticResistance
1. 1
Calming the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance
Mauj Yousif, Elise Maclean, Naz Pakkal, Kimberly Dias
11 March, 2014
Tutorial 1, TA- Rachel and Steve
Biology 1M03
2. 2
The Problem
It was only a few decades ago that antibiotics were known as wonder drugs that cured deadly
diseases. More recently, many antibiotics have become less effective and the amount of bacteria
resistant to antibiotics has increased significantly
Resistance can develop in four ways: mutation, inactivation, efflux and gene transfer. A
mutation in the DNA gyrase enzyme in bacteria prevents antibiotics from binding to its active site,
allowing the bacteria to continue to thrive. (Woodford N, 2007) When an antibiotic is used over a long
period of time, the frequency of bacteria who develop antibiotic resistance increases. For example,
Methicillin resistant Streptococcus aureus is a bacterium that is responsible for causing several difficult
to treat diseases in patients. To enumerate, MRSA is a current problem in hospitals as it has developed
immunity to certain antibiotics and can spread rapidly from one patient to another. According to a
study, 19,000 people died of MRSA during hospital stays in 2005 (Klevens et al, 2007).
This concept of antibiotic resistance originated in the 1930s. Sulfonamide drugs were the first
antibiotics that paved the path for the antibiotic revolution in medicine and started the mechanism of
resistance of bacteria. Sulfonamide resistance was originally reported in the late 1930s and similar
mechanisms of antibiotic resistance have appeared over the last 60 years. (Davies, 2010)
Over the years, different solutions have been attempted to reduce the increasing number of
resistant bacteria. One of the solutions that is still being used is referred to as a home-base strep test.
Patients often make the assumption that antibiotics are the cure for a sore throat although it is also
frequently caused by a virus which cannot be effectively treated with antibiotics. (Mersc, 2012) A
home base strep test is a diagnostic tool used to determine whether or not strep bacteria are present in
the patient’s throat. A positive result indicates the need for antibiotics. Although this test reduces the
unnecessary use of antibiotics, it is restricted in the sense that it has a single use as it only applies to
sore throat infections and is not a solution with long term benefits.
Another solution was offered by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) that included
3. 3
guidelines for the use of antibiotics in the livestock industry. The excessive amount of antibiotics
administered to livestock creates a risk for antibiotic resistance to develop and affect the human
population. The guidelines proposed by the FDA were not enforced effectively and failed to calm the
problem of antibiotics.
Scientists agree that the failure of past attempted solutions have been ineffective due to the fact
that antibiotic resistance has more than one cause. This problem can still be reduced significantly by
controlling the way antibiotics are used. A few ways this can be done is by administering supplements
of alternative ways to consume antibiotics without extreme side effects.
The Solution
Over the past half-century, a large proportion antibiotics has been used toward livestock,
primarily for growth and therapeutic purposes. In 2001, it was estimated that 87% of all antibiotics
used annually in the USA were used for livestock, with only 13% in use for human therapeutic
purposes (Gilchrist, 2006). Australian import statistics also indicate that 55.8% of all antibiotics used in
the years 1992-1997 were used in stock feed, and used as growth promoters (Barton, 2000). This large
amount of antibiotics used for animals are used not only as growth promoters, but also to assist with
their health problems. For example, in Australia, tetracyclines, a class of antibiotics, are registered for
large-scale use to prevent respiratory diseases in pigs (Barton, 2000). To emphasize, livestock are also
fed antibiotics to assist in the digestion of certain foods, like corn, which disrupts their digestion.
(Wagner, n.d.). The intake of antibiotics results in serious threats and side-effects for livestock.
Antibiotic drugs destroy not only the harmful bacteria, but also the healthy bacteria present in the
intestines of the animal, which in turn makes them vulnerable to diseases. An important example of this
can be seen with the bacteria Clostridium difficile. It is a bacterium that causes intestinal conditions
such as inflammation of the colon and is the most frequent cause of the infectious diarrhea in hospitals.
It occurs mostly in patients who are taking certain antibiotics in high doses or over a long period of
time, which can destroy a person’s prebiotic bacteria found in the gut causing C. difficile bacteria to
4. 4
grow (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2013). Apart from this, the large amount of antibiotic drugs
present in livestock contributes significantly to the frequency of antibiotic resistance, as the presence of
drugs in animal tissue, as well as antibiotic residue, allow for the evolution of the resistant gene in
pathogens. (Wagner, n.d.). Similarly, in the evolution of MRSA, the mutant bacteria is resistant to
multiple antibiotics. There is therefore, an urgency to control the usage of antibiotics in livestock.
Controlling the amount of antibiotics that enter animal feed can yield substantial benefits. This
can be achieved by introducing a genetically modified version of cattle food, like corn, that contains
prebiotics. Prebiotics are specialized non-digestive foods that nourish healthy bacteria already present
in the intestine. One type of prebiotics are plant fibres: they are not digested, but allow good bacteria to
grow and thrive, as opposed to antibiotics, which kill off the healthy bacteria in the intestines and gut
(“What is a Prebiotic”, 2014). Administering animals, livestock and cattle in particular, with special
doses of prebiotics would reduce the required dosage of antibiotics in their diet by a large factor. The
reduction of antibiotics in animal feed would reduce the amount of bacteria that develop resistance to
these antibiotics, and can have beneficial implications on humans, the consumers. In particular,
removing antibiotics from animal feed will diminish the amount of harmful C. difficile bacteria in the
intestines, and can also eventually eliminate the lethal MRSA bacteria from circulation.
Research has shown that prebiotic use on preruminant and ruminant animals, such as cattle,
have had benefits on their health by enhancing the healthy bacteria in their rumen (Barton, 2000).
Prebiotics can be administered to cattle in several methods, depending on their need. In a study done by
Franklin et al in 2005, adult ruminants were given about 10 extra grams of prebiotics added to their
average daily intake, and the results indicated that the overall effect on them was positive (Barry, n.d.).
These results were similar to the results from another study which showed that the inclusion of
prebiotics in the milk of pre-ruminant calves led to increased body weight, and better feces consistency.
The increase in body weight may be due to increased fermentation at the small intestine followed by
increased flow of microbial nitrogen at the large intestine, as well as stable microflora composition at
5. 5
the rumen, small and large intestines of calves (Samanta et al., 2013). The results of these studies
indicate an overall positive result in livestock digestion due to prebiotic supplementation. A prebiotic
supplement, such as Prebiotin Prebiotic Fibre, can be introduced into animal feed such as corn, to
ensure proper digestion (“What is a Prebiotic...”, 2014). Farmers and cattle rearers should be highly
encouraged to administer the right amount of dosage of these prebiotic supplements to the cattle, in
order to minimize the dosage of antibiotics for animals. This strategy will have long term benefits, in
reducing the frequency of antibiotic resistance, but other strategies can show more immediate results.
Human Alpha-lactalbumin (HAMLET) is a breast milk protein that can selectively kill bacteria,
which acts on an individual basis to reduce antibiotic resistance. In some bacteria such as
S.pneumoniae and S.aureus it does this by binding to and stopping the activity of biological pumps
required for the flow of ions into and out of the cell. HAMLET is capable of stopping the two enzymes
that participate in glycolysis. Additionally, in the bacteria that HAMLET kills, it causes the same chain
of chemical reactions to occur as when bacterial cells undergo apoptosis. There is an inflow of calcium,
and the serine or threonine kinase is activated which results in the cell rupturing (“Protein Complex
Found ...”, n.d.). When HAMLET is used in combination with antibiotics, the concentration required
to treat infections is reduced significantly. In the absence of HAMLET the minimal inhibitory
concentration (MIC) of penicillin G was 0.01µg/ml for penicillin-sensitive S.pneumoniae, when using
HAMLET it was reduced five-folds to 0.002 µg/ml. Pneumococcal strains of bacteria which are
resistant to penicillin G require MIC of 4 µg/ml but in the presence of HAMLET the strain became
more susceptible to penicillin showing a 20-fold decrease in MIC to 0.2 µg/ml (Marks, Clementi and
Hakansson, 2012). Bacteria does not develop resistance to HAMLET. S.aureus developed resistance to
vancomycin, the antibiotics of last resort, although when used with HAMLET, S.aureus no longer
developed resistance. This is due to the fact that HAMLET is a naturally occurring protein complex
found in human breast milk and is not nearly as toxic as the high-powered antibiotics required to kill
already resistant bacteria. In fact, HAMLET causes bacteria to regain sensitivity to antibiotics (“Protein
6. 6
Complex ...”, n.d.). This suggests that mothers should be taught about the antibiotic properties of
HAMLET and be encouraged by healthcare professionals to breastfeed their infants. Along with the
use of prebiotics in animal feed, synthesizing HAMLET pills is another solution that can yield positive
results.
Another natural product that can be used in conjunction with HAMLET is Manuka honey
which inhibits wound infecting bacteria. In streptococci and pseudomonas, Manuka honey disrupts the
attachment of bacteria to tissues which is an essential step in the initiation of infections. This also
prevents the formation of biofilms which protect bacteria from antibiotics and allow them to become
resistant. When antibiotics are used with Manuka honey they can be made more effective against drug
resistant infections. Meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be made sensitive to
oxacillin when used combination with Manuka honey (“Honey Can Reverse.., n.d.). When Manuka
honey was used with rifampicin, rifampicin resistant MRSA did not develop (Mcdermott, 2013). A
Manuka honey supplement already exists, but it is clear that many individuals do not know about their
antibacterial benefits. Thus, individuals must be exposed to the honey supplement in the same way they
should be exposed to the HAMLET pills. The antibacterial component of Manuka honey is
methylglyoxal (MG), and the higher the concentration of MG present, the stronger the antibiotic effect.
The scale that rates the potency of Manuka honey is the Unique Manuka Factor (UMF). Honey with a
UMF rating of 10 or greater is considered to be effective as an antibiotic and is referred to as “Active
Manuka Honey” (“Manuka Honey: Medicinal”, n.d.). Therefore honey supplements with a UMF rating
of 10 or greater must be prescribed when individuals have bacterial infections.
Implementation and Cost
Before being able to implement the solution, the production expenses of the solution must be
examined. In this case, the cost of producing or synthesizing supplements with the HAMLET protein
should be considered as well as the importation of Manuka Honey capsules and prebiotic supplements
for the livestock.
7. 7
First, when evaluating the cost of the manuka honey it is found to be $40 for 500g on average
(Wedderspoon Organic, n.d). Pharmacies should have the capsules in stock so that when the doctors
prescribe it with antibiotics, antibiotic users will have a protection to resistant bacteria. When
assessing the cost of the prebiotic supplements needed, the average cost $29.99 for 80 capsules
(Prebiotin Prebiotic Bone Health, 2014). When importing both the prebiotic supplements and the
Manuka honey, the Canadian Government would pay the importation costs or taxes needed to import
the products into the country.
Secondly, in order to implement the use of the HAMLET protein, it is suggested that a
supplement be made out of the protein. Pharmacologists can produce HAMLET pills by isolating the
protein and purifying it. Filters and prepared gel filtration columns can be used to completely purify
this breast milk protein. This purified protein can then be replicated for large scale pill manufacturing,
and distributed to pharmacies (“Methods for Protein Purification”, n.d.). The journey to develop a new
drug is a long and hard process. There are several steps in this process which can be further divided
into seven phases. The first phase is preclinical research, where scientists will work to develop the drug
in question. After proven successes in living systems, a pharmaceutical company will file a report
called an Investigational New Drug Application with the FDA. Next, the FDA either approves the
drug or disapproves it and this step is what determines whether the drug will be able to be tested in
humans. If the drug is approved, it has to go through “Phase 1” drug trials, “Phase 2” drug trials and
“Phase 3” drug trials. Assuming that the drug is a success, a New Drug Application form is filed and
then if the FDA approves the drug, then it will be made available to patients (Fact Sheet New Drug
Development Process, n.d.). This entire process takes approximately twelve years to complete and on
average it can cost a company approximately $350 million (Herper, 2013). Normally, a pharmaceutical
company would cover the cost of creating a new drug.
In the case of HAMLET, once approved, doctors should be educated about the benefits the use
of HAMLET as an antibiotic and should prescribe it to their patients. It should be prescribed alone first
8. 8
as it can kill bacteria by itself. If this does not work to treat an infection, then antibiotics can be
prescribed in combination with the HAMLET supplement.
Ramifications
As no solution is ever perfect, there are many biological ramifications that must be considered
when striving to implement any solution. Future studies will have to be undertaken in order to measure
the effects of using HAMLET, Manuka honey and prebiotic supplements as suggested above.
Immediate results may be measured at the hospital level, where physicians and pharmacologists can
record the effects of their prescriptions on patients. For large-scale results, the effects of altering the
contents of cattle feed by increasing their prebiotic intake will have to be monitored over a long term
period. Overall, this solution to the problem of antibiotic resistance is one of long-term benefits,
although the effects of using HAMLET and Manuka honey can be seen sooner than the effects of
reducing antibiotic intake in livestock.
Some potential consequences of this solution is that synthesizing a new drug with the
HAMLET protein is found to be a long, expensive process and this may make it harder to execute the
solution. If HAMLET is approved for use, antibiotics will be used in lower dosages if at all. This will
decrease the costs that are necessary to produce treatments for bacterial infections. It is also impossible
to predict what repercussions might occur if the HAMLET supplement or Manuka honey is misused
once it is prescribed. Additionally, it is extremely challenging to monitor the misuse of the HAMLET
protein and the Manuka honey once it is prescribed as it is up to the person to use it correctly.
Although, if the public uses it for it’s intended purpose, there is clearly a positive consequence, the
issue of antibiotic resistance will be eliminated.
On the same note, reducing the antibiotics used on livestock and using prebiotic supplements
instead, result in positive ramifications. The use of prebiotics can help promote good digestion in
livestock and make them healthier. Notably, healthy animals are better equipped to resist pathogens
and as a result, animals require fewer antibiotics. Consequently, by diminishing the antibiotic
9. 9
resistance in livestock will bring about similar effects in the human population.
To elaborate, antibiotic resistant bacteria rely on the presence of antibiotics for survival. When
antibiotics are minimal or non-existent in the environment, the energy spent on antibiotic resistance
becomes a liability rather than a survival trait (Wagner, n.d.). Normal bacteria are able to live and
reproduce better than antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which makes it easier for widespread diseases to be
treated. Reduced antibiotics will not destroy as much healthy bacteria in the colon, and will therefore
suppress harmful bacteria like ,C.difficile which causes diarrhea (“Fact Sheet: Clostridium Difficile”,
2013). The reduction of antibiotics in animal feed is a solution with long term benefits, and will affect
the entire human population as a whole.
Conclusion
The problem of antibiotic resistance cannot be alleviated, but can be calmed. The frequency of
antibiotic resistance development in bacteria can be greatly reduced if the dosage of antibiotics
administered to livestock is decreased, as well as through the introduction of alternative methods for
reducing the need for antibiotics. Prebiotic supplements may be incorporated into animal feed to
improve their digestion, which will minimize their need for antibiotics. HAMLET and Manuka Honey
supplements may be used along with or instead of antibiotics, which also reduces the administered dose
of antibiotics. These supplements incorporated together can drastically reduce the frequency of
pathogens developing antibiotic resistance, simply because of a reduced amount of antibiotics exposed
to mutations.
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