This document is Milanjeet Singh's certificate for completing a research project on logic gates under the guidance of his physics teacher, Mr. Vishal Ajrawat, in partial fulfillment of a CBSE physics examination. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking God, his teacher, parents, friends, and classmates for their support and guidance during the project. The introduction provides definitions of logic gates, Boolean algebra, and truth tables. It also describes AND gates and their truth table.

1. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MILANJEET SINGH, a student of
class XII-ROSE has successfully completed the
research on the investigatory project AND GATE
under the guidance of Mr. Vishal Ajrawat (Subject
Teacher) during the year 2018-19 in partial
fulfillment of physics practical examination
conducted by CBSE, New Delhi.
Signature Of Physics Teacher
Principal

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I would thank God for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I would like
to thank my physics teacher Mr. Vishal Ajrawat,
whose valuable guidance has been the ones that
helped me patch this project and make it full proof
success his suggestions and his instructions has
served as the major contributor towards the
completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends
who have helped me with their valuable suggestions
and guidance has been helpful in various phases of
the completion of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my
classmates who have helped me a lot.

4. INTRODUCTION
 A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical
relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a
digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through as
stop, it is a gate.
 The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They
are used in digital electronics to change on voltage level
(input voltage) into another (output voltage) according to
some logical statement relating them.
 A logic gate may have 1 or more inputs, but it has only one
output. The relationship between the possible values input
and output voltage is expressed in the form of a table called
truth table or table of combination.
 Truth table of a logic gates is a table that shows all the input
and output possibilities for the logic gates.
 George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra
based on binary nature at logic, this algebra of logic called
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. A logical statement can have only two
values, such as high/low, on/off, closed/open, yes/no,
right/wrong, true/false, conducting/non-conducting etc. The
two values of logic statements one denoted by binary number
1 and 0. The binary number 1 is used to denote the high value.

5.  BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
 A Boolean Variable takes the value of either 0 (False) or 1
(True).
 Symbols are used to represent Boolean variables e.g. A, B,
C, X, Y, Z
 There are three basic logic operations AND, OR, NOT
 The Boolean Operators are • + ‾
 A + B means A OR B
 A • B means A AND B
 Nodes in a circuit are represented by Boolean Variables.
The most practical use of Boolean algebra is to simplify
Boolean algebra which means less logic gates are used
to implement the combinational logic circuit.

6. AND GATE
GATE is a basic logic gate that implements logical
AND conjunction. It is widely used having two or
more inputs and a single output. A high output (1)
results only if all the inputs to the AND gate are high
(1). A low output (0) results only if none or not all the
inputs to the AND gate are high (1).There are many
integrated circuits which works on logical AND Gate.

7. The truth table for the 2 input A/D gate is shown
below.

8.  Application of AND gate
There are mainly two applications of
AND gate as Enable gate and Inhibit
gate.
 Enable gate means allowance of data
through a channel.
 Inhibit gate is just its reverse i:e
disallowance of data through a
channel.
Enable gate Inhibit gate