This document appears to be a physics investigatory project report submitted by a student named Aman Mishra on the topic of logic gates. The report includes an introduction, descriptions of basic logic gates like OR, AND and NOT gates, and explanations of more complex gates such as NOR, NAND, XOR and XNOR gates. It also includes acknowledgements, contents, and bibliography sections. The project was completed under the guidance of the student's physics teacher and principal for a CBSE physics practical examination.

1. ASSUMPTION PUBLIC SCHOOL
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC- LOGIC GATES
NAME- AMAN MISHRA
CLASS- XII A
“LOGIC GATE”

2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Aman Mishra of class XII A has successfully
completed the investigatory project on the topic “ LOGIC GATES”
under my guidance during the year 2022-2023 in the partial
fulfillment of the physics practical examination conducted by
CBSE.
Teacher’s signature Principal’s signature

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to sincerely and profusely thank my Physics teacher Mr. Balraj
Sahani, for his able guidance and support in completing my project.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to the principal for providing me all the
facilities that was required.
Last but not the least, I would extend my gratitude towards all teaching and not
teaching staff of ‘ASSUMPTION PUBLIC SCHOOL’ and toward my friends who
has supported me to complete this project.
Aman Mishra

4. CONTENTS
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S.No. Title Page no.
1 Introduction 1
2 Principle 2
3 Basic gates 3
4 The OR gate 5
5 The AND Gate 7
6 The NOT Gate 9
7 The NOR Gate 11
8 The NAND Gate 13
9 The EX-OR Gate 15
10 The EX-NOR Gate 17
11 Conclusion 19
12 Bibliography 20

5. GATE: - A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship
between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal to
pass through or stop it.
The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in digital
electronics to change one voltage level into another according to some logic statement
relating to them.
Truth Table: A logic gate may have one or more than one inputs, but it has only one
output. The relationship between the possible values of input and output voltages are
expressed in the form of a table called truth table.
Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all The inputs and outputs that are possible
for the logic gates.
Boolean algebra: - The algebra which is based on binary nature of the logic gates.
Boolean Expressions: - They are the logical statement which are followed by logical gates.
INTRODUCTION

6. PRINCIPLE
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the input and output,
which represents the statement of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may
be complex, they may all be constructed from three basic devices like a P-N
junction diode, a resistance and and N-P-N transistor.
We have three different type of logic gates and they are the AND gate, the OR gate
and the NOT gate.
LOGICAL STATEMENTS
1
5v
High
Positive
On
Close
Conducting
Right
True
Yes
0
0v
Low
Negative
Off
Open
Non conducting
Wrong
False
No

7. BASIC GATES
The OR Gate: - It is a device that combines A and B to give Y as the result. The OR gate
has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+), is
referred as the OR.
The Boolean expression: A+B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A or B.
The AND Gate: It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result. The AND gate
has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign is
referred as the AND.
The Boolean expression: A.B=Y or A X B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A and B.

8. The NOT Gate: It is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT has one input and has one
output. In Boolean algebra, bar symbol is referred as the NOT.
The Boolean expression: X=
This indicates that Y is not equal to A.
=A

9. The OR Gate
Aim:
To design and stimulate the OR gate circuit.
Components: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).
Theory and Construction: An OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit,
making use of two diodes D1 and D2.
Hear the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to the 0 level,
and the positive terminal of the battery corresponds to level.
1. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.