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This document proposes an online secure e-passport protocol to address weaknesses in existing e-passport standards. It summarizes the current first and second generation e-passport protocols, outlining known attacks. The proposed online protocol aims to eliminate weaknesses by using an online central authority to authenticate the inspection system and e-passport without transmitting long certificate chains. It describes the protocol steps including both parties creating a session key, the inspection system authenticating to the central authority, and the central authority verifying and responding with encrypted identity and certificate information. The protocol aims to provide mutual authentication and session key security while minimizing e-passport computation. It notes further work is needed to address online delays and integrate with automated passport processing systems
An insight into the E-Passport, aka Biometric Passport, the need for biometrics in travel documents, the ICAO regulations governing the information contained in the electronic chip, RFID technique, Privacy threats in the current design.
This document presents a proposed methodology for offline signature recognition using global and grid features extracted from signature images. The methodology involves preprocessing signatures, extracting global and grid features using discrete wavelet transforms, training a backpropagation neural network on the features, and classifying signatures based on the trained network. Experimental results show classification accuracy rates ranging from 89-93% for signatures from 10 to 50 individuals. Future work could involve exploring different signature features to potentially improve recognition performance.
The document describes using the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm for sub-image matching. It discusses rejecting the chain code algorithm and instead using SIFT. It then explains the various steps of SIFT including creating scale-space and Difference of Gaussian pyramids, extrema detection, noise elimination, orientation assignment, descriptor computation, and keypoints matching.
OCR Presentation (Optical Character Recognition)Neeraj Neupane
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technology that converts non-digital text into editable formats. It works by recognizing printed or written characters using computer vision techniques. The document describes the architecture and objectives of an OCR system, including converting documents to text, speeding up processing, and embedding in applications. It outlines common OCR methods such as grayscaling, binarization, noise removal, sharpening, segmentation, feature extraction, and recognition to identify characters. Diagrams show the system architecture and workflow. Screenshots demonstrate the developed OCR system in use. The conclusion discusses automatic data entry and future areas like recognizing handwriting.
Segmentation
Active Contours
Split and Merge
Watershed
Region Splitting and Merging
Graph-based Segmentation
Mean shift and Model finding
Normalized Cut
Digital watermarking involves imperceptibly embedding a watermark signal into digital content like images, video or audio. It can be used for copyright protection, content authentication, and metadata tagging. There are different types of watermarking including robust, fragile, visible, invisible, public and private watermarking. Common techniques include LSB watermarking and color separation. Digital watermarking has applications in copyright protection, online music industry, and news gathering using digital cameras.
This document proposes an online secure e-passport protocol to address weaknesses in existing e-passport standards. It summarizes the current first and second generation e-passport protocols, outlining known attacks. The proposed online protocol aims to eliminate weaknesses by using an online central authority to authenticate the inspection system and e-passport without transmitting long certificate chains. It describes the protocol steps including both parties creating a session key, the inspection system authenticating to the central authority, and the central authority verifying and responding with encrypted identity and certificate information. The protocol aims to provide mutual authentication and session key security while minimizing e-passport computation. It notes further work is needed to address online delays and integrate with automated passport processing systems
An insight into the E-Passport, aka Biometric Passport, the need for biometrics in travel documents, the ICAO regulations governing the information contained in the electronic chip, RFID technique, Privacy threats in the current design.
This document presents a proposed methodology for offline signature recognition using global and grid features extracted from signature images. The methodology involves preprocessing signatures, extracting global and grid features using discrete wavelet transforms, training a backpropagation neural network on the features, and classifying signatures based on the trained network. Experimental results show classification accuracy rates ranging from 89-93% for signatures from 10 to 50 individuals. Future work could involve exploring different signature features to potentially improve recognition performance.
The document describes using the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm for sub-image matching. It discusses rejecting the chain code algorithm and instead using SIFT. It then explains the various steps of SIFT including creating scale-space and Difference of Gaussian pyramids, extrema detection, noise elimination, orientation assignment, descriptor computation, and keypoints matching.
OCR Presentation (Optical Character Recognition)Neeraj Neupane
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technology that converts non-digital text into editable formats. It works by recognizing printed or written characters using computer vision techniques. The document describes the architecture and objectives of an OCR system, including converting documents to text, speeding up processing, and embedding in applications. It outlines common OCR methods such as grayscaling, binarization, noise removal, sharpening, segmentation, feature extraction, and recognition to identify characters. Diagrams show the system architecture and workflow. Screenshots demonstrate the developed OCR system in use. The conclusion discusses automatic data entry and future areas like recognizing handwriting.
Segmentation
Active Contours
Split and Merge
Watershed
Region Splitting and Merging
Graph-based Segmentation
Mean shift and Model finding
Normalized Cut
Digital watermarking involves imperceptibly embedding a watermark signal into digital content like images, video or audio. It can be used for copyright protection, content authentication, and metadata tagging. There are different types of watermarking including robust, fragile, visible, invisible, public and private watermarking. Common techniques include LSB watermarking and color separation. Digital watermarking has applications in copyright protection, online music industry, and news gathering using digital cameras.
Pixel transforms,
Color transforms,
Histogram processing & equalization ,
Filtering,
Convolution,
Fourier transformation and its applications in sharpening,
Blurring and noise removal
Morphological image processing uses mathematical morphology tools to extract image components and describe shapes. Some key tools include binary erosion and dilation, which thin and thicken objects. Erosion shrinks objects while dilation grows them. Opening and closing are combinations of erosion and dilation that smooth contours or fill gaps. The hit-or-miss transform detects shapes by requiring matches of foreground and background pixels. Other algorithms include boundary extraction, hole filling, and thinning to find skeletons, which are medial axes of object shapes.
Features Detection
Edge Detection
Corner Detection
Line and Curve Detection
Active Contours
SIFT and HOG Descriptors
Shape Context Descriptors
Morphological Operations
Visual effects involve the integration of live-action footage with computer-generated imagery to create realistic environments that cannot be captured on film, through techniques like bluescreening/greenscreening, miniatures, animatronics, and computer-generated 3D characters. Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into a single scene to create the illusion they were shot together, and involves techniques like motion capture, match moving, rotoscoping, and CGI animation through skeletal rigging.
This document summarizes a lecture on image transformations and warping. It discusses:
1) Why image alignment is important for tasks like image mosaicing and what geometric transformations exist, like similarity transformations.
2) The concept of image warping, where the domain (coordinates) of an image are changed, as opposed to filtering, which changes the range (colors).
3) Parametric or global warping methods that apply the same transformation to all points, described by parameters, including linear transformations represented by 2x2 matrices.
4) Homogeneous coordinates as a way to represent translations and other transformations with matrices.
5) Common affine transformations including translation, rotation, scaling, and shear.
The document presents a method for detecting moving objects using RGB content and illumination calculations. It describes an algorithm that detects changes in RGB values and illumination as an object moves or the camera position changes. The method was tested on stationary objects, partially moving objects, and fully moving objects to measure changes in illumination. It was found to successfully detect object movement based on differences in illumination and RGB configuration between stationary and moving object states. Limitations include difficulty detecting objects in dark conditions and slow moving objects. Potential applications mentioned are security systems and speech recognition devices.
Motion capture involves recording human movement through specialized cameras and mapping it to a character model. Historically, rotoscoping was used, which traces live action frame by frame. Optical, magnetic, and mechanical are common mocap techniques. Motion capture is used in entertainment like films and games, medicine like gait analysis, and science/engineering like robot development. New areas of research include markerless mocap and cheaper techniques.
The document discusses aviation safety regulation. It begins by stating that all information presented is either cited from other sources or represents the author's personal opinion. It then asks if the current regulatory framework hinders innovation without significantly improving safety. Several stakeholders in aviation safety are identified, including regulators. The key role of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in establishing global standards for aviation is described. ICAO member states are responsible for implementing these standards domestically. The document examines debates around the appropriate level of regulation in aviation to balance safety, economic factors, and innovation.
The document discusses aviation safety and regulations, outlining that aviation regulations cover issues related to aircraft operations, air traffic control, and licensing, and that international air transport is regulated through national, bilateral, and multilateral agreements. It also provides details on the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), including its aims to ensure safe and orderly growth of international aviation, as well as its annexes and documentation that provide standards and recommended practices.
Identity Document with biometrics - a deployment - seafarersAlan.Husselbee
The document provides details about the consultant's previous role working for the UN International Labour Organisation on their Seafarers Identity Document (SID) program. The SID program aimed to replace existing seafarer IDs with new photo and biometric IDs following security concerns after 9/11. The consultant's initial role was to produce a system architecture document, but their role expanded over time to include program planning, facilitating technical standards, and providing support to help over 15 member states successfully deploy SID programs.
The document discusses the World Customs Organization (WCO) and its role in supporting implementation of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). The WCO has 179 member countries and works to set global customs standards. It launched an Implementation Guidance on its website to support members' TFA implementation through tools like the Revised Kyoto Convention. The WCO also has a Mercator Programme that provides technical assistance to help developing countries implement customs reforms and the TFA through strategic planning, needs assessments, and capacity building activities.
New Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation.pptxshobhana v
This document discusses several factors related to airport and stadium design and regulation:
- Airport design requires critical planning parameters like forecasting future operations and benchmarking aircraft, passenger, and flight trends. Regulations are set by groups like the Airports Authority of India and Directorate General of Civil Aviation.
- Stadiums like cricket grounds are regulated by organizations like the Sports Authority of India and follow standards from international groups like the International Cricket Council. Football stadiums adhere to guidelines from FIFA and UEFA.
- Other concepts covered include transit-oriented development, bus rapid transit standards, railway platform types, environmental impact assessments, and coastal regulation zone management.
Aviation Sector Development in Latin America (2005)Jawad Rachami
This document summarizes a presentation on sustainable aviation development in Latin America. It discusses how aviation supports economic development and trends in the Latin American aviation market. It also outlines pillars needed for change, including institutional reform, policy reform, and infrastructure modernization. Additionally, it covers topics like airport and airspace planning, current challenges, and future opportunities to improve capacity, safety, security and efficiency through 2025.
This document summarizes an IATA presentation on travel document compliance solutions. It discusses IATA's Timatic database, which contains passport, visa and health requirements for global travel. Timatic products like Timatic AutoCheck integrate the database into airline reservation and check-in systems to automate travel document checks. This helps airlines avoid fines for improperly documented passengers and improve customer experience through self-service options like kiosk check-in. The presentation provides an overview of Timatic features and benefits, such as reducing costs and fines while improving efficiency.
The document discusses IATA's activities related to safety management systems (SMS) and the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) program. It provides an overview of IATA's support for SMS implementation, the incorporation of SMS principles into IOSA, and results showing airlines in the Asia-Pacific region still have progress to make in fully implementing SMS standards. It also outlines next steps for IOSA, including enhancing the program and updating SMS provisions to reflect ongoing work by ICAO's Safety Management Panel.
ICAO is a specialized agency of the UN that promotes safe and orderly development of international civil aviation. It sets standards in aviation safety, security, efficiency and environmental protection. ICAO's structure includes the Assembly of 191 member states, Council of 36 elected states, and technical commissions and committees. Key documents include the Chicago Convention, Annexes establishing standards and recommended practices, and procedural documents. ICAO is moving towards performance-based standards and collaborating with outside organizations.
AeroDocs Aviation Document Control SoftwareGary Byrnes
Audit Compliance and Secure Digital Document Control Software for Airlines.
“Our vision of the connected aircraft software ecosystem unites all the participants in the journey, from airline management to regulators, from Ops Control to the flightcrew, from cabin crew to the passengers. We need to ensure that the right data is always available to the right people at the right time.
“AeroDocs Airline Document Management System gives operators complete control over their digital documents. Control is a critical factor in a successful safety policy, and maintaining up-to-date records contributes greatly to successful safety audit outcomes.”
- Niall O’Sullivan, Arconics CEO, 18/04/2016
A roadmap towards an integrated regional airspace managementDan Odido
This document outlines a roadmap for integrating regional airspace management in East Africa. It reviews relevant policy frameworks and laws, as well as air traffic management systems. Case studies on existing models like ASECNA, Eurocontrol and SESAR are presented. Current integration initiatives like the ICAO AFI Plan, efforts among AFI ANSPs, and the COMESA airspace integration project are discussed. The document proposes that further research is needed to inform policymaking on issues like adopting new technologies, international harmonization, enhancing aviation safety, and managing environmental impacts to achieve the goals of improved safety, efficiency and meeting future traffic demands.
Pixel transforms,
Color transforms,
Histogram processing & equalization ,
Filtering,
Convolution,
Fourier transformation and its applications in sharpening,
Blurring and noise removal
Morphological image processing uses mathematical morphology tools to extract image components and describe shapes. Some key tools include binary erosion and dilation, which thin and thicken objects. Erosion shrinks objects while dilation grows them. Opening and closing are combinations of erosion and dilation that smooth contours or fill gaps. The hit-or-miss transform detects shapes by requiring matches of foreground and background pixels. Other algorithms include boundary extraction, hole filling, and thinning to find skeletons, which are medial axes of object shapes.
Features Detection
Edge Detection
Corner Detection
Line and Curve Detection
Active Contours
SIFT and HOG Descriptors
Shape Context Descriptors
Morphological Operations
Visual effects involve the integration of live-action footage with computer-generated imagery to create realistic environments that cannot be captured on film, through techniques like bluescreening/greenscreening, miniatures, animatronics, and computer-generated 3D characters. Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into a single scene to create the illusion they were shot together, and involves techniques like motion capture, match moving, rotoscoping, and CGI animation through skeletal rigging.
This document summarizes a lecture on image transformations and warping. It discusses:
1) Why image alignment is important for tasks like image mosaicing and what geometric transformations exist, like similarity transformations.
2) The concept of image warping, where the domain (coordinates) of an image are changed, as opposed to filtering, which changes the range (colors).
3) Parametric or global warping methods that apply the same transformation to all points, described by parameters, including linear transformations represented by 2x2 matrices.
4) Homogeneous coordinates as a way to represent translations and other transformations with matrices.
5) Common affine transformations including translation, rotation, scaling, and shear.
The document presents a method for detecting moving objects using RGB content and illumination calculations. It describes an algorithm that detects changes in RGB values and illumination as an object moves or the camera position changes. The method was tested on stationary objects, partially moving objects, and fully moving objects to measure changes in illumination. It was found to successfully detect object movement based on differences in illumination and RGB configuration between stationary and moving object states. Limitations include difficulty detecting objects in dark conditions and slow moving objects. Potential applications mentioned are security systems and speech recognition devices.
Motion capture involves recording human movement through specialized cameras and mapping it to a character model. Historically, rotoscoping was used, which traces live action frame by frame. Optical, magnetic, and mechanical are common mocap techniques. Motion capture is used in entertainment like films and games, medicine like gait analysis, and science/engineering like robot development. New areas of research include markerless mocap and cheaper techniques.
The document discusses aviation safety regulation. It begins by stating that all information presented is either cited from other sources or represents the author's personal opinion. It then asks if the current regulatory framework hinders innovation without significantly improving safety. Several stakeholders in aviation safety are identified, including regulators. The key role of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in establishing global standards for aviation is described. ICAO member states are responsible for implementing these standards domestically. The document examines debates around the appropriate level of regulation in aviation to balance safety, economic factors, and innovation.
The document discusses aviation safety and regulations, outlining that aviation regulations cover issues related to aircraft operations, air traffic control, and licensing, and that international air transport is regulated through national, bilateral, and multilateral agreements. It also provides details on the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), including its aims to ensure safe and orderly growth of international aviation, as well as its annexes and documentation that provide standards and recommended practices.
Identity Document with biometrics - a deployment - seafarersAlan.Husselbee
The document provides details about the consultant's previous role working for the UN International Labour Organisation on their Seafarers Identity Document (SID) program. The SID program aimed to replace existing seafarer IDs with new photo and biometric IDs following security concerns after 9/11. The consultant's initial role was to produce a system architecture document, but their role expanded over time to include program planning, facilitating technical standards, and providing support to help over 15 member states successfully deploy SID programs.
The document discusses the World Customs Organization (WCO) and its role in supporting implementation of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). The WCO has 179 member countries and works to set global customs standards. It launched an Implementation Guidance on its website to support members' TFA implementation through tools like the Revised Kyoto Convention. The WCO also has a Mercator Programme that provides technical assistance to help developing countries implement customs reforms and the TFA through strategic planning, needs assessments, and capacity building activities.
New Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation.pptxshobhana v
This document discusses several factors related to airport and stadium design and regulation:
- Airport design requires critical planning parameters like forecasting future operations and benchmarking aircraft, passenger, and flight trends. Regulations are set by groups like the Airports Authority of India and Directorate General of Civil Aviation.
- Stadiums like cricket grounds are regulated by organizations like the Sports Authority of India and follow standards from international groups like the International Cricket Council. Football stadiums adhere to guidelines from FIFA and UEFA.
- Other concepts covered include transit-oriented development, bus rapid transit standards, railway platform types, environmental impact assessments, and coastal regulation zone management.
Aviation Sector Development in Latin America (2005)Jawad Rachami
This document summarizes a presentation on sustainable aviation development in Latin America. It discusses how aviation supports economic development and trends in the Latin American aviation market. It also outlines pillars needed for change, including institutional reform, policy reform, and infrastructure modernization. Additionally, it covers topics like airport and airspace planning, current challenges, and future opportunities to improve capacity, safety, security and efficiency through 2025.
This document summarizes an IATA presentation on travel document compliance solutions. It discusses IATA's Timatic database, which contains passport, visa and health requirements for global travel. Timatic products like Timatic AutoCheck integrate the database into airline reservation and check-in systems to automate travel document checks. This helps airlines avoid fines for improperly documented passengers and improve customer experience through self-service options like kiosk check-in. The presentation provides an overview of Timatic features and benefits, such as reducing costs and fines while improving efficiency.
The document discusses IATA's activities related to safety management systems (SMS) and the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) program. It provides an overview of IATA's support for SMS implementation, the incorporation of SMS principles into IOSA, and results showing airlines in the Asia-Pacific region still have progress to make in fully implementing SMS standards. It also outlines next steps for IOSA, including enhancing the program and updating SMS provisions to reflect ongoing work by ICAO's Safety Management Panel.
ICAO is a specialized agency of the UN that promotes safe and orderly development of international civil aviation. It sets standards in aviation safety, security, efficiency and environmental protection. ICAO's structure includes the Assembly of 191 member states, Council of 36 elected states, and technical commissions and committees. Key documents include the Chicago Convention, Annexes establishing standards and recommended practices, and procedural documents. ICAO is moving towards performance-based standards and collaborating with outside organizations.
AeroDocs Aviation Document Control SoftwareGary Byrnes
Audit Compliance and Secure Digital Document Control Software for Airlines.
“Our vision of the connected aircraft software ecosystem unites all the participants in the journey, from airline management to regulators, from Ops Control to the flightcrew, from cabin crew to the passengers. We need to ensure that the right data is always available to the right people at the right time.
“AeroDocs Airline Document Management System gives operators complete control over their digital documents. Control is a critical factor in a successful safety policy, and maintaining up-to-date records contributes greatly to successful safety audit outcomes.”
- Niall O’Sullivan, Arconics CEO, 18/04/2016
A roadmap towards an integrated regional airspace managementDan Odido
This document outlines a roadmap for integrating regional airspace management in East Africa. It reviews relevant policy frameworks and laws, as well as air traffic management systems. Case studies on existing models like ASECNA, Eurocontrol and SESAR are presented. Current integration initiatives like the ICAO AFI Plan, efforts among AFI ANSPs, and the COMESA airspace integration project are discussed. The document proposes that further research is needed to inform policymaking on issues like adopting new technologies, international harmonization, enhancing aviation safety, and managing environmental impacts to achieve the goals of improved safety, efficiency and meeting future traffic demands.
CIO perspective: Investment decisions and the future for technology for Assoc...Associations Network
This document summarizes a presentation by Paul Costelloe of the European CIO Association on technology investment decisions for associations. It discusses embracing digital transformation and gaining support for IT investments. It also covers developing an IT readiness strategy, overcoming investment hurdles, and determining which parts of an organization technology needs to reach. The European CIO Association represents over 900 CIOs across Europe and aims to create a platform for knowledge sharing and provide input to European regulatory bodies on IT issues.
How can the global drone technology provide solution for all?PwC Polska
This document discusses PwC's drone technology solutions and the commercial drone market. It provides an overview of PwC's drone services in Poland and its proprietary geospatial application. The global commercial drone market is valued at over $127 billion, and drones can provide solutions across many industries like agriculture, insurance, and infrastructure. PwC aims to help harmonize drone regulations globally to accelerate industry adoption by focusing first on visual line-of-sight standards and implementing legislation gradually based on industry needs.
This document provides an overview of strategies for developing smart ports. It discusses four levels of digital transformation that ports can undergo: internal digital transformation, connecting the port, connecting the port community, and becoming a hyperconnected port. The document outlines the key components of smart ports, including digital technologies, digital strategy, and people. It also discusses drivers for smart port solutions such as climate change, energy changes, and the circular economy. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive conceptual framework for understanding smart ports and developing strategies to transform ports digitally.
The document summarizes an aerodrome certification workshop that took place in Paris, France from 18-20 December 2018. It discusses the objectives of the workshop which were to provide insight into aerodrome certification requirements and processes, and to develop participants' skills and knowledge in areas like aerodrome certification and safety management. The document also outlines aspects of aerodrome certification requirements in the Chicago Convention and ICAO Annex 14, and guidance on certification procedures from ICAO Document 9774.
The use of data and technology in cargo risk managementTristan Wiggill
A presentation by Prof Alwyn Hoffman (School for Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering: NWU - Potchefstroom Campus), at the Transport Forum SIG: "Security Value Chain on Road and Rail" on 3 March 2016 hosted by University of Johannesburg. The theme of the presentation was: "The Use of Technology in Cargo Risk Management".
More like this on www.transportworldafrica.co.za
The Nigerian Cybersecurity Space-How Regulated Are We?Chinatu Uzuegbu
The document discusses cybersecurity regulations in Nigeria. It begins by introducing the speaker, Chinatu Uzuegbu, and their background in cybersecurity. It then covers key concepts related to cybersecurity including the cybernetic elements that make up cyberspace, the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability that forms the philosophy of cybersecurity, and the importance of regulations and frameworks. The document reviews some international cybersecurity regulations and frameworks as well as those specific to Nigeria. It acknowledges that determining how well regulated Nigeria's sectors are would require collaboration across governing bodies and key industry players overseen by ONSA. It concludes that running effective cybersecurity regulations is achievable through applying the concept of a national cybersecurity alliance
IATA Interactive Cargo Project Overview_2020-06-20Sonia Ben Hamida
“When something goes wrong, it takes time to get information”. Air cargo customers demand more end-to-end visibility and real-time information about their shipments. The demand for these capabilities is exploding with the growth of e-commerce. The online retailers and shoppers need and want to know where their shipments are at any time. Equipping the air cargo industry with this capability is imperative to improve the value proposition of air cargo and help our members to capitalize on e-commerce growth.
The vision of the Interactive Cargo project is to equip the air cargo supply chain with responsive air cargo services based on intelligent systems able to self-monitor, send real-time alerts, respond to deviation to meet customers’ expectations, and report on the cargo journey to allow data-driven improvements.
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Announcing a New Vision Trip Strategy - Mauricio Siciliano ICAO
1. ICAO Global Leadership in Setting MRTD
Standards and Regulatory Framework
Mauricio Siciliano, ICAO MRTD Officer
Regional Seminar on MRTDs, Biometrics
and Identification Management
12 to 14 November 2013, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
2. Overview
1. How do we got here?
2. What do we do?
• Standards & Specifications
• Assistance
3. What will we become?
4. What else do we do?
5. Conclusions 2
3. HOW DO WE GOT HERE
ICAO’s mandate for standards
development:
The Convention on
International Civil Aviation
3
4. Vision and Mission
The International Civil Aviation
Organization is the global forum
for civil aviation. ICAO works to
achieve its vision of safe, secure
and sustainable development of
civil aviation through the
cooperation of its Member
States.
4
5. Chicago Convention
Chicago, 7 December 1944
PREAMBLE
WHEREAS the future
development of
international civil aviation
can greatly help to create
and preserve friendship and
international understanding
among the nations and
peoples o the world, yet its
abuse can become a threat
to the general security;
5
6. Chicago Convention Goals
• Establishes principles and arrangements so that international
civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner.
• International civil aviation helps create and preserve friendship
and understanding among the nations and peoples of the
world.
• Recognizes that its abuse can become a threat to the general
security.
• Avoid friction and to promote that co-operation between
nations and peoples upon which the peace of the world
depends. 6
7. • 2.9 billion passengers
• 52 million ton. of freight
• 1 000 airlines
• 25 000 aircraft in service
• More than 4 000 airports
• 36 million airline routes
• 170 air navigation centers
• 1.5% Cargo Volume = 34.6% in value
…and in 2030
6 billion
passengers
Air transport: 2012 world data
7
8. ICAO – Specialized UN Agency
Secretariat
5 Bureaux
Air Transport Bureau
Aviation Security & Facilitation
MRTD Programme
191 Contracting States
Assembly
Council (36)
ATC
President
Secretary
General
8
9. ICAO’s strategic objectives
2014-2015-2016
9
Belly-freight
Safety: Enhance global civil aviation safety
Air Navigation Capacity and Efficiency: Increase capacity and
improve efficiency of the global civil aviation system
Security & Facilitation: Enhance global
civil aviation security and facilitation
Economic Development of Air Transport: Foster the development of a
sound and economically-viable civil aviation system
Environmental Protection: Minimize the adverse environmental effects of
civil aviation activities
9
10. New StrategicObjectiveC –
Enhance GlobalSecurityand Facilitation
This Strategic Objective reflects the need for
ICAO’s leadership in aviation security,
facilitation and related border security
matters.
10
11. Annex 17: Security (AVSEC)
• Lead and support global efforts to establish sustainable civil
aviation security regimes and oversight systems to:
• prevent unlawful interference with civil aviation;
• respond effectively to attacks and attempted attacks; and
• assure the safe and efficient movement of people and goods
“Provide technical assistance to States in need, including
funding, capacity building and technology transfer to
effectively address security threats to civil aviation, in
cooperation with other States, international organizations and
industry partners.”
37th ICAO Assembly, Montreal, October 2010
11
12. Annex 9: Facilitation (FAL)
• Maintain stability of supply
chain
• Support economic growth
• Enable sustainable
development of air
transport
• Maintain security and flight
safety
Facilitation is the efficient
management of (customs,
immigration, health and
quarantine) border control
processes, to expedite clearance
(of aircraft, passengers/crew,
baggage and cargo) and to
prevent unnecessary delays.
Annex 9 to the Chicago Convention
• facilitation of landside formalities for clearance of aircraft, passengers, goods and mail
• requirements of customs, immigration, public health and agriculture authorities
12
14. WHAT DO WE DO
Establish Standards and
Specifications for MRTDs and
eMRTDs
15. Chicago Convention &
the MRTD Community
• Binding all agencies related to Annex
9 – Facilitation related to MRTDs,
immigration, customs, border control
• Several State agencies mandated to
implement convention obligations
• Normally coordinated by the Civil
Aviation Authority
• FAL Contact/Officer
• FAL National Programme
• FAL Airport Programme
• Convention applicable to the MRTD
Community 15
16. ICAO Policy Making
Standards & Recommended Practices
(SARPs)
What?
• Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs)
• Standards (ex. MRTD) - Shall
• All passports issued to be MRPs according to Doc 9303 (3.10)
• All passports in circulations after 24/11/ 2015 to be MRPs (3.10.1)
• One Person, One Passport (3.15)
• Recommended Practices (SARPs) - Should
• Incorporation of biometric data and issuance of ePassport (3.9)
• Introduction of API systems (3.47)
• Differences to Standards 16
17. MRTD Programme
• Aimed at producing standardized and
interoperable specifications for issuance
and verification of travel documents.
• Build confidence in the reliability of travel
documents.
• Effective inspection procedures.
• Facilitates inspection formalities for the
majority of travellers. 17
19. ICAO Policy Making
for MRTD Specifications
19
TAG/MRTD
NTWG
States
International
Organizations
ICBWG
ISO
Air Transport Committee
Council
20. Standards and Specifications
20
Doc 9303
Part 1 – Passport
ePassport
Part 2 - Visa
Part 3 - Official
Travel Document
ISO : SC17 WG3
ISO/IEC 7501
Contactless Chip
21. Part 1 – MRPs
Data page layout
21
MRZ
VIZ
photo
125mm
88mm
Zone I
Zone II
Zone V
Zone III Zone IV
22. MRZ – Security
22
document
type
country code
primary & secondary
identifiers (names) filler characters
passport
number
nationality
date of
birth
sex
date of expiry
optional data check digits
22
24. ICAO Policy Making
Doc 9303
What? - Standards 3.10 and 3.9 refer to Doc 9303
24
24
0111001001010
MRP
CHIP RFID
14443
IMAGE
FACE
LDS
PKI DIGITAL
SIGNATURE
PKD
26. ePassport: The Trust Imperative
• ePassport must be ICAO compliant
• ePassports are Passports with a chip. The chip
augments the security of the Passport, it does not
replace it
• ePassports are issued by entities that assert trust –
Identification supply chain
• Achieve global exchange of certificates et al.
• Improper validation of E-Passport leads to a “false”
sense of security
26
28. ePassports & Public Key Infrastructure
(PKI) Operational View
28
Passport InspectionPassport Issuance
Document Signer
- Hash DGs
- Digital Signature
Inspector / Inspection System
- Verify digital signature
- Validate LDS data integrity and
authenticity
- Physical inspection
SOD
SOD
Personalization
29. ICAO PKD – ePassport
Authentication & Validation
29
via PKD
country
H F
E
D
C
B
A PKD
Gvia bilateral
exchange
A
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
country
This example shows 8 States requiring 56 bilateral exchanges (left) or 2 exchanges with the PKD (right) to be
up to date with certificates and revocation lists.
In case of 191 ICAO States 35,910 bilateral exchanges would be necessary while there are still 2 exchanges
necessary with the PKD.
34. Evidence of Identification
• Criminal focus shifting to lesser developed
areas:
• Evidence of Identity
• Issuance process
• Travel document fraud
• Identity fraud at the border
• Unless addressed, weakens the core MRTD
programme and global trust!
34
35. WHAT WILL WE BECOME
From MRTD to Traveller Identification
Programme (TRIP)
35
36. Enhancing the MRTD Programme
ICAO Traveller Identification
Programme (ICAO TRIP)
• Holistic approach to identification
management
and travel documents
• Applicable to all mode of transports
and borders
• Integrates MRTDs, PKD and other
elements of traveller identification
management
• Submitted to the 38th Session of the
ICAO Assembly - for the final
endorsement of the TRIP Strategy
36
38. WHAT ELSE DO WE DO
Implementation, Assistance and
Capacity Building on MRTDs
39. Implementation, Assistance and
Capacity Building
• Promotion and Education –
Partnership (ex. Regional seminars,
symposium, workshops)
• MRTD Report (Magazine)
• Assistance
• Technical Cooperation Projects
39
22 to 24 October 2013, Montreal, Canada
40. Implementation, Assistance and
Capacity Building
• States to comply with MRP standards and
specifications by April 2010
• No non-MRP in circulation after November
2015
• Incorporation of Biometric Technology
• Improve and secure the passport issuance
process
• Establish robust identity management
systems 40
41. Implementation of MRTDs
depends on:
• Access to the necessary expertise
• Access to adequate, necessary and functional equipment
for edition, organization and implementation of MRTDs
• Capacity of manpower of States to operate equipment,
training and maintain this capacity
• Coordination and management of the set of procedures
• Management of the stakeholders and the process-
associated risks
41
42. Assistance on Travel
Documents
• The new UN e-LP
• Joint TC project between UN and ICAO
• Specs designed by ICAO MRTD experts
• State-of-the-art technology
• Fully ICAO-compliant
• Takes full advantage of ICAO PKD security
benefits 42
43. Conclusions
• ICAO is your UN agency
• Establishes trust among nations
• Establishes and maintain MRTD and eMRTDs
standards and specifications
• Establishes guidance for Evidence of Identification
• Effective inspection procedures
• Facilitates inspection formalities for the majority of
travellers
• Evolves to fit States’ needs – From MRTD to TRIP
• Provides advocacy and assistance
43
In this presentation, I would like to focus on the following items :
Give you a brief overview of ICAO mandate
ICAO’s current work related to AVSEC, FAL and MRTD Programmes
Provide an update about the ICAO evolving strategic directions on Traveller Identification management, and highlight the relevance of ICAO’s work to the global Counter-Terrorism agenda
Discuss challenges and opportunities in providing capacity-building assistance to States,
AND, MOST IMPORTANTLY- explore the prospects of consolidating strategic partnership between ICAO and UN CTED in providing further capacity-building assistance to States
As you know, ICAO is the global forum for civil aviation, and works to achieve its vision of safe, secure and sustainable development of civil aviation through the cooperation of its Member States.
ICAO is governed by the Chicago Convention, which recognizes that the future development of international civil aviation can greatly help to create and preserve friendship and international understanding among the nations and peoples o the world, yet its abuse can become a threat to the general security;
Key provisions in the Chicago Convention include -------
Establishing principles and arrangements so that international civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner;
That international civil aviation helps create and preserve friendship and understanding among the nations and peoples of the world;
However, it also recognizes that its abuse can become a threat to the general security.
And that it should serve to avoid friction and to promote that co-operation between nations and peoples upon which the peace of the world depends.
…and civil aviation have an enormous social and economic impact worldwide, with scheduled passenger forecasted to double from approximately 2.9 in 2012 to 6 billion in 2030. Also, currently moves 1.5% of cargo which carries almost 35% of the overall value. The security and facilitation implications and challenges, as well as the infrastructures to be protected are significant.
The constitution of ICAO is the Convention on International Civil Aviation, drawn up by a conference in Chicago in November and December 1944, and to which each ICAO Contracting State is a party. According to the terms of the Convention, the Organization is made up of an Assembly, a Council of limited membership with various subordinate bodies and a Secretariat. The chief officers are the President of the Council and the Secretary General.
The Assembly, composed of representatives from all Contracting States, is the sovereign body of ICAO. It meets every three years, reviewing in detail the work of the Organization and setting policy for the coming years. It also votes a triennial budget.
The Council, the governing body which is elected by the Assembly for a three-year term, is composed of 36 States. The Assembly chooses the Council Member States under three headings: States of chief importance in air transport, States which make the largest contribution to the provision of facilities for air navigation, and States whose designation will ensure that all major areas of the world are represented. As the governing body, the Council gives continuing direction to the work of ICAO. It is in the Council that Standards and Recommended Practices are adopted and incorporated as Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The Council is assisted by the Air Navigation Commission (technical matters), the Air Transport Committee (economic matters), the Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services and the Finance Committee.
The Secretariat, headed by a Secretary General, is divided into five main divisions: the Air Navigation Bureau, the Air Transport Bureau, the Technical Co-operation Bureau, the Legal Bureau, and the Bureau of Administration and Services. In order that the work of the Secretariat shall reflect a truly international approach, professional personnel are recruited on a broad geographical basis.
For the coming 2014-2016 triennium, ICAO has established 5 strategic objectives, which include Enhancing global civil aviation and facilitation.
Such strategic objective reflect and include the need for confirming and enhancing ICAO leadership in aviation security, facilitation and related border security matters; in particular those issues related to traveller identification and travel documents, which has been identified as the essential tool to assist balancing security and facilitation.
From the regulatory perspective, ICAO leads and supports global efforts to establish sustainable civil aviation security regimes and oversight systems through assisting in the implementation of Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention.
It also provides technical assistance to States that may require it…
ICAO also regulates Facilitation issues, which involves the efficient management of border control processes, to expedite clearance of aircraft, passengers/crew, baggage and cargo, including travel documents and travellers identification.
The key element in implementing all these measures is in achieving a balance between Security and Facilitation. The ICAO Traveller Identification Programme provides a the seamless example of this principle.
Now I will pass the floor to my colleague Mauricio Siciliano to tell you about the MRTD and Traveller Identification Programme
Annex 9 – Facilitation related to MRTDs, immigration, customs, border control
Annex 9 to the Chicago Convention embodies the SARPs and guidance material pertaining specifically to the facilitation of landside formalities for clearance of aircraft and passengers, goods and mail, with respect to the requirements of customs, immigration, public health and agriculture authorities. As such, it provides a frame of reference for planners and managers of international airport operations, describing the obligations of industry as well as the minimum facilities to be provided by governments. In addition, Annex 9 specifies methods and procedures for carrying out clearance operations in such a manner as to achieve compliance with States’ laws while enabling maximum productivity for the air transport operators, airports and government inspection agencies involved.
Several State agencies mandated to implement convention obligations
Normally coordinated by Civil Aviation Authority
FAL National Programme
FAL Airport Programme
The formulation of new or revised SARPs begins with a proposal for action from ICAO itself or from its Contracting States. Proposals also may be submitted by international organizations.
Doc 9303 SARPs are formulated in broad terms and restricted to essential requirements. For complex systems such as communications equipment, SARPs material is constructed in two sections: core SARPs - material of a fundamental regulatory nature contained within the main body of the Annexes, and detailed technical specifications placed either in Appendices to Annexes or in manuals.
What are the fundaments to build the MRTD Programme relays in the following precept:
Well, if public authorities are to facilitate inspection formalities for the vast majority of travellers, those authorities must have a satisfactory level of confidence in the reliability of travel documents and in the effectiveness of inspection procedures.
In this sense, the production of standardized specifications for travel documents, the data contained therein and the application of best practices are aimed at building that confidence.
Overall, the MRTD Programme provides tools & support to identify terrorist before crossing borders.
The MRZ Machine readable zone contains basic information on the travel document holder in two lines of OCR-B text, each with 44 characters
It also serves as a security feature by applying an algorithm to the information contained in.
The MRZ serves to capture travel document holder information for border control prcesses.
Guidance Material is produced to supplement the SARPs and PANS and to facilitate their implementation. Guidance material is issued as Attachments to Annexes or in separate documents such manuals, circulars and lists of designators/addresses. Usually it is approved at the same time as the related SARPS are adopted.
Manuals provide information to supplement and/or amplify the Standards and Recommended Practices and Procedures for Air Navigation Services. They are specifically designed to facilitate implementation and are amended periodically to ensure their contents reflect current practices and procedures.
Circulars make available specialized information of interest to Contracting States. Unlike manuals, circulars are not normally updated.
The differences to SARPS notified by States are published in Supplements to Annexes.
ICAO through the work of its working groups, developed specifications to enhance the security features of existing MRTDs. These specifications cover the use of the face as the main biometric identifier, and the fingerprint and/or iris as secondary.
An ePassport contains an embedded electronic chip that stores a country specific digital security feature, known as a digital signature. Information on the chip, in turn, is only useful if it can be validated quickly and securely by using a country public key.
To take advantage of issuing ePassports, and be trusted at borders, these should be read and validated. For that, border control authorities of other States should have access to the public keys required to do so.
Since travel documents have become so difficult to alter, criminal and terrorist have looked for that “weakest link” of the identification management chain.
Thus, there has been a shift in concentrating fraud efforts: from document fraud to identity fraud.
So how can we trust passports, if the source of such documents could have been compromised?
The answer is to reinforce the source so we can trust it, as well as all the products and services that may generate, including passports and confirmation of identity at borders, for example.
ICAO has established the Universal Implementation of MRTDs to assist States comply with their obligations & needs in this regard.
This is why ICAO is proposing to have an enhanced hollistic approach to travel document and traveller identification issues, which will also include securing source identity documents and processes that create and confirm identity, such as birth certificates and other breeder documents.
Now we are moving to explore how the MRTD programme, with all the trust and credibility it has generated, could contribute further to the global efforts of enhancing security through effective traveller identification management.
The new Strategy calls for the establishment of the ICAO Traveller Identification Programme (ICAO TRIP in short). The ICAO TRIP furthers holistic approach to identification management and travel documents. It integrates source or breeder documents, issuance processes, MRTDs, PKD and other elements of traveller identification management.
This new strategy will be presented to the ICAO Assembly for approval next September.
The strategy also calls for enhancing the number of partners and coordination to achieve its goals.
Pass floor to Mr. Djibo.
ICAO has established the Universal Implementation of MRTDs to assist States comply with their obligations & needs in this regard.
What to we do:
Promotion and Education – We do this through symposiums and seminars (Montreal) and in very successful partnership such as the one with OSCE offering joint regional seminars and assistance.
We also issue a bi-annual magazine and provide updated information through our website
We presently offer basic on-line training on general issues on MRTD and biometrics and will be developing Standardized Training Packages in this field
We provide assistance to States ; and
Technical Cooperation Projects
ICAO has established the Universal Implementation of MRTDs to assist States comply with their obligations & needs in this regard.
For example:
States to comply with MRP standards and specifications by April 2010
Incorporation of Biometric Technology
Improve and secure the passport issuance process
Establish robust identity management systems
The main difficulty for States to implement MRTD projects is that it depends on:
Access to the necessary expertise
Access to adequate, necessary and functional equipment for edition, organization and implementation of MRTDs
Capacity of manpower of States to operate equipment, training and maintain this capacity
Coordination and management of the set of procedures
Management of the stakeholders and the process-associated risks
An example of providing technical assistance on travel documents to states and organizations is the UN LP
The new UN electronic LP was recently implemented
It was a joint TC project between UN and ICAO
Specifications and tender dossier designed by ICAO MRTD experts
State-of-the-art technology used
Fully ICAO-compliant
Takes full advantage of ICAO PKD security benefits