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Answer: Audit risk is the risk that an auditor issues an incorrect opinion on the financial statements. Examples of inappropriate audit opinions include the following: Audit Risk = Inherent Risk x Control Risk x Detection Risk Inherent Risk Inherent Risk is the risk of a material misstatement in the financial statements arising due to error or omission as a result of factors other than the failure of controls (factors that may cause a misstatement due to absence or lapse of controls are considered separately in the assessment of control risk). Inherent risk is generally considered to be higher where a high degree of judgment and estimation is involved or where transactions of the entity are highly complex. Control Risk Control Risk is the risk of a material misstatement in the financial statements arising due to absence or failure in the operation of relevant controls of the entity. Organizations must have adequate internal controls in place to prevent and detect instances of fraud and error. Control risk is considered to be high where the audit entity does not have adequate internal controls to prevent and detect instances of fraud and error in the financial statements. Detection Risk Detection Risk is the risk that the auditors fail to detect a material misstatement in the financial statements. Detection risk can be reduced by auditors by increasing the number of sampled transactions for detailed testing. http://accounting-simplified.com/audit/risk-assessment/audit-risk.html Solution Answer: Audit risk is the risk that an auditor issues an incorrect opinion on the financial statements. Examples of inappropriate audit opinions include the following: Audit Risk = Inherent Risk x Control Risk x Detection Risk Inherent Risk Inherent Risk is the risk of a material misstatement in the financial statements arising due to error or omission as a result of factors other than the failure of controls (factors that may cause a misstatement due to absence or lapse of controls are considered separately in the assessment of control risk). Inherent risk is generally considered to be higher where a high degree of judgment and estimation is involved or where transactions of the entity are highly complex. Control Risk Control Risk is the risk of a material misstatement in the financial statements arising due to absence or failure in the operation of relevant controls of the entity. Organizations must have adequate internal controls in place to prevent and detect instances of fraud and error. Control risk is considered to be high where the audit entity does not have adequate internal controls to prevent and detect instances of fraud and error in the financial statements. Detection Risk Detection Risk is the risk that the auditors fail to detect a material misstatement in the financial statements. Detection risk can be reduced by auditors by increasing the number of sampled transactions for detailed testing. http://accounting-simplified.com/audit/risk-assessment.
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when an auditor sets the risk high- what does this mean-SolutionAudit.docx
when an auditor sets the risk high, what does this mean?
Solution
Audit risk is the that the auditor will not discern errors or international miscalculations during the process of reviewing the financial statements of a company or an individual.
There are 3 types of audit risks
1. Inherent Risk- It means that the financial statement is susceptible to a material misstatement.
2. Control Risk-It means one or more misstatement might not be detected or prevented on a timely basis by the internal control system of the comapany.
3. Detection Risk-It is the risk that an audit might not be capable of detecting a material misstatement.
When the auditors sets the risk high it means that the financial statements are full of material misstatement that could severely affect the organisation if not corrected. It means that the auditor needs to carry out more detection procedures to be convincingly assured about the financial statements being free from material misstatements.
.
The Auditors Responsibilities Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial Stat...
The Auditors Responsibilities Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial Stat...Dr. Soheli Ghose Banerjee
This presentation is an overview of SA 240 (R). Prepared with Prof. S. Sircar.
Dr. Soheli Ghose ( Ph.D (University of Calcutta), M.Phil, M.Com, M.B.A., NET (JRF), B. Ed).
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
Guest Faculty, M.B.A. Finance, University of Calcutta, KolkataA top-down approach begins at the financial statement level- It requir.docx
A top-down approach begins at the financial statement level. It requires the auditor\'s understanding of the overall risk to internal control over financial reporting. Discuss how an auditor uses a top-down approach in the audit of internal control over financial reporting to select the controls to test. Compare and contrast a top-down approach versus a detailed approach in an audit. What would auditors gain from using a top-down approach?
Solution
Auditor should use top-down approach to the audit of internal control over financial reporting for selecting controls totest. The process begins with understanding overall risk to internal control. The auditor then focuses on entity-level controls and works down to significant accounts and disclosures and their relevant assertions. This approach directs the auditor\'s attention to accounts, disclosures, and assertions that present a reasonable possibility of material misstatement to the financial statements and related disclosures. The auditor then verifies his or her understanding of the risks in the company\'s processes and selects for testing those controls that sufficiently address the assessed risk of misstatement to each relevant assertion.
In Detailed audit approach each and every thing is been checked very minutely, this approach is designed to be used throughout the audit efficiently and effectively to focus on the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures in areas that are more responsible for material misstatement in the financial report.
It requires the auditor to first understand the entity and its environment in order to identify risks that may result in material misstatement in the financial statements and report. Then, auditor performs an assessment of those risks at both the financial report and assertion levels. The assessment involves considering a number of factors such as the nature of the risks, relevant internal controls and the required level of audit evidence.
It involves following steps
Understanding, which comes from identifying and assessing risk
Responding to identified risk
Concluding on areas of risk
Getting risk right which means acheaving Efficiency and effectiveness
Top down approach helps to get the understanding of entity its fianacial statemnst easily and in quite less time, with effeciency and effectivness. Top-down approach also analyzes risk by aggregating the impact of internal operational failures, as it is a three step process helps auditor to detect the frauds and risk easily and effeciently.
.
Recommended
when an auditor sets the risk high- what does this mean-SolutionAudit.docx
when an auditor sets the risk high, what does this mean?
Solution
Audit risk is the that the auditor will not discern errors or international miscalculations during the process of reviewing the financial statements of a company or an individual.
There are 3 types of audit risks
1. Inherent Risk- It means that the financial statement is susceptible to a material misstatement.
2. Control Risk-It means one or more misstatement might not be detected or prevented on a timely basis by the internal control system of the comapany.
3. Detection Risk-It is the risk that an audit might not be capable of detecting a material misstatement.
When the auditors sets the risk high it means that the financial statements are full of material misstatement that could severely affect the organisation if not corrected. It means that the auditor needs to carry out more detection procedures to be convincingly assured about the financial statements being free from material misstatements.
.
The Auditors Responsibilities Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial Stat...
The Auditors Responsibilities Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial Stat...Dr. Soheli Ghose Banerjee
This presentation is an overview of SA 240 (R). Prepared with Prof. S. Sircar.
Dr. Soheli Ghose ( Ph.D (University of Calcutta), M.Phil, M.Com, M.B.A., NET (JRF), B. Ed).
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
Guest Faculty, M.B.A. Finance, University of Calcutta, KolkataA top-down approach begins at the financial statement level- It requir.docx
A top-down approach begins at the financial statement level. It requires the auditor\'s understanding of the overall risk to internal control over financial reporting. Discuss how an auditor uses a top-down approach in the audit of internal control over financial reporting to select the controls to test. Compare and contrast a top-down approach versus a detailed approach in an audit. What would auditors gain from using a top-down approach?
Solution
Auditor should use top-down approach to the audit of internal control over financial reporting for selecting controls totest. The process begins with understanding overall risk to internal control. The auditor then focuses on entity-level controls and works down to significant accounts and disclosures and their relevant assertions. This approach directs the auditor\'s attention to accounts, disclosures, and assertions that present a reasonable possibility of material misstatement to the financial statements and related disclosures. The auditor then verifies his or her understanding of the risks in the company\'s processes and selects for testing those controls that sufficiently address the assessed risk of misstatement to each relevant assertion.
In Detailed audit approach each and every thing is been checked very minutely, this approach is designed to be used throughout the audit efficiently and effectively to focus on the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures in areas that are more responsible for material misstatement in the financial report.
It requires the auditor to first understand the entity and its environment in order to identify risks that may result in material misstatement in the financial statements and report. Then, auditor performs an assessment of those risks at both the financial report and assertion levels. The assessment involves considering a number of factors such as the nature of the risks, relevant internal controls and the required level of audit evidence.
It involves following steps
Understanding, which comes from identifying and assessing risk
Responding to identified risk
Concluding on areas of risk
Getting risk right which means acheaving Efficiency and effectiveness
Top down approach helps to get the understanding of entity its fianacial statemnst easily and in quite less time, with effeciency and effectivness. Top-down approach also analyzes risk by aggregating the impact of internal operational failures, as it is a three step process helps auditor to detect the frauds and risk easily and effeciently.
.
Auditing Principles2
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Chapter 9Audit Risk AssessmentPrepared by Dr Phil Saj1.docx
Chapter 9
Audit Risk Assessment
Prepared by Dr Phil Saj
1
Learning objectives
Appreciate the importance of audit risk assessment and why it is linked to financial statement assertions.
Explain the importance of business risks in audit planning.
Describe the procedures performed by an auditor to assess risk.
Appreciate the importance of internal control to an entity and to its independent auditors.
2
Learning objectives
Indicate the procedures for obtaining and documenting an understanding of the entity’s internal control.
Explain why and how a preliminary assessment of control risk is made.
Explain the importance of the concept of audit risk and its three components.
3
Management’s financial statement assertions
Existence or occurrence
Assets or liabilities of the entity exist at a given date and whether recorded transactions or events have occurred during the period.
Completeness
Transactions, events and accounts that should be presented in the financial statement are included.
Cut-off
All transactions, events and accounts have been recorded in the correct period.
4
Management’s financial statement assertions
Rights and obligations
Assets represent rights of the entity and liabilities
are the obligations of the entity at a given date.
Valuation and allocation
Asset, liability, components have been included in the
financial statements at the appropriate amounts.
Accuracy
Transactions have been appropriately recorded
in the proper accounts.
5
Management’s financial statement assertions
Presentation and disclosure
Particular components of the financial statements are
properly classified, described and disclosed.
Refer to the textbook Table 9.1, page 363, for illustrations of each of these assertions.
6
Business risk assessment
A business risk approach allows the auditor to:
Identify threats faced by the organisation.
Recognises that most business risks will eventually
have an effect on the financial statements.
Increase the chances of identifying risks of material
misstatements in the financial reports
Categories of business risk:
Financial risk
Operational risk
Compliance risk
7
Risk assessment procedures
Enquiries
Management, staff, internal auditors, company bankers,
legal advisors.
Analytical procedures
Provide a broad indication of the likelihood of possible
errors.
Observations and inspections
Inspection of manuals, visiting business premises,
observing procedures taking place.
8
Importance of internal control
The Committee of Sponsoring Organisations (COSO) of
the Treadway Commission defines internal control as:
a process, effected by an entity’s board of directors,
management and other personnel, designed to
provide reasonable assurance regarding the
achievement of objectives in the following categories:
Effectiveness and efficiency of ...
Risk Based Audit Approach
Risk-based auditing is a style of auditing which focuses upon the analysis and management of risk. ... A traditional audit would focus upon the transactions which would make up financial statements such as the balance sheet. A risk-based approach will seek to identify risks with the greatest potential impact.
Enterprise-wide Risk Assessment Presentation, dated 03-08-11
Performing Internal Audit Enterprise-wide Risk Assessments
What are the major steps in a financial statement audit.pdf
A Financial Statement Preparation in Delaware consists of three main written records: the cash flow statement, the income statement, and the balance sheet. Companies issue financial statements to provide information about their financial performance and well-being. Financial statements are audited before they are released to the public. Verifying conformity with various regulations is done through auditing.
Understanding of entity and inherent risk assessment (including case studies)
Understanding of entity and inherent risk assessment (including case studies)MUHAMMAD HUZAIFA CHAUDHARY
LET SEE AND GET INFORMATION FROM IT page 10 (4) In-house legal counsel. E. Be aware in evaluating ma.pdf
page 10
(4) In-house legal counsel. E. Be aware in evaluating management's responses to inquiries that it
is often in the best position to perpetrate fraud. 13. Considering the results of analytical
procedures performed in planning the audit: A. When unexpected results occur, consider the risk
of material misstatement due to fraud. B. Perform analytical procedures on revenue during the
planning of the audit to identify unusual or unexpected relationships. C. Because analytical
procedures performed during planning often use data aggregated at a high level, results obtained
often only provide a broad initial indication about whether a material misstatement exists. 14. An
auditor should consider fraud risk factors, which are events or conditions that indicate
incentives/pressures to perpetrate fraud, opportunities to carry out fraud, or
attitude/rationalization to justify a fraudulent action: A. The auditor should use professional
judgment in determining whether a risk factor is present and in identifying and assessing the risk
of material misstatement due to fraud. B. While fraud risk factors do not necessarily indicate the
existence of fraud, they often are present when fraud exists. 15. Other information that should be
considered includes the discussion among audit team members, reviews of interim financial
statements, and the consideration of identified inherent risks. IDENTIFYING RISKS THAT
MAY RESULT IN A MATERIAL MISSTATEMENT DUE TO FRAUD 16. It is helpful when
identifying risks of fraud to consider the three conditions ordinarily present when a material
misstatement due to fraud ordinarily occursincentives/pressures, opportunities, and
attitude/rationalization. Fraud experts often refer to these three conditions as the fraud triangle.
17. The auditor should evaluate whether identified risks of material misstatement due to fraud
can be related to specific accounts, assertions, or whether they relate more pervasively to the
financial statements as a whole. 18. The identification of a risk of material misstatement due to
fraud includes consideration of the type of risk (fraudulent financial reporting or
misappropriation of assets), the significance of the risk, the likelihood of the risk, and the
pervasiveness of the risk. 19. A presumption of improper revenue recognition is a fraud risk. 20.
The auditor should always address the risk of management override of controls.
Fraud (previously referred to as irregularities)-Intentional misstatements or omissions of amounts
or disclosures in financial statements. Audits are concerned with misstatements arising from two
distinct types of acts: Fraudulent Financial Reporting - Intentional misstatements in financial
statements to deceive financial statement users. Misappropriation of assets (also referred to as
"defalcations")-Theft of company's assets the effect of which has not been appropriately reflected
in the financial statements. PROFESSIONAL SKEPTICISM BACKGROUND INFORMATION
(AU 230) 4. In ev.
PRESENTATION OF ADVANCED AUDITING
GROUP AUDIT AND USING THE WORK FOR OTHERS
POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE UNDERSTANDING THE GROUP AND COMPONENT
MODIFIED OPINION
FORENSIC AUDIT
Entero pluri assay ,done to detect the enterobacteriaceae bacteria w.pdf
Entero pluri assay ,done to detect the enterobacteriaceae bacteria which are non sporing ,non
acid fast and grammar negative bacilli. They includes Escherichia coli klebsiella,enterobactor
serratia, Proteus,salmonella ,shigella etc They cause meny infections like , urinary tract
infections,meningitis, travellers diarrhoea,desentery,and enteri fever caused by salmonella typhi
Symptoms includes,in urinary tract infection , urinary obstruction,prostate enlargement later in
pregnancy hypertension,perinatal death of gets occurred In bacillary dysentery, frequently
passage of loose ,scanty fever with blood,mucus along with abdominal cramps Enteric
fever,onset is gradually,with headache,abdominal discomfort,step ladder pyrexia with relative
Brady cardiac and toxaemia,hepatomegaly also common Misidentification of bacteria due to
Unable to determine size shape arrangements,motility flagella,spores, capsule of bacteria Error in
staining reactions in differentiation of bacteria Incomplete cultural characters like
elevation,margins,surface, colour, structure, of the culture bacteria May be human error in
determining bacteria Some time instrumental errors found
Solution
Entero pluri assay ,done to detect the enterobacteriaceae bacteria which are non sporing ,non
acid fast and grammar negative bacilli. They includes Escherichia coli klebsiella,enterobactor
serratia, Proteus,salmonella ,shigella etc They cause meny infections like , urinary tract
infections,meningitis, travellers diarrhoea,desentery,and enteri fever caused by salmonella typhi
Symptoms includes,in urinary tract infection , urinary obstruction,prostate enlargement later in
pregnancy hypertension,perinatal death of gets occurred In bacillary dysentery, frequently
passage of loose ,scanty fever with blood,mucus along with abdominal cramps Enteric
fever,onset is gradually,with headache,abdominal discomfort,step ladder pyrexia with relative
Brady cardiac and toxaemia,hepatomegaly also common Misidentification of bacteria due to
Unable to determine size shape arrangements,motility flagella,spores, capsule of bacteria Error in
staining reactions in differentiation of bacteria Incomplete cultural characters like
elevation,margins,surface, colour, structure, of the culture bacteria May be human error in
determining bacteria Some time instrumental errors found.
steam distillation is an effective way to separat.pdf
steam distillation is an effective way to separate slightly volatile water insolube
substance from nonvolatile material high boiling liqiuds mean less volatile ( non volatile) one
boiling mixture of water and this( water insoluble liquid and non volatile ) water evaporates
completely leaving pure liquid
Solution
steam distillation is an effective way to separate slightly volatile water insolube
substance from nonvolatile material high boiling liqiuds mean less volatile ( non volatile) one
boiling mixture of water and this( water insoluble liquid and non volatile ) water evaporates
completely leaving pure liquid.
More Related Content
Similar to AnswerAudit risk is the risk that an auditor issues an incorrect .pdf
Auditing Principles2
Auditing Principles 2, audit risk, control risk, detection risk, inherent risk, risk of material misstatement, audit plan, risk assessment, information risk, substantive procedures, audit evidence, client acceptance, engagement letter, audit plan, internal auditors, time budget, audit procedures, Auditing Principles 2, audit risk, control risk, detection risk, inherent risk, risk of material misstatement, audit plan, risk assessment, information risk, substantive procedures, audit evidence, client acceptance, engagement letter, audit plan, internal auditors, time budget, audit procedures, substantive, audit plan, vouching, tracing, scanning, tangible assets, observation, inquire, confirmation, recalculation, JoseCintron, Advance Business Consulting, mba4help.comsubstantive, audit plan, vouching, tracing, scanning, tangible assets, observation, inquire, confirmation, recalculation, JoseCintron.com, Advance Business Consulting, mba4help.com
Chapter 9Audit Risk AssessmentPrepared by Dr Phil Saj1.docx
Chapter 9
Audit Risk Assessment
Prepared by Dr Phil Saj
1
Learning objectives
Appreciate the importance of audit risk assessment and why it is linked to financial statement assertions.
Explain the importance of business risks in audit planning.
Describe the procedures performed by an auditor to assess risk.
Appreciate the importance of internal control to an entity and to its independent auditors.
2
Learning objectives
Indicate the procedures for obtaining and documenting an understanding of the entity’s internal control.
Explain why and how a preliminary assessment of control risk is made.
Explain the importance of the concept of audit risk and its three components.
3
Management’s financial statement assertions
Existence or occurrence
Assets or liabilities of the entity exist at a given date and whether recorded transactions or events have occurred during the period.
Completeness
Transactions, events and accounts that should be presented in the financial statement are included.
Cut-off
All transactions, events and accounts have been recorded in the correct period.
4
Management’s financial statement assertions
Rights and obligations
Assets represent rights of the entity and liabilities
are the obligations of the entity at a given date.
Valuation and allocation
Asset, liability, components have been included in the
financial statements at the appropriate amounts.
Accuracy
Transactions have been appropriately recorded
in the proper accounts.
5
Management’s financial statement assertions
Presentation and disclosure
Particular components of the financial statements are
properly classified, described and disclosed.
Refer to the textbook Table 9.1, page 363, for illustrations of each of these assertions.
6
Business risk assessment
A business risk approach allows the auditor to:
Identify threats faced by the organisation.
Recognises that most business risks will eventually
have an effect on the financial statements.
Increase the chances of identifying risks of material
misstatements in the financial reports
Categories of business risk:
Financial risk
Operational risk
Compliance risk
7
Risk assessment procedures
Enquiries
Management, staff, internal auditors, company bankers,
legal advisors.
Analytical procedures
Provide a broad indication of the likelihood of possible
errors.
Observations and inspections
Inspection of manuals, visiting business premises,
observing procedures taking place.
8
Importance of internal control
The Committee of Sponsoring Organisations (COSO) of
the Treadway Commission defines internal control as:
a process, effected by an entity’s board of directors,
management and other personnel, designed to
provide reasonable assurance regarding the
achievement of objectives in the following categories:
Effectiveness and efficiency of ...
Risk Based Audit Approach
Risk-based auditing is a style of auditing which focuses upon the analysis and management of risk. ... A traditional audit would focus upon the transactions which would make up financial statements such as the balance sheet. A risk-based approach will seek to identify risks with the greatest potential impact.
Enterprise-wide Risk Assessment Presentation, dated 03-08-11
Performing Internal Audit Enterprise-wide Risk Assessments
What are the major steps in a financial statement audit.pdf
A Financial Statement Preparation in Delaware consists of three main written records: the cash flow statement, the income statement, and the balance sheet. Companies issue financial statements to provide information about their financial performance and well-being. Financial statements are audited before they are released to the public. Verifying conformity with various regulations is done through auditing.
Understanding of entity and inherent risk assessment (including case studies)
Understanding of entity and inherent risk assessment (including case studies)MUHAMMAD HUZAIFA CHAUDHARY
LET SEE AND GET INFORMATION FROM IT page 10 (4) In-house legal counsel. E. Be aware in evaluating ma.pdf
page 10
(4) In-house legal counsel. E. Be aware in evaluating management's responses to inquiries that it
is often in the best position to perpetrate fraud. 13. Considering the results of analytical
procedures performed in planning the audit: A. When unexpected results occur, consider the risk
of material misstatement due to fraud. B. Perform analytical procedures on revenue during the
planning of the audit to identify unusual or unexpected relationships. C. Because analytical
procedures performed during planning often use data aggregated at a high level, results obtained
often only provide a broad initial indication about whether a material misstatement exists. 14. An
auditor should consider fraud risk factors, which are events or conditions that indicate
incentives/pressures to perpetrate fraud, opportunities to carry out fraud, or
attitude/rationalization to justify a fraudulent action: A. The auditor should use professional
judgment in determining whether a risk factor is present and in identifying and assessing the risk
of material misstatement due to fraud. B. While fraud risk factors do not necessarily indicate the
existence of fraud, they often are present when fraud exists. 15. Other information that should be
considered includes the discussion among audit team members, reviews of interim financial
statements, and the consideration of identified inherent risks. IDENTIFYING RISKS THAT
MAY RESULT IN A MATERIAL MISSTATEMENT DUE TO FRAUD 16. It is helpful when
identifying risks of fraud to consider the three conditions ordinarily present when a material
misstatement due to fraud ordinarily occursincentives/pressures, opportunities, and
attitude/rationalization. Fraud experts often refer to these three conditions as the fraud triangle.
17. The auditor should evaluate whether identified risks of material misstatement due to fraud
can be related to specific accounts, assertions, or whether they relate more pervasively to the
financial statements as a whole. 18. The identification of a risk of material misstatement due to
fraud includes consideration of the type of risk (fraudulent financial reporting or
misappropriation of assets), the significance of the risk, the likelihood of the risk, and the
pervasiveness of the risk. 19. A presumption of improper revenue recognition is a fraud risk. 20.
The auditor should always address the risk of management override of controls.
Fraud (previously referred to as irregularities)-Intentional misstatements or omissions of amounts
or disclosures in financial statements. Audits are concerned with misstatements arising from two
distinct types of acts: Fraudulent Financial Reporting - Intentional misstatements in financial
statements to deceive financial statement users. Misappropriation of assets (also referred to as
"defalcations")-Theft of company's assets the effect of which has not been appropriately reflected
in the financial statements. PROFESSIONAL SKEPTICISM BACKGROUND INFORMATION
(AU 230) 4. In ev.
PRESENTATION OF ADVANCED AUDITING
GROUP AUDIT AND USING THE WORK FOR OTHERS
POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE UNDERSTANDING THE GROUP AND COMPONENT
MODIFIED OPINION
FORENSIC AUDIT
Similar to AnswerAudit risk is the risk that an auditor issues an incorrect .pdf (20)
Chapter 9Audit Risk AssessmentPrepared by Dr Phil Saj1.docx
Chapter 9Audit Risk AssessmentPrepared by Dr Phil Saj1.docx
Enterprise-wide Risk Assessment Presentation, dated 03-08-11
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Easy understanding about the audit risk materiality
Easy understanding about the audit risk materiality
What are the major steps in a financial statement audit.pdf
What are the major steps in a financial statement audit.pdf
Understanding of entity and inherent risk assessment (including case studies)
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Entero pluri assay ,done to detect the enterobacteriaceae bacteria w.pdf
Entero pluri assay ,done to detect the enterobacteriaceae bacteria which are non sporing ,non
acid fast and grammar negative bacilli. They includes Escherichia coli klebsiella,enterobactor
serratia, Proteus,salmonella ,shigella etc They cause meny infections like , urinary tract
infections,meningitis, travellers diarrhoea,desentery,and enteri fever caused by salmonella typhi
Symptoms includes,in urinary tract infection , urinary obstruction,prostate enlargement later in
pregnancy hypertension,perinatal death of gets occurred In bacillary dysentery, frequently
passage of loose ,scanty fever with blood,mucus along with abdominal cramps Enteric
fever,onset is gradually,with headache,abdominal discomfort,step ladder pyrexia with relative
Brady cardiac and toxaemia,hepatomegaly also common Misidentification of bacteria due to
Unable to determine size shape arrangements,motility flagella,spores, capsule of bacteria Error in
staining reactions in differentiation of bacteria Incomplete cultural characters like
elevation,margins,surface, colour, structure, of the culture bacteria May be human error in
determining bacteria Some time instrumental errors found
Solution
Entero pluri assay ,done to detect the enterobacteriaceae bacteria which are non sporing ,non
acid fast and grammar negative bacilli. They includes Escherichia coli klebsiella,enterobactor
serratia, Proteus,salmonella ,shigella etc They cause meny infections like , urinary tract
infections,meningitis, travellers diarrhoea,desentery,and enteri fever caused by salmonella typhi
Symptoms includes,in urinary tract infection , urinary obstruction,prostate enlargement later in
pregnancy hypertension,perinatal death of gets occurred In bacillary dysentery, frequently
passage of loose ,scanty fever with blood,mucus along with abdominal cramps Enteric
fever,onset is gradually,with headache,abdominal discomfort,step ladder pyrexia with relative
Brady cardiac and toxaemia,hepatomegaly also common Misidentification of bacteria due to
Unable to determine size shape arrangements,motility flagella,spores, capsule of bacteria Error in
staining reactions in differentiation of bacteria Incomplete cultural characters like
elevation,margins,surface, colour, structure, of the culture bacteria May be human error in
determining bacteria Some time instrumental errors found.
steam distillation is an effective way to separat.pdf
steam distillation is an effective way to separate slightly volatile water insolube
substance from nonvolatile material high boiling liqiuds mean less volatile ( non volatile) one
boiling mixture of water and this( water insoluble liquid and non volatile ) water evaporates
completely leaving pure liquid
Solution
steam distillation is an effective way to separate slightly volatile water insolube
substance from nonvolatile material high boiling liqiuds mean less volatile ( non volatile) one
boiling mixture of water and this( water insoluble liquid and non volatile ) water evaporates
completely leaving pure liquid.
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Nothing, really. Cu has a charge of 3+ or 2+ in its ionic form (dissolved in
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2) Starter culture is the culture of microorganisms used to inoculate media in fermentation
process.
For example, in case of production of milk products like curd and cheese, a culture of
lactobacillus is used as starter culture to inoculate the milk.
3) Ganoderma is a genus of polypore mushrooms(mushroom species forming fruiting bodies
with pores on the underpart.They are populary refrred as shelf or bracket fungis.They are under
investigation for use in fields such as bioremediation , medicine, etc.
4) The basic difference between induced mutation, recombinant technology and natural variants
lies in the fact that in both induced mutation and recombinant technology a foreign agent is used
(mutagenic factors like UV rays, X rays etc. for induced mutation and a foreign host DNA for
the recombinant genes) whereas in natural variants the mutations arise naturally and randomly
during sex cells formation..
1. What were the organizational benefits for having a cloud computin.pdf
1. What were the organizational benefits for having a cloud computing platform?
sol:cloud computing one of the presenting trendsetted technology which is very much used in
organization
benefits :
1)less capital cost: instead buying the entire storage hardware and maintaining ,its easy to pay
rent for using
others storage area .there are cloud service provider who maintains databases and we can rent
from so its
much cheaper.
2)no hardware implementation , software installation and maintainance
3)it is very easy to access these computing services
risks:
1)hardware security: if the cloud service provide cannot maintains his service properly then there
is
chance of attacking of malware which leads to eatire dataloss
2)privacy:as we are sharing data with the cloud service provider there chance of datatheft so we
need to be
carefull
3) availabity:if there is a problem with the network we cannot access the data which loss of
business
2.What are some of the risks of having all your data in the cloud?
sol:
1)there is a chance of someone can look after your data
2)there is a chance of hacking
3)there is chance of breachinf the data by the insiders
4)governmen intrustion
5)there is no standardization
6)lack of support from the cloud service provider
Solution
1. What were the organizational benefits for having a cloud computing platform?
sol:cloud computing one of the presenting trendsetted technology which is very much used in
organization
benefits :
1)less capital cost: instead buying the entire storage hardware and maintaining ,its easy to pay
rent for using
others storage area .there are cloud service provider who maintains databases and we can rent
from so its
much cheaper.
2)no hardware implementation , software installation and maintainance
3)it is very easy to access these computing services
risks:
1)hardware security: if the cloud service provide cannot maintains his service properly then there
is
chance of attacking of malware which leads to eatire dataloss
2)privacy:as we are sharing data with the cloud service provider there chance of datatheft so we
need to be
carefull
3) availabity:if there is a problem with the network we cannot access the data which loss of
business
2.What are some of the risks of having all your data in the cloud?
sol:
1)there is a chance of someone can look after your data
2)there is a chance of hacking
3)there is chance of breachinf the data by the insiders
4)governmen intrustion
5)there is no standardization
6)lack of support from the cloud service provider.
what is x(4-3x)-7Solutionx(4-3x)-7 is just an algebraic expres.pdf
what is x(4-3x)-7
Solution
x(4-3x)-7 is just an algebraic expression which could be written in alternate form. The part x(4-
3x) could be rewritten like:x*4+x*(-3x) that is 4x-3x^2.
So now the original expression becomes: 4x-3x^2-7. Or
-3x^2+4x-7 in the decreasing powers of x.
-3x^2+4x-7 is second degree polynomial in x with three terms, -3x^2, 4x and -7. A second degry
polynomial is also called a quadratic expresion..
What probability value would complete the following probability dist.pdf
What probability value would complete the following probability distribution? x-3-2-1012
P(x)0.090.21-0.02p0.170.25
Solution
? (x*P(x)) = 1 ......(-3*0.09)+(-2*0.21)+(-1*-0.02)+(0*p)+(1*0.17)+(2*0.25) = 0
........so it is not a probability distribution ... so finding the value of p is meaningless ........
TriggerTrigger is set of statements or stored program which inclu.pdf
Trigger:
Trigger is set of statements or stored program which include sql and pl/sql which will be
automatucally executed when a specific event happened .It is useful in maintaing the data
integrity.This is similar to a stored procedure.Usually we will call the stored procedure explicity
through the code of our application.But we wont call triggers explicitly,it will be invoked by the
oracle implicitly.These triggers will invoke the stored procedures when an event occurs.
like when performing and Data manupulation operations,when executing and DDL operations or
during the database events such as log off,login,shutdown.
If we wrote a trigger which will be called when a particular type of operation is happened on
paticular table.Like If any insert operation is performed,if any update operaation is performed,or
if any deleted operation is performed on particular table then automatically the oracle will
implicitly call the trigger.Collectively we can say when any DML operations happened .
Triggers can be invoked, when a particular user performed any INSERT or ALTER operations
Similarly triggers will invoked when any database events happens like logon,logoff,startup and
shutdown.
Solution
Trigger:
Trigger is set of statements or stored program which include sql and pl/sql which will be
automatucally executed when a specific event happened .It is useful in maintaing the data
integrity.This is similar to a stored procedure.Usually we will call the stored procedure explicity
through the code of our application.But we wont call triggers explicitly,it will be invoked by the
oracle implicitly.These triggers will invoke the stored procedures when an event occurs.
like when performing and Data manupulation operations,when executing and DDL operations or
during the database events such as log off,login,shutdown.
If we wrote a trigger which will be called when a particular type of operation is happened on
paticular table.Like If any insert operation is performed,if any update operaation is performed,or
if any deleted operation is performed on particular table then automatically the oracle will
implicitly call the trigger.Collectively we can say when any DML operations happened .
Triggers can be invoked, when a particular user performed any INSERT or ALTER operations
Similarly triggers will invoked when any database events happens like logon,logoff,startup and
shutdown..
The equation isE = hcL where E is the energy, h is planc.pdf
The equation is
E = h*c/L
where E is the energy, h is planck\'s constant, c is the speed oflight, and L is the wavelength.
b) microwave < IR< visible < UV < X-ray
Solution
The equation is
E = h*c/L
where E is the energy, h is planck\'s constant, c is the speed oflight, and L is the wavelength.
b) microwave < IR< visible < UV < X-ray.
The white matter of the cerebellum is called arbor vitae which means.pdf
The white matter of the cerebellum is called arbor vitae which means tree of life because of the
tree like appearance with branches on cerebellar cross section.
Solution
The white matter of the cerebellum is called arbor vitae which means tree of life because of the
tree like appearance with branches on cerebellar cross section..
The following organs are arranged from anterior to posterior as foll.pdf
The following organs are arranged from anterior to posterior as follows: clitoris, urethral orifice,
vaginal orifice and anus. Woman are having higher frequency of urinary tract infections because
the vaginal orifice and urethral orifice are near to each other. Thus bacteria enter into the vaginal
orifice can go to urethra. Thus causing urinary tract infections.
Solution
The following organs are arranged from anterior to posterior as follows: clitoris, urethral orifice,
vaginal orifice and anus. Woman are having higher frequency of urinary tract infections because
the vaginal orifice and urethral orifice are near to each other. Thus bacteria enter into the vaginal
orifice can go to urethra. Thus causing urinary tract infections..
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers. this tex.pdf
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers. this text describes and explains
them, starting with the \'lowest\' within the hierarchy (the physical) and continuing to the
\'highest\' (the application). The layers area unit stacked this way:
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
PHYSICAL LAYER
The physical layer, very cheap layer of the OSI model, worries with the transmission and
reception of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium. It describes the
electrical/optical, mechanical, and useful interfaces to the physical medium, and carries the
signals for all of the upper layers. It provides:
Data encoding: modifies the easy digital signal pattern (1s and 0s) employed by the computer to
higher accommodate the characteristics of the physical medium, and to help in bit and frame
synchronization. It determines:
What signal state represents a binary one
How the receiving station is aware of once a \"bit-time\" starts
How the receiving station delimits a frame
Physical medium attachment, accommodating varied potentialities within the medium:
Will associate degree external transceiver (MAU) be accustomed connect with the medium?
How many pins do the connectors have and what\'s every pin used for?
Transmission technique: determines whether or not the encoded bits are transmitted by baseband
(digital) or broadband (analog) signal.
Physical medium transmission: transmits bits as electrical or optical signals applicable for the
physical medium, and determines:
What physical medium choices will be used
How many volts/db ought to be accustomed represent a given signal state, employing a given
physical medium
DATA LINK LAYER
The data link layer provides error-free transfer of information frames from one node to a
different over the physical layer, permitting layers on top of it to assume just about error-free
transmission over the link. To do this, the info link layer provides:
Link institution and termination: establishes and terminates the logical link between 2 nodes.
Frame traffic control: tells the transmittal node to \"back-off\" once no frame buffers area unit
obtainable.
Frame sequencing: transmits/receives frames consecutive.
Frame acknowledgment: provides/expects frame acknowledgments. Detects and recovers from
errors that occur within the physical layer by retransmitting non-acknowledged frames and
handling duplicate frame receipt.
Frame delimiting: creates and acknowledges frame boundaries.
Frame error checking: checks received frames for integrity.
Media access management: determines once the node \"has the right\" to use the physical
medium.
NETWORK LAYER
The network layer controls the operation of the subnet, deciding that physical path the info ought
to take supported network conditions, priority of service, and different factors. It provides:
Routing: routes frames among networks.
Subnet traffic control: routers (network layer intermediate systems) will instruct a causing
station.
The transition in phosphorescence, from a ground singlet state to a .pdf
The transition in phosphorescence, from a ground singlet state to a excited triplet state is
forbidden, it has a much lower probability ,i.e., a slower rate.
The transition in fluorescence is singlet to singlet (allowed).
Solution
The transition in phosphorescence, from a ground singlet state to a excited triplet state is
forbidden, it has a much lower probability ,i.e., a slower rate.
The transition in fluorescence is singlet to singlet (allowed)..
this is wrong the answer is 2.1 because x is small and doesnt cont.pdf
this is wrong the answer is 2.1 because x is small and doesn\'t contribute to the over molar
equation. so x of H+ ends up being = to Ka. -log of ka = 2.1. also, when X- is = HX, pH = pKa
Solution
this is wrong the answer is 2.1 because x is small and doesn\'t contribute to the over molar
equation. so x of H+ ends up being = to Ka. -log of ka = 2.1. also, when X- is = HX, pH = pKa.
There are four basic principles required by IMA ethical standards,vi.pdf
There are four basic principles required by IMA ethical
standards,viz.Integrity,credibility,competence and confidentiality.The objectivity expected from
a management accountant is related to their obligation to communicate information
correctly,objectively even if this information is not favourable to the requester or
collegues.Management accountant must be incorrectable.Management accountants have the
obligation not to communicate confedential information.
In the given scenario, Mr.Steve must be confidential regarding the obligation entrusted upon him
and should have communicate the findings correctly,objectively even if this not favourable
Solution
There are four basic principles required by IMA ethical
standards,viz.Integrity,credibility,competence and confidentiality.The objectivity expected from
a management accountant is related to their obligation to communicate information
correctly,objectively even if this information is not favourable to the requester or
collegues.Management accountant must be incorrectable.Management accountants have the
obligation not to communicate confedential information.
In the given scenario, Mr.Steve must be confidential regarding the obligation entrusted upon him
and should have communicate the findings correctly,objectively even if this not favourable.
The synthesis of particular gene products is controlled by mechanism.pdf
The synthesis of particular gene products is controlled by mechanisms collectively called gene
regulation. In prokaryotes, some enzymes are synthesized constitutively (i.e., continuously),
indicating that transcription of mRNA is constantly occurring in them. However, other enzymes
are synthesized only when a need for their action arises, and when this need has been fulfilled,
enzyme synthesis stops.
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the regulation of gene expression may occur at three levels :
1. Transcription
2.Translation
3. Post-translation ( folding and processing of proteins).
(i) Chromatin packing is the compression of DNA to fit into a cell for the DNA repair and for
mitosis (the process of cell division in growth in which DNA replication is needed).
(ii) In eukaryotes, in RNA polymerase II -dependent transcription, there are main six
transcription factors are required for the initiation of transcription complex. They are TFIIA,
TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIF, and TFIIH and involved in the initiation of transcription.Transcription
initiation is regulated by additional proteins, known as activators and repressors and, in some
cases, associated coactivators or corepressors which amend function and formation of the
transcription initiation complex.
(iii) Small interfering RNA or siRNA is the most commonly used RNA interference tool for
inducing short-term silencing of protein-coding genes. The siRNA is a synthetic RNA duplex
designed to exclusively target a particular mRNA for degradation.
(iv) The ubiquitin-proteasome system is required for the degradation of intracellular proteins and
thus plays a crucial regulatory role in cellular processes including cell cycle progression,
differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis.
Solution
The synthesis of particular gene products is controlled by mechanisms collectively called gene
regulation. In prokaryotes, some enzymes are synthesized constitutively (i.e., continuously),
indicating that transcription of mRNA is constantly occurring in them. However, other enzymes
are synthesized only when a need for their action arises, and when this need has been fulfilled,
enzyme synthesis stops.
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the regulation of gene expression may occur at three levels :
1. Transcription
2.Translation
3. Post-translation ( folding and processing of proteins).
(i) Chromatin packing is the compression of DNA to fit into a cell for the DNA repair and for
mitosis (the process of cell division in growth in which DNA replication is needed).
(ii) In eukaryotes, in RNA polymerase II -dependent transcription, there are main six
transcription factors are required for the initiation of transcription complex. They are TFIIA,
TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIF, and TFIIH and involved in the initiation of transcription.Transcription
initiation is regulated by additional proteins, known as activators and repressors and, in some
cases, associated coactivators or corepressors which amend function and formation .
Risk assessment is the process which - identify hazards, analyzes an.pdf
Risk assessment is the process which - identify hazards, analyzes and evaluates the risk
associated with that hazard, determines appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard. In
practical terms, a risk assessment is a thorough look of a workplace to identify those things,
situations, processes, etc that may cause harm, particularly to people. After identification is
made, you evaluate how likely and severe the risk is, and then decide what measures should be in
place to effectively prevent or control the harm from happening.
Risk assessments are not easy and they are not meant to be. If companies could easily identify
and understand all the types of risks to their business and could evaluate how to effectively
mitigate those risks, then the world would be a much more boring place.
Fundamentally, while there are different titles used across formal methodologies, the expected
end result is still the same: to understand what risks exist to your business and have idea solid
understanding of the likelihood and impact of a realized risk.
Too often I see that an information technology or information security team member is assigned
to conduct a risk assessment that naturally, because of their role in the organization, becomes IT
focused. While there are some technology specific risks that are adequately addressed in this
manner, the intent I am focusing on is an organizational risk assessment. Information
security/technology teams usually do not know the business processes and will focus their efforts
on specific threats and technology and then are unable to justify, in business terms, the need for
new security products.
On the other side of the fence, business personnel will know their processes and what data is
important for them, but most likely have little knowledge of the technology supporting their
processes. This can result in “risk reducing” proposals for complicated process changes that may
not be needed if new technical tools can be introduced. Bringing the teams together and bridging
that knowledge gap is a key action to conducting a thorough risk assessment.
To solve this issue, it is best to have a team dedicated to risk management for an organization. As
an organization gets bigger, it may be appropriate to have a team or, or members of a team,
assigned to different business units. While this team may be charged with drafting the formal risk
assessment report(s), the purpose of this team should not be to conduct the risk assessment, but
to bring together the appropriate business and technical stakeholders and facilitate the risk
assessment process.
Whoever is responsible for facilitating the risk assessment should be able to establish with the
organization that protecting data is the primary goal and that all of the people processes,
hardware, software and other technology are tools used to do something with the data. Once the
premise of the assessment is understood and sensitive data elements are identified, then it is time
to .
SolutionWe will assign letters to the first column of graphs and .pdf
Solution
:
We will assign letters to the first column of graphs and consecutivly to the second column of
graphs.
Observation: when constants add to the functions, them same they move in the axis \"y\". In
addition, on having multiplied by the sign less the function, the same one it is invested with
regard to the axis \"x\".
a) The function is the option D.
b)The function is the option F.
c)The function is the option E.
d)The function is the option G.
e)The function is the option C.
f)The function is the option B.
g)The function is the option A.
h)The function is the option H..
Solution Three of the many ways pathogens can cause tissue damage.pdf
Solution
:
Three of the many ways pathogens can cause tissue damage in the host are -
1)Various pathogens like virus disturb the synthesis of genetic material(DNA,RNA). in host
cell.
2)Protein synthesis also affected by the pathogens due to tissue damage in host cell.
3)Pathogens during exit out of the cell affect the physical structure of the cell.
=>Ways in which pathogens subvert or evade the immune system are-
1)Pathogen hide itself in cell like that immune system can not recongnize them.So in this way
they inhabit the activation of immune system.
2)Pathogens deactivate many important cells of immune system which are most harmful to
them..
Legal & Political factors having significant impact on the U.S. rest.pdf
Legal & Political factors having significant impact on the U.S. restaurant industry –
Taxes – Restaurants have a very wide impact by the tax laws and other financial regulations that
include card swipe fees, food donations rules & depreciation (amortization) write offs etc. Tax
credits offered, sales tax and other regulations are to be always known for any changes and its
impact on business. Export & Import laws also have a considerable impact on restaurants.
Human Resource – Proposed wage and immigration laws are the biggest issues for any
restaurants worldwide. Being the leading work opportunity creators, restaurants in the U.S. have
to deal with many workforce related issues such as, health care/insurance, leaves, tip
allowances & union organizing.
Compulsions/Mandates – Nutrition related issues like obesity, diseases, food safety & menu
labeling are among the political factors affecting the restaurants in the U.S. The government has
laid down certain amount of nutrition level required in the food and also the hygiene of the
kitchen area used to cook & also to store food in the restaurants. There are certain mandatory
food products to be listed on the menus of the restaurants.
Helping the environment – Energy initiatives, agricultural policies and packaging restrictions
affect how you do business. Some restaurants view obstacles as opportunities. They’re off-
loading used fryer oil to alternative fuel providers or advertising sustainable use policies that
attract eco-minded customers, such as featuring local produce and products.
McDonald’s in the U.S.
Despite many published reports on fast food industry and child obesity, there is very minimal or
no government intervention in the operations of McDonald’s in the U.S. The political system as
a whole tends to be far more committed to laissez-faire economics and the fast food industry has
an aggressive and concentrated presence in the capital of which McDonald’s plays a very
significant role. The fast food industry is politically savvy enough to avoid or negate any
proposed regulation that can hamper their growth. Thus it has defeated proposed restrictions on
Trans Fat content, proposed soda tax on drinks and policies aiming to control the amount of
sugar, salt and fat in children’s meals.
All countries in which McDonald’s operates, has some form of public health inspection systems
with regards to restaurants and food producers. In U.S. it is the Food and Drug Administration.
Every employee with food handling capabilities must take part in the food hygiene training at the
company’s expense. McDonald’s adds additional controls to those required by the health
agencies. Even their website states “there are at least 70 checks on beef and chicken every day.
Due to this, their dedication to food safety over and above of what is required by the law is used
as a marketing tool, to emphasize their commitment to quality. McDonald’s also adheres to the
number of employment laws in U.S., including those .
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Nothing, really. Cu has a charge of 3+ or 2+ in .pdf
Nothing, really. Cu has a charge of 3+ or 2+ in .pdf
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AnswerAudit risk is the risk that an auditor issues an incorrect .pdf
- 1. Answer: Audit risk is the risk that an auditor issues an incorrect opinion on the financial statements. Examples of inappropriate audit opinions include the following: Audit Risk = Inherent Risk x Control Risk x Detection Risk Inherent Risk Inherent Risk is the risk of a material misstatement in the financial statements arising due to error or omission as a result of factors other than the failure of controls (factors that may cause a misstatement due to absence or lapse of controls are considered separately in the assessment of control risk). Inherent risk is generally considered to be higher where a high degree of judgment and estimation is involved or where transactions of the entity are highly complex. Control Risk Control Risk is the risk of a material misstatement in the financial statements arising due to absence or failure in the operation of relevant controls of the entity. Organizations must have adequate internal controls in place to prevent and detect instances of fraud and error. Control risk is considered to be high where the audit entity does not have adequate internal controls to prevent and detect instances of fraud and error in the financial statements. Detection Risk Detection Risk is the risk that the auditors fail to detect a material misstatement in the financial statements. Detection risk can be reduced by auditors by increasing the number of sampled transactions for detailed testing. http://accounting-simplified.com/audit/risk-assessment/audit-risk.html Solution Answer: Audit risk is the risk that an auditor issues an incorrect opinion on the financial statements. Examples of inappropriate audit opinions include the following: Audit Risk = Inherent Risk x Control Risk x Detection Risk Inherent Risk Inherent Risk is the risk of a material misstatement in the financial statements arising due to error or omission as a result of factors other than the failure of controls (factors that may cause a misstatement due to absence or lapse of controls are considered separately in the assessment of
- 2. control risk). Inherent risk is generally considered to be higher where a high degree of judgment and estimation is involved or where transactions of the entity are highly complex. Control Risk Control Risk is the risk of a material misstatement in the financial statements arising due to absence or failure in the operation of relevant controls of the entity. Organizations must have adequate internal controls in place to prevent and detect instances of fraud and error. Control risk is considered to be high where the audit entity does not have adequate internal controls to prevent and detect instances of fraud and error in the financial statements. Detection Risk Detection Risk is the risk that the auditors fail to detect a material misstatement in the financial statements. Detection risk can be reduced by auditors by increasing the number of sampled transactions for detailed testing. http://accounting-simplified.com/audit/risk-assessment/audit-risk.html