Cord prolapse is a frightening and life-threatening event that occurs in labor. Rapid identification and immediate appropriate response may well save the life of a neonate. Therefore, clinicians should be knowledgeable in its recognition and management.
Cord prolapse occurs when the umbilical cord descends through the birth canal ahead of the presenting fetal part. This can lead to compression of the cord and fetal hypoxia. Risk factors include premature rupture of membranes, abnormal fetal lie or presentation, and polyhydramnios. Diagnosis is made by feeling the cord through intact membranes or directly. Management depends on whether the cord is pulsating, indicating a live fetus. For a live fetus, the goal is to relieve cord compression and expedite delivery by cesarean section or assisted vaginal delivery. If the fetus is already dead, the safest delivery method for the mother is used. First aid focuses on minimizing cord compression until more definitive care can be provided
This document discusses obstetrical emergencies related to umbilical cord presentation and prolapse. It defines the different types of cord presentation including occult, funic, and overt prolapse. It describes the risks of cord compression leading to fetal hypoxia, brain damage, and death. Management involves placing the mother in positions to relieve pressure on the cord and expedited delivery by cesarean section if needed to prevent fetal complications.
This is Midwifery, And it has Information about Cord prolapse and its Management, Diagnosis, its an emergency Condition that require immediate Attention when Realized
Late pregnancy bleeding can occur after 20 weeks of gestation and has several potential causes. Placental abruption occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery, presenting with abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and contractions. Uterine rupture is a complete separation of the uterine wall that endangers the mother and fetus, often occurring in those with prior uterine surgery. Placenta previa is when the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, presenting with painless vaginal bleeding. Vasa previa occurs when fetal vessels traverse the membranes over the cervical os, presenting with bleeding upon rupture of membranes or contractions and fetal bradycardia. Abnormal placenta attachment like accreta,
This document provides an overview of several obstetric emergencies including the collapsed/unresponsive patient, sepsis, obstetric hemorrhage, eclampsia, amniotic fluid embolism, umbilical cord prolapse, shoulder dystocia, thrombosis and thromboembolism, uterine inversion, and uterine rupture. For each emergency, it describes signs, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and management strategies with the goal of limiting maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality through a structured and methodical approach.
This document discusses breech delivery, including definitions, types, incidence, diagnosis, management, and risks. It defines breech delivery as presentation where the fetus is in a longitudinal lie with the buttocks presenting at the pelvis. The main types are complete and frank breech. Incidence is low where high parity births are minimal and cephalic version is routinely performed. Management includes attempting external cephalic version after 37 weeks or planning for cesarean section. Vaginal breech delivery carries risks to the fetus like intracranial damage so careful maneuvers are needed during the second stage of labor to prevent complications.
Cord prolapse is a serious obstetric emergency that can lead to fetal distress and death if not managed promptly. It occurs when the umbilical cord descends through the birth canal ahead of the presenting fetal part. Immediate actions upon diagnosis include manual elevation of the presenting part, left lateral positioning of the mother, and preparations for emergency delivery by cesarean section or operative vaginal delivery depending on cervical dilation. Prevention focuses on early identification of risk factors like abnormal fetal lie and timely delivery for non-cephalic presentations.
Cord prolapse is a frightening and life-threatening event that occurs in labor. Rapid identification and immediate appropriate response may well save the life of a neonate. Therefore, clinicians should be knowledgeable in its recognition and management.
Cord prolapse occurs when the umbilical cord descends through the birth canal ahead of the presenting fetal part. This can lead to compression of the cord and fetal hypoxia. Risk factors include premature rupture of membranes, abnormal fetal lie or presentation, and polyhydramnios. Diagnosis is made by feeling the cord through intact membranes or directly. Management depends on whether the cord is pulsating, indicating a live fetus. For a live fetus, the goal is to relieve cord compression and expedite delivery by cesarean section or assisted vaginal delivery. If the fetus is already dead, the safest delivery method for the mother is used. First aid focuses on minimizing cord compression until more definitive care can be provided
This document discusses obstetrical emergencies related to umbilical cord presentation and prolapse. It defines the different types of cord presentation including occult, funic, and overt prolapse. It describes the risks of cord compression leading to fetal hypoxia, brain damage, and death. Management involves placing the mother in positions to relieve pressure on the cord and expedited delivery by cesarean section if needed to prevent fetal complications.
This is Midwifery, And it has Information about Cord prolapse and its Management, Diagnosis, its an emergency Condition that require immediate Attention when Realized
Late pregnancy bleeding can occur after 20 weeks of gestation and has several potential causes. Placental abruption occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery, presenting with abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and contractions. Uterine rupture is a complete separation of the uterine wall that endangers the mother and fetus, often occurring in those with prior uterine surgery. Placenta previa is when the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, presenting with painless vaginal bleeding. Vasa previa occurs when fetal vessels traverse the membranes over the cervical os, presenting with bleeding upon rupture of membranes or contractions and fetal bradycardia. Abnormal placenta attachment like accreta,
This document provides an overview of several obstetric emergencies including the collapsed/unresponsive patient, sepsis, obstetric hemorrhage, eclampsia, amniotic fluid embolism, umbilical cord prolapse, shoulder dystocia, thrombosis and thromboembolism, uterine inversion, and uterine rupture. For each emergency, it describes signs, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and management strategies with the goal of limiting maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality through a structured and methodical approach.
This document discusses breech delivery, including definitions, types, incidence, diagnosis, management, and risks. It defines breech delivery as presentation where the fetus is in a longitudinal lie with the buttocks presenting at the pelvis. The main types are complete and frank breech. Incidence is low where high parity births are minimal and cephalic version is routinely performed. Management includes attempting external cephalic version after 37 weeks or planning for cesarean section. Vaginal breech delivery carries risks to the fetus like intracranial damage so careful maneuvers are needed during the second stage of labor to prevent complications.
Cord prolapse is a serious obstetric emergency that can lead to fetal distress and death if not managed promptly. It occurs when the umbilical cord descends through the birth canal ahead of the presenting fetal part. Immediate actions upon diagnosis include manual elevation of the presenting part, left lateral positioning of the mother, and preparations for emergency delivery by cesarean section or operative vaginal delivery depending on cervical dilation. Prevention focuses on early identification of risk factors like abnormal fetal lie and timely delivery for non-cephalic presentations.
This document discusses antepartum hemorrhage (APH), specifically placenta previa and placental abruption. It defines APH as bleeding from or into the genital tract after 28 weeks of pregnancy but before birth. Placenta previa is when the placenta implants over the lower uterine segment or cervical os, while placental abruption is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta. Both can cause painless vaginal bleeding and are medical emergencies. The document outlines risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, potential complications, and management approaches for each condition.
This document discusses various causes of obstetric haemorrhage including placenta praevia, abruptio placentae, uterine rupture, and vasa previa. It provides details on the definition, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of each condition. Placenta praevia is defined as a placenta implanted in the lower uterus and is a leading cause of late pregnancy bleeding. Abruptio placentae is the premature detachment of a normally situated placenta before delivery. Uterine rupture is a complete separation of the uterine wall while vasa previa occurs when fetal vessels traverse the membranes over the cervical os. Immediate surgical intervention is often required to treat bleeding
Umbilical cord prolapse occurs when the umbilical cord comes out of the uterus before or with the baby during labor. This can compromise blood flow to the baby. It usually happens after the amniotic sac breaks. Cord prolapse is diagnosed through vaginal exams, monitoring the baby's heart rate, or ultrasound. Immediate caesarean delivery within 30 minutes of diagnosis is recommended when the baby is alive. If delivery cannot be immediate, temporary measures can push the cord back in until delivery or provide oxygen to the mother and baby. Vaginal delivery may be attempted if the cervix is fully dilated and it is safe to deliver the baby quickly.
Cord presentation or prolapse occurs when the umbilical cord descends through the birth canal before or with the fetus. This can compromise blood flow through the cord and oxygen to the fetus. The document discusses definitions, types, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of cord presentation and prolapse. Management involves preventing cord compression, assessing the fetus, and prompt delivery, usually via emergency cesarean section within 30 minutes for overt prolapse or if vaginal delivery is not imminent. Fetal and neonatal care is also important given the risks of hypoxia.
Umbilical cord prolapse occurs when the umbilical cord drops through the cervix ahead of the presenting fetal part during labor and delivery. This can lead to oxygen deprivation for the fetus if not promptly addressed. Cord prolapse is classified as overt if the cord is visible in the vaginal canal or occult if it is not visible but suspected based on fetal heart rate changes. Immediate cesarean delivery is usually required for overt prolapse while occult prolapse may allow continued monitoring and trial of vaginal delivery if the heart rate recovers. Factors that increase risk include premature delivery, multiple gestation, polyhydramnios, and breech presentation.
The third stage of labor involves the delivery of the placenta after childbirth. It is important to monitor for complications and allow the placenta to separate and deliver naturally without pulling on the umbilical cord. Signs of placental separation include lengthening of the cord and a gush of blood. Active management with controlled cord traction is commonly used to expedite delivery but physiological management without intervention is also appropriate for low risk births. Close monitoring during the third stage is important to detect any postpartum hemorrhage or retained placenta.
This document discusses cord prolapse and vasa previa. It defines cord prolapse as the abnormal descent of the umbilical cord by the side of the presenting part. It notes the different types of cord prolapse and lists various risk factors. The document discusses diagnosis and management approaches for cord presentation and prolapse, which depends on factors like whether the baby is alive or dead and ability to perform immediate vaginal delivery. It also summarizes vasa previa, defined as fetal blood vessels lying over the internal os, and recommends ultrasound diagnosis and emergency c-section for confirmed cases with bleeding.
This document discusses postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), including its causes, prevention, and management. PPH is a leading cause of maternal mortality, with uterine atony being the most common cause. The document defines primary (early) PPH as occurring within 24 hours of delivery, and secondary (late) PPH between 24 hours and 6 weeks postpartum. Prevention focuses on active management of the third stage of labor using uterotonics and controlled cord traction. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, uterotonics, bimanual compression, ligation of bleeding vessels, and hysterectomy if needed to control bleeding. Abnormally adherent placentas also increase PPH risk and may require conservative or definitive surgical
This document discusses several obstetric emergencies including vasa previa, cord presentation/prolapse, amniotic fluid embolism, shoulder dystocia, and obstetric shock. It defines each condition, lists risk factors and causes, and outlines signs/symptoms, diagnosis, and management approaches. Prompt recognition and treatment are emphasized as these emergencies can threaten the lives of both mother and baby if not addressed immediately.
This document discusses obstetric emergencies including prolapsed umbilical cord and uterine rupture. It defines a prolapsed cord as occurring when the umbilical cord precedes the presenting fetal part. Risk factors include premature rupture of membranes, multiparity, and malpresentation. Immediate management of a prolapsed cord with pulsation includes relieving pressure on the cord by holding the presenting part away from the cord with fingers in the vagina. Uterine rupture is defined as a full thickness tear through the uterus and can occur in scarred or unscarred uteruses. It is a medical emergency requiring prompt cesarean delivery and potential hysterectomy. Complications include hemorrhage, trauma to the fetus, and
This document discusses transverse lie and cord prolapse during labor. It provides information on:
1) The definition and causes of transverse lie, where the fetus lies horizontally across the uterus with the shoulder over the pelvic inlet.
2) The diagnosis of transverse lie which involves abdominal and vaginal examinations to identify fetal parts and position. Ultrasound can also confirm the diagnosis.
3) The risks of transverse lie including cord prolapse, obstructed labor, and fetal death. Management involves external cephalic version or cesarean section.
4) The definition, causes, diagnosis, and management of cord prolapse, which requires immediate delivery by cesarean section if the fetus is alive or
Hi, myself Dipanwita Maity ,' Clinical Instructor ' of 'Shova Rani Nursing College ' (A unit of KPC Medical College & Hospital , Jadavpur , Kolkata ) , am sharing my PPT on "Cord Prolapse"( Subject: Midwifery & Obstetrical Nursing ) with all of you .
Obstetrical emergencies are life-threatening medical conditions that occur in pregnancy, during labor and delivery, or after childbirth. They can endanger the health and lives of both the mother and baby. Common obstetric emergencies include ectopic pregnancy, placental abruption, preeclampsia, premature rupture of membranes, uterine inversion or rupture, prolapsed umbilical cord, shoulder dystocia, and postpartum hemorrhage. Diagnosis involves medical history, examination, and tests, while treatment depends on the specific emergency but may include bed rest, medications, premature delivery by c-section or other surgery, or hysterectomy in severe cases.
This document discusses complications of the third stage of labour, specifically postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). It defines PPH as blood loss exceeding 500mL following birth. Causes include uterine atony, trauma, retained placenta. Diagnosis involves examination to assess blood loss, vital signs, uterine firmness and lacerations. Management principles are to control bleeding, replace blood loss, and correct hypovolemia. Prevention strategies like active management of the third stage and treating high risk mothers are also covered.
1. The document discusses various types of abortion including spontaneous, threatened, inevitable, incomplete, missed, and induced abortions.
2. Spontaneous abortion refers to abortion occurring without medical intervention, while induced abortion is intentionally caused.
3. Causes of abortion include fetal/ovum factors, maternal health issues, trauma, toxic agents, cervical/uterine abnormalities, and unknown causes.
4. Management depends on type and gestational age but may include bed rest, dilation and curettage, medications to expel products of conception, or hysterectomy in some cases.
UNIT 3 FETAL DISTRESS MATERNAL,FETAL MONITORING UMBILICAL CORD ABNORMALITIES...HELENNWANKWO2
This document discusses various fetal malpresentations and malpositions that can occur during labor and delivery, including:
- Occiput posterior position, which can cause a long and painful labor with increased risk of operative delivery.
- Brow, face, and breech presentations, which are considered malpresentations. Face presentations have higher risks if chin is posterior. Breech presentations carry risks of natal and neonatal complications.
- Diagnosis and management approaches are outlined for each condition, emphasizing the need for timely intervention and delivery to minimize risks to the mother and baby. Close monitoring and support for the mother are also important aspects of care.
Early pregnancy bleeding can be caused by issues related to the pregnancy itself like miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy, or issues associated with pregnancy like cervical lesions. Examination of a woman with bleeding includes general exam to check for signs of heavy bleeding, abdominal exam to check for masses, and pelvic exam including speculum and bimanual exams to examine the cervix and uterus. Common causes of early pregnancy bleeding are threatened abortion where bleeding has started but pregnancy is still viable, inevitable abortion where continuation is impossible, complete abortion where all pregnancy tissue is expelled, incomplete abortion where tissue remains inside, and missed abortion where the fetus has died but remains in utero. Treatment depends on the situation and may include monitoring, uterine evacuation, or cure
This document discusses various causes of antepartum hemorrhage (APH), including placenta previa, abruption placentae, and vasa previa. Placenta previa, where the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, accounts for about one-third of APH cases. Risk factors include advancing maternal age, multiparity, prior cesarean delivery, and smoking. Management depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding, ranging from bed rest to cesarean delivery. Abruptio placentae is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta and can cause concealed or revealed bleeding. It is associated with increased risks of fetal and maternal complications. Vasa previa
abortions( hemorrhagic in early pregnancythxz2fdqxw
This document discusses various types of bleeding in early pregnancy. It defines abortion and classifies it as spontaneous or induced, with spontaneous abortion further divided. The main causes of bleeding in early pregnancy are abortion (95%), ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy, and implantation bleeding. Genetic factors account for 50% of early miscarriages due to chromosomal abnormalities. Other causes include endocrine, anatomical, infectious, immunological and unexplained factors. Different types of spontaneous abortion are defined including threatened, inevitable, complete, incomplete and missed abortion. Management depends on the type and stage of abortion.
This document discusses antepartum hemorrhage (APH), specifically placenta previa and placental abruption. It defines APH as bleeding from or into the genital tract after 28 weeks of pregnancy but before birth. Placenta previa is when the placenta implants over the lower uterine segment or cervical os, while placental abruption is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta. Both can cause painless vaginal bleeding and are medical emergencies. The document outlines risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, potential complications, and management approaches for each condition.
This document discusses various causes of obstetric haemorrhage including placenta praevia, abruptio placentae, uterine rupture, and vasa previa. It provides details on the definition, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of each condition. Placenta praevia is defined as a placenta implanted in the lower uterus and is a leading cause of late pregnancy bleeding. Abruptio placentae is the premature detachment of a normally situated placenta before delivery. Uterine rupture is a complete separation of the uterine wall while vasa previa occurs when fetal vessels traverse the membranes over the cervical os. Immediate surgical intervention is often required to treat bleeding
Umbilical cord prolapse occurs when the umbilical cord comes out of the uterus before or with the baby during labor. This can compromise blood flow to the baby. It usually happens after the amniotic sac breaks. Cord prolapse is diagnosed through vaginal exams, monitoring the baby's heart rate, or ultrasound. Immediate caesarean delivery within 30 minutes of diagnosis is recommended when the baby is alive. If delivery cannot be immediate, temporary measures can push the cord back in until delivery or provide oxygen to the mother and baby. Vaginal delivery may be attempted if the cervix is fully dilated and it is safe to deliver the baby quickly.
Cord presentation or prolapse occurs when the umbilical cord descends through the birth canal before or with the fetus. This can compromise blood flow through the cord and oxygen to the fetus. The document discusses definitions, types, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of cord presentation and prolapse. Management involves preventing cord compression, assessing the fetus, and prompt delivery, usually via emergency cesarean section within 30 minutes for overt prolapse or if vaginal delivery is not imminent. Fetal and neonatal care is also important given the risks of hypoxia.
Umbilical cord prolapse occurs when the umbilical cord drops through the cervix ahead of the presenting fetal part during labor and delivery. This can lead to oxygen deprivation for the fetus if not promptly addressed. Cord prolapse is classified as overt if the cord is visible in the vaginal canal or occult if it is not visible but suspected based on fetal heart rate changes. Immediate cesarean delivery is usually required for overt prolapse while occult prolapse may allow continued monitoring and trial of vaginal delivery if the heart rate recovers. Factors that increase risk include premature delivery, multiple gestation, polyhydramnios, and breech presentation.
The third stage of labor involves the delivery of the placenta after childbirth. It is important to monitor for complications and allow the placenta to separate and deliver naturally without pulling on the umbilical cord. Signs of placental separation include lengthening of the cord and a gush of blood. Active management with controlled cord traction is commonly used to expedite delivery but physiological management without intervention is also appropriate for low risk births. Close monitoring during the third stage is important to detect any postpartum hemorrhage or retained placenta.
This document discusses cord prolapse and vasa previa. It defines cord prolapse as the abnormal descent of the umbilical cord by the side of the presenting part. It notes the different types of cord prolapse and lists various risk factors. The document discusses diagnosis and management approaches for cord presentation and prolapse, which depends on factors like whether the baby is alive or dead and ability to perform immediate vaginal delivery. It also summarizes vasa previa, defined as fetal blood vessels lying over the internal os, and recommends ultrasound diagnosis and emergency c-section for confirmed cases with bleeding.
This document discusses postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), including its causes, prevention, and management. PPH is a leading cause of maternal mortality, with uterine atony being the most common cause. The document defines primary (early) PPH as occurring within 24 hours of delivery, and secondary (late) PPH between 24 hours and 6 weeks postpartum. Prevention focuses on active management of the third stage of labor using uterotonics and controlled cord traction. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, uterotonics, bimanual compression, ligation of bleeding vessels, and hysterectomy if needed to control bleeding. Abnormally adherent placentas also increase PPH risk and may require conservative or definitive surgical
This document discusses several obstetric emergencies including vasa previa, cord presentation/prolapse, amniotic fluid embolism, shoulder dystocia, and obstetric shock. It defines each condition, lists risk factors and causes, and outlines signs/symptoms, diagnosis, and management approaches. Prompt recognition and treatment are emphasized as these emergencies can threaten the lives of both mother and baby if not addressed immediately.
This document discusses obstetric emergencies including prolapsed umbilical cord and uterine rupture. It defines a prolapsed cord as occurring when the umbilical cord precedes the presenting fetal part. Risk factors include premature rupture of membranes, multiparity, and malpresentation. Immediate management of a prolapsed cord with pulsation includes relieving pressure on the cord by holding the presenting part away from the cord with fingers in the vagina. Uterine rupture is defined as a full thickness tear through the uterus and can occur in scarred or unscarred uteruses. It is a medical emergency requiring prompt cesarean delivery and potential hysterectomy. Complications include hemorrhage, trauma to the fetus, and
This document discusses transverse lie and cord prolapse during labor. It provides information on:
1) The definition and causes of transverse lie, where the fetus lies horizontally across the uterus with the shoulder over the pelvic inlet.
2) The diagnosis of transverse lie which involves abdominal and vaginal examinations to identify fetal parts and position. Ultrasound can also confirm the diagnosis.
3) The risks of transverse lie including cord prolapse, obstructed labor, and fetal death. Management involves external cephalic version or cesarean section.
4) The definition, causes, diagnosis, and management of cord prolapse, which requires immediate delivery by cesarean section if the fetus is alive or
Hi, myself Dipanwita Maity ,' Clinical Instructor ' of 'Shova Rani Nursing College ' (A unit of KPC Medical College & Hospital , Jadavpur , Kolkata ) , am sharing my PPT on "Cord Prolapse"( Subject: Midwifery & Obstetrical Nursing ) with all of you .
Obstetrical emergencies are life-threatening medical conditions that occur in pregnancy, during labor and delivery, or after childbirth. They can endanger the health and lives of both the mother and baby. Common obstetric emergencies include ectopic pregnancy, placental abruption, preeclampsia, premature rupture of membranes, uterine inversion or rupture, prolapsed umbilical cord, shoulder dystocia, and postpartum hemorrhage. Diagnosis involves medical history, examination, and tests, while treatment depends on the specific emergency but may include bed rest, medications, premature delivery by c-section or other surgery, or hysterectomy in severe cases.
This document discusses complications of the third stage of labour, specifically postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). It defines PPH as blood loss exceeding 500mL following birth. Causes include uterine atony, trauma, retained placenta. Diagnosis involves examination to assess blood loss, vital signs, uterine firmness and lacerations. Management principles are to control bleeding, replace blood loss, and correct hypovolemia. Prevention strategies like active management of the third stage and treating high risk mothers are also covered.
1. The document discusses various types of abortion including spontaneous, threatened, inevitable, incomplete, missed, and induced abortions.
2. Spontaneous abortion refers to abortion occurring without medical intervention, while induced abortion is intentionally caused.
3. Causes of abortion include fetal/ovum factors, maternal health issues, trauma, toxic agents, cervical/uterine abnormalities, and unknown causes.
4. Management depends on type and gestational age but may include bed rest, dilation and curettage, medications to expel products of conception, or hysterectomy in some cases.
UNIT 3 FETAL DISTRESS MATERNAL,FETAL MONITORING UMBILICAL CORD ABNORMALITIES...HELENNWANKWO2
This document discusses various fetal malpresentations and malpositions that can occur during labor and delivery, including:
- Occiput posterior position, which can cause a long and painful labor with increased risk of operative delivery.
- Brow, face, and breech presentations, which are considered malpresentations. Face presentations have higher risks if chin is posterior. Breech presentations carry risks of natal and neonatal complications.
- Diagnosis and management approaches are outlined for each condition, emphasizing the need for timely intervention and delivery to minimize risks to the mother and baby. Close monitoring and support for the mother are also important aspects of care.
Early pregnancy bleeding can be caused by issues related to the pregnancy itself like miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy, or issues associated with pregnancy like cervical lesions. Examination of a woman with bleeding includes general exam to check for signs of heavy bleeding, abdominal exam to check for masses, and pelvic exam including speculum and bimanual exams to examine the cervix and uterus. Common causes of early pregnancy bleeding are threatened abortion where bleeding has started but pregnancy is still viable, inevitable abortion where continuation is impossible, complete abortion where all pregnancy tissue is expelled, incomplete abortion where tissue remains inside, and missed abortion where the fetus has died but remains in utero. Treatment depends on the situation and may include monitoring, uterine evacuation, or cure
This document discusses various causes of antepartum hemorrhage (APH), including placenta previa, abruption placentae, and vasa previa. Placenta previa, where the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, accounts for about one-third of APH cases. Risk factors include advancing maternal age, multiparity, prior cesarean delivery, and smoking. Management depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding, ranging from bed rest to cesarean delivery. Abruptio placentae is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta and can cause concealed or revealed bleeding. It is associated with increased risks of fetal and maternal complications. Vasa previa
abortions( hemorrhagic in early pregnancythxz2fdqxw
This document discusses various types of bleeding in early pregnancy. It defines abortion and classifies it as spontaneous or induced, with spontaneous abortion further divided. The main causes of bleeding in early pregnancy are abortion (95%), ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy, and implantation bleeding. Genetic factors account for 50% of early miscarriages due to chromosomal abnormalities. Other causes include endocrine, anatomical, infectious, immunological and unexplained factors. Different types of spontaneous abortion are defined including threatened, inevitable, complete, incomplete and missed abortion. Management depends on the type and stage of abortion.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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2. Objectives
• Definition of Cord Prolapse
• Identify risk factors/causes of Cord Prolapse
• Describe pathogenesis of Cord Prolapse
• Describe clinical features and complications of Cord Prolapse
• Describe the differential diagnoses of Cord Prolapse
• Treat the patient according to guidelines of Cord Prolapse
• Describe preventive measures for Cord Prolapse
2
3. Introduction
• Umbilical cord prolapse is when the umbilical cord comes out of the
uterus with or before the presenting part of the baby.
• The concern with cord prolapse is that pressure on the cord from the
baby will compromise blood flow to the baby.
• It usually occurs during labor but can occur anytime after the rupture
of membranes
3
4. Introduction…
• Management focuses on quick delivery, usually by cesarean section
• Filling the bladder or pushing up the baby by hand is recommended
until this can take place.
• A knee-chest position or the Trendelenburg position in order to help
prevent further cord compression.
• Cord prolapse is one of the many causes of fresh stillbirth that needs
appropriate management
4
7. Definition
• Cord prolapse is where the umbilical cord lies or falls in front of or
beside the presenting part in the presence of ruptured membranes,
into the birth canal.
OR
• Defined as a descent of the umbilical cord into the lower uterine
segment where it may lie adjacent to the presenting part or below
the presenting part, without intact fetal membranes.
NB: When the membranes are intact, it is called CORD PRESENTATION.
7
8. Types
• Occult cord prolapse
• Cord is adjacent to the presenting part
• Cannot be palpated during pelvic examination.
• Might lead to variable decelerations or unexplained fetal distress, rupture of
membranes, and displacement of the cord through the vagina.
8
9. Types…
• Funic (cord) presentation
• Prolapse of the umbilical cord below the level of the presenting part
before the rupture of fetal membranes
• Cord can often be easily palpated through the membranes
• Often the harbinger of cord prolapse
9
10. Types…
•Overt cord prolapse
• Umbilical cord lies below the presenting part
• Associated with rupture of membranes, and displacement of the cord
through the vagina.
10
12. Epidemiology
• The incidence of occult cord prolapse is unknown because it can be
detected only by fetal heart rate changes characteristic of umbilical
cord compression.
• Overall Incidence of overt cord prolapse is between 0.1% to 0.6%,
where it is:-
• 0.5% in cephalic presentation
• 0.5% frank breech
• Complete breech 5%
• Footling breech 15%, and
• Transverse lie 20%
12
16. Causes/Risk Factors Cont.….
• PROCEDURE- RELATED
• Amniotomy
• External Cephalic Version
• Internal Podalic Version
• Stabilizing Induction of labor
• Applying fetal scalp electrode
• Amnion infusion
• Placement of a cervical ripening balloon catheter
16
17. Pathophysiology
• Umbilical cord prolapse is where the umbilical cord descends through
the cervix, with (or before) the presenting part of the fetus.
Subsequently, fetal hypoxia occurs via two main mechanisms:
• Occlusion – The presenting part of the fetus presses onto the
umbilical cord, occluding blood flow to the fetus.
• Arterial vasospasm – The exposure of the umbilical cord to the cold
atmosphere results in umbilical arterial vasospasm, reducing blood
flow to the fetus.
17
18. Clinical Features
• Non-reassuring fetal heart rate pattern
• Absent membranes on presenting part (confirmed by external
inspection or on digital vaginal examination)
• Fetal bradycardia
• Bleeding per vagina or heavily blood-stained liquor with ruptured
membranes
• Fundal pressure causes bradycardia
18
20. Diagnosis
• Cord presentation and prolapse may occur without outward physical
signs and can only be suspected during clinical examinations
• An abnormal fetal heart rate pattern may suggest overt or occult cord
prolapse (bradycardia and marked variable decelerations )
• In the presence of ruptured membranes, particularly if such changes
occur soon after membrane rupture, spontaneously or with
amniotomy
• Confirmed by VAGINAL EXAMINATION
20
21. Diagnosis…
• Sudden appearance of a loop of umbilical cord at the introitus, usually
just after membrane rupture
• May palpate cord during a vaginal examination in the absence of
intact membranes
21
22. Diagnosis…
• NB: Cord (Funic) Presentation can also be diagnosed with USS before
the onset or during early labour but the USS is not sufficiently
sensitive or specific for identification of cord presentation ante-natally
and should not be performed routinely to predict cord prolapse
22
23. Differential Diagnosis
• Cord presentation, sometimes felt below the presenting part when
membranes are intact.
• True Cord Knots
• An intertwining of a segment of umbilical cord,
• Circulation is usually not obstructed,
• commonly formed by the fetus slipping through a loop of the cord.
23
25. Differential Diagnosis…
• Nuchal Cord
• The umbilical cord is wrapped around the neck of the fetus in utero or of the
baby as it is being born.
• It is usually possible to slip the loop or loops of cord gently over the child's
head.
• The condition occurs in more than 25% of deliveries, more often with long
cords than with short ones.
25
27. Treatment and Management
Elevation of presenting part
Knee chest position.
Exaggerated Simms position-left lateral
supported with two pillows
Stop oxytocin
Reassure patient
27
28. Treatment and Management…
OCCULT PROLAPSE
• Immediate vaginal examination to rule out cord prolapse
• Left lateral position
• Oxygen to the mother
• Discontinue oxytocin infusion if in place
• Allow labour to progress if foetal Heart rate returns to normal and no further
insult.
• Continuous foetal heart rate monitoring
• Amnioinfusion
• Caesarean Section if cord compression pattern continues prior to membrane
rupture
28
29. Treatment and Management…
• If the baby is at term deliver by C/S prior to membrane rupture.
• If the baby is premature there is No consensus on management
• Hospitalize patient on bed rest in Sim’s position or Trendelenburg position
• Serial USS to ascertain cord position, presentation and GA
29
30. Treatment and Management…
CORD PROLAPSE
The three components of management are:-
1. Prevent or relieve cord compression and vasospasm
2. Fetal assessment
3. Prompt delivery of the infant
30
31. Treatment and Management…
1. Prevent/relieve cord compression and vasospasm
• Gently replace in the vagina if outside the vagina
• Adjust maternal position
• Manual replacement, Manual elevation and Funic reduction
N/B: There should be minimal handling of loops of cord lying outside
the vagina cover in surgical packs soaked in warm saline. Rough
handling of the cord, and colder temperature outside the vagina can
lead to vasospasm.
31
32. Treatment and Management…
• It is essential to empty the bladder again just before any
delivery attempt, be it vaginal or CS.
• Physiologically inhibits uterine contraction. There may be
contractions but not strong enough for the presenting part to
effectively compress the cord. Tocolytics can also be used for this
32
33. Treatment and Management…
• Maternal Position Adjustment
• Knee-chest position (Genu-pectoral)
• Gives maximum elevation of the presenting part.
• Provides good initial evaluation of the presenting part.
• A tiring posture to maintain.
• If any length of time is involved, move to the Sim’s lateral position
33
34. Treatment and Management…
• Sim’s lateral position
• More relaxed and dignified for the patient.
• Elevate buttocks with pillow
• Trendelenburg position
• A head-down tilt.
• Very tiring
34
36. Treatment and Management…
• 2. FETAL ASSESSMENT
• IS THE BABY VIABLE?
• Interventions for fetal reasons are not necessary for:
• Already dead baby
• Too immature to survive (e.g. before age of fetal viability)
• Lethal fetal anomaly (e.g. anencephaly)
• In these cases, allow labor to progress and deliver vaginally unless there’s a
contraindication to vaginal delivery
36
37. Treatment and Management…
• IF BABY IS ALIVE
• Quickest way to tell is by palpating the presence or absence of pulsations in
the cord.
• Beware of mistaking folds of membranes or tips of fetal fingers and toes for
the cord. Or clinician’s finger pulsation.
• Absent pulsations should be confirmed between contractions in case cord
compression is released and pulsations return.
• Fetal heart auscultation best determines whether or not the fetus is alive.
Electronic fetal heart monitoring using fetal scalp electrode may be useful.
• Real-time USS if available
37
38. Treatment and Management…
• 3. PROMPT DELIVERY
• CERVIX FULLY DILATED
• Vaginal birth can be attempted at full dilatation if it is anticipated that
delivery would be accomplished within 20 minutes from diagnosis.
• Depending on the circumstances, this may involve delivery by forceps,
vacuum or breech extraction.
38
39. Treatment and Management…
CERVIX NOT FULLY DILATED
• An immediate Caesarean Section (usually within 30 minutes) is the
recommended mode of delivery in cases of cord prolapse when
vaginal delivery is not imminent, in order to prevent hypoxia-acidosis.
• Some investigators have noted that the interval to delivery had little
effect on Apgar scores if they delivered within 30 minutes.
• The presenting part should be kept elevated during induction of
anesthesia and placement of sterile sheets.
• Remember to drain bladder and recheck for fetal hear rates before
incision.
39
40. Treatment and Management…
• A practitioner competent in the resuscitation of the newborn, usually
a neonatologist, should attend all deliveries with cord prolapse.
• Neonates born after cord prolapse are at significant risk of needing
neonatal resuscitation, as evidenced by a high rate of low APGAR
scores (<7)
40
41. Prognosis
• The prognosis is, however, related with the interval between its
detection and delivery of the baby and if the delivery is completed,
within 10–30 minutes the fetal mortality can be reduced to 5–10%.
The overall perinatal mortality is about 15–50%.
41
42. Prevention
• Women with transverse, oblique or unstable lie should be offered
elective admission to hospital at 37 weeks of gestation, or sooner if
there are signs of labor or suspicion of ruptured membranes.
• Women with non-cephalic presentations and preterm pre-labour
rupture of the membranes should be offered admission.
• Labour or ruptured membranes of an abnormal lie is an indication for
caesarean section.
• Bradycardia or variable fetal heart rate decelerations have been
associated with cord prolapse and their presence should prompt
vaginal examination.
42
43. Prevention…
• Artificial rupture of membranes should be avoided whenever possible
if the presenting part is unengaged and mobile.
• Mismanagement of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns is the
commonest feature of substandard care identified in perinatal death
associated with cord prolapse
• Speculum and/or a digital vaginal examination should be performed
when cord prolapse is suspected, regardless of gestation.
43
44. Key Points
• Umbilical cord prolapse occurs when the cord descends through the
cervix and is alongside or below the presenting part of the fetus.
• It is an obstetric emergency, with a fetal mortality rate
• The diagnosis should be suspected in any patient with a non-
reassuring fetal heart trace and absent membranes.
• Manage by manually elevating the presenting part, and deliver via the
quickest mode (usually Caesarean section).
44
45. Evaluation
1. What are the causes/risk factors for cord prolapse?
2. What are the difference between cord prolapse and cord
presentation?
3. What are the best lie position for a patient with cord prolapse?
4. How can you manage a patient with cord prolapse?
45
46. Key Reference
i. Gynecology by Ten teachers
ii. Jones, D. (1992), Fundamentals of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1sted, ELBS
iii. Massawe R, et al, Management of Obstetrics Emergencies and Obstetrics,
1984
iv. Myles, M. (1999), Textbook for Midwives, 13thed, Churchill Livingstone
v. Obstetrics and Gynecology by Dutta
vi. Obstetrics by Ten teachers
vii. MoHCDGEC/ NACTE (2016). Curriculum for Technician Certificate (NTA Level 5)
Curriculum, Dodoma.
46
47. Self Study Assignment
• How does changing the patient position help in management of a
patient with cord prolapse?
• What are the complications of cord prolapse?
47