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A top-down approach begins at the financial statement level. It requires the auditor\'s understanding of the overall risk to internal control over financial reporting. Discuss how an auditor uses a top-down approach in the audit of internal control over financial reporting to select the controls to test. Compare and contrast a top-down approach versus a detailed approach in an audit. What would auditors gain from using a top-down approach? Solution Auditor should use top-down approach to the audit of internal control over financial reporting for selecting controls totest. The process begins with understanding overall risk to internal control. The auditor then focuses on entity-level controls and works down to significant accounts and disclosures and their relevant assertions. This approach directs the auditor\'s attention to accounts, disclosures, and assertions that present a reasonable possibility of material misstatement to the financial statements and related disclosures. The auditor then verifies his or her understanding of the risks in the company\'s processes and selects for testing those controls that sufficiently address the assessed risk of misstatement to each relevant assertion. In Detailed audit approach each and every thing is been checked very minutely, this approach is designed to be used throughout the audit efficiently and effectively to focus on the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures in areas that are more responsible for material misstatement in the financial report. It requires the auditor to first understand the entity and its environment in order to identify risks that may result in material misstatement in the financial statements and report. Then, auditor performs an assessment of those risks at both the financial report and assertion levels. The assessment involves considering a number of factors such as the nature of the risks, relevant internal controls and the required level of audit evidence. It involves following steps Understanding, which comes from identifying and assessing risk Responding to identified risk Concluding on areas of risk Getting risk right which means acheaving Efficiency and effectiveness Top down approach helps to get the understanding of entity its fianacial statemnst easily and in quite less time, with effeciency and effectivness. Top-down approach also analyzes risk by aggregating the impact of internal operational failures, as it is a three step process helps auditor to detect the frauds and risk easily and effeciently. .
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Interim testing and the timing of the audit. Why does an auditor do it? What types of audit work
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Solution
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[10 Points] Description In this assignment you will translate a system description into a FSM state diagram and then transform it into a FSM controller circuit in Logisim by utilizing a truth table and Boolean equations. It is heavily recommended to watch the supplemental video and work on the optional assignment before you attempt this assignment. The video shows step-by-step how this process works using a complex example. Watching and understanding this video, will help you greatly with this assignment. System Description \& State Diagram First task: Transform the following system description into a FSM state diagram (you can use any tool to create this diagram, which allows you to draw circles and connect arrows between them; hand-drawn diagrams will not be accepted). Make sare you are using the correct notation for the state diagram. Use the given labels for everything. don't pick your own labels. Everything is defined and you don't have to choose your own labels at any point during this assignment. Use minterms for every transition event in the state diagram (each event must be a specific configuration of all inputs) to avoid incomplete and non-exclusive transitions. If the state does not change for certain events, make sure to model this behavior with an appropriate transition. The system represents an underground parking access elevator in an office building. There are four levels, which are accessible through the elevator: Entrance floor, employee parking, underground parking 2, underground parking 3. Customers and employees will control the elevator with two buttons: U p and Down. The employee parking level is only accessible by employees using a specific button combination. If this specific button combination is pressed, the elevator will go from any level directly to the employee parking level. Below is the detailed system description, which will be used to create the state diagram of this system. - The system has four states, which represent the current level of the elevator (in order from highest level to lowest level): Entranoe Floor (ground level), Employee Parking (first underground level), Underground Parking 2 (one level below employee parking), Underground Parking 3 (two levels below employee parking) - The system has two 1-bit inputs: Up (label: u), Down (label: d) - The system has one 2-bit output: Level (label: L or L 1 and L O for each individual bit, where index 1 indicates the MSB and index the LSB) - If the U p button is pressed, the elevator goes to the level above. If the elevator is already in the highest level, pressing the U p button will have no effect and will stay in the current level. In case the level above is the employee parking, the elevator will skip this level and go directly to the level above it. - If the Down button is pressed, the elevator goes to the level below. If the elevator is already in the lowest level, pressing the Down button will have no effect and will stay at the current level. In case.
----------Evaluator-java---------------- package evaluator- import j.docx
**********Evaluator.java****************
package evaluator;
import java.util.*;
import operand.Operand;
import operator.Operator;
public class Evaluator {
private Stack<Operand> operandStack;
private Stack<Operator> operatorStack;
private StringTokenizer tokenizer;
private static final String DELIMITERS = "+-*^/() ";
public Evaluator() {
operandStack = new Stack<Operand>();
operatorStack = new Stack<Operator>();
}
public int eval(String expression) {
int result = 0;
String token;
Operator hashOpr = Operator.operators.get("#");
oprStack.push(hashOpr);
String delimiters = "+-*/#!";
// The 3rd argument is true to indicate that the delimiters should be used
// as tokens, too. But, we'll need to remember to filter out spaces.
this.tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(expression, DELIMITERS, true);
while (this.tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
// filter out spaces
if (!(token = this.tokenizer.nextToken()).equals(" ")) {
// check if token is an operand
if (Operand.check(token)) {
operandStack.push(new Operand(token));
} else {
if (!Operator.check(token)) {
System.out.println("*****invalid token******");
System.exit(1);
}
// TODO Operator is abstract - this line will need to be fixed:
// ( The Operator class should contain an instance of a HashMap,
// and values will be instances of the Operators. See Operator class
// skeleton for an example. )
Operator newOperator = null; // new Operator( token );
while (operatorStack.peek().priority() >= newOperator.priority()) {
// note that when we eval the expression 1 - 2 we will
// push the 1 then the 2 and then do the subtraction operation
// This means that the first number to be popped is the
// second operand, not the first operand - see the following code
Operator oldOpr = operatorStack.pop();
Operand op2 = operandStack.pop();
Operand op1 = operandStack.pop();
operandStack.push(oldOpr.execute(op1, op2));
}
operatorStack.push(newOperator);
}
}
}
// Control gets here when we've picked up all of the tokens; you must add
// code to complete the evaluation - consider how the code given here
// will evaluate the expression 1+2*3
// When we have no more tokens to scan, the operand stack will contain 1 2
// and the operator stack will have + * with 2 and * on the top;
// In order to complete the evaluation we must empty the stacks (except
// the init operator on the operator stack); that is, we should keep
// evaluating the operator stack until empty
// Suggestion: create a method that takes an operator as argument and
// then executes the while loop; also, move the stacks out of the main
// method
return 0;
}
/**
* Class to help test your Evaluator:
* javac EvaluatorTester
* java EvaluatorTester "1+2" "3*5"
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
Evaluator evaluator = new Evaluator();
for (String arg : args) {
System.out.format("%s = %d\n", arg, evaluator.eval(arg));
}
}
}
************************************Operand.Java**************************************************
package operand;
public class Operand {
public .
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***During period of illness - infection can easily be spread. It is also possible to spread infection during the incubation and convalescence periods as well. Ex. Typhoid fever and cholera - the convalescing person can carry the disease for months or years. Define the following: Incidence of disease - Prevalence of disease - Define and give examples of the following: Sporadic disease - Endemic disease - Epidemic disease - Pandemic disease -
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= yoars (Round to two decimal places as needed)
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This person, role, or group will be a subject matter expert who can provide information useful to complete the task or deliverable. Two-way communication methods are deployed to be keep in contact with these stakeholders.
Responsible
Accountable
Consulted
Informed
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. Interpret the data in each of the cases using 2 different nontechnical approaches, such as graphs, charts, or another type of visual presentation. R Case - Caterpillar, Inc. Caterpillar, Inc., headquartered in Peoria, Illinois, is an American corporation with a worldwide dealer network which sells machinery, engines, financial products and insurance. Caterpillar is the world's leading manufacturer of construction and mining equipments, -diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines and diesel-electric locomotives. Although providing financial services through its Financial Products segment, Caterpillar primarily operates through its three product segments of Construction Industries, Resource Industries, and Energy \& Transportation. Founded in 1925, the company presently has sales and revenues of $55.2 billion, total assets of $78.5 billion, and 114,000 employees. Caterpillar machinery are commonly recognized by its trademark "Caterpillar Yellow" and it's "CAT" logo. Some of its manufactured construction products include: mini excavators, small-wheel loaders, backhoe loaders, multi-terrain loaders, and compactwheel loaders. Other products include: machinery in mining and quarrying applications, reciprocating engines and turbines in power systems, the remanufacturing of CAT engines and components, and a wide range of financial alternatives to customers and dealers for Caterpillar machinery and engines. Caterpillar tractors have undertaken and completed many difficult tasks since the company's beginning. In the late 1920 , the 5 oviet Grain Trust purchased 2,050 Caterpillar machines for use on its large farm cooperatives. This sale helped to keep Caterpillar's factories busy during the Great Depression. In the 1930 s. Caterpillar track-type tractors helped construct the Hoover Dam, worked on the Mississippi Levee construction project, helped construct the Golden Gate Bridge, and were used in the construction of the Chesapeake \& Delaware Canal. During this time period, CATs were also used in construction projects around the world in countries such as Palestine, Iraq, India, Canada, the Netherlands, Belgium and the building of the Pan American Highway. In World War II, Caterpillar built 51,000 track-type tractors for the U.S. military. In the 1940s, Caterpillar tractors were used in the construction of the Alaskan highway; and between 1944 and 1956 , they were used to help construct 70,000 miles of highway in the United States. In the 19505 and 605, usage of Caterpillar tractors around the world exploded and were used in such countries as Australia, Austria, Ceylon, France, Germany, Italy, Nigeria, Philippines, Rhodesia, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Uganda, and Venezuela, in a wide variety of projects. In addition, Caterpillar products were used to help construct the St. Lawrence Seaway between Canada and the United States. In the 19705 and 805, Caterpillar equipment were used in numerous dam, power, and pipeline projects. Since then.
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