Android is an open source software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. It was developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance to advance open standards for mobile devices. When released in 2008, most of the Android platform was made available under the Apache free-software and open-source license. The unveiling of Android was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 hardware, software and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.
Google acquired Android Inc. in 2005 and launched the Android mobile operating system in 2007 with the Open Handset Alliance, including companies like Qualcomm. Android uses the Linux kernel for core functions and relies on Java for application development. It has an open source model and uses components like SQLite for data storage, Dalvik virtual machine, and integrated browser. While popular for its openness and customization, Android faces security and compatibility challenges. Overall it has become very successful with the mobile market.
Summer training report on Android OS
This ppt covers almost all topics related to android including Introduction, History, Version, Architecture, Application Development, Code implementation and execution, Advantages and disadvantages.
Android is an open-source, Linux-based operating system led by Google. It was developed by Android Inc which was acquired by Google in 2005. The first Android device, the HTC Dream, was released in 2008. Since then Android has seen many updates and new versions that add features and improvements. It powers many devices beyond smartphones like tablets, TVs, watches and more. The open nature of Android allows third parties to modify and develop new versions of the OS.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Ganesh Waghmare on the topic of Android OS. It contains chapters covering features of the Android OS, its architecture, application framework, libraries, runtime, kernel and more. The report was submitted to fulfill degree requirements at MAEER's MIT College of Engineering, Pune, under the guidance of Prof. Sukhada Bhingarkar. It includes an acknowledgment, table of contents, and glossary related to Android OS.
The document is a seminar report on Android and Android architecture. It discusses the history and introduction of Android, key aspects of the Android architecture including its layered design with the Linux kernel at the bottom and applications at the top, and describes Android versions, features, advantages, and disadvantages. It also covers the Open Handset Alliance and provides an overview of Android security.
ppt based on android technology with great animationsHriday Garg
it includes introduction to android technology ,its various versions, comparisions between different operating systems, its limitations and conclusions
Android is an open-source operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance for use in mobile devices. It was founded in 2003 and purchased by Google in 2005. Key features of Android include support for multiple apps running simultaneously, optimized graphics, and an app marketplace. Major versions of Android include 1.5 Cupcake, 1.6 Donut, 2.0/2.1 Eclair, 2.2 Froyo, 2.3 Gingerbread, 3.0/3.2 Honeycomb, 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich, 4.1/4.3 Jelly Bean, 5.0/5.1 Lollipop, and 6.0 Marshmallow. While Android
This document provides an overview of Android mobile application development including:
- Android is an open source software stack for mobile devices including an operating system, middleware, and key applications.
- The Android software architecture includes components like the Linux kernel, libraries, Android runtime, application framework, and applications.
- Key building blocks for Android applications include activities, intents/intent receivers, services, and content providers.
- The Android SDK and Eclipse IDE can be used for application development along with emulators and real devices.
Google acquired Android Inc. in 2005 and launched the Android mobile operating system in 2007 with the Open Handset Alliance, including companies like Qualcomm. Android uses the Linux kernel for core functions and relies on Java for application development. It has an open source model and uses components like SQLite for data storage, Dalvik virtual machine, and integrated browser. While popular for its openness and customization, Android faces security and compatibility challenges. Overall it has become very successful with the mobile market.
Summer training report on Android OS
This ppt covers almost all topics related to android including Introduction, History, Version, Architecture, Application Development, Code implementation and execution, Advantages and disadvantages.
Android is an open-source, Linux-based operating system led by Google. It was developed by Android Inc which was acquired by Google in 2005. The first Android device, the HTC Dream, was released in 2008. Since then Android has seen many updates and new versions that add features and improvements. It powers many devices beyond smartphones like tablets, TVs, watches and more. The open nature of Android allows third parties to modify and develop new versions of the OS.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Ganesh Waghmare on the topic of Android OS. It contains chapters covering features of the Android OS, its architecture, application framework, libraries, runtime, kernel and more. The report was submitted to fulfill degree requirements at MAEER's MIT College of Engineering, Pune, under the guidance of Prof. Sukhada Bhingarkar. It includes an acknowledgment, table of contents, and glossary related to Android OS.
The document is a seminar report on Android and Android architecture. It discusses the history and introduction of Android, key aspects of the Android architecture including its layered design with the Linux kernel at the bottom and applications at the top, and describes Android versions, features, advantages, and disadvantages. It also covers the Open Handset Alliance and provides an overview of Android security.
ppt based on android technology with great animationsHriday Garg
it includes introduction to android technology ,its various versions, comparisions between different operating systems, its limitations and conclusions
Android is an open-source operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance for use in mobile devices. It was founded in 2003 and purchased by Google in 2005. Key features of Android include support for multiple apps running simultaneously, optimized graphics, and an app marketplace. Major versions of Android include 1.5 Cupcake, 1.6 Donut, 2.0/2.1 Eclair, 2.2 Froyo, 2.3 Gingerbread, 3.0/3.2 Honeycomb, 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich, 4.1/4.3 Jelly Bean, 5.0/5.1 Lollipop, and 6.0 Marshmallow. While Android
This document provides an overview of Android mobile application development including:
- Android is an open source software stack for mobile devices including an operating system, middleware, and key applications.
- The Android software architecture includes components like the Linux kernel, libraries, Android runtime, application framework, and applications.
- Key building blocks for Android applications include activities, intents/intent receivers, services, and content providers.
- The Android SDK and Eclipse IDE can be used for application development along with emulators and real devices.
Android is an open-source operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in Java and includes features like widgets, Bluetooth, WiFi support, and a wide range of media formats. While being open-source offers customization and cheap development, it also means the platform is more vulnerable to exploits and malware compared to closed systems.
This presentation provides an overview of the Android operating system. It discusses that Android is an open-source, Linux-based operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance for use in mobile devices. Key points covered include Android's open-source nature, features, supported devices, history and versions. The presentation also compares Android to the iPhone and outlines Android's development environment and widespread use in over 190 countries.
Android was founded in 2003 and was later acquired by Google in 2005. It was developed as an open source platform to lower the cost of developing mobile devices and services. The Android operating system is based on a Linux kernel and has gone through many versions named after desserts or sweets, starting with Cupcake in 2009 to the current KitKat version. It provides an open development platform and uses Linux for core functions like memory management and device drivers.
Hey, Friends...
This PPT Presentation is all about History, Architecture, Versions, Advantages & Disadvantages of Android over apple ios. Students can use this PPT Presentation for their Education Purpose to give Presentation.
It is a presentation about mobile Operating System designed by four founders and maintained by Google. It is the most selling OS in history. It has over 2 Billion monthly user base. It has over 4 million apps on it's market known by Google Play. It was established in 2003 AD. It was founded in Palo Alto, California.
It has formed Open Handet Alliance with Samsung, Acer, Intel, LG, Huwaei, Xioami. Oreo has only taken 0.7% market in present time, 2018 Janaury. Most installed version is MarshMallow.
1. Android is an open source operating system used primarily for touchscreen mobile devices like smartphones and tablets.
2. It was developed by Android Inc which was bought by Google in 2005 and has since released many versions of Android and expanded it to devices beyond mobiles.
3. Android uses a modified Linux kernel and allows developers to write managed code using Java, with apps compiled to run on Android's Dalvik virtual machine. It has a large app ecosystem and is a popular choice for mobile developers.
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android's user interface is mainly based on direct manipulation, using touch gestures that loosely correspond to real-world actions, such as swiping, tapping and pinching, to manipulate on-screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard for text input. In addition to touchscreen devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for wrist watches, each with a specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, and other electronics.
Android has the largest installed base of all operating systems (OS) of any kind.Android has been the best selling OS on tablets since 2013, and on smartphones it is dominant by any metric.
Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google bought in 2005,Android was unveiled in 2007 along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance – a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.As of July 2013, the Google Play store has had over one million Android applications ("apps") published – including many "business-class apps"that rival competing mobile platforms – and over 50 billion applications downloaded.An April–May 2013 survey of mobile application developers found that 71% of developers create applications for Android,and a 2015 survey found that 40% of full-time professional developers see Android as their priority target platform, which is comparable to Apple's iOS on 37% with both platforms far above others.In September 2015, Android had 1.4 billion monthly active devices.
Android's source code is released by Google under open source licenses, although most Android devices ultimately ship with a combination of open source and proprietary software, including proprietary software required for accessing Google services.Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices.Its open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open-source code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which deliver updates to older devices, add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices originally shipped with other operating systems. The success of Android has made it a target for patent (and copyright) litigation as part of the so-called "smartphone wars" between technology companies.
This document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on Google Glass. It includes an introduction to Google Glass specifications and capabilities. The presentation describes the Google Glass architecture, the Mirror API, and how to develop apps using timeline cards, contacts, and location information. It covers design principles for Google Glass apps and discusses benefits and limitations of the technology.
The document describes a seminar presentation by Ashish Agarwal on developing an Android application called Birthday Reminder for Mr. Piyush Sharma. It provides an overview of OkTamam, the company developing the app, describes key aspects of Android architecture and the Birthday Reminder app features and requirements for developing the project. Screenshots of the app and references for Android development are also included.
• Introduction Of Android
• History Of Android
• Android Versions
• Android Architecture
• Features Of Android
• Advantages Of Android And Disadvantages
• Conclusion
Android Multimedia Player Project PresentationRashmi Gupta
Introduction of Android Operating System , Android Framework and Android Architecture which is used for development of a multi-media player with greater user interface and format compatibility.
Android is an open source software platform for mobile devices based on the Linux kernel. It includes APIs for app development, core applications like email and maps, and services like notifications and activity management. At its core are the Dalvik virtual machine, C/C++ libraries, and underlying Linux system functionality that allow Android to run efficiently on various hardware configurations and platforms.
Android was founded in 2003 as a mobile operating system developed by Android Inc, which was later acquired by Google in 2005. In 2007, Google formed the Open Handset Alliance to further develop Android as an open-source platform used across various smartphones and tablets. The Android software stack includes an operating system, middleware, and key applications. It uses a multi-process architecture that allows each app to run separately for improved stability. Major versions of Android have been named after desserts in alphabetical order.
This document outlines plans for developing a university application for Kuvempu University. The proposed app aims to make university information easily accessible to students and others by providing features from the university website in a more user-friendly mobile format. It will allow users to easily access information like results, exams, and resources to reduce difficulties and power consumption. The app development will follow standard Android practices, utilizing common structures like activities, intents, and data flow between components. Screenshots and future enhancements are provided.
The document describes the development of an Android music player application called Rhythmbox by students under the guidance of Prof. Subhasis Mitra. It discusses the application's features such as playing, pausing and stopping music. It also covers the application's design process including writing classes for audio playback, designing buttons in XML code, and referencing Android media player classes and the Android SDK. The application was tested on an Android emulator version 4.3 and is intended to run on devices with Android 2.3.5 or higher.
Android is an open source operating system developed by Google that runs on a variety of devices from phones to tablets. It uses a modified Linux kernel and other open source software. Google purchased Android in 2005 and launched the Open Handset Alliance to develop open standards for mobile devices. Android is designed to be adapted for different hardware configurations and includes features like an app store, notifications, and integration with Google services. It has seen many updates over the years from versions 1.0 to the current version 10.
Android App Development Project in College Logan Smith
Android is a software platform and operating system for mobile devices based on the Linux operating system and developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in a Java-like language that utilizes Google-developed Java libraries, but does not support programs developed in native code. The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 hardware, software and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. When released in 2008, most of the Android platform will be made available under the Apache free-software and open-source license.
The document discusses and compares the two major mobile operating systems - iOS and Android. It provides details on their founders, versions, programming languages, and market shares. iOS was created by Apple for use on iPhones, iPads and iPods. Android, which is open source, was initially developed by Android Inc. and later acquired by Google. Both have grown tremendously in recent years to dominate the global smartphone market.
Android is an open source operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It uses a Linux kernel with Java applications running in a Dalvik virtual machine. The Android architecture includes libraries and APIs for application developers as well as core applications. Developers can create Android apps using Java in the Eclipse IDE along with the Android SDK. While Android offers an open development platform, security and lack of control by Google are potential disadvantages.
Android is an open-source operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in Java and includes features like widgets, Bluetooth, WiFi support, and a wide range of media formats. While being open-source offers customization and cheap development, it also means the platform is more vulnerable to exploits and malware compared to closed systems.
This presentation provides an overview of the Android operating system. It discusses that Android is an open-source, Linux-based operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance for use in mobile devices. Key points covered include Android's open-source nature, features, supported devices, history and versions. The presentation also compares Android to the iPhone and outlines Android's development environment and widespread use in over 190 countries.
Android was founded in 2003 and was later acquired by Google in 2005. It was developed as an open source platform to lower the cost of developing mobile devices and services. The Android operating system is based on a Linux kernel and has gone through many versions named after desserts or sweets, starting with Cupcake in 2009 to the current KitKat version. It provides an open development platform and uses Linux for core functions like memory management and device drivers.
Hey, Friends...
This PPT Presentation is all about History, Architecture, Versions, Advantages & Disadvantages of Android over apple ios. Students can use this PPT Presentation for their Education Purpose to give Presentation.
It is a presentation about mobile Operating System designed by four founders and maintained by Google. It is the most selling OS in history. It has over 2 Billion monthly user base. It has over 4 million apps on it's market known by Google Play. It was established in 2003 AD. It was founded in Palo Alto, California.
It has formed Open Handet Alliance with Samsung, Acer, Intel, LG, Huwaei, Xioami. Oreo has only taken 0.7% market in present time, 2018 Janaury. Most installed version is MarshMallow.
1. Android is an open source operating system used primarily for touchscreen mobile devices like smartphones and tablets.
2. It was developed by Android Inc which was bought by Google in 2005 and has since released many versions of Android and expanded it to devices beyond mobiles.
3. Android uses a modified Linux kernel and allows developers to write managed code using Java, with apps compiled to run on Android's Dalvik virtual machine. It has a large app ecosystem and is a popular choice for mobile developers.
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android's user interface is mainly based on direct manipulation, using touch gestures that loosely correspond to real-world actions, such as swiping, tapping and pinching, to manipulate on-screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard for text input. In addition to touchscreen devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for wrist watches, each with a specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, and other electronics.
Android has the largest installed base of all operating systems (OS) of any kind.Android has been the best selling OS on tablets since 2013, and on smartphones it is dominant by any metric.
Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google bought in 2005,Android was unveiled in 2007 along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance – a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.As of July 2013, the Google Play store has had over one million Android applications ("apps") published – including many "business-class apps"that rival competing mobile platforms – and over 50 billion applications downloaded.An April–May 2013 survey of mobile application developers found that 71% of developers create applications for Android,and a 2015 survey found that 40% of full-time professional developers see Android as their priority target platform, which is comparable to Apple's iOS on 37% with both platforms far above others.In September 2015, Android had 1.4 billion monthly active devices.
Android's source code is released by Google under open source licenses, although most Android devices ultimately ship with a combination of open source and proprietary software, including proprietary software required for accessing Google services.Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices.Its open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open-source code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which deliver updates to older devices, add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices originally shipped with other operating systems. The success of Android has made it a target for patent (and copyright) litigation as part of the so-called "smartphone wars" between technology companies.
This document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on Google Glass. It includes an introduction to Google Glass specifications and capabilities. The presentation describes the Google Glass architecture, the Mirror API, and how to develop apps using timeline cards, contacts, and location information. It covers design principles for Google Glass apps and discusses benefits and limitations of the technology.
The document describes a seminar presentation by Ashish Agarwal on developing an Android application called Birthday Reminder for Mr. Piyush Sharma. It provides an overview of OkTamam, the company developing the app, describes key aspects of Android architecture and the Birthday Reminder app features and requirements for developing the project. Screenshots of the app and references for Android development are also included.
• Introduction Of Android
• History Of Android
• Android Versions
• Android Architecture
• Features Of Android
• Advantages Of Android And Disadvantages
• Conclusion
Android Multimedia Player Project PresentationRashmi Gupta
Introduction of Android Operating System , Android Framework and Android Architecture which is used for development of a multi-media player with greater user interface and format compatibility.
Android is an open source software platform for mobile devices based on the Linux kernel. It includes APIs for app development, core applications like email and maps, and services like notifications and activity management. At its core are the Dalvik virtual machine, C/C++ libraries, and underlying Linux system functionality that allow Android to run efficiently on various hardware configurations and platforms.
Android was founded in 2003 as a mobile operating system developed by Android Inc, which was later acquired by Google in 2005. In 2007, Google formed the Open Handset Alliance to further develop Android as an open-source platform used across various smartphones and tablets. The Android software stack includes an operating system, middleware, and key applications. It uses a multi-process architecture that allows each app to run separately for improved stability. Major versions of Android have been named after desserts in alphabetical order.
This document outlines plans for developing a university application for Kuvempu University. The proposed app aims to make university information easily accessible to students and others by providing features from the university website in a more user-friendly mobile format. It will allow users to easily access information like results, exams, and resources to reduce difficulties and power consumption. The app development will follow standard Android practices, utilizing common structures like activities, intents, and data flow between components. Screenshots and future enhancements are provided.
The document describes the development of an Android music player application called Rhythmbox by students under the guidance of Prof. Subhasis Mitra. It discusses the application's features such as playing, pausing and stopping music. It also covers the application's design process including writing classes for audio playback, designing buttons in XML code, and referencing Android media player classes and the Android SDK. The application was tested on an Android emulator version 4.3 and is intended to run on devices with Android 2.3.5 or higher.
Android is an open source operating system developed by Google that runs on a variety of devices from phones to tablets. It uses a modified Linux kernel and other open source software. Google purchased Android in 2005 and launched the Open Handset Alliance to develop open standards for mobile devices. Android is designed to be adapted for different hardware configurations and includes features like an app store, notifications, and integration with Google services. It has seen many updates over the years from versions 1.0 to the current version 10.
Android App Development Project in College Logan Smith
Android is a software platform and operating system for mobile devices based on the Linux operating system and developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in a Java-like language that utilizes Google-developed Java libraries, but does not support programs developed in native code. The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 hardware, software and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. When released in 2008, most of the Android platform will be made available under the Apache free-software and open-source license.
The document discusses and compares the two major mobile operating systems - iOS and Android. It provides details on their founders, versions, programming languages, and market shares. iOS was created by Apple for use on iPhones, iPads and iPods. Android, which is open source, was initially developed by Android Inc. and later acquired by Google. Both have grown tremendously in recent years to dominate the global smartphone market.
Android is an open source operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It uses a Linux kernel with Java applications running in a Dalvik virtual machine. The Android architecture includes libraries and APIs for application developers as well as core applications. Developers can create Android apps using Java in the Eclipse IDE along with the Android SDK. While Android offers an open development platform, security and lack of control by Google are potential disadvantages.
Automatic room light contoller without microcontrollerDeepak Yadav
This circuit uses a 555 timer configured as an astable multivibrator to generate a square wave that controls room lights and counts the number of visitors in a room. Infrared sensors detect when people enter or exit and send signals to the 555 timer. The timer then turns the lights on when people are detected and off when the count reaches zero. It can also display the visitor count on seven-segment displays. The circuit works by charging and discharging capacitors connected to the timer to switch its output state, controlling the lights and counting system.
Discusses how to perform malware analysis on Android devices. Initially presented at BSidesDE 2011 (in a much more fun format), the version here is as-presented at Rochester Security Summit 2011.
The document discusses Android malware detection mechanisms. It outlines the major types of Android malware like backdoors and spyware. It then describes several approaches to malware detection like static analysis of APK files to examine permissions, activities, and API calls. Signature-based analysis uses a signature database to classify apps as benign or malware. Tools for static analysis like apktool, aapt, and dex2jar are also mentioned. The document concludes with comparisons of different Android malware detection systems and their abilities.
Android Project report on City Tourist Location based services (Shuja ul hassan)Shuja Hassan
The aim to design and develop this project is to produce a
tourist guide for Skardu city, which can eefficiently guides the
tourist who visits Skardu. The Android tourist guide can be use in place of professional guide due to many reasons like reduce cost of guide, get more accurate information needed for decision making, giving weather and social networking services.The tourists can use this guide for different purposes like searching a location , calculate distance between two locations,getting basic textual information, pictorial information of location which normally we could not get in default Google maps.The guide uses Google Map API, global
positioning system( GPS), Internet and cellular data to provide
its services.
Shuja ul Hassan
IT Teacher
Android Developer
shuja2good@gmail.com
Automatic Toll Collection by using mobile phonesilent_god
Many highways in India are having toll booth to collect toll tax. There is a manual method existing of hand written or computerized toll ticket issuing & collecting cash from Toll road user (like truck, car, bus etc). This method has many limitations & weaknesses. In India, government is planning for RFID tag based toll collection, which is expensive & time consuming.
This method of "Mobile Phone Based Automatic Toll Collection" is a simple to deploy method for toll collection & uses readily available
This document describes a toll application that allows automatic payment of tolls using a mobile phone. The application allows users to register identities online, install an Android app, and purchase credits. When the app detects the user crossing a toll fence via GPS, funds are automatically deducted from the user's account. The proposed system eliminates physical toll booths and allows borderless travel. The document outlines the existing toll collection system, proposed toll application modules and interfaces, workflow, and concludes with potential future enhancements.
This document provides a project report on an automatic room light controller with a bidirectional visitor counter. The report includes an abstract, introduction, list of components, schematic diagrams, hardware design and descriptions of the main components. The system uses an infrared sensor and microcontroller to sense when a person enters or exits a room and count the number of visitors. It controls a relay to turn the room light on or off depending on the visitor count. The report provides details of the circuit design and components used to realize this automatic light and visitor counting system.
- Android is an open-source software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. It is based on the Linux kernel and allows developers to write managed code using Java-like languages.
- Google acquired Android Inc. in 2005 and founded the Open Handset Alliance in 2007 with several hardware and software companies to develop open standards for mobile devices. This included the unveiling of the Android mobile platform.
- The Android software architecture includes the Linux kernel, middleware like the Dalvik virtual machine, and core applications. It supports features like SQLite for data storage, an integrated web browser, messaging, media playback and device hardware.
The document provides an overview of Android, including its history, introduction, platform, architecture, and features. It discusses that Android is an open source software platform developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. The document outlines Android's history from 2005 to current releases and describes the Open Handset Alliance consortium. It also summarizes Android's introduction, platform, software stack including applications, framework, libraries, runtime/Dalvik VM, and the Linux kernel. The document concludes with features of the Android OS.
This document provides an introduction to the Android platform, including:
- Android is an open-source, Linux-based operating system used for mobile devices. It includes features like integrated apps, SDK for developing apps, and customization options.
- The Android software stack consists of the Linux kernel, native libraries, Android runtime including the Dalvik VM, application framework, and applications.
- The document outlines how to set up the Android development environment in Eclipse, including installing the SDK, ADT plugin, and creating an Android Virtual Device for testing apps.
- It describes the basic components of an Android app - activities, services, content providers, and broadcast receivers.
- Steps are provided for
Android is an open-source operating system based on the Linux kernel. It was developed by the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of technology companies including Google. Some key features of Android include an application framework for building reusable apps, the Dalvik virtual machine for running apps, and integrated core apps like a browser and SQLite for data storage. Future possibilities for Android include overtaking iPhone sales by 2012 and expanding beyond mobile devices to products like GPS units and set-top boxes.
Android is an open-source operating system used primarily for smartphones and tablets. It was developed by Android Inc, which was acquired by Google in 2005. Android uses a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software. It has a large community of app developers and offers apps to users via online stores like Google Play. By 2010, Android became the world's leading smartphone platform.
This document provides an overview of the Android operating system, including:
- A brief history of Android starting from its founding in 2003 by Android Inc. to being acquired by Google in 2005.
- An overview of the architecture of Android including the Linux kernel, libraries, Android runtime based on Java using the Dalvik VM, and core applications.
- A description of key Android features such as connectivity technologies, multitasking, media support, graphics capabilities, and the Android Market app store.
- A comparison of Android to other mobile operating systems such as BlackBerry, iOS, and Symbian.
The document provides an overview of the Android operating system including:
1. It describes Android's architecture which is based on the Linux kernel and includes libraries, runtime, and application framework.
2. The anatomy of application development on Android is discussed including using the SDK, manifest file, and debugging tools.
3. Key features of Android like the Dalvik VM, application lifecycle, and storage options are summarized.
Android is an open source operating system used primarily for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. It uses a modified Linux kernel and includes key applications and middleware written in C/C++. Java is used for application development. Android provides basic OS services, messaging, and allows inter-process communication. It has a large developer community and supports many hardware manufacturers.
The document discusses the architecture and benefits of the Android mobile operating system. It explains that Android addresses the growing needs of mobile users and developers by providing an open platform with built-in services, automatic application management, and portability across devices. The key components of the Android architecture include the Linux kernel, native libraries, Dalvik virtual machine, application framework, and applications/widgets layer. Android benefits developers by being free, open source, and not locked to any single vendor.
This document provides an overview of the Android operating system. It discusses that Android is an open source platform developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance for mobile devices. It can run on smartphones, tablets, e-readers and other devices. The document describes the core components of Android including the Linux kernel, middleware, key applications and services. It also covers Android application development and the features and capabilities available to developers.
Wifi Direct Based Chat And File Transfer Android ApplicationNitin Bhasin
This App allows you to share any kind of file present in SD card to other mobile phone directly at speed of 5+MBps. It even allows to click images shoot videos and directly dend to other device.It also allows to send drawings by having drawing pad in it in various colours and various brush sizes. Web-View is also implemented in it.
Link Of App At Amazon Store: http://www.amazon.com/Wifi-Direct-Chat-Transfer-Application/dp/B00TKFFMZO/ref=sr_1_1?s=mobile-apps&ie=UTF8&qid=1424009545&sr=1-1&keywords=Wifi+Direct+Chat+and+File+Transfer+Application
The document provides an overview of the history and architecture of the Android operating system. It describes how the Open Handset Alliance was formed in 2007 to develop an open source platform as an alternative to proprietary platforms. It outlines the core components of Android including the application framework, libraries, Dalvik virtual machine, and Linux kernel. It also discusses the Android development tools and Eclipse IDE plugin for building Android applications.
Android is an open source software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. It was developed by Android Inc which was acquired by Google in 2005. The Android software development is led by the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of technology companies including Google, HTC, Intel, and T-Mobile. Some key features of Android include an open development platform, availability of third party applications, and a compound architecture inspired by internet mash-ups.
- Android Inc. was founded in 2003 and developed the Android mobile operating system, before being acquired by Google in 2005. Key Android Inc. employees stayed on after the acquisition.
- In 2007, the Open Handset Alliance was formed between Google and other companies to develop open standards for mobile devices. On the same day, they unveiled Android, a new mobile platform built on the Linux kernel.
- Android features an application framework for component reuse, the Dalvik virtual machine, integrated browser, media support, and development tools. It also includes APIs for hardware including cameras, GPS, and sensors.
Android is an open source software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code using Java libraries and is based on the Linux kernel. When released in 2008, most of the Android platform was made available under the Apache free software license. The architecture of Android includes the Android runtime, Linux kernel, native libraries, application framework and application layer. It has advantages like being open source and allowing customization of devices, but also disadvantages like potential security issues and lack of access to lower level device APIs for applications.
This document provides an overview of the Android operating system architecture and development process. It describes Android's core components including activities, content providers, intents, and services. It also outlines the basic steps for setting up an Android development environment in Eclipse, including downloading the Android SDK and plugins, configuring the IDE, and creating a new Android project. Key aspects of the Android system like storage, networking, and multimedia capabilities are also summarized.
Phonebook Directory or Address Book In AndroidABHISHEK DINKAR
This document describes a training report submitted by Abhishek Kumar Dinkar for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science. The report details a project on developing a phone book directory application. It includes an acknowledgement, index, abstract, description of the company where the training took place, technologies learned during the training and several chapters that explain concepts related to the Android operating system and the architecture and development of the phone book directory application.
This document provides an overview of Android, including what it is, the Open Handset Alliance that develops it, its architecture based on the Linux kernel and Dalvik virtual machine, applications that have been developed for Android like Swype, and its future potential including use in netbooks. It discusses how Android is an open source operating system for mobile devices initially developed by Android Inc. and now led by an alliance of companies including Google, HTC, and Motorola.
This document discusses the history and rise of Android as a mobile operating system. It began when Google acquired Android Inc. in 2005. In 2007, Google formed the Open Handset Alliance with other companies to develop open source mobile technologies. The first Android phone, the T-Mobile G1, was released in 2008. Since then Android's market share has grown significantly, surpassing other mobile operating systems. The document attributes Android's success to factors like its open source nature, large developer community, and low device costs compared to other platforms.
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core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Android seminar-report-body.doc
1. 1
1. INTRODUCTION
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system,
middleware and key applications. Android is a software platform and operating system
for mobile devices based on the Linux operating system and developed by Google and the
Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in a Java-like
language that utilizes Google-developed Java libraries, but does not support programs
developed in native code.
The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced with the
founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 hardware, software and
telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. When
released in 2008, most of the Android platform will be made available under the Apache
free-software and open-source license.
1. THE BIRTH OF ANDROID
1. Google Acquires Android Inc.
In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc., a small startup company based in
Palo Alto, CA. Android's co-founders who went to work at Google included Andy
Rubin (co-founder of Danger), Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire
Communications, Inc), Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile), and Chris White (one
of the first engineers at WebTV). At the time, little was known about the functions
of Android Inc. other than they made software for mobile phones.
At Google, the team, led by Rubin, developed a Linux-based mobile device OS
which they marketed to handset makers and carriers on the premise of providing a
flexible, upgradeable system. It was reported that Google had already lined up a
series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it
was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.
2. Open Handset Alliance Founded
On 5 November 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several
companies which include Google, HTC, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, T-Mobile,
Sprint Nextel and NVIDIA, was unveiled with the goal to develop open standards
for mobile devices. Along with the formation of the Open Handset Alliance, the
OHA also unveiled their first product, Android, an open source mobile device
2. 2
platform based on the Linux operating system.
3. Hardware
Google has unveiled at least three prototypes for Android, at the Mobile World
Congress on February 12, 2008. One prototype at the ARM booth displayed
several basic Google applications. A 'd-pad' control zooming of items in the dock
with a relatively quick response.
A prototype at the Google IO conference on May 28, 2008 had a 528 MHz
Qualcomm processor and a Synaptics capacitive touch screen, and used the
UMTS cellular standard. It had 128 MB of RAM and 256 MB of flash, showing
that Android's memory requirements are reasonable. The demo was carried out
using a 3.6 Mbit/s HSDPA connection.
2. FEATURES
1. Application Framework
It is used to write applications for Android. Unlike other embedded mobile
environments, Android applications are all equal, for instance, an
applications which come with the phone are no different than those that any
developer writes.The framework is supported by numerous open source
libraries such as openssl, SQLite and libc. It is also supported by the
Android core libraries. From the point of security, the framework is based on
UNIX file system permissions that assure applications have only those abilities
that mobile phone owner gave them at install time.
2. Dalvik Virtual Machine
It is extremely low-memory based virtual machine, which was designed especially
for Android to run on embedded systems and work well in low power situations.
It is also tuned to the CPU attributes. The Dalvik VM creates a special file
format (.DEX) that is created through build time post processing.
Conversion between Java classes and .DEX format is done by included “dx” tool.
3. Integrated Browser
Google made a right choice on choosing WebKit as open source web browser.
They added a two pass layout and frame flattening. Two pass layout loads a
3. 3
page without waiting for blocking elements, such as external CSS or
external JavaScript and after a while renders again with all resources downloaded
to the device. Frame flattening converts founded frames into single one and
loads into the browser. These features increase speed and usability browsing
the internet via mobile phone.
4. Optimized Graphics
As Android has 2D graphics library and 3D graphics based on OpenGL ES
1.0, possibly we will see great applications like Google Earth and
spectacular games like Second Life, which come on Linux version. At this
moment, the shooting legendary 3D game Doom was presented using Android on
the mobile phone.
5. SQLite
Extremely small (~500kb) relational database management system, which is
integrated in Android. It is based on function calls and single file, where all
definitions, tables and data are stored. This simple design is more than suitable for
a platform such as Android.
6. Handset Layouts
The platform is adaptable to both larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics
library based on OpenGL ES 1.0 specifications, traditional smart phone layouts.
An underlying 2D graphics engine is also included. Surface Manager manages
access to the display subsystem and seamlessly composites 2D and 3D graphic
layers from multiple applications
7. Data Storage
SQLite is used for structured data storage .SQLite is a powerful and lightweight
relational database engine available to all applications.
8. Connectivity
Android supports a wide variety of connectivity technologies including GSM,
CDMA, Bluetooth, EDGE, EVDO, 3G and Wi-Fi.
9. Messaging
SMS, MMS, and XMPP are available forms of messaging including threaded text
4. 4
messaging.
10. Web Browser
The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit
application framework. It includes LibWebCore which is a modern web browser
engine which powers both the Android browser and an embeddable web view.
11. Java Virtual Machine
Software written in Java can be compiled into Dalvik bytecodes and executed in
the Dalvik virtual machine, which is a specialized VM implementation designed
for mobile device use, although not technically a standard Java Virtual Machine.
12. Media Support
Android will support advanced audio/video/still media formats such as MPEG-4,
H.264, MP3, and AAC, AMR, JPEG, PNG, GIF.
13. Additional Hardware Support
Android is fully capable of utilizing video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS,
compasses, accelerometers, and accelerated 3D graphics.
14. Development Environment
Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance
profiling, a plugin for the Eclipse IDE. There are a number of hardware
dependent features, for instance, a huge media and connections support, GPS,
improved support for Camera and simply GSM telephony. A great work was
done for the developers to start work with Android using device emulator,
tools for debugging and plugin for Eclipse IDE.
5. 5
2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE TOPIC
1. OPERATION
1. Android Runtime
Android includes a set of core libraries that provides most of the functionality
available in the core libraries of the Java programming language.Every Android
application runs in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual
machine. Dalvik has been written so that a device can run multiple VMs efficiently.
The Dalvik VM executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format which is
optimized for minimal memory footprint. The VM is register-based, and runs
classes compiled by a Java language compiler that have been transformed into the
.dex format by the included "dx" tool.The Dalvik VM relies on the Linux kernel for
underlying functionality such as threading and low-level memory management.
2. Linux Kernel
Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security,
memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. The
kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the
software stack.
It helps to manage security, memory management, process management, network
stack and other important issues. Therefore, the user should bring Linux in his
mobile device as the main operating system and install all the drivers required in
order to run it.
Developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by the core
applications. The application architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of
components; any application can publish its capabilities and any other application
may then make use of those capabilities (subject to security constraints enforced by
the framework). This same mechanism allows components to be replaced by the
user.Underlying all applications is a set of services and systems.
6. 6
2. ARCHITECTURE
The following diagram shows the major components of the Android operating system.
Each section is described in more detail below.
Figure 2.1 : Architecture Of Android
7. 7
1. Linux Kernel
Android Architecture is based on Linux 2.6 kernel. It helps to manage security,
memory management, process management, network stack and other important
issues. Therefore, the user should bring Linux in his mobile device as the main
operating system and install all the drivers required in order to run it. Android
provides the support for the Qualcomm MSM7K chipset family. For instance, the
current kernel tree supports Qualcomm MSM 7200A chipsets, but in the second
half of 2008 we should see mobile devices with stable version Qualcomm MSM
7200, which includes major features:
● WCDMA/HSUPA and EGPRS network support
● Bluetooth 1.2 and Wi-Fi support
● Digital audio support for mp3 and other formats
● Support for Linux and other third-party operating systems
● Java hardware acceleration and support for Java applications
● Qcamera up to 6.0 megapixels
● gpsOne – solution for GPS
● and lots of other.
2. Libraries
In the next level there are a set of native libraries written in C/C++, which are
responsible for stable performance of various components. For example, Surface
Manager is responsible for composing different drawing surfaces on the mobile
screen. It manages the access for different processes to compose 2D and 3D
graphic layers.OpenGL ES and SGL make a core of graphic libraries and are used
accordingly for 3D and 2D hardware acceleration. Moreover, it is possible to use
2D and 3D graphics in the same application in Android. The media framework
was provided by PacketVideo, one of the members of OHA. It gives libraries for a
playback and recording support for all the major media and static image files.
FreeType libraries are used to render all the bitmap and vector fonts. For data
storage, Android uses SQLite. As mentioned before, it is extra light rational
management system, which locates a single file for all operations related to
8. 8
database. WebKit, the same browser used by Apples’ Safari, was modified by
Android in order to fit better in a small size screens.
3. Android Runtime
At the same level there is Android Runtime, where the main component Dalvik
Virtual Machine is located. It was designed specifically for Android running in
limited environment, where the limited battery, CPU, memory and data storage
are the main issues. Android gives an integrated tool “dx”, which converts
generated byte code from .jar to .dex file, after this byte code becomes much more
efficient to run on the small processors.
Figure 2.2 : Conversion from .java to .dex file
As the result, it is possible to have multiple instances of Dalvik virtual machine
running on the single device at the same time. The Core libraries are written in
Java language and contains of the collection classes, the utilities, IO and other
tools.
4. Application Framework
After that, there is Application Framework, written in Java language. It is a toolkit
that all applications use, ones which come with mobile device like Contacts or
SMS box, or applications written by Google and any Android developer. It has
several components.
The Activity Manager manages the life circle of the applications and provides a
common navigation back stack for applications, which are running in different
processes. The Package Manager keeps track of the applications, which are
9. 9
installed in the device. The Windows Manager is Java programming language
abstraction on the top of lower level services that are provided by the Surface
Manager.
The Telephony Manager contains of a set of API necessary for calling
applications.
Content Providers was built for Android to share a data with other applications,
for instance, the contacts of people in the address book can be used in other
applications too. The Resource Manager is used to store localized strings, bitmaps,
layout file descriptions and other external partsof the application. The View
System generates a set of buttons and lists used in UI. Other components like
Notification manager is used to customize display alerts and other functions.
5. Application Layer
At the top of Android Architecture we have all the applications, which are used by
the final user. By installing different applications, the user can turn his mobile
phone into the unique, optimized and smart mobile phone. All applications are
written using the Java programming language.
3. DEVELOPING APPLICATIONS
1. Application Building Blocks
We can think of an Android application as a collection of components, of various
kinds. These components are for the most part quite loosely coupled, to the degree
where you can accurately describe them as a federation of components rather than
a single cohesive application.
Generally, these components all run in the same system process. It's possible (and
quite common) to create multiple threads within that process, and it's also possible
to create completely separate child processes if you need to. Such cases are pretty
uncommon though, because Android tries very hard to make processes transparent
to your code.
10. 10
Google provides three versions of SDK for Windows, for Mac OSX and one for
Linux.The developer can use Android plugin for Eclipse IDE or other IDEs such
as intelliJ.First step for Android developer is to decompose the prospective
application into the components, which are supported by the platform. The major
building blocks are these:
● Activity
● Intent Receiver
● Service
● Content Provider
1. Activity
User interface component, which corresponds to one screen at time. It means
that for the simple application like Address Book, the developer should have
one activity for displaying contacts, another activity component for displaying
more detailed information of chosen name and etc.
2. Intent Receiver
Wakes up a predefined action through the external event. For example,for the
application like Email Inbox, the developer should have intent receiver and
register his code through XML to wake up an alarm notification, when the
user receives email.
3. Service
A task, which is done in the background. It means that the user can start an
application from the activity window and keep the service work, while
browsing other applications. For instance, he can browse Google Maps
application while holding a call or listening music while browsing other
applications.
4. Content Provider
A component, which allows sharing some of the data with other processes and
applications. It is the best way to communicate the applications between each
other.Android will ship with a set of core applications including an email
client, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others. All
11. 11
applications are written using the Java programming language.
2. AndroidManifest.xml
The AndroidManifest.xml file is the control file that tells the system what to do
with all the top-level components (specifically activities, services, intent receivers,
and content providers described below) you've created. For instance, this is the
"glue" that actually specifies which Intents your Activities receive.
A developer should predefine and list all components, which he wants to use in
the specific AndroidManifest.xml file. It is a required file for all the
applications and is located in the root folder. It is possible to specify all global
values for the package, all the components and its classes used, intent filters,
which describe where and when the certain activity should start, permissions
and instrumentation like security control and testing.
Here is an example of AndroidManifest.xml file:
1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
2. <manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
3. package="dk.mdev.android.hello">
4. <application android:icon="@drawable/icon">
5. <activity class=".HelloAndroid" android:label="@string/app_name">
6. <intent-filter>
7. <action android:value="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
8. <category android:value="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/>
9. </intent-filter>
10. </activity>
11. </application>
12. </manifest>
The line 2 is a namespace declaration, which makes a standard Android
attributes available for that application. In the line 4 there is a single <application>
element, where the developer specifies all application level components and
its properties used by the package. Activity class in the line 5 represents the
12. 12
initial screen the user sees and it may have one or more <intent-filter> elements to
describe the actions that activity supports.
3. Application Lifecycle
In Android, every application runs in its own process, which gives better
performance in security, protected memory and other benefits. Therefore, Android
is responsible to run and shut down correctly these processes when it is needed.
It is important that application developers understand how different application
components (in particular Activity, Service, and BroadcastReceiver) impact the
lifetime of the application's process. Not using these components correctly can
result in the system killing the application's process while it is doing important
work.
To determine which processes should be killed when low on memory, Android
places each process into an "importance hierarchy" based on the components
running in them and the state of those components. These process types are (in
order of importance).
1. A foreground process is one that is required for what the user is currently
doing. Various application components can cause its containing process to be
considered foreground in different ways. A process is considered to be in the
foreground if any of the following conditions hold:
i. It is running an Activity at the top of the screen that the user is
interacting with (its onResume() method has been called).
ii.It has a BroadcastReceiver that is currently running (its
BroadcastReceiver.onReceive() method is executing).
iii. It has a Service that is currently executing code in one of its
callbacks (Service.onCreate(), Service.onStart(), or
Service.onDestroy()).
There will only ever be a few such processes in the system, and these will only
be killed as a last resort if memory is so low that not even these processes can
continue to run. Generally, at this point, the device has reached a memory
paging state, so this action is required in order to keep the user interface
13. 13
responsive.
2. A visible process is one holding an Activity that is visible to the user on-
screen but not in the foreground (its onPause() method has been called). This
may occur, for example, if the foreground Activity is displayed as a dialog that
allows the previous Activity to be seen behind it. Such a process is considered
extremely important and will not be killed unless doing so is required to keep
all foreground processes running.
3. A service process is one holding a Service that has been started with the
startService() method. Though these processes are not directly visible to the
user, they are generally doing things that the user cares about (such as
background mp3 playback or background network data upload or download),
so the system will always keep such processes running unless there is not
enough memory to retain all foreground and visible process.
4. A background process is one holding an Activity that is not currently visible to
the user (its onStop() method has been called). These processes have no direct
impact on the user experience. Provided they implement their Activity life-
cycle correctly (see Activity for more details), the system can kill such
processes at any time to reclaim memory for one of the three previous
processes types. Usually there are many of these processes running, so they
are kept in an LRU list to ensure the process that was most recently seen by
the user is the last to be killed when running low on memory.
5. An empty process is one that doesn't hold any active application components.
The only reason to keep such a process around is as a cache to improve startup
time the next time a component of its application needs to run. As such, the
system will often kill these processes in order to balance overall system
resources between these empty cached processes and the underlying kernel
caches.
14. 14
Figure 2.3 : Flowchart Showing The Lifecycle Of An Activity
15. 15
I
n
t
h
e
f
following example we will display a process flow from the Android System
point of view to get a clear idea how the applications behave. Let assume the
Figure 2.4
Possible scenario: A user talks to his friend via mobile phone and he is
asked to browse the internet (a talk is hold for a moment), find a picture of
him in his Picasa Album, send it via Email back to his friend and resume a
talk.
In this situation, there are 4 different applications and 4 different processes
running, but from the user point of view none of them are important, as
Android manages CPU work and memory usage by itself. It means the user
can travel through the applications forward and back without thinking about
how much memory is left or which processes are run at the time.Firstly, as
the user is talking to his friend, a specific Talk application is opened, which
contains the activity manager. In the following stack we can see two
processes running, the main system process and Talk application process.
Moreover, before going to Web Browser application, the system saves a Talk
state T in order to remember that process:
16. 16
Figure 2.5
At this point, as a user holds a talk and opens a web browser, the system
creates a new process and new web browser activity is launched in it. Again,
the state of the last activity is saved (W):
Figure 2.6
After that, the user browses the internet, finds his picture in Picasa album
and saves it to particular folder. He does not close a web browser, instead he
opens a folder to find saved picture. The folder activity is launched in
particular process:
Figure 2.7
17. 17
At this point, the user finds his saved picture in the folder and he creates a
request to open an Email application. The last state F is saved. Now assume
that the mobile phone is out of the memory and there is no room to create a
new process for Email application. Therefore, Android looks to kill a
process. It can not destroy Folder process, as it was used previously and
could be reused again, so it kills Web Browser process as it is not useful
anymore and locates a new Email process instead:
Figure 2.8
The user opens Email application and sends a picture to his friend via email. Now
he wants to go back to the Talk application and to resume a talk to his friend.
Because of the previously saved states, this work is done fast and easily. In this
example, Email application is popped out and the user sees a previous Folder
application:
Figure 2.9
18. 18
Next, the user goes back to Web Browser application. Unfortunately, web browser
process was killed previously so the system has to kill another process (in our case
it is Email application process, which is not used anymore) in order to locate Web
Browser process and manage the stack memory:
Figure 2.10
and finally:
Figure 2.11
Now the user comes back to the Talk application and resumes his talk with his
friend.Because of the saved states, going back procedure is fast and useful,
because it remembers previous activities and its views.
This example shows, that it does not matter how many applications and processes
are active or how much available memory is left, Android it manages fast and
19. 19
without a user interaction.
4. Application Framework
Developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by the core
applications. The application architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of
components; any application can publish its capabilities and any other application
may then make use of those capabilities (subject to security constraints enforced
by the framework). This same mechanism allows components to be replaced by
the user.
Underlying all applications is a set of services and systems, including:
1. A rich and extensible set of Views that can be used to build an application,
including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web
browser
2. Content Providers that enable applications to access data from other
applications (such as Contacts), or to share their own data
3. A Resource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such as
localized strings, graphics, and layout files
4. A Notification Manager that enables all applications to display custom alerts
in the status bar
5. An Activity Manager that manages the life cycle of applications and provides
a common navigation backstack
5. Library
● Android includes a set of C/C++ libraries used by various components
of the Android system. These capabilities are exposed to developers
through the Android application framework. Some of the core libraries
are listed below:
● System C library - a BSD-derived implementation of the standard C
system library (libc), tuned for embedded Linux-based devices
● Media Libraries - based on PacketVideo's OpenCORE; the libraries
support playback and recording of many popular audio and video
formats, as well as static image files, including MPEG4, H.264, MP3,
20. 20
AAC, AMR, JPG, and PNG
● Surface Manager - manages access to the display subsystem and
seamlessly composites 2D and 3D graphic layers from multiple
applications .
● LibWebCore - a modern web browser engine which powers both the
Android browser and an embeddable web view
● SGL - the underlying 2D graphics engine
● 3D libraries - an implementation based on OpenGL ES 1.0 APIs; the
libraries use either hardware 3D acceleration (where available) or the
included, highly optimized 3D software rasterizer
● FreeType - bitmap and vector font rendering
● SQLite - a powerful and lightweight relational database engine
available to all applications
4. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
The feedback on developing applications for the Android platform has been
mixed. Issues cited include bugs, lack of documentation, inadequate QA .The first
publicly available application was the Snake game.
1. Software Development kit
It includes development and debugging tools, a set of libraries, a device emulator,
documentation, sample projects, tutorials, and FAQs. Requirements also include
Java Development Kit, Apache Ant, and Python 2.2 or later. The only officially
supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse 3.2 or later,
through the Android Development Tools Plugin, but programmers can use
command line tools to create, build and debug Android applications.
Partial Listing of Open Handset Alliance Participants
21. 21
C
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ec
h
n
ol
o
g
y
V
e
n
dors Figure 2.12
5. SECURITY ISSUES
Android mobile phone platform is going to be more secure than Apple’s iPhone or
any other device in the long run. There are several solutions nowadays to protect
Google phone from various attacks. One of them is security vendor McAfee, a
member of Linux Mobile (LiMo) Foundation. This foundation joins particular
companies to develop an open mobile-device software platform. Many of the
companies listed in the LiMo Foundation have also become members of the Open
Handset Alliance (OHA).
As a result, Linux secure coding practice should successfully be built into the Android
development process. However, open platform has its own disadvantages, such as
source code vulnerability for black-hat hackers. In parallel with great opportunities for
mobile application developers, there is an expectation for exploitation and harm.
Stealthy Trojans hidden in animated images, particular viruses passed from friend to
friend, used for spying and identity theft, all these threats will be active for a long run.
Another solution for such attacks is SMobile Systems mobile package. SecurityShield
–an integrated application that includes anti-virus, anti-spam, firewall and other
mobile protection is up and ready to run on the Android operating system. Currently,
the main problem is availability for viruses to pose as an application and do things
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like dial phone numbers, send text messages or multi-media messages or make
connections to the Internet during normal device use. It is possible for somebody to
use the GPS feature to
track a person’s location without their knowledge. Hence SMobile Systems is ready to
notify and block these secure alerts. But the truth is that it is not possible to secure
your mobile device or personal computer completely, as it connects to the internet.
And neither the Android phone nor other devices will prove to be the exception.
6. COMPARISON
1. Speculations With Cellular Carriers
Google Android enters a tangled mess of cellular carrier world. As a new player in
the mobile market, Android brings an open platform with the new rules. On the
one hand there is OHA with major companies and carries, such as T-Mobile and
Sprint. On the other hand, there are two largest cellular carries AT&T and Verizon
Wireless in United States, which have a vested interest in operating systems of
their own. It is predictable,that Sprint or T-Mobile will be first carriers providing
devices with Google Android. This ensures equal development time for the
networks, GSM side and CDMA.But the main problem, which faces all the
cellular carriers around the world, is the availability to download and use free
applications that could block almost every communications product they sell. A
user does not need to pay for GPS mapping service anymore. He can simply
download a free one that taps into Google Maps.
In fact,why pay for cellular minutes at all when a user can download Skype, Gtalk
or other client and just use his data plan? OS’s such as Android threaten carriers
with a loss of control over the applications on the phones on their network and
they may find themselves becoming nothing more than wireless Internet service
providers, forced to compete on price and bandwidth.
Another aspect is hardware cost: Google Android owns 10 percent of the total
cost of a phone, which combined with falling hardware prices could eventually
result a fertile unlocked handset market. In conclusion, Google has a better start in
this race than any company had before to bring new rules to the mobile market
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with all carriers, mobile devices and its customers.
2. Manufacturers’ War
Presently, Google main competitors like Nokia, Microsoft and Apple do not see
Google Android as a serious rival or threat to their business strategies. However,
the current situation is not so unsophisticated. There is a huge flurry in the
companies, which are not in the list of OHA.
For instance, Nokia, which is the largest handset manufacturer in the world,
nowadays owning some 39% market share, was one of the companies snubbed on
the invitation list to the 34-party Open Handset Alliance that is growing daily.
In contrast, Nokia is buying companies and dumping cash into development,
while Google is releasing an open platform hoping the applications and services
will build themselves with the help of a strong developer community,
development contests and large alliance of grand companies.
Despite of this, Nokia is ready to combat whatever Google has to throw with
Google Android in 2008. Another company Apple has already stroked the market
with iPhone and its closed operating system. Accordingly, iPhone in the US
remains loyal to AT&T mobile carrier for five years.
That is plenty of time for Google to conquer the market with open
Android.Obvious advantage of Android is cost: while iPhone is priced at a
weighty $400, Google says it hopes to reach a more mainstream market by pricing
Android-powered devices at around $200. Microsoft, selling 21 millions copies of
Windows Mobile software, stays calm at this point, waiting for some particular
results from Google Android.
This nice and healthy competition is just what the mobile industry needs at the
moment,at least for the consumers. The wars being waged between Google and
the field will onlycreate better, cheaper handsets and more advanced applications.
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3. Market Research
A new generation of mobile device users is coming in the next decade. These
users are going to explore the mobile internet afresh with its new features,
compatible mobile phones, new services and applications.
This is a huge leap for mobile advertisement business, where revenue could rise 8
times more by 2012. Google Android is going to present new solutions through
the fast search engine, open source applications and other services.
The Kelsey Group, which works with public opinion polls and statistics, published
the results released October 11 2007,which say, that one hundred out of 500, or 20
percent of people would be interested in purchasing a Google phone. Despite the
fact, that Google Android is in alpha version and it is unknown for the customers
and mobile market, the results look promising.
The diagram below shows the study, which was conducted in September 2007 via
an online 30-question survey of 500 U.S. mobile phone users aged 18 and older.
People do not find a good Internet experience in their phones today, so they are
more interested in gravitating toward an Internet or technology company
telephone
Figure 2.13
25. 25
because they think connectivity between devices and to the Internet is going to be
much better on those phones. They use Google search, GMail, Google Maps,
Picasa albums and other popular services on their computers, and this is what they
expect to have in their mobile devices in the close future.
4. Mobile Ads
Jaiku - an activity stream and sharing service that works from the Web and mobile
phones was bought by Google as important investment into the mobile
advertisement.People wondered why Google preferred the micro-blogging service
to Twitter, which is much more popular nowadays.
The answer lies in Jaiku’s unique ability to combine micro-blogging with user’s
location. An integral part of the service is a Jaiku client application for Symbian
S60 platform mobile phones, which should come to Android platform as well. The
client uses location APIs within device to get the handset and the users’ location
based on nearby cellular network towers.
Though the location is not very precise, the mobile phone is able to broadcast it
automatically. At that point the text can be connected to users’ location and create
a list of preferences for each place the user frequently visits.
Using such a technology, it is simple to track down a user via phone’s IP address,
whenever he comes into McDonald or is sitting in the airport.Google is not a
million miles away from being able to push advanced advertising to individuals
based on their profile, their location and their availability. They already offer
regional and local targeting for ads for desktop users, but this could be much more
useful for a mobile phone. And if the ads are truly relevant, interesting and
unobtrusive, people might actually start to like them.
5. Mobile Services
Adding to its fast growing suite of mobile applications and services, Google has
applied for a patent for a mobile payments service that would allow users to make
payments at retail shops using their mobile phones. The Text Message Payment
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patent describes a system where Google offers mobile focused payments called
GPay. This describes a system where a SMS message would be sent containing a
payment amount and other information. That payment amount would then be
validated, debited from the user's account, and communicated from server to
server. Payment confirmation that had been received would also simultaneously
be sent to the relevant party, as illustrated in the diagram below:
Figure 2.14 : Figure describes Google’s mobile focused payments called GPay
Described as "a computer-implemented method of effectuating an electronic on-
line payment," the system mentioned in the patent application is similar to existing
mobile payment services.
These services like mobile version of PayPal have been available for some time
but have had little success bursting with merchants and with customers. The main
difference between existing mobile payment systems and GPay is, of course, that
GPay is created by Google and will be easily adopted by Android Platform. The
more issues regarding Gpay are yet to be released.
6. What makes Android special?
There are already many mobile platforms on the market today, including
Symbian, iPhone, Windows Mobile, BlackBerry, Java Mobile Edi-tion, Linux
27. 27
Mobile (LiMo), and more.
While some of its features have appeared before, Android is the first environment
that combines:
● A truly open, free development platform based on Linux and open
source. Handset makers like it because they can use and customize
the platform without paying a royalty. Developers like it because
they know that the platform “has legs” and is not locked into any
one vendor that may go under or be acquired.
● A component-based architecture inspired by Internet mash-ups.
Partsof one application can be used in another in ways not
originallyenvisioned by the developer. You can even replace built-
in components with your own improved versions. This will unleash
a new round of creativity in the mobile space.
● Tons of built-in services out of the box. Location based services
use GPS or cell tower triangulation to let you customize the user
experience depending on where they are. A full-powered SQL
database lets you harness the power of local storage for
occasionally connected computing and synchronization. Browser
and Map views can be embedded directly in your applications. All
these built-in capabilities help to raise the bar on functionality
while loweringyour development costs.
● Automatic management of the application life cycle. Programs
areisolated from each other by multiple layers of security, which
will provide a level of system stability not seen before in smart
phones.The end user will no longer have to worry about what
applications are active, or close some programs so that others can
run. Android is optimized for low-power, low-memory devices in a
fundamental way that no previous platform has attempted.
● High quality graphics and sound. Smooth, anti-aliased 2D vector
graphics and animation inspired by Flash is melded with 3D
accelerated OpenGL graphics to enable new kinds of games and
business applications. Codecs for the most common industry
standard audio and video formats are built right in, including H.264
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(AVC), MP3, and AAC.
● Portability across a wide range of current and future hardware.All
your programs are written in Java and executed by Android’s
Dalvik virtual machine so your code will be portable across
ARM,x86, and other architectures. Support for a variety of input
methods is included such as keyboard, touch, tilt, camera, voice,
and trackball. User interfaces can be customized for any screen
resolution and orientation.Android is a fresh take on the way
mobile applications interact with users, along with the technical
underpinnings to make it possible. But the best part of Android is
the software that you are going to write for it. This book will help
you get off to a great start.
7. Android And Java ME
Java Platform, Micro Edition or Java ME (previously known as Java 2 Platform,
Micro Edition or J2ME) is a specification of a subset of the Java platform aimed
at providing a certified collection of Java APIs for the development of
software for small, resource-constrained devices. Though, do not confuse it with
Google Android, even there are some similarities:
● Eclipse plug-ins for J2ME and Android look very similar and interface
very well with their respective SDKs;
● Both J2ME and Android seem to share the same core Java APIs, such as
java.util and java.net. But their APIs for graphics, UIs, etc. are very
dissimilar and philosophies for developing applications are very different;
● Android seems to be more tightly integrated (up to even the OS services
provided and how they interact with the APIs), while J2ME is far
more liberal in its specifications for the developer and mobile device
manufacturer.
A slower application development and performance – these are the main
disadvantages Java's J2ME have for today. J2ME apps are second-rate citizens in
the phones. They do not have an access to most of the low-level features, like call
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API, external connectivity (USB) and other. There is no way to replace or extend
built-in phone apps like contacts, calendar and calls.
For instance, J2ME applications in Nokia devices with S60 work great for
standard tasks. But more advanced users find difficulties handling Wi-Fi access
points with S60, because APIs simply do not seem to be exposed to J2ME.
A user may find difficulties synchronizing Google Calendar with his device -
nobody seems to have been able to figure out how to make the J2ME
calendar interfaces work correctly on S60. There are lots of problems with Java
applications on S60, even though S60 probably has one of the best Java
implementations.
Android fills a void in Java Mobile applications by providing API to build richer
applications - more useful for Smart Phones which contain the ability to provide
these types of functionalities. If J2ME filled every void, Android as an API
wouldn't be needed (though Android as an OS could still fill a void).
Google has written its own virtual machine for Android most likely as a way to
get around licensing issues with Sun. However, Android does not include a
complete and compliant Java stack (neither JME nor JSE); only a subset and
therefore it is technically not the Java platform, it just looks a lot like it.
8. Openness Of The Platform
The open source school of thought implies that differentiation and competitive
advantage come from innovation on top of the underlying platform rather than the
platform itself. The robustness and scalability of the platform is secured by the
community’s stewardship, and open access to a central repository of updated
code. Beyond this, a strong third-party development environment and software
development kit (SDK) are critical to attracting innovation.
“Open” is an invariably subjective term. Symbian and Microsoft can claim a
degree of openness for their mobile platforms, for example, but ultimate control of
API access and source code remains with a single entity. On the contrary, as
Google has pointed out, there’s nothing keeping any of the alliance members from
using Android to build a Yahoo! Go phone.
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Motorola has had some success delivering high-volume Linux-based devices such
as the Ming and RAZR II to market. But mobile Linux initiatives have failed to
scale on the basis of attractiveness to third-party developers; it’s been supply-push
with the development focus in Java ME or other application framework
components.
Importantly, Android includes almost the entirety of the applications-related
software stack, less key technical pieces such as telephony protocol stacks, which
are left to silicon vendors. Android bundles critical components such as a Linux
kernel from Wind River, various optimized graphics engines, codecs, notification
software, a “clean room” JVM implementation, and the KHTML open source
browser. The latter forms the basis of Apple’s Safari and Nokia’s S60 offerings.
9. Advantages
● Open - Android allows you to access core mobile device functionality through
standard API calls.
● All applications are equal - Android does not differentiate between the phone's
basic and third-party applications -- even the dialer or home screen can be
replaced.
● Breaking down boundaries - Combine information from the web with data on
the phone -- such as contacts or geographic location -- to create new user
experiences.
● Fast and easy development - The SDK contains what you need to build and
run Android applications, including a true device emulator and advanced
debugging tools.
10. Disadvantages
● Security - Making source code available to everyone inevitably invites the
attention of black hat hackers.
● Open Source - A disadvantage of open-source development is that anyone
can scrutinize the source code to find vulnerabilities and write exploits.
● Login - Platform doesn't run on an encrypted file system and has a
vulnerable log-in.
● Incompetence - Google’s dependence on hardware and carrier partners puts
the final product out of their control.
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5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Android has been criticized for not being all open-source software despite what was
announced by Google. Parts of the SDK are proprietary and closed source, and some
believe this is so that Google can control the platform. Software installed by end-
users must be written in Java, and will not have access to lower level device APIs.
This provides end-users with less control over their phone's functionality than other
free and open source phone platforms, such as OpenMoko.
With all upcoming applications and mobile services Google Android is stepping into
the next level of Mobile Internet. Android participates in many of the successful
open source projects. That is, architect the solution for participation and the
developers will not only come but will play well together. This is notable contrast
with Apple and other companies, where such architecture of participation is clearly
belated.
The first Android based official devices may well be launched sometime in the early
half of 2009. Obviously, that's an age away when it comes to handset design, and
Android may well find itself competing against the forthcoming Nokia touch screen
phones and maybe even the iPhone 2.
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6. REFERENCES
1. http://www.android.com - Android Official Webpage
2. http://code.google.com/android/ - Official Android Google Code
Webpage
3. http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/ - Open Handset Alliance Webpage
4. http://www.androidwiki.com – Android Wiki
5. http://googleblog.blogspot.com/ - Official Google Blog
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(mobile_phone_platform)–
Wikipedia Information
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebKit
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)
10. http://www.itworld.com/google-android-dr-080213