Anestrus occur in different animals. Anestrus may be due to physiological or pathological factors. Veterinary drugs are now available to treat or reverse anestrus in animals.
The science of synchronization of estrus and ovulation in females has made great strides.
Several protocols that allow producers to precisely schedule insemination of groups of females are available for fixed-time insemination in females.
In this lecture, the approaches for breeding soundness evaluation of bulls are explained for veterinary students, practitioners, and aspirants of IAS, RAS, and other examinations.
A common disease of cattle and may also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, mare, Buffalo. The slides contain an introduction, causes of torsion, clinical signs and symptoms, torsion causes, treatment.
Exfoliative vaginal cytology help to determine the stage of estrus, is very simple method, cost-effective and comparatively accurate test for predicting the she dogs fit for breeding.
The fertility of a male is related to several phenomenon includes sperm production, viability and fertilizing capacity
of the ejaculated sperm, sexual desire and the ability to copulate. Reproductive problems causing absolute or relative
infertility in male animals mainly includes reduced to complete lack of sexual desire or libido, failure of normal
service and failure of conception after normal service. The sterile males are readily identified, but the males with
reduced fertility poses serious problems and causes economic losses to breeders and AI industry.
The science of synchronization of estrus and ovulation in females has made great strides.
Several protocols that allow producers to precisely schedule insemination of groups of females are available for fixed-time insemination in females.
In this lecture, the approaches for breeding soundness evaluation of bulls are explained for veterinary students, practitioners, and aspirants of IAS, RAS, and other examinations.
A common disease of cattle and may also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, mare, Buffalo. The slides contain an introduction, causes of torsion, clinical signs and symptoms, torsion causes, treatment.
Exfoliative vaginal cytology help to determine the stage of estrus, is very simple method, cost-effective and comparatively accurate test for predicting the she dogs fit for breeding.
The fertility of a male is related to several phenomenon includes sperm production, viability and fertilizing capacity
of the ejaculated sperm, sexual desire and the ability to copulate. Reproductive problems causing absolute or relative
infertility in male animals mainly includes reduced to complete lack of sexual desire or libido, failure of normal
service and failure of conception after normal service. The sterile males are readily identified, but the males with
reduced fertility poses serious problems and causes economic losses to breeders and AI industry.
Avian influenza in herd health and production economicsShareef Ngunguni
Avian influenza is a zoonotic and notifiable disease which occurs world wide. Different risk factors are associated with transmission of the disease to humans. It has two forms HPAI and LPAI. The disease has an impact on public health and economics of the country. In Malawi,it seems the disease appeared in 2005 where it attacked migratory birds
Water intake and treatment process at lilongwe water boardShareef Ngunguni
In Malawi,Lilongwe water Board is a major supply of water to different urban locations. Dirty water abstracted is converted into clean and portable water by physical,biological and chemical processes. Lilongwe water board disinfect the water by chlorination. Different tests are carried out every 3hrs to implement HACCP and ensure safe water to people.
vasogenic shock also known as vasodilatory shock causes drastic effects in animals. vasogenic shock is due to increased vascular capacitance,while the blood volume is normal. Based on the causes,it can be grouped into septic,neurogenic and anaphylactic shock
Dogs blood is determined by Erythrocytes antigens on the RBC. Eight groups are identified,and before transfusion,donor and recipient blood groups must be typed to prevent compatibility problems.
Bracken fern poisoning is a world wide condition and affects multiple systems of the body. It affects a wide range of domestic animals,and mostly occurs when there is insufficient feed supply. This forces animals to graze for bracken fern. Ptaquisolides are known toxic agent from the bracken fern ,It affects DNA bases leading to oncogenes. Affects Bone marrow leading to immunosuppression , hemorrhages and anemia.Early diagnose is important to prevent further damages.
This is a pure science of pharmacologists.The document describes pharmacology of serotonin and Ecosanoids such as thromboxanes,Prostaglandins,platelets activating factors and their pharmacological roles In animals.\Errors to be encountered can be submitted to shareefngunguni@gmail.com.Any form of plagiarism will be taken to the book.
Founders of epidemiology and thier contributionsShareef Ngunguni
The document is a foundation to epidemiology. It describes at least well known contributes to epidemiology.More preciously,the article entails the details of the epidemiologists. Spelling errors may persist and your feedback may be submitted to the email address attached.
this document describes how sample is collected up to its shipment. Its an Article that has several references and simplified english and science. The document should not be copied without authorization.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Page 2
LITERATURE REVIEW ON ANESTRUS IN BITCHES AND OTHER DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
INTRODUCTION
The reproductive cycles relates to various
phenomena: puberty and sexual maturation,
the breeding season, estrus cycle, post-
partum activity and aging. These
phenomena’s are regulated by various
activities such as genetic, environmental,
physiological and hormonal factors
(Hafez,1993).The basic pattern of the
estrous cycle is the same in all domestic
animals, but some species differences are
found in specific parts of the cycle. The
estrous cycle may be divided into several
phases based on behavioral changes or
structural changes in internal and external
genitalia. These phases are called proestrus,
estrus, metestrus, and diestrus / anestrus in
other animals (Frandson et al, 2009).
Anestrus is a time of complete reproductive
incompetence, marked by reduction in
hypothalamic GnRH content and secretion
with a consequent sharp reduction in LH and
FSH secretion from the pituitary (Youngquist
& Threlfall, 2007).
LITERATURE REVIEW
a) Bitches
Dogs are monoestrus, usually non seasonal,
and spontaneous ovulators (Youngquist &
Threlfall, 2007). Anestrus is the period of
uterine involution /apparent ovarian
quiescence between metestrus and the
subsequent proestrus (Cupps, 1991).During
anestrus there is marked reduction of
hypothalamic GnRH content and secretion
along with sharp reduction of Luteinizing
Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone
secretion from pituitary gland. As a result of
this hypothalamic-pituitary slowdown,
ovaries undergo functional, in active and
atrophy with only a few follicles over 5 to
10mm observed (Youngquist & Threlfall,
2007). Lack of follicular development
causes loss of ovarian steroids in peripheral
circulation, decrease in progesterone and
estradiol. Progesterone concentrations
decrease just before parturition or gradually
after corpus luteum regression in the
nonpregnant bitch (Kustritz, 2003.With
modern veterinary pharmacology
improvement, drugs to shorten anestrus in
dogs have been established. According to
(Kustritz, 2003) Anestrus may be shortened
with the use of dopamine agonists, such as
bromocriptine or cabergoline. Therapy for
shortening of anestrus should not be
instituted before day 90 of anestrus to allow
normal uterine involution to occur.
Bromocriptine is given until proestrus
begins. Emesis may occur as a side effect.
Cabergoline(5 g/kg administered orally once
3. Page 3
LITERATURE REVIEW OF ANESTRUS IN BITCHES AND OTHER DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
daily) also is given until proestrus begins and
reportedly causes fewer side effects than
does bromocriptine. Proestrus generally
occurs after 17-50 days of treatment with
either drug.
b) Other Domestic Animals
Endocrinology of anestrus is the same in all
animals as explained in bitches. Differences
may be in terms of duration of anestrus and
sexual behaviors showing in domestic
animals.
Mares and sheep exhibit seasonal anestrus.
Mares are long day breeders and undergo
winter anestrus. During anestrus there is
concurrent decrease in ovarian activity and
size as explained in bitches accompanied by
passive sexual behavior. Mares’ sexual
behavior toward stallions becomes more
passive and their cervical folds are non-
edematous, pale, and soft; they may not
object to a stallion’s presence and may even
permit mounting, but intromission is often
prevented by holding their tail down
(Youngquist & Threlfall, 2007). Young mares
have been shown to begin anestrus earlier
than mature mares. Most sheep are
seasonally polyestrous and short day
breeders but they enter anestrus if
pregnancy is not established during the
breeding season (Frandson et al, 2009).
Animals that undergo seasonal anestrus
prevent parturition when the survival rate of
the fetous would not be high in the
environment.
Sows and cow exhibit lactational anestrus in
which prolactin during suckling inhibits
GnRH release causing anestrus. Lactation in
sows completely suppress estrus while in
cow suppress for up to 60 days.
Anestrus which occur during gestational
period is called gestational anestrus. The
progestorene in gestational period has a
negative feedback to GnRH hence anestrus.
This type of anestrus is useful to allow
uterine involution prior to the first post-
partum estrus cycle. Energy imbalance
inhibit GnRH pulse hence triggers nutritional
anestrus. It mostly occurs in primaparous
female animals.
CONCLUSION.
All in All, anestrus is a state when a female is
not exhibiting normal estrus cycles. Anestrus
can be normal or pathological. Seasonal
anestrus contribute to a major adaptability
and survival rate of conceived fetuses.
4. Page 4
LITERATURE REVIEW OF ANESTRUS IN BITCHES AND OTHER DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
REFERENCES
i. Cupps,T.P.(1991).Reproduction in
Domestic Animals.4th Edition.
Academic Press,Inc. New York.
ii. Frandson,R.D.,Wilke,W.L.,and
Fails,A.D.(2009).Anatomy and
Physiology of Farm Animals.7th
Edition.Wiley-Blackwell.
iii. Hafes.E.S.E.(1993).Reproduction in
Farm Animals.6th Edition. Lea and
Febiger. Philaphedia.
iv. Youngquist,R.S.,and Threlfall,W.R.
(2007).Large Animal
Theriogenology.2nd Edition. Saunders
Elsevier,Inc.St Louis,Missouri 63146.
