Herbal cosmetics face several challenges in their formulation. Key among these are a lack of documentation for herbal ingredients, no standardized processes for extraction and production, and unstable active compounds that can degrade over time. Specific issues include inconsistent quality and potency of raw herbal materials, difficulties assessing safety due to complex mixtures of compounds, and constraints in the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. Proper drying, storage conditions, and quality controls are needed to ensure herbal cosmetics maintain therapeutic properties throughout production and shelf life.
Introduction-notes-classification-manufacturing process-outline-composition-sources of fragrances-EU Regulations for perfumes-natural and synthetic allergens to human
review of guidelines for herbal cosmetics by private bodies like cosmos with ...MoidulIslam17
review of guidelines for herbal cosmetics by private bodies like cosmos with respect to preservatives, emollients, foaming agents, emulsifiers and rheology modifiers.
Introduction-notes-classification-manufacturing process-outline-composition-sources of fragrances-EU Regulations for perfumes-natural and synthetic allergens to human
review of guidelines for herbal cosmetics by private bodies like cosmos with ...MoidulIslam17
review of guidelines for herbal cosmetics by private bodies like cosmos with respect to preservatives, emollients, foaming agents, emulsifiers and rheology modifiers.
Myself Omkar Tipugade , M pharm , Shree Santkrupa College of Pharmacy , Ghogaon , Karad ( Maharashtra).
I upload the presentation on sun protection & type of Skin and sun screen agent depend on skin type , and also brief information about the cosmetic & cosmeceutical product.
Ethics of Computing in Pharmaceutical Research, Computers in Market Analysis...Abul Hassan Junaid
Ethics of Computing in Pharmaceutical Research,
Computers in Market Analysis.
Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD). As per M.Pharmacy 1st Year, 2nd Semester.
1. Structure of skin.
2. Skin relating problems :
a. Dry skin
b. Acne
c. Pigmentation
d. Prickly heat
e. Wrinkles
f. Body odour
3. Structure of hair.
4. Hair growth cycle.
INDIAN REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR LABELING OF COSMETICSPV. Viji
INDIAN REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR LABELING OF COSMETICS , IMPORTANCE OF LABELING , LABELING REQUIREMENTS , Common or generic name of the product. , Product function , Use instruction , Name & address of Manufacturer , Country of manufacture , Manufacture Date , Expiry date , Net Quantity , Retail Sale Price , Storage condition , Barcodes , Batch number , Warning or Caution if hazard exists , Manufacturing License Number , Ingredients , Registration Certificate Number (RCN) , Consumer Care Details , Using Stickers , Brown/Red or green dot , Not a standard pack size under Legal Metrology(Packaged commodities) Rules
Herbal cosmetics are the preparations consisting of one or more herbs or processed herbs in specified quantities to provide specific cosmetic benefits.
These formulation include comminute or powered herbal substance , tinctures, extracts essential natural oils, expressed juices and processed exudates which are obtained by subjecting herbal substances to treatments such as extraction, distillation , expression , fractionation, fractionation ,purification or fermentation processes.
Herbal cosmetics are formulated ,using different cosmetic ingredients to from the base in which one or more herbal ingredients are used to cure various skin ailments .
Myself Omkar Tipugade , M pharm , Shree Santkrupa College of Pharmacy , Ghogaon , Karad ( Maharashtra).
I upload the presentation on sun protection & type of Skin and sun screen agent depend on skin type , and also brief information about the cosmetic & cosmeceutical product.
Ethics of Computing in Pharmaceutical Research, Computers in Market Analysis...Abul Hassan Junaid
Ethics of Computing in Pharmaceutical Research,
Computers in Market Analysis.
Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD). As per M.Pharmacy 1st Year, 2nd Semester.
1. Structure of skin.
2. Skin relating problems :
a. Dry skin
b. Acne
c. Pigmentation
d. Prickly heat
e. Wrinkles
f. Body odour
3. Structure of hair.
4. Hair growth cycle.
INDIAN REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR LABELING OF COSMETICSPV. Viji
INDIAN REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR LABELING OF COSMETICS , IMPORTANCE OF LABELING , LABELING REQUIREMENTS , Common or generic name of the product. , Product function , Use instruction , Name & address of Manufacturer , Country of manufacture , Manufacture Date , Expiry date , Net Quantity , Retail Sale Price , Storage condition , Barcodes , Batch number , Warning or Caution if hazard exists , Manufacturing License Number , Ingredients , Registration Certificate Number (RCN) , Consumer Care Details , Using Stickers , Brown/Red or green dot , Not a standard pack size under Legal Metrology(Packaged commodities) Rules
Herbal cosmetics are the preparations consisting of one or more herbs or processed herbs in specified quantities to provide specific cosmetic benefits.
These formulation include comminute or powered herbal substance , tinctures, extracts essential natural oils, expressed juices and processed exudates which are obtained by subjecting herbal substances to treatments such as extraction, distillation , expression , fractionation, fractionation ,purification or fermentation processes.
Herbal cosmetics are formulated ,using different cosmetic ingredients to from the base in which one or more herbal ingredients are used to cure various skin ailments .
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Herbal/natural cosmetics, Classification &
Economic aspects. Regulatory Provisions relation to manufacture of cosmetics: -
License, GMP, offences & Penalties, Import & Export of
Herbal/natural cosmetics, Industries involved in the production of Herbal/natural cosmetics.
research papers Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Sciencesnagarajukarnatik4hit
our International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Sciences (IJLBPS) stands as a beacon of scientific excellence in the realm of life sciences, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical sciences. Published quarterly, this esteemed journal serves as a platform for disseminating high-quality original research, reviews, and short communications that push the boundaries of knowledge and innovation in these dynamic fields.
https://ijlbps.org/
https://ijlbps.org/contactus.php#1
Challenges In Formulating Herbal Cosmetics by Darshan PawarDarshanPawar56
PPT pressentation on the Challenges In Formulating
Herbal Cosmetics
Cosmetics:
"Any article intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, sprayed, introduced to or applied to any part of human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearances of human body are cosmetics.
Prof.Mr.Kiran K. Shinde (M.Pharm), Assistant professor (VNIPRC)
Pharmaceutical microbiology (Second year b.pharm) (3rd semester)
Introduction
Types of Spoilage
Factors affecting the Microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical products
Sources and Types of Contamination
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage
Similar to Challenges in formulating herbal cosmatics (20)
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. CHALLENGES IN FORMULATING HERBAL
COSMATICS
SUBMITTED BY
HARVINDAR SINGH
M. PHARM 2nd SEM
SUBMITTED TO
MISS. ALKA LOHANI
PROF. IFTM UNIVERSIY
MORADABAD
2. Cosmetics
“Any article intended to be rubbed, poured,
sprinkled, sprayed, introduced to or applied to
any part of human body for cleansing,
beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering
the appearances of human body are cosmetics.”
(Drug and Cosmetics Act, 1940)
3. Herbal cosmetics
Herbal cosmetics are the preparations consisting
of one or more herbs or processed herb(s) in
specified quantities to provide specific cosmetic
benefits.
These formulation include comminuted or
powered herbal substances, tinctures, extracts
essential natural oils, expressed juices and
processed exudates which are obtained by
subjecting herbal substances to treatments such as
extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation,
purification or fermentation processes.
4. “Herbal cosmetics are formulated, using
different cosmetic ingredients to form the base in
which one or more herbal ingredients are used to
cure various skin ailments.” (Joshi et.al, 2015)
5. Herbal extracts of cosmetics
Herbal extracts as the name suggests, is the
extract of herbs. Herbal extracts are an ancient
methodology as its references have been
discovered in holy Vedas and in unani scriptures.
Herbals extracts are processed for curing several
remedies and serve other health prospective.
6. There exist a gigantic variety of herbal extracts, to
name a few Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Asparagus
Racemosus (Shatawari), Azadirachta Indica (Neem),
Asphalt (Shilajit), Camellia Sinensis (Green tea) etc.
Herbal extracts in liquid and other forms have proved
to be panacea in the diseases like cardiac problems,
digestive disorders and in mental fatigues. In some
cases, herbal extracts accuracy was detected more than
allopathic medicines which are usually comprised of
complex chemicals.
7. Herbal extracts have very less chances of side
effects than any other medicines.
Herbal extracts are cultivated all over the world
and is prime name in horticulture sector at
present.
In the present, masses are drifting towards nature
and several cosmetics, fashionable items and
others are prepared from it. Cosmetics made up of
herbal extracts for antimarks, fairness, cleansing
and hair-care are very popular for their reliability
8. Challenges
A key challenge is to objectively assess conflicting
toxicological, epidemiological and other data and the
verification of herbal materials used.
Unlike conventional cosmetics, there is extremely
insufficient documentation of herbal cosmetics. Most
herbal cosmetics depend on traditional methods or
Ayurvedic formulations in their manufacturing. Some
of these are passed down through generations, while
some are documented. Even when documented, few of
these can compare to the extensive clinical,
pharmacological, and toxicological documentation
available for conventional beauty products.
9. Herbal ingredients needs special care and precautions during the
complete phase of extraction process. Proper drying conditions
should be adhered.
Improper drying may lead to unintentional adulteration. E.g. if
digitalis leaves are dried above 65 °C decomposition of
glycosides by enzymatic hydrolysis.
No specific standardization: there is no single standard that will
apply to herbal cosmetic formulations, so no any good way to
decide whether ingredient can be used or not, to which extent and
what standards.
Since the processing of one batch often differed from another, a
single company’s own product line may not have a standard
output.
This makes compliance with certain rules difficult, especially in
some developed markets.
10. Few ingredients: Only few ingredients of natural
origin can be used as preparation is nature based
cosmetics. No synthetic surfactant, few
preservatives can only be used. So there is
uncertainty in best product preparation.
The problem of formulating with less ingredients
may lead to the formation of product that may not
work as well with synthetic chemical based
competition. Consumers shall do some
compromises for the fact that they are using
natural based products but do not want to give up
functionality for the sake of naturalness or
sustainability as this is the beauty business.
11. Stability problem: One of the main problem faced in
formulating herbal cosmetics preparation is the stability of herbal
component both prior and after formulation as they are to be
degrade easily by many physiochemical process.
Deterioration happens especially during storage, leading to the
loss of the active ingredients, production of metabolites with no
activity and, in extreme cases, the production of toxic
metabolites.
Physical factors such as air (oxygen), humidity, light, and
temperature can bring about deterioration directly or indirectly.
Safety and efficacy assessment has to be developed on each batch
of manufacturing cycle thus the task become more tedious and
time consuming.
12. From the manufacturer points of view, raw materials in
bulk quantity and quality is hard to obtain which leads
breakage in continuous production cycle of herbal
cosmetics.
Raw materials obtained from different place with
varying climate cannot be treated as same as there
arises difference in herbal potency.
No specific criteria is given which may lead to
irregularity in production cycle. Poor quality of raw
materials: Herbal cosmetics require the careful
cultivation of plants and herbs in their natural
environment.
The raw material for herbal cosmetics company cannot
be mass produced in a factory. Neither can one
reproduce these in a matter of minutes in a laboratory.
13. Constrains of Herbal formulation
A. Constrains associated with handling of
medicinal plants:
Indiscriminate harvesting and poor post-harvest
treatment practices.
Lack of research on development of high-yielding
varieties, domestication etc
Poor agriculture and propagation methods.
Inefficient processing techniques leading to low
yield and poor quality products
Poor quality and control procedures
14. Lack of cGMP for preparation
Lack of R&D on product and process
development.
Difficulties in marketing.
Lack of trained personnel and equipment.
Lack of facilities to fabricate equipment
locally.
Lack of access to latest technological and
market information
15. B. Constraints associated with the
dealing of Herbal Medicines:
Both the raw herb and the extract contain
complicated mixtures of organic chemicals which
may include fatty acids, sterols, alkaloids,
flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins and
terpenes as well as other small molecules such as
peptides and oligosaccharides.
It is often difficult to determine which
component, if any, of the herb has biological
activity in humans.
16. • Adulteration of herbal products can be made in
various ways; commonly, adulteration is made
by substituting other easily available or cheap
plant species or sometimes by spiking of a
product with synthetic constituents.
17. • In addition, the processing of herbs, such as heating or boiling, may
alter the dissolution rate, or even the functional activity of the
organic constituents.
• Similarly, a host of environmental factors, including soil, altitude,
seasonal variation in temperature, atmospheric humidity, length of
daylight, rainfall pattern, shade, dew, and frost conditions, may
affect the levels of components in any given batch of an herb.
• Other factors, including insects, planting density, competition with
other plant species, seeding time, and genetic factors, play an
important role.
• Plant collection for the use in botanicals is one of the factors of
concern for quality. Plants collected in the wild may include non-
targeted species, especially either by accidental substitution or
intentional adulteration.