This document provides information on geometric design considerations for airport runways, taxiways, and terminals. It discusses factors that influence runway orientation such as wind conditions and aircraft performance. It also describes guidelines for determining basic runway length based on elevation, temperature, and aircraft characteristics. Additional topics covered include runway configuration, geometry standards for length, width, gradients and sight distances, taxiway design standards, and concepts for terminal area layout and space requirements.
Air traffic control (ATC) involves ground-based air traffic controllers directing aircraft both on the ground and in the air. The primary purposes of ATC are to prevent collisions, organize efficient air traffic flow, and provide pilots with information. Controllers operate air traffic control systems to expedite air traffic safely and prevent mid-air collisions. ATC has developed since the 1920s with the introduction of radio technology and navigation aids, and establishment of regulations and procedures. Key types of ATC services include area control, approach control, aerodrome control, flight information, and alerting services.
Air traffic control ensures the safe and efficient movement of aircraft by separating them both vertically and horizontally. Controllers provide guidance to pilots to allow aircraft to take off and land safely in varying weather conditions using a variety of visual and electronic aids. The main goals of air traffic control are safety, efficiency, and economy by avoiding collisions, minimizing delays, and making effective use of facilities. Controllers use different flight rules depending on visibility, providing more guidance to pilots under instrument flight rules when visibility is low.
The document outlines the requirements and contents of an Aerodrome Manual. It discusses that ICAO and local regulations require aerodrome operators to submit an Aerodrome Manual as part of the certification process. The manual contains pertinent information about the aerodrome site, facilities, services, equipment, operating procedures, organization, and safety management system. It also describes the various parts of an Aerodrome Manual, including details about the aerodrome site, reporting procedures, operating procedures, safety measures, administration, and safety management system.
- Air traffic controllers are responsible for reporting runway conditions to pilots if they observe or are informed of any unsafe conditions. This includes relaying information to the airport manager and issuing NOTAMs if conditions cannot be confirmed.
- Controllers must provide factual information on runway conditions such as snow or ice accumulation as reported by airport management. This includes braking action reports from pilots categorized as good, fair, poor or nil.
- When braking action of poor or nil is reported, controllers declare braking action advisories in effect and provide updated reports to arriving and departing aircraft.
Air Traffic Controllers Runway Condition ReportingÜlger Ahmet
- Air traffic controllers are responsible for reporting runway conditions to pilots if they observe or are informed of any unsafe conditions. This includes relaying information to the airport manager and issuing NOTAMs if conditions cannot be confirmed.
- Controllers must provide factual information on runway conditions such as snow or ice accumulation as reported by airport management. This includes braking action reports from pilots categorized as good, fair, poor or nil.
- When braking action of poor or nil is reported or weather could impact conditions, controllers declare braking action advisories and provide updated reports to pilots.
The document discusses key aspects of ICAO's Annex 14, which provides standards and recommended practices (SARPs) for aerodrome design and operations. It outlines the objectives and methodology for understanding Annex 14 SARPs. It describes the development and amending process of SARPs and the contents and structure of Annex 14, including the aerodrome reference code system and different types of approaches. It also summarizes important SARPs regarding physical characteristics like obstacle limitation surfaces, markings, lighting, and signs.
This document provides information on air transport and airport layout. It defines key terms like aircraft, aerodrome, airport, airfield, runway, and taxiway. It describes the components of an airport layout including the runway, terminal building, aircraft apron, taxiway, aircraft stand, hangar, control tower, and parking areas. It also covers aircraft characteristics that influence airport design like aircraft type, size, turning radius, circling radius, speed, capacity, weight, wheel configuration, jet blast, and fuel spillage. Additionally, it classifies airports based on factors like take-off and landing capabilities, ICAO geometric design codes, FAA approach speed codes, function, and pavement strength. The document discusses
This document provides information on geometric design considerations for airport runways, taxiways, and terminals. It discusses factors that influence runway orientation such as wind conditions and aircraft performance. It also describes guidelines for determining basic runway length based on elevation, temperature, and aircraft characteristics. Additional topics covered include runway configuration, geometry standards for length, width, gradients and sight distances, taxiway design standards, and concepts for terminal area layout and space requirements.
Air traffic control (ATC) involves ground-based air traffic controllers directing aircraft both on the ground and in the air. The primary purposes of ATC are to prevent collisions, organize efficient air traffic flow, and provide pilots with information. Controllers operate air traffic control systems to expedite air traffic safely and prevent mid-air collisions. ATC has developed since the 1920s with the introduction of radio technology and navigation aids, and establishment of regulations and procedures. Key types of ATC services include area control, approach control, aerodrome control, flight information, and alerting services.
Air traffic control ensures the safe and efficient movement of aircraft by separating them both vertically and horizontally. Controllers provide guidance to pilots to allow aircraft to take off and land safely in varying weather conditions using a variety of visual and electronic aids. The main goals of air traffic control are safety, efficiency, and economy by avoiding collisions, minimizing delays, and making effective use of facilities. Controllers use different flight rules depending on visibility, providing more guidance to pilots under instrument flight rules when visibility is low.
The document outlines the requirements and contents of an Aerodrome Manual. It discusses that ICAO and local regulations require aerodrome operators to submit an Aerodrome Manual as part of the certification process. The manual contains pertinent information about the aerodrome site, facilities, services, equipment, operating procedures, organization, and safety management system. It also describes the various parts of an Aerodrome Manual, including details about the aerodrome site, reporting procedures, operating procedures, safety measures, administration, and safety management system.
- Air traffic controllers are responsible for reporting runway conditions to pilots if they observe or are informed of any unsafe conditions. This includes relaying information to the airport manager and issuing NOTAMs if conditions cannot be confirmed.
- Controllers must provide factual information on runway conditions such as snow or ice accumulation as reported by airport management. This includes braking action reports from pilots categorized as good, fair, poor or nil.
- When braking action of poor or nil is reported, controllers declare braking action advisories in effect and provide updated reports to arriving and departing aircraft.
Air Traffic Controllers Runway Condition ReportingÜlger Ahmet
- Air traffic controllers are responsible for reporting runway conditions to pilots if they observe or are informed of any unsafe conditions. This includes relaying information to the airport manager and issuing NOTAMs if conditions cannot be confirmed.
- Controllers must provide factual information on runway conditions such as snow or ice accumulation as reported by airport management. This includes braking action reports from pilots categorized as good, fair, poor or nil.
- When braking action of poor or nil is reported or weather could impact conditions, controllers declare braking action advisories and provide updated reports to pilots.
The document discusses key aspects of ICAO's Annex 14, which provides standards and recommended practices (SARPs) for aerodrome design and operations. It outlines the objectives and methodology for understanding Annex 14 SARPs. It describes the development and amending process of SARPs and the contents and structure of Annex 14, including the aerodrome reference code system and different types of approaches. It also summarizes important SARPs regarding physical characteristics like obstacle limitation surfaces, markings, lighting, and signs.
This document provides information on air transport and airport layout. It defines key terms like aircraft, aerodrome, airport, airfield, runway, and taxiway. It describes the components of an airport layout including the runway, terminal building, aircraft apron, taxiway, aircraft stand, hangar, control tower, and parking areas. It also covers aircraft characteristics that influence airport design like aircraft type, size, turning radius, circling radius, speed, capacity, weight, wheel configuration, jet blast, and fuel spillage. Additionally, it classifies airports based on factors like take-off and landing capabilities, ICAO geometric design codes, FAA approach speed codes, function, and pavement strength. The document discusses
The document discusses airport capacity challenges and managing delays. As air traffic grows, it will strain airport capacity. Planning ahead is key to keeping up with future demand. The document then discusses various factors that influence airport capacity like airspace, airfield, terminals and ground access. It also discusses different measures used to define and manage capacity, delays, and ways to manage demand such as administrative controls, economic incentives, and technological solutions.
Design & application of cdo for ahmedabad airport within ahmedabad tmaARVIND KUMAR SINGH
ICAO has emphasized on aviation safety, air navigation capacity and efficient environmental protection by strategic objective. ICAO also focused on the development and implementation on PBN, CDO and CCO for sustainable growth of aviation. Global Air Navigation Plan (2013-2028) provides methodology for integrated aviation planning and increased importance of collaborations and partnership among stakeholders. GANP outlined the implementation issues involving the PBN all over the world. In line with ICAO objective, this focuses on CDO procedure at Ahmedabad airport.
Trial CDO has been implemented but no formal procedure for airlines operator has yet been promulgated at various Indian airports including Ahmedabad Airport. Area and Approach are physically located at same place and trained controllers provide these services on rotation basis at Ahmedabad airport. Air Traffic Services provided with surveillance tools. STARs and SIDs were introduced in year 2008 at Ahmedabad Airport. Ahmedabad Airport has medium density traffic of aircraft movement, average 150 schedule aircraft movement per day and approx 75 scheduled arrivals per day. Due to non availability of published procedure limited Continuous Descent Operations are being performed by the arrivals, at Ahmedabad Airport.
This emphasises on analysis of traffic pattern on arrival routes for possible implementation of CDO is existing arrival procedures and study of existing CDO procedure, analysis of cost benefit, fuel efficiency and carbon emission for Ahmedabad airport.
Design & Application of Continuous Descent Operation (CDO) procedure in Ahmedabad TMA for Ahmedabad Airport will provide more efficient airspace & arrival routes, reduction in pilot –controller work load, cost saving to airlines operators and environmental benefits through reduced fuel burn.
With good CDO procedure, initially minimum 65% of arrivals are expected to perform CDO at Ahmedabad leading to saving of cost of operations and carbon emission, in addition to brand and image building of AAI as ANSP at Ahmedabad. The experience gained will also help AAI extend such procedure to other medium to light density traffic airports and subsequently all airports in line with ICAO Guidelines and requirement.
Runway incursions are a serious safety concern and significantly impact safe operations at any airport. Incursions, which also can occur on taxiways although not considered runway incursions, have involved air carrier aircraft, military planes, general aviation aircraft, air traffic controllers, ground vehicles and pedestrians.
Railways Harbors Tunneling and Airports Module 4 complete presentation as per VTU Syllabus
Air transport has the following characteristics:
1. Unbroken Journey: Air transport provides unbroken journey over land and sea. It is the fastest and quickest means of transport.
2. Rapidity: Air transport had the highest speed among all the modes of transport
3. Expensive: Air transport is the most expensive means of transport. There is huge investment in purchasing aero planes and constructing of aerodromes.
4. Special Preparations: Air transport requires special preparations like wheelers links, meteorological stations, flood lights, searchlights etc.
This document provides information on airport engineering and airport layout. It discusses how airport engineers design and construct terminals, runways, and navigation aids. Key components of an airport layout include runways for takeoffs and landings, terminal buildings, aircraft parking aprons, taxiways to move aircraft to/from runways, aircraft stands for parking, hangars for aircraft maintenance, and a control tower for air traffic control. Factors like aircraft characteristics, wind patterns, and future demand must be considered in airport planning and design.
10-Runway Design ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
The document discusses various aspects of runway design including:
1. The components that make up a runway system such as the structural pavement, shoulders, blast pad, runway safety area, object free zone, and obstacle free zone.
2. Factors considered for runway length such as elevation, temperature, and gradient that require corrections to the basic runway length.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the corrected runway length based on elevation, temperature, and gradient at the airport site.
The document discusses runway and taxiway design standards. It covers topics like basic runway length determination, corrections for elevation, temperature, and gradients. It provides geometric design standards for runway length, width, safety areas, gradients, and sight distances. For taxiways, it discusses design considerations like length, width, safety areas, gradients, sight distances, and turning radii. It also covers visual aids like airport markings and lighting for runways, taxiways, and other areas to assist pilots.
Air Traffic Control Organization LessonÜlger Ahmet
The Federal Aviation Administration is responsible for separating air traffic in the U.S. through a network of air traffic control facilities, including Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC), Air Traffic Control Towers (ATCT), and Flight Service Stations (FSS). ARTCCs, also known as "Centers", are ultimately responsible for separating all instrument flight rules (IFR) traffic, although they can delegate this responsibility to local ATC facilities. ATCTs, also known as "Towers", are responsible for separating aircraft using runways for takeoff and landing. FSSs provide services like weather briefings and flight planning assistance but do not control traffic. The Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC)
Air Traffic Control and Runway SeparationsAshwin Samales
This document discusses air traffic control and runway separations at airports. It explains that air traffic control provides operating rules for airports and influences airport capacity. Different types of air traffic control equipment are located at airports, including navigation, communication, surveillance and weather equipment. The document discusses siting criteria and critical areas for some of these equipment. It also provides examples of minimum separations between aircraft on runways and approaches under instrument and visual meteorological conditions.
Airport capacity and airport marking
This ppt was made by a pre final year civil engineering student for the presentation of seminar in his personal class.
you can refer it only for education purpose.
This document provides an overview of an airport ground handling operations course. It defines airport ground handling as the range of services provided to facilitate aircraft flights and ground movements, including both customer and ramp services. It states that ground handling operations, which encompass flight and passenger services during an aircraft's stopover, are critical to ensuring flights run on schedule and passengers are satisfied. The course objectives are listed as understanding airport systems basics and management, analyzing passenger security functions, and examining the ground handling department's operations.
This document discusses safety measures for the table-top runway at Mangalore Airport in India following a deadly crash in 2010. It recommends installing engineered material arresting systems (EMAS) in the runway end safety area (RESA) and making the ILS localizer structure frangible to reduce impacts if an aircraft overshoots the runway. It also suggests using soft ground arresting systems (SGAS), lead-in lighting systems, and maintaining clear RESA zones to prevent runway overruns at the airport.
This document discusses NACO's approach to airside safety in airport design and construction. It provides an introduction to NACO as an aviation consulting company with expertise in over 550 airport projects. The presentation emphasizes that airside safety starts during the design phase, including through master planning, airfield design, and site supervision. Key aspects of ensuring safety are addressed, such as planning for safety areas and obstacle limitations, drainage, and minimizing wildlife hazards. Construction phasing and simulations are also discussed to maintain safety during operations.
This document provides an overview and summary of the Level 2 Airside Driver Training course at Launceston Airport. The 3-sentence summary is:
The training course covers the rules, regulations, and safety policies for driving airside at Launceston Airport, including definitions of key areas, vehicle authorities required, speed limits, safety around aircraft, spill and accident reporting procedures, and markings like taxiway and parking lines. Completing the course provides drivers with the knowledge to safely operate vehicles airside while following all applicable rules to protect aircraft operations, infrastructure, and all personnel in the airside environment.
Runways are paved surfaces on airports designed for airplane landings and takeoffs. They can be made of materials like asphalt or grass. Runway length requirements vary based on factors like aircraft size, weight, and altitude. At sea level, 10,000 feet is adequate for any aircraft, but longer runways are needed at higher altitudes with less dense air providing less lift. Runway patterns include single runways, parallel runways, intersecting runways, and non-intersecting runways, with capacity depending on factors like wind direction, intersection location, and air traffic control method.
Air Traffic Control (ATC) manages air traffic to maintain safe distances between aircraft, prioritize emergency aircraft, and provide safety alerts. ATC separates aircraft using different procedures depending on the phase of flight, such as arrival/departure towers keeping one aircraft on the runway at a time. Controllers monitor aircraft by radar and issue clearances to ensure required distances between Instrument Flight Rule aircraft, while providing advisory services to Visual Flight Rule aircraft. Emergencies have the highest priority and ATC assists them by clearing airspace and directing them to available runways and emergency services.
airport - configuration-1 Dr.Sherif El badawaySherif Swedan
This document discusses various factors related to airport configuration and design. It addresses the key considerations for airport layout including runway orientation, length, and capacity. It also covers aircraft characteristics such as weight, speed, capacity, and how these influence airport design. Specifically, it explains how aircraft weight measurements like maximum takeoff weight and maximum landing weight impact facilities like runways and taxiways.
The document discusses several key factors regarding airport lighting, including different types of lights used for various purposes like approach lighting, runway lighting, taxiway lighting, and threshold lighting. It explains that airport lighting must be properly installed and maintained to guide pilots during night operations or low visibility conditions. Different lighting systems and patterns are used depending on the airport classification and level of air traffic. Standardization of airport lighting helps pilots navigate unfamiliar airports safely.
Sistemas Embarcados Aplicados à AviônicaLuan Oliveira
O documento descreve um projeto para desenvolver um checklist digital inteligente para aviões, substituindo os checklists impressos. O autor entrevistou pilotos e um mecânico sobre um protótipo do sistema, que consideraram útil para aumentar a segurança de voo ao reduzir erros humanos. O sistema foi visto como uma forma de melhorar a identificação de problemas e minimizar riscos, embora possa atrasar decolagens.
1) A hipercalemia é comum em nefrologia e pode ser uma emergência médica se houver alterações no ECG.
2) Os principais mecanismos de hipercalemia são desvio de potássio do espaço intracelular para o extracelular e diminuição da excreção renal de potássio.
3) A avaliação do paciente hipercalêmico requer identificar o mecanismo causador para direcionar o manejo a longo prazo, embora a consulta possa levar mais que 10 minutos.
The document discusses airport capacity challenges and managing delays. As air traffic grows, it will strain airport capacity. Planning ahead is key to keeping up with future demand. The document then discusses various factors that influence airport capacity like airspace, airfield, terminals and ground access. It also discusses different measures used to define and manage capacity, delays, and ways to manage demand such as administrative controls, economic incentives, and technological solutions.
Design & application of cdo for ahmedabad airport within ahmedabad tmaARVIND KUMAR SINGH
ICAO has emphasized on aviation safety, air navigation capacity and efficient environmental protection by strategic objective. ICAO also focused on the development and implementation on PBN, CDO and CCO for sustainable growth of aviation. Global Air Navigation Plan (2013-2028) provides methodology for integrated aviation planning and increased importance of collaborations and partnership among stakeholders. GANP outlined the implementation issues involving the PBN all over the world. In line with ICAO objective, this focuses on CDO procedure at Ahmedabad airport.
Trial CDO has been implemented but no formal procedure for airlines operator has yet been promulgated at various Indian airports including Ahmedabad Airport. Area and Approach are physically located at same place and trained controllers provide these services on rotation basis at Ahmedabad airport. Air Traffic Services provided with surveillance tools. STARs and SIDs were introduced in year 2008 at Ahmedabad Airport. Ahmedabad Airport has medium density traffic of aircraft movement, average 150 schedule aircraft movement per day and approx 75 scheduled arrivals per day. Due to non availability of published procedure limited Continuous Descent Operations are being performed by the arrivals, at Ahmedabad Airport.
This emphasises on analysis of traffic pattern on arrival routes for possible implementation of CDO is existing arrival procedures and study of existing CDO procedure, analysis of cost benefit, fuel efficiency and carbon emission for Ahmedabad airport.
Design & Application of Continuous Descent Operation (CDO) procedure in Ahmedabad TMA for Ahmedabad Airport will provide more efficient airspace & arrival routes, reduction in pilot –controller work load, cost saving to airlines operators and environmental benefits through reduced fuel burn.
With good CDO procedure, initially minimum 65% of arrivals are expected to perform CDO at Ahmedabad leading to saving of cost of operations and carbon emission, in addition to brand and image building of AAI as ANSP at Ahmedabad. The experience gained will also help AAI extend such procedure to other medium to light density traffic airports and subsequently all airports in line with ICAO Guidelines and requirement.
Runway incursions are a serious safety concern and significantly impact safe operations at any airport. Incursions, which also can occur on taxiways although not considered runway incursions, have involved air carrier aircraft, military planes, general aviation aircraft, air traffic controllers, ground vehicles and pedestrians.
Railways Harbors Tunneling and Airports Module 4 complete presentation as per VTU Syllabus
Air transport has the following characteristics:
1. Unbroken Journey: Air transport provides unbroken journey over land and sea. It is the fastest and quickest means of transport.
2. Rapidity: Air transport had the highest speed among all the modes of transport
3. Expensive: Air transport is the most expensive means of transport. There is huge investment in purchasing aero planes and constructing of aerodromes.
4. Special Preparations: Air transport requires special preparations like wheelers links, meteorological stations, flood lights, searchlights etc.
This document provides information on airport engineering and airport layout. It discusses how airport engineers design and construct terminals, runways, and navigation aids. Key components of an airport layout include runways for takeoffs and landings, terminal buildings, aircraft parking aprons, taxiways to move aircraft to/from runways, aircraft stands for parking, hangars for aircraft maintenance, and a control tower for air traffic control. Factors like aircraft characteristics, wind patterns, and future demand must be considered in airport planning and design.
10-Runway Design ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
The document discusses various aspects of runway design including:
1. The components that make up a runway system such as the structural pavement, shoulders, blast pad, runway safety area, object free zone, and obstacle free zone.
2. Factors considered for runway length such as elevation, temperature, and gradient that require corrections to the basic runway length.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the corrected runway length based on elevation, temperature, and gradient at the airport site.
The document discusses runway and taxiway design standards. It covers topics like basic runway length determination, corrections for elevation, temperature, and gradients. It provides geometric design standards for runway length, width, safety areas, gradients, and sight distances. For taxiways, it discusses design considerations like length, width, safety areas, gradients, sight distances, and turning radii. It also covers visual aids like airport markings and lighting for runways, taxiways, and other areas to assist pilots.
Air Traffic Control Organization LessonÜlger Ahmet
The Federal Aviation Administration is responsible for separating air traffic in the U.S. through a network of air traffic control facilities, including Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC), Air Traffic Control Towers (ATCT), and Flight Service Stations (FSS). ARTCCs, also known as "Centers", are ultimately responsible for separating all instrument flight rules (IFR) traffic, although they can delegate this responsibility to local ATC facilities. ATCTs, also known as "Towers", are responsible for separating aircraft using runways for takeoff and landing. FSSs provide services like weather briefings and flight planning assistance but do not control traffic. The Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC)
Air Traffic Control and Runway SeparationsAshwin Samales
This document discusses air traffic control and runway separations at airports. It explains that air traffic control provides operating rules for airports and influences airport capacity. Different types of air traffic control equipment are located at airports, including navigation, communication, surveillance and weather equipment. The document discusses siting criteria and critical areas for some of these equipment. It also provides examples of minimum separations between aircraft on runways and approaches under instrument and visual meteorological conditions.
Airport capacity and airport marking
This ppt was made by a pre final year civil engineering student for the presentation of seminar in his personal class.
you can refer it only for education purpose.
This document provides an overview of an airport ground handling operations course. It defines airport ground handling as the range of services provided to facilitate aircraft flights and ground movements, including both customer and ramp services. It states that ground handling operations, which encompass flight and passenger services during an aircraft's stopover, are critical to ensuring flights run on schedule and passengers are satisfied. The course objectives are listed as understanding airport systems basics and management, analyzing passenger security functions, and examining the ground handling department's operations.
This document discusses safety measures for the table-top runway at Mangalore Airport in India following a deadly crash in 2010. It recommends installing engineered material arresting systems (EMAS) in the runway end safety area (RESA) and making the ILS localizer structure frangible to reduce impacts if an aircraft overshoots the runway. It also suggests using soft ground arresting systems (SGAS), lead-in lighting systems, and maintaining clear RESA zones to prevent runway overruns at the airport.
This document discusses NACO's approach to airside safety in airport design and construction. It provides an introduction to NACO as an aviation consulting company with expertise in over 550 airport projects. The presentation emphasizes that airside safety starts during the design phase, including through master planning, airfield design, and site supervision. Key aspects of ensuring safety are addressed, such as planning for safety areas and obstacle limitations, drainage, and minimizing wildlife hazards. Construction phasing and simulations are also discussed to maintain safety during operations.
This document provides an overview and summary of the Level 2 Airside Driver Training course at Launceston Airport. The 3-sentence summary is:
The training course covers the rules, regulations, and safety policies for driving airside at Launceston Airport, including definitions of key areas, vehicle authorities required, speed limits, safety around aircraft, spill and accident reporting procedures, and markings like taxiway and parking lines. Completing the course provides drivers with the knowledge to safely operate vehicles airside while following all applicable rules to protect aircraft operations, infrastructure, and all personnel in the airside environment.
Runways are paved surfaces on airports designed for airplane landings and takeoffs. They can be made of materials like asphalt or grass. Runway length requirements vary based on factors like aircraft size, weight, and altitude. At sea level, 10,000 feet is adequate for any aircraft, but longer runways are needed at higher altitudes with less dense air providing less lift. Runway patterns include single runways, parallel runways, intersecting runways, and non-intersecting runways, with capacity depending on factors like wind direction, intersection location, and air traffic control method.
Air Traffic Control (ATC) manages air traffic to maintain safe distances between aircraft, prioritize emergency aircraft, and provide safety alerts. ATC separates aircraft using different procedures depending on the phase of flight, such as arrival/departure towers keeping one aircraft on the runway at a time. Controllers monitor aircraft by radar and issue clearances to ensure required distances between Instrument Flight Rule aircraft, while providing advisory services to Visual Flight Rule aircraft. Emergencies have the highest priority and ATC assists them by clearing airspace and directing them to available runways and emergency services.
airport - configuration-1 Dr.Sherif El badawaySherif Swedan
This document discusses various factors related to airport configuration and design. It addresses the key considerations for airport layout including runway orientation, length, and capacity. It also covers aircraft characteristics such as weight, speed, capacity, and how these influence airport design. Specifically, it explains how aircraft weight measurements like maximum takeoff weight and maximum landing weight impact facilities like runways and taxiways.
The document discusses several key factors regarding airport lighting, including different types of lights used for various purposes like approach lighting, runway lighting, taxiway lighting, and threshold lighting. It explains that airport lighting must be properly installed and maintained to guide pilots during night operations or low visibility conditions. Different lighting systems and patterns are used depending on the airport classification and level of air traffic. Standardization of airport lighting helps pilots navigate unfamiliar airports safely.
Sistemas Embarcados Aplicados à AviônicaLuan Oliveira
O documento descreve um projeto para desenvolver um checklist digital inteligente para aviões, substituindo os checklists impressos. O autor entrevistou pilotos e um mecânico sobre um protótipo do sistema, que consideraram útil para aumentar a segurança de voo ao reduzir erros humanos. O sistema foi visto como uma forma de melhorar a identificação de problemas e minimizar riscos, embora possa atrasar decolagens.
1) A hipercalemia é comum em nefrologia e pode ser uma emergência médica se houver alterações no ECG.
2) Os principais mecanismos de hipercalemia são desvio de potássio do espaço intracelular para o extracelular e diminuição da excreção renal de potássio.
3) A avaliação do paciente hipercalêmico requer identificar o mecanismo causador para direcionar o manejo a longo prazo, embora a consulta possa levar mais que 10 minutos.
A temperatura está associada ao movimento das partículas que compõem os corpos. O calor flui de corpos mais quentes para corpos mais frios até alcançar o equilíbrio térmico. Os seres vivos se adaptam à temperatura através do comportamento, fisiologia e morfologia, como pelagem mais espessa em climas frios.
El documento trata sobre el metabolismo de carbohidratos y la función del ATP en la célula. Explica que la glucólisis convierte la glucosa en piruvato, produciendo ATP y NADH. Luego, el piruvato ingresa al ciclo de Krebs en las mitocondrias, donde se oxida completamente, produciendo más ATP, NADH y FADH2. Estos procesos son fundamentales para la producción de energía en la célula a través de la fosforilación oxidativa.
Este documento describe los conceptos fundamentales de la biofísica y los sistemas dispersos. Explica que la biofísica estudia los fenómenos físicos que ocurren dentro de las células y que los sistemas dispersos consisten en dos fases, una dispersa y otra dispersante. Además, detalla los tipos de sistemas dispersos como suspensiones, emulsiones y soluciones, e introduce los conceptos de difusión, osmosis y presión osmótica.
O documento descreve os processos de fermentação e respiração celular. Apresenta as reações do metabolismo energético, incluindo a glicólise e as vias de fermentação lática e alcoólica. Explica que a glicólise quebra a glicose em piruvato, gerando ATP, e que o piruvato pode sofrer fermentação em condições anaeróbicas ou entrar na via respiratória em condições aeróbicas.
O documento discute como a temperatura afeta os seres vivos de três maneiras: (1) influencia sua atividade e comportamento, fazendo com que migrem, hibernem ou se abriguem; (2) determina se têm temperatura corporal constante ou variável; (3) molda suas características morfológicas, como quantidade de pêlos e gordura, para ajudá-los a se adaptar a climas quentes ou frios.
A circulação sanguínea é essencial para a vida e envolve o transporte de sangue pelo coração e vasos sanguíneos. O documento descreve as partes do sistema circulatório, incluindo artérias, capilares e veias, e processos como pressão arterial, fluxo sanguíneo e pulso. Ele também explica conceitos-chave como potencial de ação, viscosidade e eletrocardiograma.
O documento descreve as etapas da respiração celular aeróbia, incluindo a glicólise, o ciclo de Krebs e a cadeia respiratória. A glicólise ocorre no citosol e produz piruvato, que entra no ciclo de Krebs na mitocôndria. O ciclo de Krebs gera NADH e FADH2, cujos elétrons alimentam a cadeia respiratória nas cristas mitocondriais. Isso cria um gradiente de prótons que é usado pela ATP s
O documento descreve o sistema cardiovascular, incluindo sua função de bombear sangue pelo corpo, suas principais estruturas como o coração e os vasos sanguíneos, e conceitos como circulação pulmonar e sistêmica, contração cardíaca, válvulas e sons cardíacos.
El documento presenta información sobre la mecánica pulmonar y la circulación cardiopulmonar. Describe los procesos de inspiración y espiración, el flujo aéreo, la tensión superficial y su importancia en los pulmones. También explica conceptos como la presión transmural, la ley de Laplace y su aplicación a los vasos sanguíneos y alvéolos. Finalmente, resume las características de la circulación pulmonar y la espirometría.
Este documento apresenta um resumo das principais seções de um curso sobre Hidrostática e Estabilidade. Aborda conceitos básicos como centro de gravidade, pressão hidrostática e equilíbrio de corpos flutuantes. Também discute plano de linhas, estabilidade inicial, curvas hidrostáticas, estabilidade intacta e avariada, e critérios de estabilidade. Inclui exercícios resolvidos e propostos para cada tópico.
El documento describe la biofísica respiratoria y los componentes del aparato respiratorio. Explica que el oxígeno representa aproximadamente el 20,9% del volumen de la atmósfera y es esencial para la respiración celular de los organismos aeróbicos. También describe las vías respiratorias superiores e inferiores, incluida la nariz, que calienta y humedece el aire, y los pulmones, donde ocurre el intercambio gaseoso en los alveolos. En resumen, pro
O mapa conceitual foi criado por Joseph Novak com base na aprendizagem significativa de Ausubel, representando graficamente relações entre conceitos através de frases de ligação. É uma ferramenta para organizar e representar o conhecimento, conectando conceitos principais através de conectivos ou conceitos auxiliares. A Biologia contém 14 áreas, com 5 principais: zoologia, botânica, genética, anatomia e evolução.
El documento discute los principios fundamentales de la bioenergética. Sostiene que la vida es información manifestada a través de diferentes frecuencias vibratorias, y que la enfermedad representa una alteración del campo biológico que precede a los cambios químicos y fisiológicos. Además, propone que la terapéutica debe ser un diálogo que utilice el mismo lenguaje de la vida, y que considere tanto los factores individuales como globales en el tratamiento de la enfermedad.
O documento discute os tipos de músculo, tipos de contração muscular, estrutura do músculo estriado esquelético e o processo de contração muscular, listando músculos lisos e estriados, contrações isométrica e isotônica, a placa motora e os níveis estruturais do músculo esquelético.
O documento descreve a evolução da circulação sanguínea em diferentes filos animais, comparando os sistemas circulatórios de invertebrados e vertebrados. Nos animais mais simples, a circulação ocorre por difusão. Nos vertebrados, ocorre uma circulação fechada que pode ser simples ou dupla. O texto também aborda a anatomia e o funcionamento do coração humano, incluindo o ciclo cardíaco e o eletrocardiograma.
O documento discute o sistema respiratório, incluindo sua função de obter oxigênio e eliminar dióxido de carbono, as trocas gasosas que ocorrem nos pulmões e nas células, e os mecanismos da respiração como a ventilação pulmonar, transporte de gases e respiração celular.
O documento descreve as principais funções e estruturas das membranas biológicas, incluindo o modelo de mosaico fluido de Singer e Nicholson. Apresenta os mecanismos de transporte através das membranas, como difusão simples, difusão facilitada e transporte ativo, este último requerendo energia para bombear íons contra o gradiente eletroquímico.
This document discusses runway orientation and design considerations. It states that runways are oriented in the direction of prevailing winds to maximize lift during takeoff and landing. Key factors in determining runway orientation include wind data, maps, fog characteristics, and wind coverage. Runway length and width specifications are provided by airport type, along with safety area dimensions. Guidelines are also given for runway gradients, sight distances, and taxiway design.
1. The document discusses airport layout and design considerations such as runway orientation based on prevailing wind direction, wind rose diagrams, runway length calculations, taxiway design standards, and exit taxiway design.
2. Key factors in runway orientation are headwind, tailwind, and crosswind components. Wind rose diagrams show wind speed and direction distribution.
3. Runway length is calculated based on aircraft needs and environmental factors like elevation, temperature, and gradient. Corrections are made to the basic runway length.
The document discusses various components and considerations of airport engineering. It describes that airport engineering involves planning, designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining facilities for aircraft landing, takeoff, loading/unloading, maintenance, and storage. It outlines key components of an airport including runways, taxiways, terminal area, and hangars. International organizations like ICAO and IATA establish standards and regulations for civil aviation.
Media Object File Flt Ops Toff Dep Seq06syed viquar
Tailstrikes can cause significant damage and jeopardize safety. They most often occur at takeoff due to early or premature rotation, improper technique, or adverse conditions. Crews can help prevent tailstrikes by carefully checking data, using optimal flaps, avoiding early/excessive rotation, applying smooth technique until airborne, and diverting if a strike occurs. Training reinforces proper procedures to minimize risk.
Scott Beale is a seasoned aviation professional with over two decades of leadership experience. Scott has lead premier aviation companies through significant growth strategies, business turn around plans, strategic planning and execution. Scott is an accomplished commercial pilot type rated in the Gulfstream and Citation aircraft and has flown hundreds of hours in special mission government aircraft. https://scottbealeaviation.tumblr.com/
The document discusses factors that affect aircraft takeoff and landing performance at airfields, including:
- Runway length required for takeoff versus available length based on aircraft weight and design
- Impact of obstacles that must be cleared during takeoff
- Effects of high temperature and altitude on airfield performance due to lower air density
- Impact of wet runways, wind conditions, and maximum certified landing weight on performance.
Introduction to Airport Engineering Air craft characteristics affecting airport planning &
design, selection of site for an airport. Airports - layout and orientation, Runway and taxiway design
consideration and geometric design. Airport drainage management, Zoning laws, Visual aids and air
traffic control, Runway lighting, Runway operation Helipads, hangers, service equipment.
This document provides an overview and comparison of the aviation industries in the UK and Pakistan. It discusses the success story of UK airline EasyJet through its growth over 20 years using a low-cost carrier model. It then examines Pakistan's national aviation policy and commercial airlines landscape. The document analyzes how Pakistani airline Airblue was able to successfully implement risk management strategies like EasyJet to recover from a 2010 crash through cost cuts and new routes. Overall, it concludes that properly managing risks at the right time can help aviation companies overcome challenges and achieve success.
The document provides information about an aviation assignment project. It thanks the aviation faculty and institute for their support and guidance during the project. It then covers several topics related to the current affairs and scenario of the aviation industry, including details about airports, airlines, and growth trends. It also describes various exterior and interior parts of aircraft like the cockpit, fuselage, wings, and emergency equipment. Finally, it provides specifications for two popular aircraft models, the Boeing 737 and Airbus A380.
This document discusses regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from commercial aviation. It begins by providing background on the development of aviation technology over the past 110 years. While innovation has expanded scientific knowledge and travel, it has also contributed to the global warming problem through aircraft emissions. The document aims to analyze solutions to reduce emissions by first addressing the basics of aviation, including airspace classifications, weight and balance effects on fuel efficiency, and taxiing, takeoff and landing procedures. It explains that special consideration must be given to the physics of flight to determine if emissions regulation proposals are feasible for the aviation industry.
ACDM is an airport collaborative decision making program that seeks to improve information sharing between airlines, airports, air traffic control, and ground handlers. It aims to address issues like aircraft waiting at occupied gates or stands without ground crews by providing more accurate and timely operations information to all stakeholders. Studies have shown ACDM can offer substantial benefits like reduced delays, improved on-time performance, and cost savings for all groups with minimal investment. By improving collaboration and ensuring each partner has a complete and real-time picture of operations, ACDM helps airports and airlines operate more efficiently.
This document proposes and analyzes the concept of a circular runway for airport operations. Some key points:
- A circular runway could allow aircraft to take off and land in any wind direction and optimize air and ground trajectories. However, it would have a very high construction cost and safety issues in gusty winds.
- For a circular runway to work, it would need a minimum inner radius of 1500 meters for sufficient operations. The total runway length would be around 10,000 meters.
- International standards for runway design, such as width, bank angle, elevation, and sight distance, would need to be considered. Calculations show the circular runway concept could meet these standards.
- A circular runway may
An Analysis of Runway Capacity at International Airport Sultan Aji Sulaiman B...irjes
This document analyzes the runway capacity at Sultan Aji Sulaiman International Airport in Balikpapan, Indonesia. The airport has experienced 12.2% annual growth in aircraft movements over the last 5 years. However, the single runway and five exit taxiways limit its capacity. To increase capacity, the study examines runway occupancy times for landing and takeoff and different exit taxiway configurations. Reconstructing one exit taxiway into a rapid exit taxiway could increase the runway's capacity from 21 to 28 aircraft movements per hour. Literature on runway and taxiway design is also reviewed to understand factors that influence capacity such as taxiway layout, location and type.
Term Paper Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology In Aerospace Engineering.
AMITY UNIVERSITY DUBAI
This document contains definitions and explanations of various aviation weather products, airspace classifications, and other aeronautical information. It defines METAR, TAF, FA, surface analysis charts, radar summary charts, winds and temperature aloft charts, significant weather prognostic charts, AWOS, ASOS, ATIS, SIGMETs, AIRMETs, PIREPs, airspace classes G-A, and special use airspace including TRSA, SUA, MOA, and W-XXX. It provides the purpose, components, and issuance intervals of these products and classifications.
The document describes a new vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) architecture being developed by VTOL Technologies that is well-suited for urban, mountainous, and maritime environments. The flying wing design with four thrust-vectoring propulsion units offers high payload capacity, endurance, and safety advantages over fixed-wing and rotorcraft UAVs. It can operate in tight spaces and recover from ships, withstanding gusts better than other designs. The unique VTOL system could enable applications like security for the 2012 London Olympics.
Similar to Análise Estatística de Acidentes Aeronáuticos na Aviação Comercial - Commercial Aviation Accidents 1958-2013 A Statistical Analysis (20)
Treinamento de Entrada Inadvertida em Condições Meteorológicas de Voo por Ins...Jeferson Espindola
O documento discute a importância do treinamento de entrada inadvertida em condições meteorológicas de voo por instrumentos para pilotos de helicópteros da Polícia Militar do Distrito Federal. Apresenta breve histórico da aviação na PMDF e do treinamento dos pilotos. Argumenta que tal treinamento contribuiria para a prevenção de acidentes aeronáuticos causados por desorientação espacial durante condições climáticas adversas.
Relatório Final - CENIPA - Acidente com a Aeronave - PR-OMO em 17/06/2011Jeferson Espindola
O relatório descreve um acidente com um helicóptero AS 350 B2 matrícula PR-OMO que ocorreu em 17 de junho de 2011. O helicóptero colidiu com o mar durante um voo de transporte de passageiros à noite em condições meteorológicas adversas, matando o piloto e seis passageiros. O relatório fornece detalhes sobre a aeronave, os tripulantes, as condições meteorológicas, a investigação e análise do acidente.
Relatório Final - Acidente com a Aeronave PR-VAJ - Perda de Controle em voo -...Jeferson Espindola
O presente Relatório Final refere-se ao acidente ocorrido com a aeronave de
marcas PR-VAJ, modelo AT-502B, em 22ABR2014, classificado como perda de controle
em voo.
Durante o reposicionamento para a realização do segundo lançamento de
defensivos em lavoura de algodão, a aeronave perdeu altura, vindo a colidir contra a
lavoura e a pilonar em seguida.
Após a parada total, a aeronave foi tomada por um incêndio que a consumiu
completamente.
O piloto saiu ileso.
Não houve a designação de representante acreditado
Relatório Final - Acidente com a Aeronave PT-HNL - Modelo HB-350B - Falha de ...Jeferson Espindola
O presente Relatório Final refere-se ao acidente com a aeronave PT-HNL, modelo
HB-350B, ocorrido em 01JUL2008, classificado como falha de motor em voo.
Durante o procedimento de decolagem, aproximadamente a 15 metros de altura,
ocorreu a falha do motor em voo, provocando o retorno da aeronave para o solo.
O piloto sofreu ferimentos leves.
A aeronave teve danos graves.
Houve a designação de representante acreditado do BEA (French Bureau
d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Securité de l’Aviation).
Relatório Final - Incidente com a aeronave PR-ARZ em 02 de Julho de 2012 - Fa...Jeferson Espindola
Este relatório descreve um incidente ocorrido em 02 de julho de 2012 envolvendo uma aeronave Cessna 208B que realizou um pouso de emergência após perda de potência do motor durante o voo. O piloto e os nove passageiros não sofreram ferimentos. A investigação apontou que uma possível regulagem incorreta da válvula beta do motor pode ter permitido o esvaziamento de óleo do atuador da hélice, levando à perda de potência.
Demanda e Oferta do Transporte Aéreo - Empresas Brasileiras - Abril de 2015Jeferson Espindola
A demanda por transporte aéreo doméstico de passageiros no Brasil cresceu 3,0% em abril de 2015 em relação ao mesmo mês do ano anterior, enquanto a oferta aumentou 1,1%. A demanda doméstica vem crescendo por 19 meses consecutivos e atingiu o maior nível para abril nos últimos 10 anos. Já a oferta doméstica apresentou aumento pelo oitavo mês seguido.
Il 407 15-108 - ENGINE FOREIGN OBJECT DAMAGE (FOD), PREVENTION OF - Bell 407Jeferson Espindola
Bell Helicopter has introduced new carbon fiber inlet cowlings on some Model 407 helicopters that are configured with nutplates to mount inspection windows. Maintainers are encouraged to carefully inspect the nutplates for integrity when removing or reinstalling windows to prevent broken nutplate pieces from becoming foreign object damage in the engines. Owners and operators of Model 407 helicopters should contact Bell Helicopter Product Support Engineering with any questions about the new cowlings and nutplates.
PreviNE - Edição nº 18 - abril 2015 - Ações Estratégicas Para a Segurança Na...Jeferson Espindola
[1] O documento discute os desafios para a segurança na manutenção aeronáutica, identificando fatores como documentação técnica deficiente, fadiga do pessoal de manutenção e falta de uma cultura forte de segurança. [2] É destacada a abordagem sistêmica das investigações de acidentes relacionados à manutenção nos EUA para identificar causas profundas. [3] Recomenda-se adotar programas para melhorar a documentação, gerenciar a fadiga e promover uma cultura de segurança na manutenção.
Já Ouviu Falar em Ácido Hialurônico e ViscossuplementaçãoJeferson Espindola
O documento discute a viscosuplementação, que envolve a injeção de derivados do ácido hialurônico nas articulações para tratar osteoartrite. O ácido hialurônico restaura as propriedades do líquido sinovial e tem efeitos mecânicos, anti-inflamatórios e condroprotetores. A viscosuplementação melhora a dor, função e pode alterar positivamente o curso da doença, melhorando a cartilagem articular. É um tratamento seguro e custo-efetivo para osteoartrite.
Demanda e Oferta do Transporte Aéreo - Empresas Brasileiras - Fevereiro de 2015Jeferson Espindola
1) A demanda por transporte aéreo doméstico de passageiros cresceu 4,1% em fevereiro de 2015 em relação ao ano anterior, enquanto a oferta aumentou 4,7%.
2) Esse foi o 17o mês consecutivo de crescimento da demanda doméstica e o sexto mês seguido de aumento da oferta no Brasil.
3) Os dados de fevereiro de 2015 representam os maiores níveis de demanda e oferta domésticas para o mês nos últimos dez anos.
Tomada de Decisão de Pilotos de Caça em Voos Praticados em Simulador - Segura...Jeferson Espindola
A presente pesquisa objetivou compreender como as variáveis cognitivas
influenciam a tomada de decisão dos pilotos em situações de emergências em voo. Para
esse fim, realizou-se uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa de caráter exploratório, com nove
pilotos de aeronaves de caça, modelo AM-X, da Força Aérea Brasileira. A metodologia
utilizada consistiu na aplicação dos testes psicológicos MPM, D2 e WCST e na
realização de simulações de voos solo, nas quais foram reproduzidas quatro panes. A
avaliação qualitativa dos dados baseou-se em análise fenomenológica. Para o tratamento
quantitativo dos dados, utilizou-se o programa estatístico SPSS. O estudo apresenta a
relação existente entre a tomada de decisão dos pilotos com o treinamento em simulador
de voo e os modelos teóricos SHELL, Consciência Situacional, de Endsley, e Controle
Cognitivo SRK, de Rasmussen; bem como a tomada de decisão com os escores obtidos
na testagem psicométrica. A partir dessas relações, obteve-se como principais resultados
a constatação da importância da prática contínua da simulação de voo e da interação
entre os modelos teóricos propostos para uma ampla compreensão entre o elemento
humano e as variáveis que influenciam o processo decisório durante o voo. Evidenciouse
ainda que as simulações podem atuar como treinamento sobre aptidões atencionais e
de flexibilidade cognitiva, contribuindo para a responsividade em situações de tensão e
de estreitamento temporal, amenizando possíveis colapsos psicológicos; refletindo,
assim, na Segurança de Voo.
Fadiga e Pilotagem de Helicópteros de Segurança Pública e Defesa CivilJeferson Espindola
[1] O documento discute o fenômeno da fadiga em pilotos de helicópteros de segurança pública e defesa civil, como a fadiga pode afetar negativamente o desempenho do piloto e causar riscos. [2] Estudos mostram que a falta de sono e vigília prolongada, comuns nessas profissões, podem levar à fadiga e comprometer a capacidade do piloto. [3] É importante que as organizações reconheçam os fatores de risco e adotem estratégias para prevenir a fad
Relatório Final do CENIPA - Acidente com a Aeronave PT-VAQ - EMB 820C - Perda...Jeferson Espindola
Relatório Final do CENIPA - Acidente com a Aeronave PT-VAQ - EMB 820C - Perda de Controle em Voo - em 12 de Março de 2013 - Prevenção de Futuros Acidentes
O presente Relatório Final refere-se ao acidente com a aeronave PT-VAQ, modeloEMB 820C, ocorrido em 12MAR2013, classificado como perda de controle em voo.
Durante a aproximação, após realizar o último contato com a Rádio Local, a aeronave desapareceu.
A aeronave foi localizada na manhã do dia seguinte, a cerca de cinco quilômetros do aeródromo. O piloto e os nove passageiros faleceram no local. A aeronave ficou completamente destruída. Houve a designação de representante acreditado do TSB - Canadá
Aic nº 27 14 de 11 de dezembro de 2014 - DECEA - Operações Aéreas de Seguranç...Jeferson Espindola
Este documento estabelece procedimentos específicos para operações aéreas de segurança pública e defesa civil no Brasil, incluindo a apresentação de planos de voo, identificadores de aeronaves, códigos transponder e condições especiais de operação como pousos em pistas não homologadas.
Relatório Final 055/CENIPA - O presente Relatório Final refere-se ao acident...Jeferson Espindola
O relatório descreve um acidente de uma aeronave F90 que realizou um pouso de emergência na água após ambos os motores falharem durante a aproximação para pouso no aeroporto de Belém. Dois pilotos e dois passageiros estavam a bordo e um dos pilotos sofreu lesões leves. A aeronave teve danos substanciais após ficar submersa por doze dias. A investigação analisou os fatores humanos, operacionais e materiais que contribuíram para o acidente.
Relatório Final CENIPA - Acidente com a Aeronave PR-MHK - Colisão no Solo com...Jeferson Espindola
Durante o pushback de uma aeronave A-320 no aeroporto de São Luís, o trem de pouso do nariz colidiu com um mecânico que acompanhava o procedimento, prendendo sua perna sob o pneu. O mecânico sofreu lesões graves na perna esquerda. A investigação encontrou fatores como deficiências na iluminação do pátio e comunicação satisfatória entre tripulação e mecânico, mas não identificou causas médicas, ergonômicas ou psicológicas para o acidente.
Relatório Final Comissão Nacional da Verdade - Mortos e desaparecidos 1950 1969Jeferson Espindola
Relatório Final Comissão Nacional da Verdade - Mortos e desaparecidos 1950 a 1969 - O relatório final da Comissão Nacional da Verdade, aponta 377 pessoas como responsáveis diretas ou indiretas pela prática de tortura e assassinatos durante a ditadura militar, entre 1964 e 1985.
Com 4.328 páginas, o documento consolida o trabalho da comissão, após dois anos e sete meses de audiências públicas, depoimentos de militares e civis e coleta de documentos referentes ao regime militar.
Segundo o documento, a identificação da autoria dos crimes foi feita com base em documentos, depoimentos de vítimas e testemunhas, inclusive de agentes públicos que teriam participado da repressão.
Relatório Final Comissão Nacional da Verdade - Mortos e desaparecidos 1970 1971Jeferson Espindola
Relatório Final Comissão Nacional da Verdade - Mortos e desaparecidos 1970 a 1971 - O relatório final da Comissão Nacional da Verdade, aponta 377 pessoas como responsáveis diretas ou indiretas pela prática de tortura e assassinatos durante a ditadura militar, entre 1964 e 1985.
Com 4.328 páginas, o documento consolida o trabalho da comissão, após dois anos e sete meses de audiências públicas, depoimentos de militares e civis e coleta de documentos referentes ao regime militar.
Segundo o documento, a identificação da autoria dos crimes foi feita com base em documentos, depoimentos de vítimas e testemunhas, inclusive de agentes públicos que teriam participado da repressão.
केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
ग्रेटर मुंबई के नगर आयुक्त को एक खुले पत्र में याचिका दायर कर 540 से अधिक मुंबईकरों ने सभी अवैध और अस्थिर होर्डिंग्स, साइनबोर्ड और इलेक्ट्रिक साइनेज को तत्काल हटाने और 13 मई, 2024 की शाम को घाटकोपर में अवैध होर्डिंग के गिरने की विनाशकारी घटना के बाद अपराधियों के खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की मांग की है, जिसमें 17 लोगों की जान चली गई और कई निर्दोष लोग गंभीर रूप से घायल हो गए।
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Why We Chose ScyllaDB over DynamoDB for "User Watch Status"ScyllaDB
Yichen Wei and Adam Drennan share the architecture and technical requirements behind "user watch status" for a major global media streaming service, what that meant for their database, the pros and cons of the many options they considered for replacing DynamoDB, why they ultimately chose ScyllaDB, and their lessons learned so far.
Christian persecution in Islamic countries has intensified, with alarming incidents of violence, discrimination, and intolerance. This article highlights recent attacks in Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq, exposing the multifaceted challenges faced by Christian communities. Despite the severity of these atrocities, the Western world's response remains muted due to political, economic, and social considerations. The urgent need for international intervention is underscored, emphasizing that without substantial support, the future of Christianity in these regions is at grave risk.
https://ecspe.org/the-rise-of-christian-persecution-in-islamic-countries/
#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...rittaajmal71
Since fleeing to the United States in 2014, Guo Wengui has founded a number of projects in the United States, such as GTV Media Group, GTV private equity, farm loan project, G Club Operations Co., LTD., and Himalaya Exchange.
लालू यादव की जीवनी LALU PRASAD YADAV BIOGRAPHYVoterMood
Discover the life and times of Lalu Prasad Yadav with a comprehensive biography in Hindi. Learn about his early days, rise in politics, controversies, and contribution.
15062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
16062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
18062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.
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2. Contents
Introduction 3
#01
Year 2013 4
#02
Since the advent of the jet age
Evolution of the yearly accident rate 6
Evolution of the yearly number of flights and accidents 7
Evolution of the commercial air transport world fleet 8
Evolution of the accident rates for each generation of aircraft 9
#03
Over the last 20 years
Evolution of the 10 year moving average accident
rate for the last three aircraft generations 10
Evolution of the yearly accident rate 11
Distribution of accidents by flight phase 13
Distribution of accidents by accident category 14
Evolution of three main accident categories 15
Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accident rates 16
Loss Of Control In-flight (LOC-I) accident rates 17
Runway Excursion (RE) accident rates 18
3. | 3
Introduction
Scope of the Brochure
• All western-built commercial air transport jets
The following aircraft are included in the statistics: 328 JET, A300,
A300-600, A310, A318/319/320/321, A330, A340, A380, Avro RJ
series, B707, B717, B720, B727, B737, B747, B757, B767, B777,
B787, BAC -111, BAE 146, Bombardier CRJ series, Caravelle, Comet,
Concorde, Convair 880/990, DC-8,DC-9, DC-10, Embraer E series,
Embraer ERJ series, F-28, F-70, F-100, L-1011, MD-11, MD-80/90,
Mercure, Trident, VC-10, VFW 614.
Note: non-western-built jets are excluded due to lack of information and
business jets are not considered due to their peculiar operating environment.
• Since 1958, the advent of commercial jets
• Revenue flights
• Operational accidents
• Hull loss and fatal types of accidents
Definitions
• Revenue flight: flight involving the transport of passengers, cargo
or mail for renumeration or hire. Non revenue flight like training, ferry,
positionning, demonstration, maintenance, acceptance and test flights
are excluded.
• Operational accident: an accident taking place between
the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until
such time as all such persons have disembarked, excluding sabotage,
military actions, terrorism, suicide and the like.
• Hull loss: an event in which the aircraft is destroyed or substantially
damaged beyond economical repair.
• Fatal accident: an event in which at least one passenger or
crewmember is fatally injured or later dies of his/her injuries.
Source of Data
• The accident data was extracted from official accident reports,
as well as from the ICAO, Ascend and Airbus data bases.
• Flight operations data were extracted from the Ascend data base.
5. | 5
6
which translates
into a rate of
0.21 accident
per million flights
14
which translates
into a rate of
0.48 accident
per million flights
Fatal accidents
Hull losses
#01 Year 2013
6. 6 | #02 since the advent of the jet age
Hull loss Fatal
The peak values observed at
the beginning of the curve
illustrate the fact that accidents,
being rare events, need to be
considered in the light
of a meaningful number of
flights, reasonably at least
a million flights per year.
Therefore this, and all the
following curves in the brochure,
appear in dotted lines until a
million flights a year are reached.
Evolution of the yearly
accident rate
Behind the numbers
A steady decrease over time
" "
7. #02 since the advent of the jet age | 7
Hull loss Fatal
Accidents are rare occurrences,
consequently their number may
vary considerably from one year
to the next. Therefore, focusing
too closely on a single year’s
figure may be misleading.
As a consequence, in the
following charts, a 10 year
moving average is used i.e. for
any given year, the accident
rate is the average of the
yearly accident rates over the
10 preceding years.
Evolution of the
number of flights
and accidents
A virtually stable absolute
number of accidents despite a
massive increase in exposure
Behind the numbers
"
"
8. 8 | #02 since the advent of the jet age
Beyond the size and nature of
the fleet, a number of evolutions
took place at the air transport
system level impacting its safety,
hence its accident rate.
Technology has evolved in
different areas like aircraft,
simulators, airports, air traffic
control, weather forecasting etc.
In parallel, qualitative progress
has been achieved in the
governance of airlines and
authorities.
Evolution of the
commercial air
transport world fleet
Significant changes in both
the number and the nature
of aircraft
Behind the numbers
"
"
Detail of Aircraft Generations
First Generation
Early commercial jets
Second Generation
More integrated Auto
Flight System
Third Generation
Glass cockpit
and FMS
Fourth Generation
Fly-By-Wire with flight
envelope protection
1st year of entry into service:
1952 1964 1980 1988
In 2013
Caravelle, Comet,
BAC 111, Trident,
VC-10, B707, B720,
Convair 880/990,
DC-8
Concorde,
A300 (except A300-
600), BAE 146, Mercure,
B727, B737-100/200,
B747-100/SP/200/300,
F-28, L-1011, DC-9,
DC-10, VFW 614
A300-600, A310,
Avro RJ series, B717,
B737-300/400/500,
B737 NG -600/700/
800/ 900, B757, B767,
B747-400, B747-8,
Bombardier CRJ Series,
Embraer ERJ Series,
328JET, F-70, F-100,
MD-11, MD-80, MD-90
A318/A319/A320/A321,
A330, A340-200/300/
500/ 600, A380, B777,
B787, Embraer E Series
10,000 flights
50 aircraft
1 million flights
1,000 aircraft
16 million flights
12,000 aircraft
11 million flights
8,000 aircraft
9. #02 since the advent of the jet age | 9
Commercial air transport evolves
in a very dynamic environment.
Today’s operational conditions
bear little resemblance to those
at the beginning of the jet age.
As a consequence, in the
following charts, a 20 years
frame is used.
This ensures a relatively
homogeneous commercial
air transport environment
as well as a reasonably large
statistical sample.
*Below 10 years of operation, the moving average is based on the number of years of operation.
Evolution of the
accident rates for each
generation of aircraft
Advances in technology
bring a decrease
in accident rates
Behind the numbers
"
"
Hull loss Fatal
*Below 10 years of operation, the moving average is based on the number of years of operation.
10. 10 | #03 over the last 20 years
Hull loss Fatal
Behind the numbers Evolution of the 10 year
The fourth and latest generation
of aircraft is characterized
by Fly-By-Wire technology that
allowed the introduction of flight
envelope protection.
The previous generation was
characterized by the introduction
of Glass Cockpits that came
with Navigation Displays and
Flight Management Systems.
moving average accident
rate for the last three aircraft
generations
The introduction of the latest generation
has allowed to halve the accident rate
compared to the previous one
"
"
11. #03 over the last 20 years | 11
Hull loss Fatal
Evolution of the yearly
accident rate
The accident rate was divided
by more than 3 for fatal
accidents, and by more than
2 for hull losses
"
"
Behind the numbers
A hull loss is defined as an event
in which an aircraft is destroyed
or damaged beyond economical
repair. The threshold of
economical repair is decreasing
with the residual value of the
aircraft. Therefore, as an aircraft
is ageing, an event leading to a
damage economically repairable
years before may be considered
a hull loss.
"
12. 12 | #03 over the last 20 years
Definitions of flight phases
• Parking: this phase ends and starts when the aircraft respectively
begins or stops moving forward under its own power.
• Taxi: this phase includes both taxi-out and taxi-in. Taxi-out starts
when the aircraft begins moving forward under its own power and
ends when it reaches the takeoff position. Taxi-in normally starts
after the landing roll-out, when the aircraft taxis to the parking area.
It may, in some cases, follow a taxi-out.
• Takeoff run: this phase begins when the crew increases thrust for
the purpose of lift-off. It ends when an initial climb is established or
the crew aborts its takeoff.
• Aborted takeoff: this phase starts when the crew reduces thrust
during the takeoff run to stop the aircraft. It ends when the aircraft
is stopped or when it is taxied off the runway.
• Initial climb: this phase begins at 35 feet above the runway
elevation. It normally ends with the climb to cruise. It may, in some
instances, be followed by an approach.
• Climb to cruise: this phase begins when the crew establishes the
aircraft at a defined speed and configuration enabling the aircraft
to increase altitude for the cruise. It normally ends when the aircraft
reaches cruise altitude. It may, in some cases end with the initiation
of a descent.
• Cruise: this phase begins when the aircraft reaches the initial
cruise altitude. It ends when the crew initiates a descent for the
purpose of landing.
• Initial descent: this phase starts when the crew leaves the cruise
altitude in order to land. It normally ends when the crew initiates
changes in the aircraft’s configuration and/or speed in view of the
landing. It may, in some cases end with a cruise or climb to cruise
phase.
• Approach: this phase starts when the crew initiates changes
in the aircraft’s configuration and/or speed in view of the landing.
It normally ends when the aircraft is in the landing configuration
and the crew is dedicated to land on a particular runway. It may, in
some cases, end with the initiation of an initial climb or go-around
phase.
• Go-around: this phase begins when the crew aborts the descent
to the planned landing runway during the approach phase. It ends
with the initiation of an initial climb or when speed and configuration
are established at a defined altitude.
• Landing: this phase begins when the aircraft is in the landing
configuration and the crew is dedicated to land on a particular
runway. It ends when the aircraft’s speed is decreased to taxi
speed.
13. #03 over the last 20 years | 13
Hull loss Fatal
The number of flight hours is
virtually neutral to the accident
probability. Therefore, it makes
sense to express accident rates
per flights rather than per flight
hours.
Distribution of
accidents by flight
phase
Nearly 90% of all accidents
happened during
the descent/approach/landing
or take-off/climb phases
"
"
Behind the numbers
14. 14 | #03 over the last 20 years
Hull loss Fatal
Definition of accident
categories
• System/Component Failure
or Malfunction (SCF): Failure or
malfunction of an aircraft system
or component, which leads to an
accident, whether they are related
to the design, the manufacturing
process or a maintenance issue.
SCF includes the powerplant,
software and database systems.
• Abnormal Runway Contact (ARC):
Hard or unusual landing, not primarily
due to SCF, leading to an accident.
• Runway Excursion (RE): A veer
off or overrun off the runway surface,
not primarily due to SCF or ARC.
• Loss of Control in Flight (LOC-I):
Loss of aircraft control while in flight
not primarily due to SCF.
• Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT):
In-flight collision with terrain, water,
or obstacle without indication of loss
of control.
• Undershoot: A touchdown
off the runway surface, not primarily
due to SCF.
• Fuel: Fuel exhaustion or fuel
contamination.
• Ground collision: Collision with
another aircraft, vehicle, person or
obstacle from the time the airplane
leaves the gate to the aircraft’s lift-off.
• Fire: Fire/smoke in or on the aircraft
leading to an accident.
• Icing: Accumulation of ice on the
aircraft surfaces that adversely affects
aircraft control or performance.
• Turbulence: In-flight turbulence
encounter.
• Bird: In-flight collision with birds.
• Air collision: In-flight collisions
between aircraft.
• Unknown: Insufficient information
to categorize the occurrence.
*All the accident categories representing less than 10%
of the accidents are clustered in the "OTHER" category.
Distribution
of accidents by
accident category
Three categories of accidents
accounted for the majority
of accidents
"
"
*All the accident categories representing less than 10%
of the accidents are clustered in the "OTHER" category.
15. #03 over the last 20 years | 15
Hull loss Fatal
Evolution of the three
main accident categories
A very unequal success
in addressing the three major
accident categories: the rate of
CFIT was divided by 7, LOC-I by
2, whereas RE remained stable
"
"
Behind the numbers
If virtually all Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)
and Loss Of Control In-flight (LOC-I) accidents
lead to both fatalities and hull loss, other accident
categories generate mainly only material damage.
As an example, 15% of Runway Excursion (RE)
accidents cause fatalities, and are the third source
of fatal accidents. Yet, Runway Excursions have
become the main source of hull losses. As such,
like CFIT and LOC-I, it represents a significant
contributor to the overall accident records. Since
the other accident categories have a significantly
lower contribution to the overall accident records,
the emphasis will be put on CFIT, LOC-I and RE
in the rest of the brochure.
16. 16 | #03 over the last 20 years
Hull loss Fatal
The third generation of aircraft
was introduced in 1982/83 with
aircraft such as the Airbus A310/
A300-600 as well as the Boeing
B757 and B767.
Controled Flight Into Terrain
(CFIT) accident rates
The introduction of Glass Cockpits,
Flight Management Systems, and in the early
2000s, GPS together with Terrain Awareness
and Warning Systems has brought significant
gain in CFIT accident rates
Behind the numbers
"
"
17. #03 over the last 20 years | 17
Hull loss Fatal
The fourth generation of aircraft
was introduced in 1988 with the
Airbus A320.
This technology has become
an industry standard and
is now used on all currently
produced Airbus models,
on the Boeing B777, B787,
Embraer E and Bombardier CS
series to come.
Loss Of Control
In-flight (LOC-I)
accident rates
The flight envelope protection
has brought a huge reduction
in LOC-I accident rates
Behind the numbers
"
"
18. 18 | #03 over the last 20 years
Hull loss Fatal
Most Runway Excursions
are related to aircraft energy
management. Significant
improvement of RE accident
rates can be expected from the
introduction of an energy landing
performance based warning
system. Yet, as of today, the
proportion of aircraft equipped
with such system is too low for
the overall gain to be visible.
Runway Excursion (RE)
accident rates
The effect of recent
technological breakthrough
is not measurable… yet
Behind the numbers
"
"
19. | 19
Contact
safetycommunication@airbus.com
Also available on airbus.com