DR CONSTANT MOUTON - COULD DUAL DIAGNOSIS BE THE KEY TO PERSONALISED TREATMEN...iCAADEvents
As our knowledge about addiction is increasing the association between mental illness and addiction is better understood. The controversy about the appropriateness of the term Dual Diagnosis to describe such a heterogeneous group of patients has sparked a debate on treatment and assessment models. It highlighted the fact that as far as treatment modalities are concerned, one size might just not fit all. Dr Mouton reviews current knowledge on comorbidity in the addiction field. Focusing on more than psychiatric comorbidity, he also looks at physical, social, psychological, spiritual and cultural components affected by addiction. Describing the role of the psychiatrist in addiction care he poses the questions: What if dual diagnosis is actually the key to better understanding of our patients? What if this knowledge leads to more individualised treatments? And are we ready for personalised treatment in the addiction field?
Late onset mania is a kind of Psychiatric illness in which Manic symptoms develops for the first time after the age of 60 years or the continuation of recurrent bipolar illness.
Lecture will cover:
1- NEW DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS)
2- EARLY AND PRODROMAL PHASES OF NCD
3- THE CURRENT , MOST VALIDATED BIOMARKERS
4- ATYPICAL FORMS OF Dementia of Alzheimer's type, ‘POSTERIOR SHIFT’
A critical discussion of the focus on the biomedical perspective in the preve...GERATEC
The biomedical focus on dementia brought the phenomena of what was considered a normal part of ageing into the medical and scientific field of interest (Bartlett, R and O’Connor, D. 2010). This perspective comes with a strong focus on neurodegenerative decline and deficits. Even though Alzheimer’s disease was around for more than 70 years since noted by Alois Alzheimer, it was only in the 1980’s that the “disease emerged as an illness category and policy issue” (Lyman, A. 1989). The Nun Study of David A. Snowdon, PhD, which started in 1991, brought a new perspective to the research into dementia. It was discovered during autopsies that people who have lived their lives without any signs of dementia, actually had amyloid plaques and tangles in their brains congruent to people living with dementia (Snowdon, D.A. 2003). Biomedical research is at this stage the primary focus of research into dementia, receiving most of the funding budget. According to an article in Therapy Today (July 2012) in the UK alone, £66 million will be allocated to dementia research by 2015, of which only £13 million is earmarked for social science research. In the WHO report on Dementia, Daviglus M.L. et al of the US National Institutes of Health state that “firm conclusions cannot be drawn about the association of any modifiable risk factor with cognitive decline of Alzheimer disease”.
The importance of the research findings of the biomedical model cannot be underestimated. However, considering the facts that t this point there seems to be nothing that can prevent nor cure Dementia, I am of the opinion that more research and funding should focused on creating a life worth living for people who live with dementia.
DR CONSTANT MOUTON - COULD DUAL DIAGNOSIS BE THE KEY TO PERSONALISED TREATMEN...iCAADEvents
As our knowledge about addiction is increasing the association between mental illness and addiction is better understood. The controversy about the appropriateness of the term Dual Diagnosis to describe such a heterogeneous group of patients has sparked a debate on treatment and assessment models. It highlighted the fact that as far as treatment modalities are concerned, one size might just not fit all. Dr Mouton reviews current knowledge on comorbidity in the addiction field. Focusing on more than psychiatric comorbidity, he also looks at physical, social, psychological, spiritual and cultural components affected by addiction. Describing the role of the psychiatrist in addiction care he poses the questions: What if dual diagnosis is actually the key to better understanding of our patients? What if this knowledge leads to more individualised treatments? And are we ready for personalised treatment in the addiction field?
Late onset mania is a kind of Psychiatric illness in which Manic symptoms develops for the first time after the age of 60 years or the continuation of recurrent bipolar illness.
Lecture will cover:
1- NEW DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS)
2- EARLY AND PRODROMAL PHASES OF NCD
3- THE CURRENT , MOST VALIDATED BIOMARKERS
4- ATYPICAL FORMS OF Dementia of Alzheimer's type, ‘POSTERIOR SHIFT’
A critical discussion of the focus on the biomedical perspective in the preve...GERATEC
The biomedical focus on dementia brought the phenomena of what was considered a normal part of ageing into the medical and scientific field of interest (Bartlett, R and O’Connor, D. 2010). This perspective comes with a strong focus on neurodegenerative decline and deficits. Even though Alzheimer’s disease was around for more than 70 years since noted by Alois Alzheimer, it was only in the 1980’s that the “disease emerged as an illness category and policy issue” (Lyman, A. 1989). The Nun Study of David A. Snowdon, PhD, which started in 1991, brought a new perspective to the research into dementia. It was discovered during autopsies that people who have lived their lives without any signs of dementia, actually had amyloid plaques and tangles in their brains congruent to people living with dementia (Snowdon, D.A. 2003). Biomedical research is at this stage the primary focus of research into dementia, receiving most of the funding budget. According to an article in Therapy Today (July 2012) in the UK alone, £66 million will be allocated to dementia research by 2015, of which only £13 million is earmarked for social science research. In the WHO report on Dementia, Daviglus M.L. et al of the US National Institutes of Health state that “firm conclusions cannot be drawn about the association of any modifiable risk factor with cognitive decline of Alzheimer disease”.
The importance of the research findings of the biomedical model cannot be underestimated. However, considering the facts that t this point there seems to be nothing that can prevent nor cure Dementia, I am of the opinion that more research and funding should focused on creating a life worth living for people who live with dementia.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
1. A Long Shadow over the Soul:
Molecular and Quantum Approaches to Psychopathology
An Interdisciplinary Dialog with Psychiatrists
Fano, Italy 29, 30, 31 March 2012
How much is the matter far away from the soul?
Andrea Peracino, MD, PhD
Vice President of the Giovanni Lorenzini Medical Science Foundation,
Milan-I, Houston-TX
andrea.peracino@lorenzinifoundation.org
1
2. Summary
• Burden of chronic non communicable diseases
• Alliances for NCD
• A pathological approach
• NCD Common Soils
• Models
• Questions
2
3. Leading causes of attributable global mortality and
burden of disease, 2004 (Lancet 2009; 374:973-4)
Attributable Mortality Attributable DALYs
% %
2. High blood pressure 12.8 • Childhood underweight 5.9
3. Tobacco use 8.7 • Unsafe sex 4.6
4. High blood glucose 5.8 • Alcohol use 4.5
5. Physical inactivity 5.5 • Unsafe water, sanit. hygiene 4.2
6. Overweight and obesity 4.8 • High blood pressure 3.7
7. High cholesterol 4.5 • Tobacco use 3.7
8. Unsafe sex 4.0 • Suboptimal breastfeeding 2.9
9. Alcohol use 3.8 • High blood glucose 2.7
10. Childhood underweight 3.8 • Indoor smoke from solid fuels 2.7
11. Indoor smoke from solid fuels 3.3 • Overweight and obesity 2.3
59 million total global deaths 1.5 billion total global DALYs
3
4. The burden of chronic Non Communicable Disease - NCD
Major chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs)—primarily cardiovascular
disease (CVD), cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
and diabetes—are responsible for 85% of the deaths and 70% of the burden
of disease in Europe.
Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009; 10: 1-30
The Disorders of the Brain -BD in Europe are responsible for around 15,8
million DALYs (26,6% of global DALYs) aged > 15 age: 7,3 million for men
(23,4%), 8,5 million for women (30,1%).
H.U. Witchen, F. Jacobi et alii European Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 21: 655–679.
4
5. European prevalence of Neurological Disorders-ND :
(in millions) H.U. Witchen, F. Jacobi et alii European Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 21: 655–679
Diagnosis Mio individuals
Headache 152,8
Sleep apnoea 12,5
Stroke 8,24
Dementias 6,34
Traumatic brain injury 3,75
Epilepsy 2,64
Parkinson’s disease 1,25
Multiple slcerosis 0,54
Neuromuscolar disorders 0,26
Brain dsorders 0,24
5
6. European prevalence rates of Mental Disorders – MD
(H.U. Witchen, F. Jacobi et alii European Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 21, 655–679)
Diagnosis Yearly prevalence Mio individuals/year
Alcohol dependance %
3,4 14,6
Cannabis dependence 1,0 1,5
Psychotic disorders 1,2 5,0
Panic disorders 1,8 7,9
Personality disorder 1.3 4,3
Major depression 6,9 30.3
Insomnia 3,5 14,6
Anxiety disorders 14.0 61,5
ADHD/Hypercin disorders 5,0 6,3
Dementias 5,4 6,3
Somatoform disorder 4,9 20,4
Eating disorders 0,9 1,5
Any mental disorder 38.2 164.8
6
7. The size and burden of Mental Disorders and other
Disorders of the Brain in Europe 2010
(H.U. Witchen, F. Jacobi et alii European Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 21: 655–679)
7
8. Numbers in comparison
H.U. Witchen, F. Jacobi et alii European Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 21, 655–679
2010 report by Alzheimer's Disease International
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P7-TA-2011-0016
European CVD diseases Feb 2008
EU EU EU EU
Deaths /y suffering DALYs Costs
BD 164.9 mio 16.0 mio (26%) € 300 bio
53% w
Dementia 6.3 - 9.9 mio 5 (8%)
Stroke 0.5 mio 3,7 (6%)
57% w
CVD 2.0 mio 12.0 mio (19 %) € 200 bio
54% w
People worldwide worldwide worldwide
suffering 2010 2030 2050
Dementia 35.6 mio 65.7 mio 115.4 mio
8
9. Summary
• Burden of chronic non communicable diseases
• Alliances for NCD
• A pathological approach
• NCD Common Soils
• Models
• Questions
9
10. UN High-Level
Meeting on NCDs
19 -20 September 2011
…36 million deaths every year
for NCD are demanding a
global commitment among
the decision makes world
wide…
10
11. UN High-Level Meeting on NCDs:
Politic al Declarations
16 September and 15 September 2011
Political Declaration of the High-level
Meeting of the General Assembly on the
Prevention and Control of Non-
communicable Diseases (http://www.who.int/
nmh/events/un_ncd_summit2011/en/index.html)
EU position and commitment in
advance of the UN high-level meeting
on the prevention and control of non-
communicable diseases.
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?
pubRef=//EP//NONSGML+PV+20110915+SIT+
DOC+PDF+V0//EN&language=EN.
11
12. Question
how much in the mentioned alliances there was a participation
of the experts on psychopathology?
how much of the probable, but not clearly defined and decided
in term of budget, will be allocated to support studies on how
to combine matter and soul in approaching the huge amount
of subjects suffering by NDDs ?
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241597418_eng.pdf
12
13. Summary
• Burden of chronic non communicable diseases
• Alliances for NCD
• A pathological approach
• NCD Common Soils
• Models
• Questions
13
14. INTERHEART Study
Large case control study to
examine the importance of 9 IHD
risk factors : > 29.000 people
in 52 countries.
Worldwide, the 9 factors
collectively predicted
> 90% of the risk of MI.
The presence of all 9 risk
factors was associated with
an OR >256 .
Yusuf S et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study).
Lancet 2004;364: 937-52.
14
15. Figure 1
INTERSTROKE Study
Martin J O'Donnell et alii , Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the)
INTERSTROKE study : a case-control study. Lancet 2010;376:112-23
15
16. Figure 2
INTERSTROKE Study
Martin J O'Donnell et alii , Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the)
INTERSTROKE study : a case-control study. Lancet 2010;376:112-23
Source 16
18. Integrated Biomarkers: atherosclerosis
Infarction of the brain : by arterial thrombosis or embolism.
Intermediate infarct of the frontal lobe.
magnetic resonance imaging scan Microscopic aspect
revealing marked edema (the pale
areas)
18
19. Integrated Biomarkers: atherosclerosis
Infarction of the brain
The neurons are the most sensitive cells
to anoxic injury. Seen here are red
neurons which are dying as a result of
hypoxia.
Cerebral infarction demonstrates the presence of
many macrophages at the right which are
cleaning up the lipid debris from the
liquefactive necrosis
19
21. Integrated Biomarkers: atherosclerosis
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRI provides non-invasive, in vivo
characterization of human IC
atherosclerosis A
ECA
– Histologically validated
– Reproducible
MRI findings predictive of more rapid
progression and increased likelihood
of future ischemic events Plaque
by Thomas Hatsukami - Seattle 2008 CCA
CCA = common carotid artery ; ICA = internal carotid artery;
ECA = external carotid artery
21
26. Summary
• Burden of chronic non communicable diseases
• Alliances for NCD
• A pathological approach
• NCD Common Soils
• Models
• Questions
26
27. Scenarios
Non communicable diseases: diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease,
COPD
Crossroads or a common soil ? : mithocondria, metabolic
fuel, insulin resistance, inflammation, endothelial
dysfunction, neurohormones….
…and what about NDs ?
astrocytes activation, BBB damage, apoptosis deregulation,
neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders
27
28. Integrated Biomarkers: atherosclerosis
Coronary artery with thrombosis: occlusion of the lumen and consequently
acute coronary syndrome with ischemia and/or infarction of the
myocardium.
28
34. The mitochondrial respiratory chain
is the main source of ROS that increase damage to deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA), proteins, or lipids accumulates with age progression, and impair cellular
function. •Mitochondrial dysfunction,
mitochondrial loss
•ROS
• insulin resistance
•aging.
Telomere length is a sensitive
indicator of oxidative stress and is
implicated in senescence and
apoptotic signaling.
Telomere length was reduced up to
30% in cardiomyocytes of old
(normal-weight and obese) and young
obese subjects.
34
35. Categories of SIRT1
Targets for Deacetylation and Their Associated Diseases.
The protein targets of SIRT1, that
has been shown to regulate
metabolism and stress
response, include transcription
factors and cofactors, histones and
other chromatin proteins, and
components of DNA repair
machinery.
Guarente L. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2235-2244.
35
36. Potential mechanisms of action of SIRT6 on longevity
Lombard DB, Miller RA: Ageing Soting out the the sirtuins. Nature 2012 483: 166-67.
36
37. ...NCDs no longer by a silos approach, but rather
with a common effort of allied stakeholders...
NCD have many patho-mechanisms in common, and have
common genetic and environmental antecedents they would
spring from a “common soil”.
37
39. Summary
• Burden of chronic non communicable diseases
• Alliances for NCD
• A pathological approach
• NCD Common Soils
• Models
• Questions
39
40. Models
How much is it known on metabolic dysfunctions in NDs such as, e.g.,
Alzheimer's Disease-AD and Vascular Dementia-VD, or Depression?
40
41. legenda
Mitochondrial metabolic constellation: some pathways for medical exploration
interplay of major mitochondrial functions with cell and tissue pathological changes
Aß: ß amyloid OLGs: oligodendrocytes
ATP: adenosine-5'-triphosphate OPCs: oligodendrocyte precursor cells
BP: Blood pressure PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecular patterns
CHI: closed head injury PPARα : peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α
CRH: corticotropin-releasing hormone PPARs: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
DAMPs: danger-associated molecular patterns PGC1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
IL-6: Interleukin-6 co-activator 1α
LCFA: long chain fatty acides RC: respiratory chain
mtDNA: mitochondrial deoxyribo-nucleic –acid ROS: reactive oxygen species
MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase-9 TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor alpha
NLRP3: NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3 UCP: Uncoupling proteins
NO: nitric oxide VEGF-A: Vascular endothelial growth factor
OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation WMLs: White matter lesions
41
42. Summary
• Burden of chronic non communicable diseases
• Alliances for NCD
• A pathological approach
• NCD Common Soils
• Models
• Questions
42
43. Questions
How much can the combination of the studies on the matter and on the
soul, help to better manage the NCD patients?
How much can the psychopathologists help the physicians of the matter
to reduce the affliction of the soul?
43
44. Συμπάσχει η ψυχή τω σώματι νοσούντι και τεμνομένω, το δε
σώμα τη ψυχή
The soul suffers when the body is diseased or traumatized, while
the body suffers when the soul is ailing
Aristotle
44
45. “We will now observe a moment of silence
to check our BlackBerrys.”
45
Editor's Notes
Risk of stroke associated with number of cigarettes smoked for all stroke, ischaemic stroke, and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke Data are adjusted for age, sex, and region.
Risk of all stroke associated with body-mass index and waist-to-hip ratio T=tertile.
.
A growing body of evidence, indicates that inflammatory mechanisms contribute to (secondary) neuronal injury after acute cerebral ischemia. This inflammatory response is characterized by the local expression of cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-a and IL-6, resulting in chemotactic cytokine release and adhesion molecules upregulation. This cytokines work in concert to activate leukocyte migration to the ischemic region. This white cells are leukocytes, almost plugging the microvessels, where they cause tissue injury by generation of oxygen free radicals, or Matrix Metalloproteinases release, both of which may disrupt the BBB, contributing to infarct growing.
Figure 2. Categories of SIRT1 Targets for Deacetylation and Their Associated Diseases. The protein targets of SIRT1, a sirtuin that has been shown to regulate metabolism and stress response, include transcription factors and cofactors, histones and other chromatin proteins, and components of DNA repair machinery. The depictions of the associations between SIRT1 targets and the diseases that are affected are graphical, since the exact mechanisms of most of these associations are not known.
Figure 2. Categories of SIRT1 Targets for Deacetylation and Their Associated Diseases. The protein targets of SIRT1, a sirtuin that has been shown to regulate metabolism and stress response, include transcription factors and cofactors, histones and other chromatin proteins, and components of DNA repair machinery. The depictions of the associations between SIRT1 targets and the diseases that are affected are graphical, since the exact mechanisms of most of these associations are not known.