introduction to Airport

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Airport Configuration
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Text Books
• Planning and Design of Airports, Horonjeff, R.,
Meklvey, F., Sproule, W., and Young, S., McGraw Hill,
2010.
• ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Guidance and Standards
International Standards and
Recommended Practices
United States’ Regulations and
Standards Untied States is a
“Contracting State”
3

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Airside
Airside Facilities
Aircraft
Runway
Taxiway
Apron
Gates
Aircraft
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
LANDSIDE
Landside Facilities
Terminal Building
Passenger Movement
Baggage Handling
Parking Facilities
Public Transportation

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
JFK Airport
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Tampa-Florida

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Runway and Taxiway
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Gates

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Airport Configuration
• Airport configuration is defined as the number
and orientation of runways and the location of
the terminal area relative to the runways.
• Number of runways depends on air traffic volume.
• Orientation of runways depends on the direction of
wind, size and shape of the area and land use and
airspace use restrictions in the vicinity of airport.
• The terminal building should be located so as to
provide easy and timely access to runways.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Airport Design
• One of the great challenges for airport planning
and design is creating facilities that accommodate
a very wide variety of aircraft.
• Aircraft vary widely in terms of:
• Physical dimensions
• Performance characteristics
• Whether they be operated for commercial air service,
cargo, or general aviation activities.

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Airport Design and its Relation to Aircraft
• Depending on the portion of the area of the airport, certain
aircraft specifications become more critical:
• Weight is important for determining the structure design of runway,
taxiway, and apron pavements,
• Takeoff and landing runway length requirements at an airport,
which in turn to a large extent influences planning of the entire
airport property.
• Wingspan and turning radii dictate width of runways and taxiways,
the distances between these traffic ways, and affects the required
turning radius on pavement curves.
• The wingspan length influence the size of parking aprons, which in
turn influences the configuration of the terminal buildings.
• An aircraft’s passenger capacity has an important bearing on
facilities within and adjacent to the terminal building.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Aircraft Characteristics

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Turning Radius
The maximum angles vary from
60 to 80.
For design purposes a steering
angle of 50° is often applied.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Landing Gear Configuration
Single Landing Gear Configuration
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Landing Gear Configuration
Complex Landing Gear Configuration

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Landing Gear Configuration
• The landing gear configuration plays a critical role in
distributing the weight of an aircraft on the ground it
sits on.
• Thus in turn has a significant impact on the design of
airfield pavements.
• Specifically, the more wheels on a landing gear, the
heavier an aircraft can be and still be supported on a
ramp, taxiway, or runway of a given pavement
strength.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Aircraft Weight
• An aircraft is measured with a certain number of
weight measurements, depending on:
• Its level of loading with fuel, payload, and crew, and
• Assigned maximum allowable weight values for takeoff,
landing, and at rest.
• These various measurements of aircraft weight are
important to airport planning and design, in particular
the facilities such as taxiways, and runways that are
designed to support the aircraft.

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Aircraft characteristics
The weights of an aircraft consists of the following components
1.Operating Empty Weight (OEW)
2.Maximum Payload
3.Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW)
4.Maximum Take-off Weight (MTOW)
5.Maximum Taxi Weight (MTW)
6.Maximum Landing Weight (MLW)
Weight Components
‫وزن‬‫الفارغ‬ ‫التشغيل‬
‫الصافية‬ ‫االنشائية‬ ‫الحمولة‬
‫الصفري‬ ‫الوقود‬ ‫وزن‬
‫لالقالع‬ ‫انشائي‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫اقصي‬
‫االرضية‬ ‫للمناورة‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫اقصي‬
‫للهبوط‬ ‫انشائي‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫اقصي‬
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Aircraft Weight: Operating Empty
Weight (OEW)
• The Operating Empty Weight (OEW), the basic weight of the
aircraft including crew and all the necessary gear required for
flight but not including payload and fuel. lightest weight
• The OEW of an aircraft is considered for the design of aircraft that
may occupy maintenance hangars, aircraft storage facilities, or
any other areas that are not intended to support the weight of an
aircraft when loaded with fuel or payload.
• The payload includes the weight of passengers and their
baggage, mail, express, and cargo.
• The maximum structural payload is the maximum load which
the aircraft is certified to carry, whether this load be passengers,
cargo, or a combination of both.
•

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Aircraft Weight: Zero Fuel Weight (ZFW)
• Zero Fuel Weight (ZFW) = OEW of an aircraft
+ payload.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Aircraft Weight: Maximum Gross
Takeoff Weight
• The maximum gross takeoff weight is the
maximum weight authorized for takeoff.
• It excludes taxi and run-up fuel and includes
the operating empty weight, trip and reserve
fuel, and payload.

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Aircraft Weight: Maximum Structural
Takeoff Weight, (MSTOW)
• The maximum structural takeoff weight (MSTOW), is typically
designed as the maximum gross takeoff weight for an aircraft
operating at sea level elevation at a temperature of 59°F
(15°C).
• It is also the maximum weight that the aircraft’s landing gear can
support.
• The MSTOW is the standard design weight measurement used in
airport planning and design.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Aircraft Weight: Maximum Structural
Landing Weight, (MSLW)
• The maximum structural landing weight (MLW) is the
structural capability of the aircraft in landing.
• The main gear is structurally designed to absorb the forces
encountered during landing; the larger the forces, the heavier
must be the gear.
• Normally the main gears of transport category aircraft are
structurally designed for a landing at a weight less than the
maximum structural takeoff weight.
• This is so because an aircraft loses weight en route by burning
fuel.

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Aircraft Characteristics
Speed of aircraft can be defined in two ways, cruising
speed, or ground speed and air speed:
Cruising speed is the speed of aircraft with respect to
the ground when the aircraft is flying in the air at its
maximum speed.
Air speed is the speed of aircraft relative to wind.
Thus, if the aircraft is at a speed of 500 kph and there
is a head wind of 50 kph, air speed will be 450 kph.
Speed of Aircraft

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Aircraft characteristics
The number of passengers, baggage, cargo, and
fuel that can be accommodated in the aircraft
depends upon the capacity of aircraft.
The capacity of aircraft using an airport have an
important effect on the capacity of runway
systems as well as that of the passenger terminal
facilities
Aircraft Capacity
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Airport planning
Airport Layout
The layout of an airport is dependant upon a number
of factors, of which the most important are:-

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
(1). Runway Length
• This material will be discussed in the next
chapter which talks about the
determination of runway length.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
(2). Runway Orientation

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Analysis of Wind for Orienting Runways
• Runways are oriented in the direction of prevailing
winds.
• The data on wind intensity (speed), direction and
duration are essential to determine the orientation of
runways.
• High intensity winds perpendicular to the direction
of runway cause wobbling effect and cause
problems during landing and takeoff of aircrafts.
• Smaller aircrafts are particularly affected by these
crosswinds.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Analysis of Wind
• Cross wind component :
• The component of wind intensity perpendicular to
the centre line of runway is termed as cross wind
component (CWC).
• Allowable cross wind component:
• This is the maximum cross wind component that is
safe for aircraft operations. This depends on the
size of aircraft, wing configuration and the condition
of the pavement surface.

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
ICAO guidelines on cross wind component
ICAO specifies that runways should be oriented so
that aircraft may be landed at least 95 percent of the
time with crosswind components as shown below:
ICAO Annex 14
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Wind Rose Coordinate System

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Example Wind Data
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Wind Data in Wind Rose Format

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Wind coverage for runway 9–27
90.8 percent
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Wind coverage for runway 3–21
6.2%
above
that
provided
by
the
runway
oriented
90° to
270°

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Wind coverage for runways 9–27 and 3–21
97.0 percent