Anterior teeth selection

HOW TO GIVE LIFE TO THE
DENTURE?

ANTERIOR TEETH SELECTION
DR. FEBEL HUDA, M.D.S,DICOI,FICOI,FAD,DLD.
ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHODONTIST AND
IMPLANTOLOGIST
 DIPLOMATE FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF
ORAL IMPLANTOLOGY
 FELLOW FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ORAL
IMPLANTOLOGY
 DIPLOMATE IN LASER DENTISTRY (UNIVERSITY OF GENOVA
- ITALY)
 FELLOW IN AESTHETIC DENTISTRY (UNIVERSITY OF
GREIFSWALD - GERMANY)

“ A BEAUTIFUL PRINCESS WOULD NOT EXCHANGE ONE OF HER
UPPER CENTRAL INCISOR TEETH FOR THE MOST PRECIOUS JEWELS
FOR HER CROWN” - HOLMES
H. A. Young; Selecting The Anterior Tooth Mold( J prosthet dent 1954;4;6;748-760)

H.A. YOUNG – NEGATIVE CHARACTERIZATIONS

H.A. YOUNG – POSITIVE CHARACTERIZATIONS

H.A. YOUNG – DYNAMIC BEAUTY

Sheldon Winkler ; Essentials of Complete Denture; 2nd Edition

PSYCHOLOGY OF ACCEPTANCE
Charles M. Heartwell: Textbook of complete dentures.5th Edition

• Brewer et al in 1967: Most patients preferred the
good looking denture over comfort.
• Straus et al in 1977: Increased self-confidence,
and provided an overall sense of wellbeing.
• Guckes et al in 1978:Involving patient in tooth
selection increases their joy thereby
increasing satisfaction with their dentures.

Winkler (Lloyd Sherwin Landa)
BIOLOGICAL –PHYSIOLOGICAL
• Necessary to understand the facial muscles,
normal facial appearance and physiological
limits.
• Excessive relief of the cast for blocking out the
labial undercut, pushes the lip out.
• Removing facial wrinkles by additional
thickness of the denture base material or
increase the vertical dimension

To place the maxillary anterior some
what lower for esthetic reasons
• Lower anterior should be placed lower to
maintain an adequate inter arch space.
• The maxillary teeth should be moved slightly
more anteriorly at the incisal edges that there
will be sufficient clearance in protrusive.
• Muyskems et al – every 1mm of mandibular
incisor tooth lingually loss of 10 cumm space

BIOMECHANICAL
• “on the ridge?” or “how far off the ridge?”
• Fisher - “the proper position is neutral zone”

PSYCHOLOGICAL
• His or her appearance may result in a broad
smile or a tight lipped, small, controlled smile.
• The smile is important because it’s really the
frame that enhances the picture, the picture
being the dentures.
• Camper’s line may be thought of as a
psychological plane of orientation.

• Frush and Fisher:
• Age
• Sex
• Personality
John P. Frush and Ronald D. Fisher; The Dynesthetic Interpretation of the Dentogenic Concept; ( J prosthet dent 1958;8;4;558-581)

AGE
John P. Frush and Ronald D. Fisher; The Age Factor in Dentogenics; ( J prosthet dent 1957;7;1; 5-13)

SHOW OF TEETH DURING REST
• Young woman – 3mm
• Young man - 2mm
• Middle age - 1½ mm
• Old age - 0 mm
- 2mm above lip line at
rest

SEX
SPHERICAL CUBOIDAL
John P. Frush and Ronald D. Fisher; How Dentogenic Restorations interpret the sex factor; ( J prosthet dent 1956;6;2;160-172)

CURVE SUGGESTS SOFTNESS
(FEMINITY)
CURVER LABIAL SURFACE
(FEMININE)
FLAT LABIAL SURFACE
(MASCULINE)
ROUND MESIO AND
DISTOINCISAL
ANGLES (FEMININE)
SHARPER MESIO AND
DISTOINCISAL
ANGLES (MASCULINE)
INCISAL EDGE OF LATERAL INCISOR RAISED
COMPARED TO CENTRAL INCISORS IN FEMALE,
BUT ALMOST SAME LEVEL IN MALE.

CANINES MORE PROMINENT
AND TURNED OUT AT THE INCISAL EDGE
(MALE)
CANINES ARRANGED TO APPEAR
TURNED IN AT THE INCISAL EDGE
(FEMALE)
ROTATING THE LATERAL
INCISORS DISTALLY MAKES
THE SMILE SOFT (FEMALE)
ROTATING THE LATERAL
INCISORS MESIALLY MAKES
THE SMILE VIGOROUS (MALE)
BROAD LATERAL INCISOR
(MALE)
NARROW LATERAL INCISOR
(FEMALE)

PERSONALITY
• DELICATE (FRAGILE & FRAIL) 5%
• MEDIUM (MODERATE & ROBUST) MAJORITY
• VIGOROUS (HARD & AGGRESSIVE) 10%
• THE CENTRAL INCISOR AND INTERDENTAL PAPILLA PLAYS AN
IMPORTANT ROLE IN DETERMINING THE PERSONALITY
John P. Frush and Ronald D. Fisher; How Dentogenics interpret the personality factor; ( J prosthet dent 1956;6;4;441-449)

SOFT HARD

• TOOTH SHADE
• TOOTH SIZE
• TOOTH SHAPE
• TOOTH MATERIAL
Fenn; Clinical dental prosthetics; 3rd Edition.

HISTORY OF SHADE
• Black 1908 - work was the first reference in
the dental literature to the importance of
value in the shade determining process.
Black1 stated that the best esthetic result was
obtained when the proper color (hue)and
translucence (value) were found.
Bruce Marcucci; A shade selection technique; (J Prosthet Dent 2003;89:518-21.)

HISTORY CONT…..
• 1930s Clark; published a series on color science
that the current use of shade guides began.
• Clark incorporated the importance of value into
his own design for a guide he called the “Tooth
Color Indicator.” It had 60 tabs and only 1 hue
(yellow), but provided for the selection and use
of 342 gingival colors and 342 incisal colors
• But never marketed

HISTORY CONT….
• In the 1970s, Sproull published a 3-part series
on color.
• In this series, he suggested that once dentists
fully understood the definitions and relative
importance of value, chroma, and hue, they
would be able to solve the color-matching
problems in a step-by-step manner
• Clark’s “Tooth Color Guide” (60 tabs)

HISTORY CONT….
• In 1980, Preston and Bergen published a
workbook that identified value as the most
important determinant of color.
• In 1988 Sorenson and Torres published a 3-part
series on improved color matching of metal
ceramic restorations.
• In 1991 Hall stated that it was possible to
minimize the difficulties of color matching by
quantifying the determinants of value, chroma,
and hue.

SHADE
ACCORDING TO KRAJICECK
SHADE VARIES FROM EVERY TOOTH IN THE SAME ARCH

SHADE SELECTED ACCORDING TO THE COMPATIBILITY OF
PATIENT’S FACIAL COLOUR AND COMPLEXION
• THERE ARE THREE DOMINANT TOOTH COLOUR
1. YELLOW (FAIR HAIR, BLUE EYE & FRESH COMPLEXION)
2. GREY (DARK HAIR, BROWN EYES & DARK COMPLEXION)
3. OPAL (CLEAR, PALE COMPLEXION, IRRESPECTIVE OF HAIR &
EYE COLOUR)

PERSON OF POWERFUL BUILT
WITH LARGE TOOTH HAS
DARKER SHADE
FEMALES HAVE LIGHTER NATURAL TEETH THAN MALE
A study by Hallarman has showed that there is apparently little correlation between
skin color of forehead or cheek & the patient’s own anterior teeth in adult Caucasians.

ACCORDING TO HALPERIN
• CLASS III PATIENTS – SLIGHTLY DARK MANDIBULAR TEETH TO
CREATE AN ILLUSION THAT IT IS POSTERIOR THAN THEY
REALLY ARE
• CLASS II PATIENTS – LIGHTER SHADE IS USED TO CREATE AN
ILLUSION THAT THE TEETH ARE MORE ANTERIOR THAN THEY
REALLY ARE
Alexander R. Halperin; Mastering the art of complete dentures,

5 groups
3 sections have 7 tabs 2 sections have 3tabs.
VALUE
CHROMA
HUE
SHADE SELECTION
(Vitapan 3-D Master Shade Guide, February 1998.)

TIPS FOR SHADE SELECTION
• ALWAYS MOISTEN THE SHADE GUIDE
• PLACE THE TOOTH IN THE POSITION IT IS GOING TO REPLACE
• WHEN IN DOUBT, SELECT A DARKER SHADE AND SWITCH TO
LIGHTER.
• USE A FEMALE ASSISTANT TO CONFIRM THE SHADE
(BECAUSE 8% OF MALE ARE COLOURBLIND)

SQUINT TEST
• With the eyelids partially closed to reduce
light, the dentist compares prospective colors
of artificial teeth held along the face of the
patient.
• The color that fades from the view first is the
one that is least conspicuous in comparison to
the color of the face.

PRE- EXTRACTION RECORDS
DIAGNOSTIC CASTS RECENT PHOTOGRAPHY
RADIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS
INTER DISTANCE OF PATIENT
Paul J. Wehner; Selection Of Artificial Teeth ( J prosthet dent 1967;18;3;222-232)

POST – EXTRACTION RECORD
• DO THE TEETH APPEAR
LOST IN FACE?
• DO THEY APPEAR TOO
SMALL?
• ARE TEETH TOO HIGH?
• HOW MUCH DO THEY
SHOW WHILE SMILING?
Felix A. French; The Selection And Arrangement Of Anterior Teeth In Prosthetic Dentures( J prosthet dent 1951;1;5;587-593)

BIZYGOMATIC WIDTH
MANY AUTHORS SUGGESTED THIS THEORY : HOUSE AND LOOP’S, KRAJICEK ,
SEARS, BERRY, POUND AND PAUL J. WEHNER.
BUT SEAR’S SUGGESTED THAT BIZYGOMATIC WIDTH / 13 = MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISORS

MARKING THE CORNER OF MOUTH WITH PINS AND MEASURE
THE WAX OCCLUSION RIM AND CARVE THE 6 MAXILLARY TOOTH
ON IT

SKETCHING ON OCCLUSION RIMS

POUND’S
BIZYGOMATIC WIDTH / 16 = WIDTH OF MAXILLARY
CENTRAL INCISORS
HAIR LINE TO GNATHION / 16 = LENGTH OF MAXILLARY
CENTRAL INCISORS

BERRY’S BIOMETRIC INDEX
BIZYGOMATIC WIDTH / 16 = WIDTH OF MAXILLARY
CENTRAL INCISORS
HAIR LINE TO GNATHION / 20 = LENGTH OF MAXILLARY
CENTRAL INCISORS
OUTLINE OF FACE = SHAPE OF TOOTH

ANTHROPOMETRIC CEPHALIC INDEX
BIZYGOMATIC WIDTH / 3.36 = WIDTH OF
MAXILLARY ANTERIORS
CIRCUMFERENCE OF HEAD / 13 = WIDTH OF
MAXILLARY ANTERIORS
TOTAL WIDTH OF THE LOWER ANTERIORS =4/5TH

SIZE OF THE MAXILLARY ARCH
THE WIDTH OF ALL ANTERIOR AND
POSTERIOR TOOTH
=
+

UNIVERSAL DENTAL COMPANY MOULD
SECTOR

ACCORDING TO “EVANIA ESKELESEN”
•Evania Eskelsen et al; Concurrence Between The Maxillary Midline And Bisector To The Interpupillary Line
( J Esthet Restor Dent; 2009; 21;337-342)

HOUSE & LOOP’S PLASTIC FACE MASK

PAUL J. WEHNER WIDTH OF THE NOSE
CONTRADICTED BY BRIAN J. SMITH
Brian J. Smith; The Value Of The Nose Width As An Esthetic Guide In Prosthodontics( J prosthet dent 1975;34;5;562-573)

A. KESHVAD (2000)
• INTERCONDYLAR WIDTH = INTER ARCH WIDTH
•A. Keshwad et al; Intercondylar Width As A Guide To Setting Up Complete Denture Teeth
( Journal Of Oral Rehabilitation; 2000;27;217-226)

MOLD TOOTH ARE SMALLER THAN
NATURAL TOOTH

SHAPE
• J. LEON WILLIAM, HOUSE & LOOP
1. SQUARE
2. TAPERING
3. SQURE TAPERING
4. OVOID

GEOMETRIC THEORY
• WRIGHT ET AL 1936 - 60.7% SUBJECTS’ MAXILLARY CENTRAL
INCISORS DID NOT COINCIDE WITH INVERTED FACE
• BELL ET AL 1978 – CONCLUDED THAT THEY COINCIDE WITH
THE FACIAL FORM

FORM OF THE RIDGE

FUTURE IN ANTERIOR TOOTH
SELECTION
• Wang YG et al conducted a study Methodology of computer-aided
design of automatic artificial tooth selection for complete denture,
in which 3D data of occlusal rim made by the dentist were
obtained with a 3D laser scanner and specific points on the occlusal
rim were measured on Imageware11 platform. Based on Matlab
7.1 software platform, an automatic tooth selection software was
programmed with adequate consideration of complete denture
tooth selection factors, for example: face form of the patient,
mesiodistal diameter of the artificial anterior teeth and posterior
teeth, etc. Occlusal rim and edentulous models were selected from
20 patients. The artifical teeth were selected by both technician and
software. The result of automatic tooth selection was evaluated by
comparison with traditional method. In 20 cases the concordant
rate of automatic and traditional method is 70%.

Selection of tooth material
• Conventional acrylic resin
• Interpenetrating polymer network(IPN) acrylic
resin
• Composite resin teeth
• Porcelain

Indications for resin teeth
• Recent extractions
• Immediate dentures
• Limited interocclusal distance.
• If current denture is producing clicking sound.

Interpenetrating polymer
network(IPN) acrylic resin
• By dentsply international.
• This tooth material is non filled ,highly cross
linked copolymer with an interpenetrating
polymer network.
• It is harder, more abrasion resistant, more
stain resistant and more heat resistant than
conventional resins.

Composite resin teeth
• Vivosit (orthosit- posterior teeth) by Ivoclar.
• It consists of an organic filler and liquid matrix
based on a modified Bowen resin.
• Liquid matrix and the organic filler contain
approximately 20% Pyrolytic silicium
dioxide,which is used as a thickening and
strengthening agent.

Composite resin teeth,cont….
• Pyrolytic silicium dioxide has particle size of 10
to 400 Å which is less than wavelength of
visible light- it makes for a highly esthetic
appearance.
• It chemically bonds with the denture base
material.
• It has better wear resistance than the
conventional acrylic resin.

Porcelain teeth
• Highest wear resistance.
• Good stain resistance.
• Disadv: clicking sound in nervous patients and
with those having neuromuscular
coordination problems.
• More prone for chipping and fracture.
• Cannot be given when interarch space is less.

MOST FREQUENTLY USED METHODS FOR SHAPE, SHADE & SIZE
SELECTION:
According to Khalil Al Ali 2009.
• The most frequently used method for the form (shape or mold)
selection of the anterior teeth was the patient’s face shape or form
(53.6%) followed by patient’s gender (20.2%), patient’s age (17.4%),
pre-extraction records (16.6%), previous dentures (13.8%), patient’s
preference(9.7%) and the shape of maxillary arch (7%).
• For shade selection, the most frequently used method was the
patient’s complexion (67.8%) followed by patient’s preference (23.1%),
patient’s age (20.6%), previous dentures
(15.7%) and pre-extraction records (12.7%).
• The most commonly used method to select the size (width) of the
six maxillary anterior teeth was the interalar width (57.7%), followed by
the intercommisural width (35.1%), the bizygomatic width (28.5%), pre-
extraction records (24.7%), previous dentures (23.5%), and the patient’s
gender (12.2%). Four (3.2%) dentists selected others methods.
Khalil Al Ali; Current Concepts Of Selecting Teeth For Complete Dentures Among Dentists In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia(Pakistan Oral & Dental
Journal;2009;29;1;117-180)

The techniques in anterior tooth selection put in order
according to the H.A. Young arranged in chronology
order
• Technique 1: the ivory age teeth were
selected, or created, mostly by dimensional
measurements, slight consideration given to
face form or other qualities
• Technique 2: “Correspondence and
Harmony,” projected by J. W. White in 1872.”
characteristic association of tooth form and
color

• Technique 3: “Typal Form Concept” projected by
W. R. Hall in 1887,” (1) ovoid, (2) tapering, and (3)
square. It is of interest to note that a typal form
theory was projected at least a quarter-century
before that of Williams.
• Technique 4: “Temperamental Technic”
appropriate tooth form, size, color, and
composition had been associated by 1885,
incorporated in tooth manufacture, and
requested by dentists. Flagg, Laycock,
Hutchinson, Kingsley associated character items
bearing on tooth selection, such as: (1)
complexion, (2) hair qualities, (3) skull and face
shapes, (4) mandibular position, and (5) tooth
form.

• The dental and facial characteristics of the
temperamental classifications had become
quite uniform and stabilized by the many
publications in dental journals in the decade
of 1885 to 1895.
• the geometric classification of face outline
form and profile, which was projected by
Madame Schimmelpeinik in 1815
• the classification of head, face, eye, and hair
form, and other physical qualities, projected
by Spurzheim in 1936

• Technique 5: “Berry’s Biometric Ratio
Method,” projected in 1906. upper central
incisor tooth closely approximated the outline
form of the face. The tooth was one-sixteenth
the face width and one-twentieth the face
length.
• Technique 6: “Tabular Dimension Table &
Method,” presented around 1910. selecting
tooth size from the over-all dimension of six
anterior teeth arranged on the Bonwill circle
and the vertical tooth space present in the
patient.

• Technique 7: Valderrama’s “Molar Tooth
Basis,” projected in 1913.
• Technique 8: by Cigrande in 1913. outline
form of the fingernail
• Technique 9: “Williams’ “Typal Form
Method,” projected in 1914. this method was
Nature’s uninhibited ground plan in
developing human face and tooth forms.
• Technique 10: “Mold Guide Sample Teeth”

• Technique 11: “Wavrin Instrumental Guide
Technic,” projected about 1920, based on
Berry’s Biometric Ratio Method, and
Williams Typal Form teeth.
• Technique l2: “Maxillary Arch Outline Form,”
projected by Nelson in 1920. assumed that
the arch outline form was a valid method.
• Technique 13: “Wright’s Photometric
Method,” projected in 1936 using a
photograph of the patient with natural teeth

• Technique 14: “Multiple Choice method,”
projected by Myerson in 1937.
• Technique 15: “Stein’s Coordinated Size
Technic,” projected in 1940.
• Technique 16: “Anthropometric- Cephalic
Index Method,” projected by Sears in 1941.
circumference of the head by 13 or the bi-
zygomatic width by 3.3.
• Technique 17: “Frame Harmony Method,”
projected by The Justi Company in 1949.
method is that the size and proportions of the
teeth are in harmony with the general bony
proportions of the skeleton

• Technique 18: “Bioform technic,” projected by
the Dentists’ Supply Company in 1950.
• Technique 19: “Selection Indicator Instrument
• Method,” projected by the Dentists Supply
Company,
• Technique 20: “House Instrumental Method”
projecting typal outline and profile silhouettes
onto the face by means of a telescopic
projector instrument, and silhouette form
plates. This was correlated with designated
mold numbers and size variation.

• Technique 21: “Automatic Instant Selector
guide” Austenal Company projected in 1951.
form, size, and appearance in such a manner
that a single reading only is required to select
the appropriate tooth mold based on
dimensions of denture space and harmony of
face and tooth form.

REFERENCES:
• Sheldon Winkler ; Essentials of Complete Denture; 2nd Edition
• Charles M. Heartwell: Textbook of complete dentures.5th Edition
• Alexander R. Halperin; Mastering the art of complete dentures,
• Fenn; Clinical dental prosthetics; 3rd Edition.
• John J.Sharry; Complete denture prosthodontics; 3rd Edition.
• Zarb-Bolender: Prosthodontic treatment for Edentulous
Patients.12th Edtion.
• Victor E Beresin; The Neutral Zone in Complete and partial
Dentures; 2nd Edition.
• John P. Frush and Ronald D. Fisher; How Dentogenic Restorations
interpret the sex factor; ( J prosthet dent 1956;6;2;160-172)
• John P. Frush and Ronald D. Fisher; How Dentogenics interpret the
personality factor; ( J prosthet dent 1956;6;4;441-449)
• John P. Frush and Ronald D. Fisher; The Age Factor in Dentogenics; (
J prosthet dent 1957;7;1; 5-13)

• John P. Frush and Ronald D. Fisher; The Dynesthetic Interpretation
of the Dentogenic Concept; ( J prosthet dent 1958;8;4;558-581)
• Georgr Wood Clapp;How the Science of Esthetic Tooth-Form
Selection was made easy( J prosthet dent 1955;5;5;596-608)
• Felix A. French; The Selection And Arrangement Of Anterior Teeth In
Prosthetic Dentures( J prosthet dent 1951;1;5;587-593)
• H. A. Young; Selecting The Anterior Tooth Mold( J prosthet dent
1954;4;6;748-760)
• Dayton Dunbar Krajicek; Personalised Acrylic Resin Anterior Teeth( J
prosthet dent 1956;6;1;29-37)
• Brian J. Smith; The Value Of The Nose Width As An Esthetic Guide
In Prosthodontics( J prosthet dent 1975;34;5;562-573)
• Lynn C. Dirksen; A Natural Esthetic Buccal And Labial Anatomic
Form For Complete Dentures( J prosthet dent 1955;5;3;368-374)
• Dayton Dunbar Krajicek; Natural Appearance For The Individual
Denture Patient ( J prosthet dent 1960;10;2;205-214)
• F. Mavroskoufis; Nasal Width And Incisive Papilla As Guides For The
Selection And Arrangement Of Maxillary Anterior Teeth ( J prosthet
dent 1981;45;6;592-597)

• Earl Pound; Esthetic Dentures And Their Phonetic Values ( J
prosthet dent 1951;1;1&2;98-111)
• Arthur M. LaVere; Artificial Tooth Arrangement For Prognathic
Patients ( J prosthet dent 1972;28;6;650-654)
• Byron E. Kern; Anthropometric Parameters Of Tooth Selection ( J
prosthet dent 1967;17;5;431-437)
• Albert D. Guckes, Dale E. Smith, Charles C. Swoope; Counseling
And Related Factors Influencing Satisfaction With Dentures ( J
prosthet dent 1978;39;3;259-267)
• Walter Donald Heinlein; Anterior Teeth: Esthetics & Function ( J
prosthet dent 1980 ;44;4;389-393)
• Robert Straus et al; Behavioral Factors And Denture Status ( J
prosthet dent 1977;37;3;264-273)
• George A. Hughes; Facial Types And Tooth Arrangement ( J prosthet
dent 1951;1;1&2;82-95)
• Robert G. Vig; The Kinetics Of Anterior Tooth Display ( J prosthet
dent 1978;39;5;502-504)
• Paul J. Wehner; Selection Of Artificial Teeth ( J prosthet dent
1967;18;3;222-232)

• Young- Seok Park et al; The Three Dimensional Relationship
On A Virtual Model Between The Maxillary Anterior Teeth
And Incisive Papilla ( J prosthet dent 2007;98;4;312-317)
• James W. Carson; Tooth Form And Face Form, “Is It A
Comedy Of Errors”?
• Vanderlei Luiz Gomes et al; Correlation Between Facial
Measurements And The Mesiodistal Width Of The
Maxillary Anterior Teeth ( J prosthet dent 2006;18;4;196-
205)
• Rajeev Srivastava; Denture Tooth Selection: Size Matching
Of Natural Anterior Tooth Width With Artificial Denture
Teeth( International Of Dental Clinics 2010; 2; 3; 17-22)
• Fabiano Martins Malafaia; Concurrence Between
Interpupillary Line And Tangent to the Incisal Edge Of The
Upper Central Incisor Teeth( J Esthet Restor Dent;2009;
21;318-323)
•

• David Gozalo-Diaz et al; Estimating The Color Of Maxillary Central
Incisors Based On Age And Gender ( J prosthet dent 2008;100;93-
98)
• Evania Eskelsen et al; Concurrence Between The Maxillary Midline
And Bisector To The Interpupillary Line( J Esthet Restor Dent;2009;
21;337-342)
• A. Keshwad et al; Intercondylar Width As A Guide To Setting Up
Complete Denture Teeth( Journal Of Oral Rehabilitation;
2000;27;217-226)
• Khalil Al Ali; Current Concepts Of Selecting Teeth For Complete
Dentures Among Dentists In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia(Pakistan Oral &
Dental Journal;2009;29;1;117-180)
• Ravudai Singh et el; review on golden propotion – gods building
blocks for the world; (The Journal of Indian Prosthodontics Society;
2008; 8; 6-9)
• Bruce Marcucci; A shade selection technique; (J Prosthet Dent
2003;89:518-21.)

Anterior teeth selection

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