Animal bites occur when an animal sinks its teeth into a person's body. They can become infected and spread bacteria. Common causes of animal bites include domestic animals like dogs and cats, snakes, alligators, and various wild animals. Snake bites in particular can cause local tissue damage, nervous system effects, and potentially death without treatment. Treatment for snake bites involves antivenom, epinephrine, antibiotics, tetanus vaccine, wound care, and supportive care like IV fluids and ventilation if needed. Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis including vaccination is recommended for bites from rabid or potentially rabid animals.
Snake Bite,Rabies,Scorpion Bite PPT – Presented By Prof.Dr.R.R.deshpande on 1...rajendra deshpande
This document provides information on snake bite treatment from an expert, Prof. Dr. R.R. Deshpande. It discusses the types of poisonous snakes in India and their distinctive features. It describes symptoms of neurotoxic and haemotoxic snake bites. The recommended treatment involves immobilizing the bitten area, applying ice or tourniquet, monitoring for symptoms, and administering Antivenom Serum intravenously if symptoms appear. It provides dosage guidelines and monitoring advice for different clinical presentations. Hospital admission is recommended for patients with bleeding, black urine or extensive paralysis.
It's all about the Animal(Snake,Scorpion,Spider)Plant(Mushroom).In our basic need we will face this type of animal and plant that's why the general people should knows about it.
Dog and other animal bites can cause direct injury or secondary infections. Dog bites are most common, while human and cat bites often lead to bacterial infections. Rabies is a major concern for some animal bites. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics if needed, rabies post-exposure prophylaxis including rabies immunoglobulin and vaccination, depending on the category of exposure. Rabies vaccination schedules can vary but aim to induce protective antibodies to prevent disease if exposed to rabies.
Animal bites occur when an animal sinks its teeth into a person's body. They can become infected and spread bacteria. Common causes of animal bites include domestic animals like dogs and cats, snakes, alligators, and various wild animals. Snake bites in particular can cause local tissue damage, nervous system effects, and potentially death without treatment. Treatment for snake bites involves antivenom, epinephrine, antibiotics, tetanus vaccine, wound care, and supportive care like IV fluids and ventilation if needed. Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis including vaccination is recommended for bites from rabid or potentially rabid animals.
Snake Bite,Rabies,Scorpion Bite PPT – Presented By Prof.Dr.R.R.deshpande on 1...rajendra deshpande
This document provides information on snake bite treatment from an expert, Prof. Dr. R.R. Deshpande. It discusses the types of poisonous snakes in India and their distinctive features. It describes symptoms of neurotoxic and haemotoxic snake bites. The recommended treatment involves immobilizing the bitten area, applying ice or tourniquet, monitoring for symptoms, and administering Antivenom Serum intravenously if symptoms appear. It provides dosage guidelines and monitoring advice for different clinical presentations. Hospital admission is recommended for patients with bleeding, black urine or extensive paralysis.
It's all about the Animal(Snake,Scorpion,Spider)Plant(Mushroom).In our basic need we will face this type of animal and plant that's why the general people should knows about it.
Dog and other animal bites can cause direct injury or secondary infections. Dog bites are most common, while human and cat bites often lead to bacterial infections. Rabies is a major concern for some animal bites. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics if needed, rabies post-exposure prophylaxis including rabies immunoglobulin and vaccination, depending on the category of exposure. Rabies vaccination schedules can vary but aim to induce protective antibodies to prevent disease if exposed to rabies.
health and safety. education. university.NimaFartash
This document provides information about first aid for snake bites, insect bites, and rabies prevention. It discusses which snakes are venomous and the symptoms of venomous vs. non-venomous snake bites. It outlines first aid steps for snake bites, including not applying tourniquets and seeking immediate medical help. The document also discusses insect bites and stings, noting the difference between venomous and non-venomous insects. First aid steps are provided for insect bites. Finally, the document covers rabies prevention through vaccination and outlines first aid involving extensive wound washing after exposure to potentially rabid animals.
first aid in Insects bites and heat stroke.pptxanjalatchi
This document provides guidance on first aid measures for different insect, animal, and snake bites. It discusses removing stings and bites, applying antiseptic and cold compresses, signs of infection, and when to seek medical help. Guidelines are given for compression bandages for snake bites and proper tick removal. Actions include contacting local health centers about common diseases, preventive measures, available anti-venoms, and first aid training.
first aid in Insects bites and heat stroke.pptxanjalatchi
This document provides guidance on first aid for bites from various insects and animals. It discusses bee, wasp and ant stings, noting steps like removing the sting, washing the area, applying antiseptic cream and using a cold compress. Scorpion bites are outlined as very painful and potentially causing anaphylactic shock, with advice to apply a tourniquet and seek medical help. Centipede bites can cause redness, itching and pain. Snakebites are described as potentially life-threatening in some regions, with signs like puncture wounds, swelling and difficulty breathing. Guidelines are given for snakebite first aid like not sucking venom and properly applying compression. Tick removal techniques are outlined along with
Rabies is a viral disease spread to humans through bites or scratches from infected animals like dogs. It causes inflammation of the brain and is fatal without treatment. The rabies virus travels through the nervous system from the site of infection to the brain. Symptoms in humans include fear of water, increased reflexes, and mental changes. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleansing, vaccine administration, and other measures to prevent the virus from reaching the nervous system. Pre-exposure prophylaxis through vaccination is recommended for those at high risk of exposure like animal handlers.
This document discusses the management of common emergencies including insect bites, anaphylaxis, heat stroke, snake bites, and scorpion stings. It provides guidance on treating animal bites, administering antibiotics, tetanus vaccines, and rabies prophylaxis when needed. For snake bites, recommendations include reassuring the patient, checking coagulation, giving antivenom, and immobilizing the area. Anaphylaxis requires epinephrine, IV fluids, oxygen, and monitoring for biphasic reactions. Heat stroke and exhaustion are also outlined, with cooling methods like cold water immersion and lavage to rapidly lower core body temperature.
This document discusses common livestock and poultry diseases and their prevention and treatment. It describes six important livestock diseases: anthrax, black quarter, foot and mouth disease, blue tongue, bovine ephemeral fever, and mastitis. Their symptoms and treatment methods are outlined. It also discusses five important poultry diseases: fowl cholera, paratyphoid infection, infectious coryza, gangrenous dermatitis, and psittacosis/ornithosis. The key symptoms and control/treatment approaches are provided for each disease. Traditional ethnoveterinary prevention practices are also mentioned for some of the livestock diseases.
Snakes and scorpions can inject venom through bites or stings that is dangerous and sometimes fatal. There are over 50,000 deaths from snake bites worldwide each year. Venoms vary and can be neurotoxic, vasculotoxic, or myotoxic. Immediate medical help is needed for bites. Scorpion venom can also be neurotoxic or haemolytic, causing local or systemic effects like paralysis, cardiac issues, or death in severe cases. Treatment involves immobilization, antivenom, supportive care, and monitoring for complications.
Zoonotic infections are diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans. Researchers have found that 13 zoonotic diseases are responsible for over 2 million human deaths per year. Zoonotic diseases can spread from animals to humans through contact with saliva, bites, scratches, aerosols, licks, urine, tears, or feces from animals. Common zoonotic diseases that can infect humans include dengue, chikungunya, malaria, West Nile virus from mosquitoes; salmonella from chickens, snakes, kittens or turtles; and Lyme disease or Rocky Mountain spotted fever from tick bites. Symptoms of zoonotic diseases vary but often include diarrhea, muscle aches, fever
This document provides information about dog bites and rabies. It discusses the objectives, introduction, incidence, incubation period, mode of transmission, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, therapeutic management including post exposure prophylaxis guidelines, and preventive measures for dog bites and rabies. The summary focuses on key points about rabies transmission, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, post exposure prophylaxis guidelines according to exposure category, and the lack of curative treatment once clinical signs appear.
This ppt is About Rabies epidemiology and treatment .
This is done by using Park book 24th edition of PSM .
This presentation is presented in academics of Master of public health in Christian medical college .
One more Important thing is that that zareb regime (intramuscular ) is not practiced . We try to make this ppt lucid. and the statistics is used in the presentation is upto 27 june 2018
Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread through bites or scratches from infected animals. It causes inflammation of the brain and is almost always fatal once symptoms appear. Dogs are the main source of human rabies globally, transmitting the virus through bites in over 95% of cases. Post-exposure prophylaxis consists of thorough wound cleansing, vaccine administration, and possibly rabies immunoglobulin, depending on the category of animal contact. The standard vaccine regimen involves doses on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28, though abbreviated regimens also exist. Timely post-exposure prophylaxis is highly effective at preventing rabies in exposed individuals.
This document provides information about scorpion stings, including:
1) Scorpions have a lobster-like body with claws, legs, and a segmented tail ending in a stinger containing venom glands. Their venom causes uncontrolled nerve firing through sodium channel effects.
2) Symptoms range from localized pain to cranial nerve dysfunction and autonomic/muscular symptoms. Severe cases can lead to complications like respiratory failure.
3) Treatment involves wound care, pain management, antivenom if available, and supportive care like intubation, IV fluids and medication for symptoms. Outcomes are generally good with treatment.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread through the saliva of infected animals, most commonly dogs. It causes inflammation of the brain and central nervous system. The virus is transmitted via bites or licks on broken skin and mucous membranes from rabid animals. Dogs are the primary vector. Treatment involves thorough cleaning of wounds, vaccines, and immune globulin. Prevention focuses on vaccinating domestic animals, controlling stray animal populations, and caution around wild carriers like bats and foxes. Rabies remains a serious public health issue in developing nations.
This is a slide presentation for group discussion on snake bites. We were given some situation and the task was to gather resources and discuss on how to address the given situation. Suitable for medical students, housemen and s general knowledge on snake bites. Credit also goes to my groupmates in preparing the presentation.
Scorpions are a common arthropod found all over the world.
If threatened, a scorpion may use its long, flexible tail to sting a potential predator.
Frequently, people unknowingly come into contact with these species and experience the painful sensation of envenomation
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through the bites of infected mammals, most commonly dogs. It causes inflammation of the brain and is preventable if post-exposure prophylaxis is administered promptly. India has a high burden of rabies with an estimated 18,000-20,000 deaths annually, mostly in children under 15. Dogs are the main reservoir with transmission occurring through bites, scratches or licks. Post-exposure prophylaxis consists of thorough wound cleansing along with rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin administration. Mass dog vaccination programs combined with stray dog population control are effective control strategies. While there is no cure for clinical rabies, prevention through dog vaccination and public health education can reduce deaths from this deadly disease
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through the bites of infected mammals, most commonly dogs. It causes inflammation of the brain and is preventable if post-exposure prophylaxis is administered promptly. India has a high burden of rabies with an estimated 18,000-20,000 deaths annually, mostly in children under 15. Dogs are the main reservoir with transmission occurring through bites, scratches or licks. Post-exposure prophylaxis consists of wound cleansing, vaccine administration, and possibly rabies immunoglobulin depending on the exposure category. Mass dog vaccination programs combined with stray dog population control are effective control strategies.
This document discusses the case of an 18-year-old male who presents with pain in his left leg from below the knee that has been ongoing for one year. He was bitten by a snake while working in fields one year ago. The bite area became infected, swollen, and formed pus. Differential diagnoses for his leg pain include musculoskeletal issues, trauma, DVT, neuropathy, and necrotizing fasciitis. Snake bite management involves reassuring the patient, immobilizing the area, going to the hospital immediately, and informing doctors of any symptoms. In the hospital, anti-snake venom is the main treatment along with supportive care.
health and safety. education. university.NimaFartash
This document provides information about first aid for snake bites, insect bites, and rabies prevention. It discusses which snakes are venomous and the symptoms of venomous vs. non-venomous snake bites. It outlines first aid steps for snake bites, including not applying tourniquets and seeking immediate medical help. The document also discusses insect bites and stings, noting the difference between venomous and non-venomous insects. First aid steps are provided for insect bites. Finally, the document covers rabies prevention through vaccination and outlines first aid involving extensive wound washing after exposure to potentially rabid animals.
first aid in Insects bites and heat stroke.pptxanjalatchi
This document provides guidance on first aid measures for different insect, animal, and snake bites. It discusses removing stings and bites, applying antiseptic and cold compresses, signs of infection, and when to seek medical help. Guidelines are given for compression bandages for snake bites and proper tick removal. Actions include contacting local health centers about common diseases, preventive measures, available anti-venoms, and first aid training.
first aid in Insects bites and heat stroke.pptxanjalatchi
This document provides guidance on first aid for bites from various insects and animals. It discusses bee, wasp and ant stings, noting steps like removing the sting, washing the area, applying antiseptic cream and using a cold compress. Scorpion bites are outlined as very painful and potentially causing anaphylactic shock, with advice to apply a tourniquet and seek medical help. Centipede bites can cause redness, itching and pain. Snakebites are described as potentially life-threatening in some regions, with signs like puncture wounds, swelling and difficulty breathing. Guidelines are given for snakebite first aid like not sucking venom and properly applying compression. Tick removal techniques are outlined along with
Rabies is a viral disease spread to humans through bites or scratches from infected animals like dogs. It causes inflammation of the brain and is fatal without treatment. The rabies virus travels through the nervous system from the site of infection to the brain. Symptoms in humans include fear of water, increased reflexes, and mental changes. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleansing, vaccine administration, and other measures to prevent the virus from reaching the nervous system. Pre-exposure prophylaxis through vaccination is recommended for those at high risk of exposure like animal handlers.
This document discusses the management of common emergencies including insect bites, anaphylaxis, heat stroke, snake bites, and scorpion stings. It provides guidance on treating animal bites, administering antibiotics, tetanus vaccines, and rabies prophylaxis when needed. For snake bites, recommendations include reassuring the patient, checking coagulation, giving antivenom, and immobilizing the area. Anaphylaxis requires epinephrine, IV fluids, oxygen, and monitoring for biphasic reactions. Heat stroke and exhaustion are also outlined, with cooling methods like cold water immersion and lavage to rapidly lower core body temperature.
This document discusses common livestock and poultry diseases and their prevention and treatment. It describes six important livestock diseases: anthrax, black quarter, foot and mouth disease, blue tongue, bovine ephemeral fever, and mastitis. Their symptoms and treatment methods are outlined. It also discusses five important poultry diseases: fowl cholera, paratyphoid infection, infectious coryza, gangrenous dermatitis, and psittacosis/ornithosis. The key symptoms and control/treatment approaches are provided for each disease. Traditional ethnoveterinary prevention practices are also mentioned for some of the livestock diseases.
Snakes and scorpions can inject venom through bites or stings that is dangerous and sometimes fatal. There are over 50,000 deaths from snake bites worldwide each year. Venoms vary and can be neurotoxic, vasculotoxic, or myotoxic. Immediate medical help is needed for bites. Scorpion venom can also be neurotoxic or haemolytic, causing local or systemic effects like paralysis, cardiac issues, or death in severe cases. Treatment involves immobilization, antivenom, supportive care, and monitoring for complications.
Zoonotic infections are diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans. Researchers have found that 13 zoonotic diseases are responsible for over 2 million human deaths per year. Zoonotic diseases can spread from animals to humans through contact with saliva, bites, scratches, aerosols, licks, urine, tears, or feces from animals. Common zoonotic diseases that can infect humans include dengue, chikungunya, malaria, West Nile virus from mosquitoes; salmonella from chickens, snakes, kittens or turtles; and Lyme disease or Rocky Mountain spotted fever from tick bites. Symptoms of zoonotic diseases vary but often include diarrhea, muscle aches, fever
This document provides information about dog bites and rabies. It discusses the objectives, introduction, incidence, incubation period, mode of transmission, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, therapeutic management including post exposure prophylaxis guidelines, and preventive measures for dog bites and rabies. The summary focuses on key points about rabies transmission, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, post exposure prophylaxis guidelines according to exposure category, and the lack of curative treatment once clinical signs appear.
This ppt is About Rabies epidemiology and treatment .
This is done by using Park book 24th edition of PSM .
This presentation is presented in academics of Master of public health in Christian medical college .
One more Important thing is that that zareb regime (intramuscular ) is not practiced . We try to make this ppt lucid. and the statistics is used in the presentation is upto 27 june 2018
Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread through bites or scratches from infected animals. It causes inflammation of the brain and is almost always fatal once symptoms appear. Dogs are the main source of human rabies globally, transmitting the virus through bites in over 95% of cases. Post-exposure prophylaxis consists of thorough wound cleansing, vaccine administration, and possibly rabies immunoglobulin, depending on the category of animal contact. The standard vaccine regimen involves doses on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28, though abbreviated regimens also exist. Timely post-exposure prophylaxis is highly effective at preventing rabies in exposed individuals.
This document provides information about scorpion stings, including:
1) Scorpions have a lobster-like body with claws, legs, and a segmented tail ending in a stinger containing venom glands. Their venom causes uncontrolled nerve firing through sodium channel effects.
2) Symptoms range from localized pain to cranial nerve dysfunction and autonomic/muscular symptoms. Severe cases can lead to complications like respiratory failure.
3) Treatment involves wound care, pain management, antivenom if available, and supportive care like intubation, IV fluids and medication for symptoms. Outcomes are generally good with treatment.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread through the saliva of infected animals, most commonly dogs. It causes inflammation of the brain and central nervous system. The virus is transmitted via bites or licks on broken skin and mucous membranes from rabid animals. Dogs are the primary vector. Treatment involves thorough cleaning of wounds, vaccines, and immune globulin. Prevention focuses on vaccinating domestic animals, controlling stray animal populations, and caution around wild carriers like bats and foxes. Rabies remains a serious public health issue in developing nations.
This is a slide presentation for group discussion on snake bites. We were given some situation and the task was to gather resources and discuss on how to address the given situation. Suitable for medical students, housemen and s general knowledge on snake bites. Credit also goes to my groupmates in preparing the presentation.
Scorpions are a common arthropod found all over the world.
If threatened, a scorpion may use its long, flexible tail to sting a potential predator.
Frequently, people unknowingly come into contact with these species and experience the painful sensation of envenomation
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through the bites of infected mammals, most commonly dogs. It causes inflammation of the brain and is preventable if post-exposure prophylaxis is administered promptly. India has a high burden of rabies with an estimated 18,000-20,000 deaths annually, mostly in children under 15. Dogs are the main reservoir with transmission occurring through bites, scratches or licks. Post-exposure prophylaxis consists of thorough wound cleansing along with rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin administration. Mass dog vaccination programs combined with stray dog population control are effective control strategies. While there is no cure for clinical rabies, prevention through dog vaccination and public health education can reduce deaths from this deadly disease
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through the bites of infected mammals, most commonly dogs. It causes inflammation of the brain and is preventable if post-exposure prophylaxis is administered promptly. India has a high burden of rabies with an estimated 18,000-20,000 deaths annually, mostly in children under 15. Dogs are the main reservoir with transmission occurring through bites, scratches or licks. Post-exposure prophylaxis consists of wound cleansing, vaccine administration, and possibly rabies immunoglobulin depending on the exposure category. Mass dog vaccination programs combined with stray dog population control are effective control strategies.
This document discusses the case of an 18-year-old male who presents with pain in his left leg from below the knee that has been ongoing for one year. He was bitten by a snake while working in fields one year ago. The bite area became infected, swollen, and formed pus. Differential diagnoses for his leg pain include musculoskeletal issues, trauma, DVT, neuropathy, and necrotizing fasciitis. Snake bite management involves reassuring the patient, immobilizing the area, going to the hospital immediately, and informing doctors of any symptoms. In the hospital, anti-snake venom is the main treatment along with supportive care.
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2. Objectives
At the end of this session, students are expected
to be able to:
Part 1
• Define animal bites
• Identify cause
• Describe pathophysiology
• Describe clinical features
• Manage animal bites
2
3. Objectives
Part 2
• Define insect bites and stings
• Identify cause
• Describe clinical features
• Manage animal bites and stings
5. Introduction
• Animal bites
–Animal bites are wounds inflicted on the
body due to animals sinking teeth into one’s
body.
–Animal bites and scratches, even when they
are minor can become infected and spread
bacteria to other parts of the body.
6. Introduction cont..
• Whether the bite is from a family pet or an
animal in the wild, scratches and bites can
carry disease.
• Some animals can transmit rabies and tetanus.
7. Causes
• Human bites
• Snake bite
• Alligator & crocodile bite
• Domestic animals like dogs and cats
• Skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, and most other
caranivores; woodchucks
• Livestock, rodents, and lagomorphs (rabbits
and hares)
8. Pathophysiology
• Human bites
–Human bites can be as dangerous as or even
more dangerous than animal bites because
of the types of bacteria and viruses
contained in the human mouth
–A common human bite wound associated
with high morbidity is either fight bite or
teeth bites
9. Pathophysiology cont..
• Snakebites and Venom
–Poisonous snakes inject venom using
modified salivary glands
–Venomous snakes of medical importance
have a pair of enlarged teeth, the fangs, at
the front of their upper jaw.
10. Pathophysiology cont..
–If a human is bitten, venom is usually
injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly.
–Spitting cobras can squeeze the venom out
of the tips of their fangs, producing a fine
spray directed toward the eyes of an
aggressor
11. Pathophysiology cont..
• Examples of venom toxins
–Black Mamba has neurotoxic venom and
cardio-toxic venom
–The Puff Adder has cyto-toxics venom
–Boomslang snake and carpet Viper both
have hemotoxic venom
12. Clinical features of snake bites
• Eyes (spitting cobras and ringhals can eject
their venom quite accurately into the eyes of
the victims, resulting in direct eye pain and
damage)
• Swelling and tissue damage
• Suddenly develop breathing difficulty and go
into shock
13. Clinical features of snake bites cont..
• Local effects (swollen, bleeding, blister and
gangrene)
• Nervous system effects (vision problems,
speaking and breathing trouble, and numbness
close to or distant to the bite site, and death
without treatment)
• Muscle death (muscle necrosis,
rhabdomyolysis, kidney failure)
14. Snake bite treatment
Non pharmacological
• Application of a tourniquet, incision and
suction are appropriate if done within one hour
from time of bite
• Elevate limb if swollen
• Paralysis of respiratory muscles may requires:-
–Intubation and mechanical ventilation or
manual ventilation
15. Snake bite treatment cont..
Pharmacological
• If there are systemic signs or severe local signs
(swelling of more than half of the limb or severe
necrosis), give antivenom (crotalidae polyvalent
immune)
– The dose of anti-venom serum required depends on
the amount of venom injected by the snake,
– The initial doze should be large; at least contents of
20 ml, but the condition of the patient may demand
the injection of up to 4 or 5 times as much
16. Snake bite treatment cont..
• Also give Epinephrine (adrenalin), IM dose of
1:1000 (Repeat after 5 min if no improvement)
–Children > 12 years and Adults
500microgram (0.5ml)
–Children 6-12 years 300microgram (0.3ml)
–Children < 6 years 150 microgram IM
(0.15ml)
17. Snake bite treatment cont..
AND
• IV Chlorpheniramine and be ready if allergic
reaction occurs. Dosage as below
–Children under 6 years: 4mg 8hourly needed
–6-12 years: 8mg (PO) 12 hours as needed
–>12 years and older 12mg 12hourly needed
18. Snake bite treatment cont..
• If in shock, give normal Saline 10-20mls/kg
bolus, repeat after 30min if still in shock
• Vitamin K may be required to correct bleeding
and clotting abnormalities
• Tetanus toxoid administered and antibiotics
recommended to prevent secondary infection
19. Snake bite treatment cont..
Surgical Intervention
• Excision of dead tissue from wound
• Incision of facial membranes to relieve
pressure in limb compartments, if necessary
• Skin grafting, if extensive necrosis
• Tracheotomy if paralysis of muscles involved
in swallowing occurs
20. Treatment cont..
For Dogs and cats bites
• When the dogs or/and cats are available and
proven that they are health
–Treatment should include:-
• The victim should not begin prophylaxis
• And 10 days observation, unless animal
develops symptoms of rabies
21. Treatment cont..
• Rabid or suspected rabid (Dogs and cats bites)
–Treatment should include:-
• Immediate vaccination
• consider also tetanus toxoids
• Unknown (escaped) (Dogs and cats bites)
–Treatment should includes:-
• Consult public health officials
22. Treatment cont..
• Skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, and most
other caranivores; woodchucks bites
–Regarded as rabid unless geographic area is
known to be free of rabies or until animal
proven negative by laboratory tests
–Treatment should includes:-
• Immediate vaccination
23. Treatment cont..
• Livestock, rodents, and lagomorphs (rabbits
and hares)
–Consider individually
– Treatment should includes:-
• Consult public health officials;
• bites of squirrels, hamsters, guinea pigs,
gerbils, chipmunks, rats, mice, other
rodents, rabbits, and hares almost never
require anti-rabies treatment
25. Introduction
• A sting is usually from an attack by a
venomous insect such as a bee or wasp, which
uses this as a defense mechanism by injecting
toxic and painful venom through its stinger.
• Insect bites and stings can be divided into 2
groups namely: venomous and nonvenomous.
• Non-venomous insect bites pierce the skin to
feed on blood, this usually results in intense
itching.
28. Clinical features
• Localized pain
• Petechial hemorrhages
• Swelling of skin and mucus membrane
• Generalized erythema
• Abdominal cramps
• Pulmonary and cerebral edema
• Blurred vision
29. Clinical features cont..
• Vascular collapse
• Death results from combination of shock
• Respiratory failure and CNS changes
• Most death from insect stings occur within 15
to 30 minutes
• Early application of a tourniquet may prevent
rapid spread of venom
• Emergency kit containing epinephrine
commercially available
30. Treatment
Non-Pharmacological
• Clean the area with soap and water to remove
contaminated particles left behind by some
insects
• Refrain from scratching because this may
cause the skin to break down and results to an
infection
31. Treatment cont..
• Pharmacological treatment
–Ibuprofen: 400-800mg orally 8 hourly for 3
days
–Prednisolone: 2 mg/kg/day (PO) in single
daily not to exceed 80 mg/day for 5 days
–Where there is an anaphylactic reaction treat
according to guideline.
32. Treatment cont..
–Diphenhydramine: 50 mg orally 6 hourly
not exceeding 300mg/day for 5days. In
severe reaction 50mg IV 6 hourly not
exceed 400mg/day for 5 days
–Cimetidine/Ranitidine: 5-10 mg/kg IV
6hourly for 5days
33. Key points
• Animal bites and scratches, even when they
are minor can become infected and spread
bacteria to other parts of the body.
• Domestic animals like dogs and cats are the
most frequents reported animal bites
• Treatment of animal bites includes surgical
debridement and detoxification with
antivenom
34. Key points
• An insect sting is usually from an attack by a
venomous insect such as a bee or wasp, which
uses this as a defense mechanism by injecting
toxic and painful venom through its stinger.
• The insect that is responsible for the majority of
serious sting related reactions include bees,
wasps, spiders, scorpions, ants and centipedes.
• Non-venomous insect bites pierce the skin to feed
on blood, this usually results in intense itching.
35. Review questions
1. What is an animal bite?
2. Mention cause of animal bites and stings?
3.Describe management of snake bites?
36. References
• MoHCDGEC (2017). Standard Treatment
Guidelines and National Essential Medicines
List: Tanzania Mainland (4th Ed).