steam distillation is an effective way to separat.pdf
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steam distillation is an effective way to separate slightly volatile water insolube substance from nonvolatile material high boiling liqiuds mean less volatile ( non volatile) one boiling mixture of water and this( water insoluble liquid and non volatile ) water evaporates completely leaving pure liquid Solution steam distillation is an effective way to separate slightly volatile water insolube substance from nonvolatile material high boiling liqiuds mean less volatile ( non volatile) one boiling mixture of water and this( water insoluble liquid and non volatile ) water evaporates completely leaving pure liquid.
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Entero pluri assay ,done to detect the enterobacteriaceae bacteria w.pdf
Entero pluri assay ,done to detect the enterobacteriaceae bacteria which are non sporing ,non
acid fast and grammar negative bacilli. They includes Escherichia coli klebsiella,enterobactor
serratia, Proteus,salmonella ,shigella etc They cause meny infections like , urinary tract
infections,meningitis, travellers diarrhoea,desentery,and enteri fever caused by salmonella typhi
Symptoms includes,in urinary tract infection , urinary obstruction,prostate enlargement later in
pregnancy hypertension,perinatal death of gets occurred In bacillary dysentery, frequently
passage of loose ,scanty fever with blood,mucus along with abdominal cramps Enteric
fever,onset is gradually,with headache,abdominal discomfort,step ladder pyrexia with relative
Brady cardiac and toxaemia,hepatomegaly also common Misidentification of bacteria due to
Unable to determine size shape arrangements,motility flagella,spores, capsule of bacteria Error in
staining reactions in differentiation of bacteria Incomplete cultural characters like
elevation,margins,surface, colour, structure, of the culture bacteria May be human error in
determining bacteria Some time instrumental errors found
Solution
Entero pluri assay ,done to detect the enterobacteriaceae bacteria which are non sporing ,non
acid fast and grammar negative bacilli. They includes Escherichia coli klebsiella,enterobactor
serratia, Proteus,salmonella ,shigella etc They cause meny infections like , urinary tract
infections,meningitis, travellers diarrhoea,desentery,and enteri fever caused by salmonella typhi
Symptoms includes,in urinary tract infection , urinary obstruction,prostate enlargement later in
pregnancy hypertension,perinatal death of gets occurred In bacillary dysentery, frequently
passage of loose ,scanty fever with blood,mucus along with abdominal cramps Enteric
fever,onset is gradually,with headache,abdominal discomfort,step ladder pyrexia with relative
Brady cardiac and toxaemia,hepatomegaly also common Misidentification of bacteria due to
Unable to determine size shape arrangements,motility flagella,spores, capsule of bacteria Error in
staining reactions in differentiation of bacteria Incomplete cultural characters like
elevation,margins,surface, colour, structure, of the culture bacteria May be human error in
determining bacteria Some time instrumental errors found.
Nothing, really. Cu has a charge of 3+ or 2+ in .pdf
Nothing, really. Cu has a charge of 3+ or 2+ in its ionic form (dissolved in
solution). Pb has a 2+ charge in ionic form. Because they are two positive ions, there should be
little or no reaction between them.
Solution
Nothing, really. Cu has a charge of 3+ or 2+ in its ionic form (dissolved in
solution). Pb has a 2+ charge in ionic form. Because they are two positive ions, there should be
little or no reaction between them..
2) Starter culture is the culture of microorganisms used to inoculat.pdf
2) Starter culture is the culture of microorganisms used to inoculate media in fermentation
process.
For example, in case of production of milk products like curd and cheese, a culture of
lactobacillus is used as starter culture to inoculate the milk.
3) Ganoderma is a genus of polypore mushrooms(mushroom species forming fruiting bodies
with pores on the underpart.They are populary refrred as shelf or bracket fungis.They are under
investigation for use in fields such as bioremediation , medicine, etc.
4) The basic difference between induced mutation, recombinant technology and natural variants
lies in the fact that in both induced mutation and recombinant technology a foreign agent is used
(mutagenic factors like UV rays, X rays etc. for induced mutation and a foreign host DNA for
the recombinant genes) whereas in natural variants the mutations arise naturally and randomly
during sex cells formation.
Solution
2) Starter culture is the culture of microorganisms used to inoculate media in fermentation
process.
For example, in case of production of milk products like curd and cheese, a culture of
lactobacillus is used as starter culture to inoculate the milk.
3) Ganoderma is a genus of polypore mushrooms(mushroom species forming fruiting bodies
with pores on the underpart.They are populary refrred as shelf or bracket fungis.They are under
investigation for use in fields such as bioremediation , medicine, etc.
4) The basic difference between induced mutation, recombinant technology and natural variants
lies in the fact that in both induced mutation and recombinant technology a foreign agent is used
(mutagenic factors like UV rays, X rays etc. for induced mutation and a foreign host DNA for
the recombinant genes) whereas in natural variants the mutations arise naturally and randomly
during sex cells formation..
1. What were the organizational benefits for having a cloud computin.pdf
1. What were the organizational benefits for having a cloud computing platform?
sol:cloud computing one of the presenting trendsetted technology which is very much used in
organization
benefits :
1)less capital cost: instead buying the entire storage hardware and maintaining ,its easy to pay
rent for using
others storage area .there are cloud service provider who maintains databases and we can rent
from so its
much cheaper.
2)no hardware implementation , software installation and maintainance
3)it is very easy to access these computing services
risks:
1)hardware security: if the cloud service provide cannot maintains his service properly then there
is
chance of attacking of malware which leads to eatire dataloss
2)privacy:as we are sharing data with the cloud service provider there chance of datatheft so we
need to be
carefull
3) availabity:if there is a problem with the network we cannot access the data which loss of
business
2.What are some of the risks of having all your data in the cloud?
sol:
1)there is a chance of someone can look after your data
2)there is a chance of hacking
3)there is chance of breachinf the data by the insiders
4)governmen intrustion
5)there is no standardization
6)lack of support from the cloud service provider
Solution
1. What were the organizational benefits for having a cloud computing platform?
sol:cloud computing one of the presenting trendsetted technology which is very much used in
organization
benefits :
1)less capital cost: instead buying the entire storage hardware and maintaining ,its easy to pay
rent for using
others storage area .there are cloud service provider who maintains databases and we can rent
from so its
much cheaper.
2)no hardware implementation , software installation and maintainance
3)it is very easy to access these computing services
risks:
1)hardware security: if the cloud service provide cannot maintains his service properly then there
is
chance of attacking of malware which leads to eatire dataloss
2)privacy:as we are sharing data with the cloud service provider there chance of datatheft so we
need to be
carefull
3) availabity:if there is a problem with the network we cannot access the data which loss of
business
2.What are some of the risks of having all your data in the cloud?
sol:
1)there is a chance of someone can look after your data
2)there is a chance of hacking
3)there is chance of breachinf the data by the insiders
4)governmen intrustion
5)there is no standardization
6)lack of support from the cloud service provider.
what is x(4-3x)-7Solutionx(4-3x)-7 is just an algebraic expres.pdf
what is x(4-3x)-7
Solution
x(4-3x)-7 is just an algebraic expression which could be written in alternate form. The part x(4-
3x) could be rewritten like:x*4+x*(-3x) that is 4x-3x^2.
So now the original expression becomes: 4x-3x^2-7. Or
-3x^2+4x-7 in the decreasing powers of x.
-3x^2+4x-7 is second degree polynomial in x with three terms, -3x^2, 4x and -7. A second degry
polynomial is also called a quadratic expresion..
What probability value would complete the following probability dist.pdf
What probability value would complete the following probability distribution? x-3-2-1012
P(x)0.090.21-0.02p0.170.25
Solution
? (x*P(x)) = 1 ......(-3*0.09)+(-2*0.21)+(-1*-0.02)+(0*p)+(1*0.17)+(2*0.25) = 0
........so it is not a probability distribution ... so finding the value of p is meaningless ........
TriggerTrigger is set of statements or stored program which inclu.pdf
Trigger:
Trigger is set of statements or stored program which include sql and pl/sql which will be
automatucally executed when a specific event happened .It is useful in maintaing the data
integrity.This is similar to a stored procedure.Usually we will call the stored procedure explicity
through the code of our application.But we wont call triggers explicitly,it will be invoked by the
oracle implicitly.These triggers will invoke the stored procedures when an event occurs.
like when performing and Data manupulation operations,when executing and DDL operations or
during the database events such as log off,login,shutdown.
If we wrote a trigger which will be called when a particular type of operation is happened on
paticular table.Like If any insert operation is performed,if any update operaation is performed,or
if any deleted operation is performed on particular table then automatically the oracle will
implicitly call the trigger.Collectively we can say when any DML operations happened .
Triggers can be invoked, when a particular user performed any INSERT or ALTER operations
Similarly triggers will invoked when any database events happens like logon,logoff,startup and
shutdown.
Solution
Trigger:
Trigger is set of statements or stored program which include sql and pl/sql which will be
automatucally executed when a specific event happened .It is useful in maintaing the data
integrity.This is similar to a stored procedure.Usually we will call the stored procedure explicity
through the code of our application.But we wont call triggers explicitly,it will be invoked by the
oracle implicitly.These triggers will invoke the stored procedures when an event occurs.
like when performing and Data manupulation operations,when executing and DDL operations or
during the database events such as log off,login,shutdown.
If we wrote a trigger which will be called when a particular type of operation is happened on
paticular table.Like If any insert operation is performed,if any update operaation is performed,or
if any deleted operation is performed on particular table then automatically the oracle will
implicitly call the trigger.Collectively we can say when any DML operations happened .
Triggers can be invoked, when a particular user performed any INSERT or ALTER operations
Similarly triggers will invoked when any database events happens like logon,logoff,startup and
shutdown..
The equation isE = hcL where E is the energy, h is planc.pdf
The equation is
E = h*c/L
where E is the energy, h is planck\'s constant, c is the speed oflight, and L is the wavelength.
b) microwave < IR< visible < UV < X-ray
Solution
The equation is
E = h*c/L
where E is the energy, h is planck\'s constant, c is the speed oflight, and L is the wavelength.
b) microwave < IR< visible < UV < X-ray.
Recommended
Entero pluri assay ,done to detect the enterobacteriaceae bacteria w.pdf
Entero pluri assay ,done to detect the enterobacteriaceae bacteria which are non sporing ,non
acid fast and grammar negative bacilli. They includes Escherichia coli klebsiella,enterobactor
serratia, Proteus,salmonella ,shigella etc They cause meny infections like , urinary tract
infections,meningitis, travellers diarrhoea,desentery,and enteri fever caused by salmonella typhi
Symptoms includes,in urinary tract infection , urinary obstruction,prostate enlargement later in
pregnancy hypertension,perinatal death of gets occurred In bacillary dysentery, frequently
passage of loose ,scanty fever with blood,mucus along with abdominal cramps Enteric
fever,onset is gradually,with headache,abdominal discomfort,step ladder pyrexia with relative
Brady cardiac and toxaemia,hepatomegaly also common Misidentification of bacteria due to
Unable to determine size shape arrangements,motility flagella,spores, capsule of bacteria Error in
staining reactions in differentiation of bacteria Incomplete cultural characters like
elevation,margins,surface, colour, structure, of the culture bacteria May be human error in
determining bacteria Some time instrumental errors found
Solution
Entero pluri assay ,done to detect the enterobacteriaceae bacteria which are non sporing ,non
acid fast and grammar negative bacilli. They includes Escherichia coli klebsiella,enterobactor
serratia, Proteus,salmonella ,shigella etc They cause meny infections like , urinary tract
infections,meningitis, travellers diarrhoea,desentery,and enteri fever caused by salmonella typhi
Symptoms includes,in urinary tract infection , urinary obstruction,prostate enlargement later in
pregnancy hypertension,perinatal death of gets occurred In bacillary dysentery, frequently
passage of loose ,scanty fever with blood,mucus along with abdominal cramps Enteric
fever,onset is gradually,with headache,abdominal discomfort,step ladder pyrexia with relative
Brady cardiac and toxaemia,hepatomegaly also common Misidentification of bacteria due to
Unable to determine size shape arrangements,motility flagella,spores, capsule of bacteria Error in
staining reactions in differentiation of bacteria Incomplete cultural characters like
elevation,margins,surface, colour, structure, of the culture bacteria May be human error in
determining bacteria Some time instrumental errors found.
Nothing, really. Cu has a charge of 3+ or 2+ in .pdf
Nothing, really. Cu has a charge of 3+ or 2+ in its ionic form (dissolved in
solution). Pb has a 2+ charge in ionic form. Because they are two positive ions, there should be
little or no reaction between them.
Solution
Nothing, really. Cu has a charge of 3+ or 2+ in its ionic form (dissolved in
solution). Pb has a 2+ charge in ionic form. Because they are two positive ions, there should be
little or no reaction between them..
2) Starter culture is the culture of microorganisms used to inoculat.pdf
2) Starter culture is the culture of microorganisms used to inoculate media in fermentation
process.
For example, in case of production of milk products like curd and cheese, a culture of
lactobacillus is used as starter culture to inoculate the milk.
3) Ganoderma is a genus of polypore mushrooms(mushroom species forming fruiting bodies
with pores on the underpart.They are populary refrred as shelf or bracket fungis.They are under
investigation for use in fields such as bioremediation , medicine, etc.
4) The basic difference between induced mutation, recombinant technology and natural variants
lies in the fact that in both induced mutation and recombinant technology a foreign agent is used
(mutagenic factors like UV rays, X rays etc. for induced mutation and a foreign host DNA for
the recombinant genes) whereas in natural variants the mutations arise naturally and randomly
during sex cells formation.
Solution
2) Starter culture is the culture of microorganisms used to inoculate media in fermentation
process.
For example, in case of production of milk products like curd and cheese, a culture of
lactobacillus is used as starter culture to inoculate the milk.
3) Ganoderma is a genus of polypore mushrooms(mushroom species forming fruiting bodies
with pores on the underpart.They are populary refrred as shelf or bracket fungis.They are under
investigation for use in fields such as bioremediation , medicine, etc.
4) The basic difference between induced mutation, recombinant technology and natural variants
lies in the fact that in both induced mutation and recombinant technology a foreign agent is used
(mutagenic factors like UV rays, X rays etc. for induced mutation and a foreign host DNA for
the recombinant genes) whereas in natural variants the mutations arise naturally and randomly
during sex cells formation..
1. What were the organizational benefits for having a cloud computin.pdf
1. What were the organizational benefits for having a cloud computing platform?
sol:cloud computing one of the presenting trendsetted technology which is very much used in
organization
benefits :
1)less capital cost: instead buying the entire storage hardware and maintaining ,its easy to pay
rent for using
others storage area .there are cloud service provider who maintains databases and we can rent
from so its
much cheaper.
2)no hardware implementation , software installation and maintainance
3)it is very easy to access these computing services
risks:
1)hardware security: if the cloud service provide cannot maintains his service properly then there
is
chance of attacking of malware which leads to eatire dataloss
2)privacy:as we are sharing data with the cloud service provider there chance of datatheft so we
need to be
carefull
3) availabity:if there is a problem with the network we cannot access the data which loss of
business
2.What are some of the risks of having all your data in the cloud?
sol:
1)there is a chance of someone can look after your data
2)there is a chance of hacking
3)there is chance of breachinf the data by the insiders
4)governmen intrustion
5)there is no standardization
6)lack of support from the cloud service provider
Solution
1. What were the organizational benefits for having a cloud computing platform?
sol:cloud computing one of the presenting trendsetted technology which is very much used in
organization
benefits :
1)less capital cost: instead buying the entire storage hardware and maintaining ,its easy to pay
rent for using
others storage area .there are cloud service provider who maintains databases and we can rent
from so its
much cheaper.
2)no hardware implementation , software installation and maintainance
3)it is very easy to access these computing services
risks:
1)hardware security: if the cloud service provide cannot maintains his service properly then there
is
chance of attacking of malware which leads to eatire dataloss
2)privacy:as we are sharing data with the cloud service provider there chance of datatheft so we
need to be
carefull
3) availabity:if there is a problem with the network we cannot access the data which loss of
business
2.What are some of the risks of having all your data in the cloud?
sol:
1)there is a chance of someone can look after your data
2)there is a chance of hacking
3)there is chance of breachinf the data by the insiders
4)governmen intrustion
5)there is no standardization
6)lack of support from the cloud service provider.
what is x(4-3x)-7Solutionx(4-3x)-7 is just an algebraic expres.pdf
what is x(4-3x)-7
Solution
x(4-3x)-7 is just an algebraic expression which could be written in alternate form. The part x(4-
3x) could be rewritten like:x*4+x*(-3x) that is 4x-3x^2.
So now the original expression becomes: 4x-3x^2-7. Or
-3x^2+4x-7 in the decreasing powers of x.
-3x^2+4x-7 is second degree polynomial in x with three terms, -3x^2, 4x and -7. A second degry
polynomial is also called a quadratic expresion..
What probability value would complete the following probability dist.pdf
What probability value would complete the following probability distribution? x-3-2-1012
P(x)0.090.21-0.02p0.170.25
Solution
? (x*P(x)) = 1 ......(-3*0.09)+(-2*0.21)+(-1*-0.02)+(0*p)+(1*0.17)+(2*0.25) = 0
........so it is not a probability distribution ... so finding the value of p is meaningless ........
TriggerTrigger is set of statements or stored program which inclu.pdf
Trigger:
Trigger is set of statements or stored program which include sql and pl/sql which will be
automatucally executed when a specific event happened .It is useful in maintaing the data
integrity.This is similar to a stored procedure.Usually we will call the stored procedure explicity
through the code of our application.But we wont call triggers explicitly,it will be invoked by the
oracle implicitly.These triggers will invoke the stored procedures when an event occurs.
like when performing and Data manupulation operations,when executing and DDL operations or
during the database events such as log off,login,shutdown.
If we wrote a trigger which will be called when a particular type of operation is happened on
paticular table.Like If any insert operation is performed,if any update operaation is performed,or
if any deleted operation is performed on particular table then automatically the oracle will
implicitly call the trigger.Collectively we can say when any DML operations happened .
Triggers can be invoked, when a particular user performed any INSERT or ALTER operations
Similarly triggers will invoked when any database events happens like logon,logoff,startup and
shutdown.
Solution
Trigger:
Trigger is set of statements or stored program which include sql and pl/sql which will be
automatucally executed when a specific event happened .It is useful in maintaing the data
integrity.This is similar to a stored procedure.Usually we will call the stored procedure explicity
through the code of our application.But we wont call triggers explicitly,it will be invoked by the
oracle implicitly.These triggers will invoke the stored procedures when an event occurs.
like when performing and Data manupulation operations,when executing and DDL operations or
during the database events such as log off,login,shutdown.
If we wrote a trigger which will be called when a particular type of operation is happened on
paticular table.Like If any insert operation is performed,if any update operaation is performed,or
if any deleted operation is performed on particular table then automatically the oracle will
implicitly call the trigger.Collectively we can say when any DML operations happened .
Triggers can be invoked, when a particular user performed any INSERT or ALTER operations
Similarly triggers will invoked when any database events happens like logon,logoff,startup and
shutdown..
The equation isE = hcL where E is the energy, h is planc.pdf
The equation is
E = h*c/L
where E is the energy, h is planck\'s constant, c is the speed oflight, and L is the wavelength.
b) microwave < IR< visible < UV < X-ray
Solution
The equation is
E = h*c/L
where E is the energy, h is planck\'s constant, c is the speed oflight, and L is the wavelength.
b) microwave < IR< visible < UV < X-ray.
The white matter of the cerebellum is called arbor vitae which means.pdf
The white matter of the cerebellum is called arbor vitae which means tree of life because of the
tree like appearance with branches on cerebellar cross section.
Solution
The white matter of the cerebellum is called arbor vitae which means tree of life because of the
tree like appearance with branches on cerebellar cross section..
The following organs are arranged from anterior to posterior as foll.pdf
The following organs are arranged from anterior to posterior as follows: clitoris, urethral orifice,
vaginal orifice and anus. Woman are having higher frequency of urinary tract infections because
the vaginal orifice and urethral orifice are near to each other. Thus bacteria enter into the vaginal
orifice can go to urethra. Thus causing urinary tract infections.
Solution
The following organs are arranged from anterior to posterior as follows: clitoris, urethral orifice,
vaginal orifice and anus. Woman are having higher frequency of urinary tract infections because
the vaginal orifice and urethral orifice are near to each other. Thus bacteria enter into the vaginal
orifice can go to urethra. Thus causing urinary tract infections..
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers. this tex.pdf
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers. this text describes and explains
them, starting with the \'lowest\' within the hierarchy (the physical) and continuing to the
\'highest\' (the application). The layers area unit stacked this way:
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
PHYSICAL LAYER
The physical layer, very cheap layer of the OSI model, worries with the transmission and
reception of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium. It describes the
electrical/optical, mechanical, and useful interfaces to the physical medium, and carries the
signals for all of the upper layers. It provides:
Data encoding: modifies the easy digital signal pattern (1s and 0s) employed by the computer to
higher accommodate the characteristics of the physical medium, and to help in bit and frame
synchronization. It determines:
What signal state represents a binary one
How the receiving station is aware of once a \"bit-time\" starts
How the receiving station delimits a frame
Physical medium attachment, accommodating varied potentialities within the medium:
Will associate degree external transceiver (MAU) be accustomed connect with the medium?
How many pins do the connectors have and what\'s every pin used for?
Transmission technique: determines whether or not the encoded bits are transmitted by baseband
(digital) or broadband (analog) signal.
Physical medium transmission: transmits bits as electrical or optical signals applicable for the
physical medium, and determines:
What physical medium choices will be used
How many volts/db ought to be accustomed represent a given signal state, employing a given
physical medium
DATA LINK LAYER
The data link layer provides error-free transfer of information frames from one node to a
different over the physical layer, permitting layers on top of it to assume just about error-free
transmission over the link. To do this, the info link layer provides:
Link institution and termination: establishes and terminates the logical link between 2 nodes.
Frame traffic control: tells the transmittal node to \"back-off\" once no frame buffers area unit
obtainable.
Frame sequencing: transmits/receives frames consecutive.
Frame acknowledgment: provides/expects frame acknowledgments. Detects and recovers from
errors that occur within the physical layer by retransmitting non-acknowledged frames and
handling duplicate frame receipt.
Frame delimiting: creates and acknowledges frame boundaries.
Frame error checking: checks received frames for integrity.
Media access management: determines once the node \"has the right\" to use the physical
medium.
NETWORK LAYER
The network layer controls the operation of the subnet, deciding that physical path the info ought
to take supported network conditions, priority of service, and different factors. It provides:
Routing: routes frames among networks.
Subnet traffic control: routers (network layer intermediate systems) will instruct a causing
station.
The transition in phosphorescence, from a ground singlet state to a .pdf
The transition in phosphorescence, from a ground singlet state to a excited triplet state is
forbidden, it has a much lower probability ,i.e., a slower rate.
The transition in fluorescence is singlet to singlet (allowed).
Solution
The transition in phosphorescence, from a ground singlet state to a excited triplet state is
forbidden, it has a much lower probability ,i.e., a slower rate.
The transition in fluorescence is singlet to singlet (allowed)..
this is wrong the answer is 2.1 because x is small and doesnt cont.pdf
this is wrong the answer is 2.1 because x is small and doesn\'t contribute to the over molar
equation. so x of H+ ends up being = to Ka. -log of ka = 2.1. also, when X- is = HX, pH = pKa
Solution
this is wrong the answer is 2.1 because x is small and doesn\'t contribute to the over molar
equation. so x of H+ ends up being = to Ka. -log of ka = 2.1. also, when X- is = HX, pH = pKa.
There are four basic principles required by IMA ethical standards,vi.pdf
There are four basic principles required by IMA ethical
standards,viz.Integrity,credibility,competence and confidentiality.The objectivity expected from
a management accountant is related to their obligation to communicate information
correctly,objectively even if this information is not favourable to the requester or
collegues.Management accountant must be incorrectable.Management accountants have the
obligation not to communicate confedential information.
In the given scenario, Mr.Steve must be confidential regarding the obligation entrusted upon him
and should have communicate the findings correctly,objectively even if this not favourable
Solution
There are four basic principles required by IMA ethical
standards,viz.Integrity,credibility,competence and confidentiality.The objectivity expected from
a management accountant is related to their obligation to communicate information
correctly,objectively even if this information is not favourable to the requester or
collegues.Management accountant must be incorrectable.Management accountants have the
obligation not to communicate confedential information.
In the given scenario, Mr.Steve must be confidential regarding the obligation entrusted upon him
and should have communicate the findings correctly,objectively even if this not favourable.
The synthesis of particular gene products is controlled by mechanism.pdf
The synthesis of particular gene products is controlled by mechanisms collectively called gene
regulation. In prokaryotes, some enzymes are synthesized constitutively (i.e., continuously),
indicating that transcription of mRNA is constantly occurring in them. However, other enzymes
are synthesized only when a need for their action arises, and when this need has been fulfilled,
enzyme synthesis stops.
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the regulation of gene expression may occur at three levels :
1. Transcription
2.Translation
3. Post-translation ( folding and processing of proteins).
(i) Chromatin packing is the compression of DNA to fit into a cell for the DNA repair and for
mitosis (the process of cell division in growth in which DNA replication is needed).
(ii) In eukaryotes, in RNA polymerase II -dependent transcription, there are main six
transcription factors are required for the initiation of transcription complex. They are TFIIA,
TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIF, and TFIIH and involved in the initiation of transcription.Transcription
initiation is regulated by additional proteins, known as activators and repressors and, in some
cases, associated coactivators or corepressors which amend function and formation of the
transcription initiation complex.
(iii) Small interfering RNA or siRNA is the most commonly used RNA interference tool for
inducing short-term silencing of protein-coding genes. The siRNA is a synthetic RNA duplex
designed to exclusively target a particular mRNA for degradation.
(iv) The ubiquitin-proteasome system is required for the degradation of intracellular proteins and
thus plays a crucial regulatory role in cellular processes including cell cycle progression,
differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis.
Solution
The synthesis of particular gene products is controlled by mechanisms collectively called gene
regulation. In prokaryotes, some enzymes are synthesized constitutively (i.e., continuously),
indicating that transcription of mRNA is constantly occurring in them. However, other enzymes
are synthesized only when a need for their action arises, and when this need has been fulfilled,
enzyme synthesis stops.
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the regulation of gene expression may occur at three levels :
1. Transcription
2.Translation
3. Post-translation ( folding and processing of proteins).
(i) Chromatin packing is the compression of DNA to fit into a cell for the DNA repair and for
mitosis (the process of cell division in growth in which DNA replication is needed).
(ii) In eukaryotes, in RNA polymerase II -dependent transcription, there are main six
transcription factors are required for the initiation of transcription complex. They are TFIIA,
TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIF, and TFIIH and involved in the initiation of transcription.Transcription
initiation is regulated by additional proteins, known as activators and repressors and, in some
cases, associated coactivators or corepressors which amend function and formation .
Risk assessment is the process which - identify hazards, analyzes an.pdf
Risk assessment is the process which - identify hazards, analyzes and evaluates the risk
associated with that hazard, determines appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard. In
practical terms, a risk assessment is a thorough look of a workplace to identify those things,
situations, processes, etc that may cause harm, particularly to people. After identification is
made, you evaluate how likely and severe the risk is, and then decide what measures should be in
place to effectively prevent or control the harm from happening.
Risk assessments are not easy and they are not meant to be. If companies could easily identify
and understand all the types of risks to their business and could evaluate how to effectively
mitigate those risks, then the world would be a much more boring place.
Fundamentally, while there are different titles used across formal methodologies, the expected
end result is still the same: to understand what risks exist to your business and have idea solid
understanding of the likelihood and impact of a realized risk.
Too often I see that an information technology or information security team member is assigned
to conduct a risk assessment that naturally, because of their role in the organization, becomes IT
focused. While there are some technology specific risks that are adequately addressed in this
manner, the intent I am focusing on is an organizational risk assessment. Information
security/technology teams usually do not know the business processes and will focus their efforts
on specific threats and technology and then are unable to justify, in business terms, the need for
new security products.
On the other side of the fence, business personnel will know their processes and what data is
important for them, but most likely have little knowledge of the technology supporting their
processes. This can result in “risk reducing” proposals for complicated process changes that may
not be needed if new technical tools can be introduced. Bringing the teams together and bridging
that knowledge gap is a key action to conducting a thorough risk assessment.
To solve this issue, it is best to have a team dedicated to risk management for an organization. As
an organization gets bigger, it may be appropriate to have a team or, or members of a team,
assigned to different business units. While this team may be charged with drafting the formal risk
assessment report(s), the purpose of this team should not be to conduct the risk assessment, but
to bring together the appropriate business and technical stakeholders and facilitate the risk
assessment process.
Whoever is responsible for facilitating the risk assessment should be able to establish with the
organization that protecting data is the primary goal and that all of the people processes,
hardware, software and other technology are tools used to do something with the data. Once the
premise of the assessment is understood and sensitive data elements are identified, then it is time
to .
SolutionWe will assign letters to the first column of graphs and .pdf
Solution
:
We will assign letters to the first column of graphs and consecutivly to the second column of
graphs.
Observation: when constants add to the functions, them same they move in the axis \"y\". In
addition, on having multiplied by the sign less the function, the same one it is invested with
regard to the axis \"x\".
a) The function is the option D.
b)The function is the option F.
c)The function is the option E.
d)The function is the option G.
e)The function is the option C.
f)The function is the option B.
g)The function is the option A.
h)The function is the option H..
Solution Three of the many ways pathogens can cause tissue damage.pdf
Solution
:
Three of the many ways pathogens can cause tissue damage in the host are -
1)Various pathogens like virus disturb the synthesis of genetic material(DNA,RNA). in host
cell.
2)Protein synthesis also affected by the pathogens due to tissue damage in host cell.
3)Pathogens during exit out of the cell affect the physical structure of the cell.
=>Ways in which pathogens subvert or evade the immune system are-
1)Pathogen hide itself in cell like that immune system can not recongnize them.So in this way
they inhabit the activation of immune system.
2)Pathogens deactivate many important cells of immune system which are most harmful to
them..
Legal & Political factors having significant impact on the U.S. rest.pdf
Legal & Political factors having significant impact on the U.S. restaurant industry –
Taxes – Restaurants have a very wide impact by the tax laws and other financial regulations that
include card swipe fees, food donations rules & depreciation (amortization) write offs etc. Tax
credits offered, sales tax and other regulations are to be always known for any changes and its
impact on business. Export & Import laws also have a considerable impact on restaurants.
Human Resource – Proposed wage and immigration laws are the biggest issues for any
restaurants worldwide. Being the leading work opportunity creators, restaurants in the U.S. have
to deal with many workforce related issues such as, health care/insurance, leaves, tip
allowances & union organizing.
Compulsions/Mandates – Nutrition related issues like obesity, diseases, food safety & menu
labeling are among the political factors affecting the restaurants in the U.S. The government has
laid down certain amount of nutrition level required in the food and also the hygiene of the
kitchen area used to cook & also to store food in the restaurants. There are certain mandatory
food products to be listed on the menus of the restaurants.
Helping the environment – Energy initiatives, agricultural policies and packaging restrictions
affect how you do business. Some restaurants view obstacles as opportunities. They’re off-
loading used fryer oil to alternative fuel providers or advertising sustainable use policies that
attract eco-minded customers, such as featuring local produce and products.
McDonald’s in the U.S.
Despite many published reports on fast food industry and child obesity, there is very minimal or
no government intervention in the operations of McDonald’s in the U.S. The political system as
a whole tends to be far more committed to laissez-faire economics and the fast food industry has
an aggressive and concentrated presence in the capital of which McDonald’s plays a very
significant role. The fast food industry is politically savvy enough to avoid or negate any
proposed regulation that can hamper their growth. Thus it has defeated proposed restrictions on
Trans Fat content, proposed soda tax on drinks and policies aiming to control the amount of
sugar, salt and fat in children’s meals.
All countries in which McDonald’s operates, has some form of public health inspection systems
with regards to restaurants and food producers. In U.S. it is the Food and Drug Administration.
Every employee with food handling capabilities must take part in the food hygiene training at the
company’s expense. McDonald’s adds additional controls to those required by the health
agencies. Even their website states “there are at least 70 checks on beef and chicken every day.
Due to this, their dedication to food safety over and above of what is required by the law is used
as a marketing tool, to emphasize their commitment to quality. McDonald’s also adheres to the
number of employment laws in U.S., including those .
New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) strains of bacteria can s.pdf
New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) strains of bacteria can spread easily in medical
tourism & medical camps by the physicians, attendants poses a serious threat to the spread of this
organism in India & Pakistan due to extensive properties of Metallo -lactamase (MBL) enzymes
coding by the bacteria by NDM-1 gene. This gene is meticulously existing in the plasmid of
Enterobactereceae members such as Escherichia coli and Kleb-siella pneumoniae result in
dramatic antibiotic resistant genes in the bacteria & hydrolyze “various carbapenem anbiots, -
lactamase inhibitors”. Therefore, during medical tourism, these bacteria are highly
communicable through horizontal gene transfer to spread various diseases in medical torism
centres in India—Chennai , Haryana. Inappropriate hand wash, and inappropriate hygiene during
the tourism making these bacteria easier to spread through one person to another person
Prokaryotes are the simple organisms with simple genome & they have no complex genome.
They are very \"responsive\" to external stimuli compared to complex multicellular species as
prokaryotes are going to \"change their antigenic variation\" through the phase variation. The
genetic integrity include an extra-chromosomal structure called \"plasmid or through conjugate
transposon\" & they transfer antibiotic resistant genes through \"horizontal gene transfer\" i.e.
transformation, transduction & conjugation as the environmental cues are completely different to
their survival habitat. Finally, they acquire stable internal environment to withstand outer
invasive environment, as an evolutionary adaptation. However, this type of horizontal gene
transfer is not existing in complex multicellular species to \"show slow responsivity\" to
changing environmental cues\" as their genetic integrity do not permit to induce changes
immediately through \"any process of horizontal gene transfer\". Prokaryotes possess a specific
phenomenon of communicating system called quorum sensing when lethal environment
developed around them for information passage.
Three physiological ways by which bacteria become resistant to antibiotics after they acquire the
resistance genes:
Chemical transmitters released for communication between bacteria when an antibiotic enters
into their habitat so that they change their physiological environment.
Synthesis of virulent cell wall synthesis proteins: Lipopolysaccharides and a few enzymatic
proteins encoded from antibiotic resistant genes to neutralize or to inactivate antibiotic finally to
make harmless to their cell environment.bac
Synthesis of virulent M protein: Antibiotic resistant genes are going to synthesize M -protein, a
bacterial cell surface protein that can inactivate a variety of antibiotics.
Beta-lactamase synthesis: A few bacteria can inactivate antibiotics (methicillin) by synthesizing
these enzymes.
Solution
New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) strains of bacteria can spread easily in medical
tourism & medical ca.
Once the NADH has been made from a metabolite in the citric acid cyc.pdf
Once the NADH has been made from a metabolite in the citric acid cycle inside of the
mitochondria, it interacts with the first complex 1 enzyme, known as NADH reductase. This
complex 1 contains a coenzyme flavin mononucleotide (FMN) which is similar to FAD.
The sequence of events is that the NADH, plus another hydrogen ion enter the enzyme complex
and pass along the 2 hydrogen ions, ultimately to an interspace in the mitochondria. These
hydrogen ions, acting as a pump, are utilized by ATP synthetase to produce an ATP for every
two hydrogen ions produced. Three complexes (1, 3, 4) act in this manner to produce 2 hydrogen
ions each, and thus will produce 3 ATP for every use of the complete electron transport chain.
In addition, NADH passes along 2 electrons to first FMN, then to an iron-sulfur protein (FeS),
and finally to coenzyme Q. The net effect of these reactions are to regenerate coenzyme NAD+.
This regeneration of reactants occurs in many of the reactions so that a cycling effect occurs. The
NAD+ is ready to react further with metabolites in the citric acid cycle.
Coenzyme Q, which also picks up an additional 2 hydrogen ions to make CoQH2. Coenzyme
QH2 carrying an extra 2 electrons and 2 hydrogen ions now starts a cascade of events through
enzyme complex 3, also known as cytochrome reductase bc.
Cytochromes are very similar to the structure of myoglobin or hemoglobin. The significant
feature is the heme structure containing the iron ions, initially in the +3 state and changed to the
+2 state by the addition of an electron. The CoQH2 passes along the 2 electrons first to
cytochrome b1 heme, then b2 heme , then to an iron-sulfur protein, then to cytochrome c1, and
finally to cytochrome c.
In the meantime the 2 hydrogen ions are channeled to the interspace of the mitochondria for
ultimate conversion into ATP.
Cytochrome c is a small molecule which is also able to move in the lipid membrane layer and
diffuses toward cytochrome a complex 4.
At this time it continues the transport of the electrons, and provides the third and final time that 2
hydrogen ions are channeled to the interspace of the mitochondria for ultimate conversion into
ATP.
ATP synthetase (complex 5) is also found at numerous locations in the bilayer membrane of the
mitochondria. Three ATP are produced by the pumping action of the re-entry of the hydrogen
ions through the ATP synthetase.
Finally, oxygen has diffused into the cell and the mitochondria for the finally reaction of
metabolism. Oxygen atom reacts with the 2 electrons and 2 hydrogens to produce a water
molecule.
In summary, the electron transport chain is coupled with the formation of ATP. The coupled
reaction may be written as:
a) O2 + 3H2 + NAD+ ---> 2NADH + H2O + energy
b) ADP + P + energy ---> ATP + H2O
Aka, energy produced from A can be coupled to reaction B to produce ATP, this coupling is
provided by ATP synthase. Also FADH2 could be implemented into these equations.
Solution
Once the NADH has been made from .
KOH (aq) + HNO3 -- KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) can be written K+1(aq) +.pdf
KOH (aq) + HNO3 --> KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
can be written K+1(aq) + OH-1(aq) + H+1(aq) + (NO3)-1(aq) --> K+1(aq) + (NO3)-1(aq) +
H20(l)
Because K+1 and (NO3)-1 remain ionic in aqueous solution throughout the course of the
reaction, they are spectator ions.
Solution
KOH (aq) + HNO3 --> KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
can be written K+1(aq) + OH-1(aq) + H+1(aq) + (NO3)-1(aq) --> K+1(aq) + (NO3)-1(aq) +
H20(l)
Because K+1 and (NO3)-1 remain ionic in aqueous solution throughout the course of the
reaction, they are spectator ions..
North African and Southwestern primarily have three religions apart .pdf
North African and Southwestern primarily have three religions apart from the dozens.
Religion, including Judeo-Christian tradition, Islam
The region includes more than two dozen countries, located on the historic meeting ground
between Europe, Asia, and Africa. It contains some extremely rugged and varied terrain,
including deserts and river valleys, and boasts several important culture hearths (areas of
historical cultural innovation). Innovations that arose in this region have diffused far beyond its
boundaries. This region has deep religious significance for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, and
has also spawned some deep-seated conflicts as a result. The rise and diffusion of Islamic
fundamentalism (also called revivalism, this movement advocates a return to more traditional
practices within the religion, and challenges the encroachment of global popular culture) has
been an important development in world politics. The presence of vast oil reserves has also
placed Southwest Asia and North Africa in a key position with respect to the world’s economy.
Religion plays a significant role in the day to day lives of many people in the Middle East and
North Africa. Many of the laws in the Gulf Countries are according to Islam. For eg. prohibition
of Alcohol. Moreover, in thr day to day lives, people follow the preachings of the Quran very
judiciously.
Solution
North African and Southwestern primarily have three religions apart from the dozens.
Religion, including Judeo-Christian tradition, Islam
The region includes more than two dozen countries, located on the historic meeting ground
between Europe, Asia, and Africa. It contains some extremely rugged and varied terrain,
including deserts and river valleys, and boasts several important culture hearths (areas of
historical cultural innovation). Innovations that arose in this region have diffused far beyond its
boundaries. This region has deep religious significance for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, and
has also spawned some deep-seated conflicts as a result. The rise and diffusion of Islamic
fundamentalism (also called revivalism, this movement advocates a return to more traditional
practices within the religion, and challenges the encroachment of global popular culture) has
been an important development in world politics. The presence of vast oil reserves has also
placed Southwest Asia and North Africa in a key position with respect to the world’s economy.
Religion plays a significant role in the day to day lives of many people in the Middle East and
North Africa. Many of the laws in the Gulf Countries are according to Islam. For eg. prohibition
of Alcohol. Moreover, in thr day to day lives, people follow the preachings of the Quran very
judiciously..
Mitochondrial DNA points to the genes in that organelle tracing back.pdf
Mitochondrial DNA points to the genes in that organelle tracing back to a single female ancestor
who lived about 140,000 years ago, but that genes on the Y chromosome trace back to one male
who lived about 60,000-90,000 years ago. So this means Eve can be rightfully referred to as
ancestor. The presence of mitochondrial eve suggests that all females were descendents of that
particular woman. But we cannot say that she was the first human woman as there might have
been other females but their descendants wouldnt have survived so far.
Solution
Mitochondrial DNA points to the genes in that organelle tracing back to a single female ancestor
who lived about 140,000 years ago, but that genes on the Y chromosome trace back to one male
who lived about 60,000-90,000 years ago. So this means Eve can be rightfully referred to as
ancestor. The presence of mitochondrial eve suggests that all females were descendents of that
particular woman. But we cannot say that she was the first human woman as there might have
been other females but their descendants wouldnt have survived so far..
In April 2011, the United States moved from a color-coded Homeland S.pdf
In April 2011, the United States moved from a color-coded Homeland Security Advisory System
(HSAS), which had been in place for nine years, to a new National Terrorism Advisory System
(NTAS).
The reason for the change is to more effectively communicate information about terrorist threats
by providing timely, detailed information to the American public.
As per Department of Homeland Security, when there is credible information about a threat, an
NTAS Alert will be shared with the American public, which may include specific information, if
available, about the nature of the threat, including the geographic region, mode of transportation
etc. These alerts may go through a variety of sources, such as DHS website, RSS, and through
various social media.
The HSAS was a kind of color coded alert system, which only provides an alert on terrorist
threats. It doesn\'t provided much details, about the threat, where as it indicates the level of risk
involved in the threat. But in the NTAS it provides much more details, and the details will also
be made available to the public, to take some safety measures. And obviously the new system is
more effective warning tool, compared to that of the previous one.
Solution
In April 2011, the United States moved from a color-coded Homeland Security Advisory System
(HSAS), which had been in place for nine years, to a new National Terrorism Advisory System
(NTAS).
The reason for the change is to more effectively communicate information about terrorist threats
by providing timely, detailed information to the American public.
As per Department of Homeland Security, when there is credible information about a threat, an
NTAS Alert will be shared with the American public, which may include specific information, if
available, about the nature of the threat, including the geographic region, mode of transportation
etc. These alerts may go through a variety of sources, such as DHS website, RSS, and through
various social media.
The HSAS was a kind of color coded alert system, which only provides an alert on terrorist
threats. It doesn\'t provided much details, about the threat, where as it indicates the level of risk
involved in the threat. But in the NTAS it provides much more details, and the details will also
be made available to the public, to take some safety measures. And obviously the new system is
more effective warning tool, compared to that of the previous one..
How do organisms use restriction enzymes in nature and how to they p.pdf
How do organisms use restriction enzymes in nature and how to they protect their own DNA
from these endonucleases?
C) They use it to protect against viral infection, the restriction endonucleases destroy the viral
DNA. The bacteria\'s DNA is protected because proteins methylate specific bases on cut sites so
that the restriction enzyme cannot recognize and cut those sites.
Solution
How do organisms use restriction enzymes in nature and how to they protect their own DNA
from these endonucleases?
C) They use it to protect against viral infection, the restriction endonucleases destroy the viral
DNA. The bacteria\'s DNA is protected because proteins methylate specific bases on cut sites so
that the restriction enzyme cannot recognize and cut those sites..
FALSE.Because the FIGCAPTION element must be nested within a figur.pdf
FALSE.
Because the FIGCAPTION element must be nested within a figure element. But only one
Figcaption element must be nested though the figcaption has multiple elments.
Solution
FALSE.
Because the FIGCAPTION element must be nested within a figure element. But only one
Figcaption element must be nested though the figcaption has multiple elments..
HF is an acid and Ba(OH)2 is a base.They react in an acid-base neu.pdf
HF is an acid and Ba(OH)2 is a base.
They react in an acid-base neutralization reaction to give a sparingly solube salt (BaF2) that
precipitates out as a solid, and water (H2O).
The reaction is thus:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2 HF(aq) => BaF2(s) + 2 H2O(l)
Solution
HF is an acid and Ba(OH)2 is a base.
They react in an acid-base neutralization reaction to give a sparingly solube salt (BaF2) that
precipitates out as a solid, and water (H2O).
The reaction is thus:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2 HF(aq) => BaF2(s) + 2 H2O(l).
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdf
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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The white matter of the cerebellum is called arbor vitae which means.pdf
The white matter of the cerebellum is called arbor vitae which means tree of life because of the
tree like appearance with branches on cerebellar cross section.
Solution
The white matter of the cerebellum is called arbor vitae which means tree of life because of the
tree like appearance with branches on cerebellar cross section..
The following organs are arranged from anterior to posterior as foll.pdf
The following organs are arranged from anterior to posterior as follows: clitoris, urethral orifice,
vaginal orifice and anus. Woman are having higher frequency of urinary tract infections because
the vaginal orifice and urethral orifice are near to each other. Thus bacteria enter into the vaginal
orifice can go to urethra. Thus causing urinary tract infections.
Solution
The following organs are arranged from anterior to posterior as follows: clitoris, urethral orifice,
vaginal orifice and anus. Woman are having higher frequency of urinary tract infections because
the vaginal orifice and urethral orifice are near to each other. Thus bacteria enter into the vaginal
orifice can go to urethra. Thus causing urinary tract infections..
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers. this tex.pdf
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers. this text describes and explains
them, starting with the \'lowest\' within the hierarchy (the physical) and continuing to the
\'highest\' (the application). The layers area unit stacked this way:
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
PHYSICAL LAYER
The physical layer, very cheap layer of the OSI model, worries with the transmission and
reception of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium. It describes the
electrical/optical, mechanical, and useful interfaces to the physical medium, and carries the
signals for all of the upper layers. It provides:
Data encoding: modifies the easy digital signal pattern (1s and 0s) employed by the computer to
higher accommodate the characteristics of the physical medium, and to help in bit and frame
synchronization. It determines:
What signal state represents a binary one
How the receiving station is aware of once a \"bit-time\" starts
How the receiving station delimits a frame
Physical medium attachment, accommodating varied potentialities within the medium:
Will associate degree external transceiver (MAU) be accustomed connect with the medium?
How many pins do the connectors have and what\'s every pin used for?
Transmission technique: determines whether or not the encoded bits are transmitted by baseband
(digital) or broadband (analog) signal.
Physical medium transmission: transmits bits as electrical or optical signals applicable for the
physical medium, and determines:
What physical medium choices will be used
How many volts/db ought to be accustomed represent a given signal state, employing a given
physical medium
DATA LINK LAYER
The data link layer provides error-free transfer of information frames from one node to a
different over the physical layer, permitting layers on top of it to assume just about error-free
transmission over the link. To do this, the info link layer provides:
Link institution and termination: establishes and terminates the logical link between 2 nodes.
Frame traffic control: tells the transmittal node to \"back-off\" once no frame buffers area unit
obtainable.
Frame sequencing: transmits/receives frames consecutive.
Frame acknowledgment: provides/expects frame acknowledgments. Detects and recovers from
errors that occur within the physical layer by retransmitting non-acknowledged frames and
handling duplicate frame receipt.
Frame delimiting: creates and acknowledges frame boundaries.
Frame error checking: checks received frames for integrity.
Media access management: determines once the node \"has the right\" to use the physical
medium.
NETWORK LAYER
The network layer controls the operation of the subnet, deciding that physical path the info ought
to take supported network conditions, priority of service, and different factors. It provides:
Routing: routes frames among networks.
Subnet traffic control: routers (network layer intermediate systems) will instruct a causing
station.
The transition in phosphorescence, from a ground singlet state to a .pdf
The transition in phosphorescence, from a ground singlet state to a excited triplet state is
forbidden, it has a much lower probability ,i.e., a slower rate.
The transition in fluorescence is singlet to singlet (allowed).
Solution
The transition in phosphorescence, from a ground singlet state to a excited triplet state is
forbidden, it has a much lower probability ,i.e., a slower rate.
The transition in fluorescence is singlet to singlet (allowed)..
this is wrong the answer is 2.1 because x is small and doesnt cont.pdf
this is wrong the answer is 2.1 because x is small and doesn\'t contribute to the over molar
equation. so x of H+ ends up being = to Ka. -log of ka = 2.1. also, when X- is = HX, pH = pKa
Solution
this is wrong the answer is 2.1 because x is small and doesn\'t contribute to the over molar
equation. so x of H+ ends up being = to Ka. -log of ka = 2.1. also, when X- is = HX, pH = pKa.
There are four basic principles required by IMA ethical standards,vi.pdf
There are four basic principles required by IMA ethical
standards,viz.Integrity,credibility,competence and confidentiality.The objectivity expected from
a management accountant is related to their obligation to communicate information
correctly,objectively even if this information is not favourable to the requester or
collegues.Management accountant must be incorrectable.Management accountants have the
obligation not to communicate confedential information.
In the given scenario, Mr.Steve must be confidential regarding the obligation entrusted upon him
and should have communicate the findings correctly,objectively even if this not favourable
Solution
There are four basic principles required by IMA ethical
standards,viz.Integrity,credibility,competence and confidentiality.The objectivity expected from
a management accountant is related to their obligation to communicate information
correctly,objectively even if this information is not favourable to the requester or
collegues.Management accountant must be incorrectable.Management accountants have the
obligation not to communicate confedential information.
In the given scenario, Mr.Steve must be confidential regarding the obligation entrusted upon him
and should have communicate the findings correctly,objectively even if this not favourable.
The synthesis of particular gene products is controlled by mechanism.pdf
The synthesis of particular gene products is controlled by mechanisms collectively called gene
regulation. In prokaryotes, some enzymes are synthesized constitutively (i.e., continuously),
indicating that transcription of mRNA is constantly occurring in them. However, other enzymes
are synthesized only when a need for their action arises, and when this need has been fulfilled,
enzyme synthesis stops.
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the regulation of gene expression may occur at three levels :
1. Transcription
2.Translation
3. Post-translation ( folding and processing of proteins).
(i) Chromatin packing is the compression of DNA to fit into a cell for the DNA repair and for
mitosis (the process of cell division in growth in which DNA replication is needed).
(ii) In eukaryotes, in RNA polymerase II -dependent transcription, there are main six
transcription factors are required for the initiation of transcription complex. They are TFIIA,
TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIF, and TFIIH and involved in the initiation of transcription.Transcription
initiation is regulated by additional proteins, known as activators and repressors and, in some
cases, associated coactivators or corepressors which amend function and formation of the
transcription initiation complex.
(iii) Small interfering RNA or siRNA is the most commonly used RNA interference tool for
inducing short-term silencing of protein-coding genes. The siRNA is a synthetic RNA duplex
designed to exclusively target a particular mRNA for degradation.
(iv) The ubiquitin-proteasome system is required for the degradation of intracellular proteins and
thus plays a crucial regulatory role in cellular processes including cell cycle progression,
differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis.
Solution
The synthesis of particular gene products is controlled by mechanisms collectively called gene
regulation. In prokaryotes, some enzymes are synthesized constitutively (i.e., continuously),
indicating that transcription of mRNA is constantly occurring in them. However, other enzymes
are synthesized only when a need for their action arises, and when this need has been fulfilled,
enzyme synthesis stops.
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the regulation of gene expression may occur at three levels :
1. Transcription
2.Translation
3. Post-translation ( folding and processing of proteins).
(i) Chromatin packing is the compression of DNA to fit into a cell for the DNA repair and for
mitosis (the process of cell division in growth in which DNA replication is needed).
(ii) In eukaryotes, in RNA polymerase II -dependent transcription, there are main six
transcription factors are required for the initiation of transcription complex. They are TFIIA,
TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIF, and TFIIH and involved in the initiation of transcription.Transcription
initiation is regulated by additional proteins, known as activators and repressors and, in some
cases, associated coactivators or corepressors which amend function and formation .
Risk assessment is the process which - identify hazards, analyzes an.pdf
Risk assessment is the process which - identify hazards, analyzes and evaluates the risk
associated with that hazard, determines appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard. In
practical terms, a risk assessment is a thorough look of a workplace to identify those things,
situations, processes, etc that may cause harm, particularly to people. After identification is
made, you evaluate how likely and severe the risk is, and then decide what measures should be in
place to effectively prevent or control the harm from happening.
Risk assessments are not easy and they are not meant to be. If companies could easily identify
and understand all the types of risks to their business and could evaluate how to effectively
mitigate those risks, then the world would be a much more boring place.
Fundamentally, while there are different titles used across formal methodologies, the expected
end result is still the same: to understand what risks exist to your business and have idea solid
understanding of the likelihood and impact of a realized risk.
Too often I see that an information technology or information security team member is assigned
to conduct a risk assessment that naturally, because of their role in the organization, becomes IT
focused. While there are some technology specific risks that are adequately addressed in this
manner, the intent I am focusing on is an organizational risk assessment. Information
security/technology teams usually do not know the business processes and will focus their efforts
on specific threats and technology and then are unable to justify, in business terms, the need for
new security products.
On the other side of the fence, business personnel will know their processes and what data is
important for them, but most likely have little knowledge of the technology supporting their
processes. This can result in “risk reducing” proposals for complicated process changes that may
not be needed if new technical tools can be introduced. Bringing the teams together and bridging
that knowledge gap is a key action to conducting a thorough risk assessment.
To solve this issue, it is best to have a team dedicated to risk management for an organization. As
an organization gets bigger, it may be appropriate to have a team or, or members of a team,
assigned to different business units. While this team may be charged with drafting the formal risk
assessment report(s), the purpose of this team should not be to conduct the risk assessment, but
to bring together the appropriate business and technical stakeholders and facilitate the risk
assessment process.
Whoever is responsible for facilitating the risk assessment should be able to establish with the
organization that protecting data is the primary goal and that all of the people processes,
hardware, software and other technology are tools used to do something with the data. Once the
premise of the assessment is understood and sensitive data elements are identified, then it is time
to .
SolutionWe will assign letters to the first column of graphs and .pdf
Solution
:
We will assign letters to the first column of graphs and consecutivly to the second column of
graphs.
Observation: when constants add to the functions, them same they move in the axis \"y\". In
addition, on having multiplied by the sign less the function, the same one it is invested with
regard to the axis \"x\".
a) The function is the option D.
b)The function is the option F.
c)The function is the option E.
d)The function is the option G.
e)The function is the option C.
f)The function is the option B.
g)The function is the option A.
h)The function is the option H..
Solution Three of the many ways pathogens can cause tissue damage.pdf
Solution
:
Three of the many ways pathogens can cause tissue damage in the host are -
1)Various pathogens like virus disturb the synthesis of genetic material(DNA,RNA). in host
cell.
2)Protein synthesis also affected by the pathogens due to tissue damage in host cell.
3)Pathogens during exit out of the cell affect the physical structure of the cell.
=>Ways in which pathogens subvert or evade the immune system are-
1)Pathogen hide itself in cell like that immune system can not recongnize them.So in this way
they inhabit the activation of immune system.
2)Pathogens deactivate many important cells of immune system which are most harmful to
them..
Legal & Political factors having significant impact on the U.S. rest.pdf
Legal & Political factors having significant impact on the U.S. restaurant industry –
Taxes – Restaurants have a very wide impact by the tax laws and other financial regulations that
include card swipe fees, food donations rules & depreciation (amortization) write offs etc. Tax
credits offered, sales tax and other regulations are to be always known for any changes and its
impact on business. Export & Import laws also have a considerable impact on restaurants.
Human Resource – Proposed wage and immigration laws are the biggest issues for any
restaurants worldwide. Being the leading work opportunity creators, restaurants in the U.S. have
to deal with many workforce related issues such as, health care/insurance, leaves, tip
allowances & union organizing.
Compulsions/Mandates – Nutrition related issues like obesity, diseases, food safety & menu
labeling are among the political factors affecting the restaurants in the U.S. The government has
laid down certain amount of nutrition level required in the food and also the hygiene of the
kitchen area used to cook & also to store food in the restaurants. There are certain mandatory
food products to be listed on the menus of the restaurants.
Helping the environment – Energy initiatives, agricultural policies and packaging restrictions
affect how you do business. Some restaurants view obstacles as opportunities. They’re off-
loading used fryer oil to alternative fuel providers or advertising sustainable use policies that
attract eco-minded customers, such as featuring local produce and products.
McDonald’s in the U.S.
Despite many published reports on fast food industry and child obesity, there is very minimal or
no government intervention in the operations of McDonald’s in the U.S. The political system as
a whole tends to be far more committed to laissez-faire economics and the fast food industry has
an aggressive and concentrated presence in the capital of which McDonald’s plays a very
significant role. The fast food industry is politically savvy enough to avoid or negate any
proposed regulation that can hamper their growth. Thus it has defeated proposed restrictions on
Trans Fat content, proposed soda tax on drinks and policies aiming to control the amount of
sugar, salt and fat in children’s meals.
All countries in which McDonald’s operates, has some form of public health inspection systems
with regards to restaurants and food producers. In U.S. it is the Food and Drug Administration.
Every employee with food handling capabilities must take part in the food hygiene training at the
company’s expense. McDonald’s adds additional controls to those required by the health
agencies. Even their website states “there are at least 70 checks on beef and chicken every day.
Due to this, their dedication to food safety over and above of what is required by the law is used
as a marketing tool, to emphasize their commitment to quality. McDonald’s also adheres to the
number of employment laws in U.S., including those .
New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) strains of bacteria can s.pdf
New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) strains of bacteria can spread easily in medical
tourism & medical camps by the physicians, attendants poses a serious threat to the spread of this
organism in India & Pakistan due to extensive properties of Metallo -lactamase (MBL) enzymes
coding by the bacteria by NDM-1 gene. This gene is meticulously existing in the plasmid of
Enterobactereceae members such as Escherichia coli and Kleb-siella pneumoniae result in
dramatic antibiotic resistant genes in the bacteria & hydrolyze “various carbapenem anbiots, -
lactamase inhibitors”. Therefore, during medical tourism, these bacteria are highly
communicable through horizontal gene transfer to spread various diseases in medical torism
centres in India—Chennai , Haryana. Inappropriate hand wash, and inappropriate hygiene during
the tourism making these bacteria easier to spread through one person to another person
Prokaryotes are the simple organisms with simple genome & they have no complex genome.
They are very \"responsive\" to external stimuli compared to complex multicellular species as
prokaryotes are going to \"change their antigenic variation\" through the phase variation. The
genetic integrity include an extra-chromosomal structure called \"plasmid or through conjugate
transposon\" & they transfer antibiotic resistant genes through \"horizontal gene transfer\" i.e.
transformation, transduction & conjugation as the environmental cues are completely different to
their survival habitat. Finally, they acquire stable internal environment to withstand outer
invasive environment, as an evolutionary adaptation. However, this type of horizontal gene
transfer is not existing in complex multicellular species to \"show slow responsivity\" to
changing environmental cues\" as their genetic integrity do not permit to induce changes
immediately through \"any process of horizontal gene transfer\". Prokaryotes possess a specific
phenomenon of communicating system called quorum sensing when lethal environment
developed around them for information passage.
Three physiological ways by which bacteria become resistant to antibiotics after they acquire the
resistance genes:
Chemical transmitters released for communication between bacteria when an antibiotic enters
into their habitat so that they change their physiological environment.
Synthesis of virulent cell wall synthesis proteins: Lipopolysaccharides and a few enzymatic
proteins encoded from antibiotic resistant genes to neutralize or to inactivate antibiotic finally to
make harmless to their cell environment.bac
Synthesis of virulent M protein: Antibiotic resistant genes are going to synthesize M -protein, a
bacterial cell surface protein that can inactivate a variety of antibiotics.
Beta-lactamase synthesis: A few bacteria can inactivate antibiotics (methicillin) by synthesizing
these enzymes.
Solution
New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) strains of bacteria can spread easily in medical
tourism & medical ca.
Once the NADH has been made from a metabolite in the citric acid cyc.pdf
Once the NADH has been made from a metabolite in the citric acid cycle inside of the
mitochondria, it interacts with the first complex 1 enzyme, known as NADH reductase. This
complex 1 contains a coenzyme flavin mononucleotide (FMN) which is similar to FAD.
The sequence of events is that the NADH, plus another hydrogen ion enter the enzyme complex
and pass along the 2 hydrogen ions, ultimately to an interspace in the mitochondria. These
hydrogen ions, acting as a pump, are utilized by ATP synthetase to produce an ATP for every
two hydrogen ions produced. Three complexes (1, 3, 4) act in this manner to produce 2 hydrogen
ions each, and thus will produce 3 ATP for every use of the complete electron transport chain.
In addition, NADH passes along 2 electrons to first FMN, then to an iron-sulfur protein (FeS),
and finally to coenzyme Q. The net effect of these reactions are to regenerate coenzyme NAD+.
This regeneration of reactants occurs in many of the reactions so that a cycling effect occurs. The
NAD+ is ready to react further with metabolites in the citric acid cycle.
Coenzyme Q, which also picks up an additional 2 hydrogen ions to make CoQH2. Coenzyme
QH2 carrying an extra 2 electrons and 2 hydrogen ions now starts a cascade of events through
enzyme complex 3, also known as cytochrome reductase bc.
Cytochromes are very similar to the structure of myoglobin or hemoglobin. The significant
feature is the heme structure containing the iron ions, initially in the +3 state and changed to the
+2 state by the addition of an electron. The CoQH2 passes along the 2 electrons first to
cytochrome b1 heme, then b2 heme , then to an iron-sulfur protein, then to cytochrome c1, and
finally to cytochrome c.
In the meantime the 2 hydrogen ions are channeled to the interspace of the mitochondria for
ultimate conversion into ATP.
Cytochrome c is a small molecule which is also able to move in the lipid membrane layer and
diffuses toward cytochrome a complex 4.
At this time it continues the transport of the electrons, and provides the third and final time that 2
hydrogen ions are channeled to the interspace of the mitochondria for ultimate conversion into
ATP.
ATP synthetase (complex 5) is also found at numerous locations in the bilayer membrane of the
mitochondria. Three ATP are produced by the pumping action of the re-entry of the hydrogen
ions through the ATP synthetase.
Finally, oxygen has diffused into the cell and the mitochondria for the finally reaction of
metabolism. Oxygen atom reacts with the 2 electrons and 2 hydrogens to produce a water
molecule.
In summary, the electron transport chain is coupled with the formation of ATP. The coupled
reaction may be written as:
a) O2 + 3H2 + NAD+ ---> 2NADH + H2O + energy
b) ADP + P + energy ---> ATP + H2O
Aka, energy produced from A can be coupled to reaction B to produce ATP, this coupling is
provided by ATP synthase. Also FADH2 could be implemented into these equations.
Solution
Once the NADH has been made from .
KOH (aq) + HNO3 -- KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) can be written K+1(aq) +.pdf
KOH (aq) + HNO3 --> KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
can be written K+1(aq) + OH-1(aq) + H+1(aq) + (NO3)-1(aq) --> K+1(aq) + (NO3)-1(aq) +
H20(l)
Because K+1 and (NO3)-1 remain ionic in aqueous solution throughout the course of the
reaction, they are spectator ions.
Solution
KOH (aq) + HNO3 --> KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
can be written K+1(aq) + OH-1(aq) + H+1(aq) + (NO3)-1(aq) --> K+1(aq) + (NO3)-1(aq) +
H20(l)
Because K+1 and (NO3)-1 remain ionic in aqueous solution throughout the course of the
reaction, they are spectator ions..
North African and Southwestern primarily have three religions apart .pdf
North African and Southwestern primarily have three religions apart from the dozens.
Religion, including Judeo-Christian tradition, Islam
The region includes more than two dozen countries, located on the historic meeting ground
between Europe, Asia, and Africa. It contains some extremely rugged and varied terrain,
including deserts and river valleys, and boasts several important culture hearths (areas of
historical cultural innovation). Innovations that arose in this region have diffused far beyond its
boundaries. This region has deep religious significance for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, and
has also spawned some deep-seated conflicts as a result. The rise and diffusion of Islamic
fundamentalism (also called revivalism, this movement advocates a return to more traditional
practices within the religion, and challenges the encroachment of global popular culture) has
been an important development in world politics. The presence of vast oil reserves has also
placed Southwest Asia and North Africa in a key position with respect to the world’s economy.
Religion plays a significant role in the day to day lives of many people in the Middle East and
North Africa. Many of the laws in the Gulf Countries are according to Islam. For eg. prohibition
of Alcohol. Moreover, in thr day to day lives, people follow the preachings of the Quran very
judiciously.
Solution
North African and Southwestern primarily have three religions apart from the dozens.
Religion, including Judeo-Christian tradition, Islam
The region includes more than two dozen countries, located on the historic meeting ground
between Europe, Asia, and Africa. It contains some extremely rugged and varied terrain,
including deserts and river valleys, and boasts several important culture hearths (areas of
historical cultural innovation). Innovations that arose in this region have diffused far beyond its
boundaries. This region has deep religious significance for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, and
has also spawned some deep-seated conflicts as a result. The rise and diffusion of Islamic
fundamentalism (also called revivalism, this movement advocates a return to more traditional
practices within the religion, and challenges the encroachment of global popular culture) has
been an important development in world politics. The presence of vast oil reserves has also
placed Southwest Asia and North Africa in a key position with respect to the world’s economy.
Religion plays a significant role in the day to day lives of many people in the Middle East and
North Africa. Many of the laws in the Gulf Countries are according to Islam. For eg. prohibition
of Alcohol. Moreover, in thr day to day lives, people follow the preachings of the Quran very
judiciously..
Mitochondrial DNA points to the genes in that organelle tracing back.pdf
Mitochondrial DNA points to the genes in that organelle tracing back to a single female ancestor
who lived about 140,000 years ago, but that genes on the Y chromosome trace back to one male
who lived about 60,000-90,000 years ago. So this means Eve can be rightfully referred to as
ancestor. The presence of mitochondrial eve suggests that all females were descendents of that
particular woman. But we cannot say that she was the first human woman as there might have
been other females but their descendants wouldnt have survived so far.
Solution
Mitochondrial DNA points to the genes in that organelle tracing back to a single female ancestor
who lived about 140,000 years ago, but that genes on the Y chromosome trace back to one male
who lived about 60,000-90,000 years ago. So this means Eve can be rightfully referred to as
ancestor. The presence of mitochondrial eve suggests that all females were descendents of that
particular woman. But we cannot say that she was the first human woman as there might have
been other females but their descendants wouldnt have survived so far..
In April 2011, the United States moved from a color-coded Homeland S.pdf
In April 2011, the United States moved from a color-coded Homeland Security Advisory System
(HSAS), which had been in place for nine years, to a new National Terrorism Advisory System
(NTAS).
The reason for the change is to more effectively communicate information about terrorist threats
by providing timely, detailed information to the American public.
As per Department of Homeland Security, when there is credible information about a threat, an
NTAS Alert will be shared with the American public, which may include specific information, if
available, about the nature of the threat, including the geographic region, mode of transportation
etc. These alerts may go through a variety of sources, such as DHS website, RSS, and through
various social media.
The HSAS was a kind of color coded alert system, which only provides an alert on terrorist
threats. It doesn\'t provided much details, about the threat, where as it indicates the level of risk
involved in the threat. But in the NTAS it provides much more details, and the details will also
be made available to the public, to take some safety measures. And obviously the new system is
more effective warning tool, compared to that of the previous one.
Solution
In April 2011, the United States moved from a color-coded Homeland Security Advisory System
(HSAS), which had been in place for nine years, to a new National Terrorism Advisory System
(NTAS).
The reason for the change is to more effectively communicate information about terrorist threats
by providing timely, detailed information to the American public.
As per Department of Homeland Security, when there is credible information about a threat, an
NTAS Alert will be shared with the American public, which may include specific information, if
available, about the nature of the threat, including the geographic region, mode of transportation
etc. These alerts may go through a variety of sources, such as DHS website, RSS, and through
various social media.
The HSAS was a kind of color coded alert system, which only provides an alert on terrorist
threats. It doesn\'t provided much details, about the threat, where as it indicates the level of risk
involved in the threat. But in the NTAS it provides much more details, and the details will also
be made available to the public, to take some safety measures. And obviously the new system is
more effective warning tool, compared to that of the previous one..
How do organisms use restriction enzymes in nature and how to they p.pdf
How do organisms use restriction enzymes in nature and how to they protect their own DNA
from these endonucleases?
C) They use it to protect against viral infection, the restriction endonucleases destroy the viral
DNA. The bacteria\'s DNA is protected because proteins methylate specific bases on cut sites so
that the restriction enzyme cannot recognize and cut those sites.
Solution
How do organisms use restriction enzymes in nature and how to they protect their own DNA
from these endonucleases?
C) They use it to protect against viral infection, the restriction endonucleases destroy the viral
DNA. The bacteria\'s DNA is protected because proteins methylate specific bases on cut sites so
that the restriction enzyme cannot recognize and cut those sites..
FALSE.Because the FIGCAPTION element must be nested within a figur.pdf
FALSE.
Because the FIGCAPTION element must be nested within a figure element. But only one
Figcaption element must be nested though the figcaption has multiple elments.
Solution
FALSE.
Because the FIGCAPTION element must be nested within a figure element. But only one
Figcaption element must be nested though the figcaption has multiple elments..
HF is an acid and Ba(OH)2 is a base.They react in an acid-base neu.pdf
HF is an acid and Ba(OH)2 is a base.
They react in an acid-base neutralization reaction to give a sparingly solube salt (BaF2) that
precipitates out as a solid, and water (H2O).
The reaction is thus:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2 HF(aq) => BaF2(s) + 2 H2O(l)
Solution
HF is an acid and Ba(OH)2 is a base.
They react in an acid-base neutralization reaction to give a sparingly solube salt (BaF2) that
precipitates out as a solid, and water (H2O).
The reaction is thus:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2 HF(aq) => BaF2(s) + 2 H2O(l).
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KOH (aq) + HNO3 -- KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) can be written K+1(aq) +.pdf
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