The document provides information about the Nomadic Empire, also known as the Mongol Empire, and Genghis Khan, who was instrumental in establishing the empire. It discusses how Genghis Khan unified various nomadic tribes in Mongolia and began a campaign of conquest that expanded the empire across Asia and into Eastern Europe. By the time of his death in 1227, Genghis Khan had established the largest contiguous land empire in history that spanned from the Sea of Japan to the Caspian Sea. The empire had a significant impact by encouraging trade, spreading innovations, and establishing religious tolerance across Eurasia.

1. Nomadic Empire
&
The Man Who Conquered The World

2. Introduction : Nomadic Empire
A.K.A Mongol Empire
Time:12-1400 CE
Region: Asia to Europe
Capital:1206–35 Avarga, 1235–60 Karakorum, 1260–1368 Khanbaliq (Dadu).
Languages: Mongolian, Chinese, Turkish, Persian etc.
Religion: Tengrism / Shamanism, Buddhism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Nestorianism, Orthodox
Christianity.
Government: Elective Monarchy later Hereditary.
Great Khans: • 1206–1227 Genghis Khan • 1229–1241 Ögedei Khan • 1246–1248 Güyük Khan •
1251–1259 Möngke Khan • 1260–1294 Kublai Khan (Nominal) •
1333–1368 Toghan Temür Khan (Nominal).

3. How did the empire emerged?
• Mongols were the Nomadic Tribe who inhabited in Central Asia.
They were divided into many groups who were constantly at war
with each other.
• Genghis Khan played an integral role in the unification of these
tribes and the emergence of the Nomadic Empire.
• During Genghis Khan’s reign, the empire rapidly grew and 300
million k/m was conquered. He and his descendants sent invasions
in every direction.

4. Historical Impact
• Since largest contagious state in history was Nomadic Empire, its impact on world
history is bound to be incalculable directly or indirectly.
• The Mongolian nation exist today because of the Nomadic Empire. This fact is very
evident when one visits Mongolia.
• A more apparent legacy of the Mongol Empire was the creation of a writing system.
• The expansion of the empire caused movement of tribes, setting of large scale
migration. Among these groups that moved into the regions were the Osmanli, who
established the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century.
• Some of the most significant legacies of the Mongols was their concern with trade
and their respect of knowledge. The very size of the Mongol Empire encouraged the
dissemination of goods and knowledge.
• Also, there is Pax Mongolica which refers to the stabilising effect of the conquest of
Mongol Empire on the social, cultural, and economic life of inhabitants of the vast
Eurasian territory.

5. Political Structure
• The most basic political structure, ruling societal interaction was the clan. It
was composed of several families and included all persons. Technically the
ownership of land(ulus) and wealth accumulated belonged to everyone in
the clan. A single leader had the authoritative power.
• Several clan joined together formed a tribe. These tribes gathered at vast
assemblies called Kurultai and acted as parliamentary style political election
for tribal leaders.
• Genghis Khan was elected Great Khan at Kurultai. The kurultai remained as
consultative body advising Great Khan.
• Mongolian politics were a key feature of the empire as a whole, they
involved from a simple clan and tribal politics based institution to a complex
and effective political system capable of supporting the biggest empire in
history.

6. Society
• Unlike in majority of societies in the past, women bore much more
importance in the Mongol Empire. Women often ruled the empire for
extended periods of time. If a king passed away his queen would assume
the role of the king until someone else was elected.
• Women were even involved in every day work and had a high status. They
fought along side men in the army at war as women soldiers.
• The daily life was focused on drinking, training and sports, also children
were important too. Drinking alcohol was very popular, it was even
considered honourable. Mongols also drank a lot of dairy milk.
• They had a major fest every summer that focused on three sports that
Mongols enjoyed the most, archery, wrestling and long distance horse
riding.

7. Military Tactics and Organisation
• The Mongol military tactics and
organisation enabled the Mongol Empire
to conquer nearly all of continental Asia,
the middle east and parts of eastern
Europe.

8. 1. Organisation
• In accordance with mongol civil code and social structure,
outstanding obedience and firm discipline provided the back bone
of their military.
• According to Italian explorer giovanni da pian del caprine,”The
Mongols are the most obedient people in the world in regards to
their leaders. They hold them in the greatest reverence and never
tell them a lie”.
• The leader on each level had a significant license to execute their
orders in the way they considered the best.This command
structure proved to be of high flexibility and allowed Mongol army
to attack in masses, divided into somewhat smaller groups and
encircle and lead enemies to ambush.

9. 2. Mobility
• Each soldier maintained 3-4 horses. Changing horses
often allowed them to travel at high speed for days
without stopping or wearing animals out.
• During the invasion of Hungary in early 1240s, they
covered upto 100 miles per day which was unheard of
by any other army at the time.
• The Mongols protected their horses the same way
they did themselves, covering them with armour. This
armour was divide into 5 parts to protect every part of
the horse.

10. 3. Training and Discipline
• Mongol armies practised horsemanship, archery and unit
tactics, formations and rotations over and over again. This
training was maintained by a hard, but not unreasonable
discipline.
• All members had to be unconditionally loyal to each other
and their superior, and especially to the Khan.
• If one soldier ran from dangers in the battle, then he and
other nine comrades from the same arban would face death
penalty together.

11. 4. Logistics
1. Supply: Mongols travelled very light, their equipment
included fish hooks and other tools meant to make
each warrior independent of any fixed supply.
2. Communication: They established a system of postal
relay horse station. This was first such empire wide
mail service since the Roman Empire. Battle field
communication utilised signal flags, horns and to a
lesser extent, signal arrows.

12. 5. Weapons
1. Mongol Bow: The primary weapon of the Mongol forces.
2. Sword: Mongol swords were slightly curved scimitar which
were used for slash attacks, but was also capable of cutting
and thrusting making it easier to use from horse back.
3. Fire Weapons and Gunpowder: Several modern scholar have
speculated that Chinese firearms and gunpowder were used
at the battle of Moni.
4. Catapults and Machines: Technology was one of the important
part of Mongolian warfare. Mongols would travel with skilled
engineers who would make siege engines from material on
site.

13. 6. Strategy
• The Mongol battle field tactics were a
combination of masterful training with
excellent communication and discipline in
chaos of combat.
• They trained for virtually every possibility,
so when it occurred they could react
accordingly.

14. Introduction : Genghis Khan
A.K.A The Man Who Conquered The World
• Genghis khan rose from humble beginnings to establish the
largest land empire in history.
• Many people were slaughtered in the course of his
invasions, but he also granted people religious freedom,
abolished torture, encouraged trade and created first
intentional postal system.
• Some people even believe if it wasn't for Genghis khan’s
invasions there would be a billion more mouths to feed with
limited resources.

15. Early Years
• Temujin, later Genghis Khan, was born around 1162 near the modern between
modern Mongolia and Siberia.
• Legend holds that he came into the world clutching a flood cloth in his right hand.
His mother was kidnapped and forced into marriage with his father.
• At the time every single tribe was at war with each other on central asian steppe.
Before Temujin turned 10 his father was poisoned.Temujin’s own clan deserted
him, his mother and his 6 siblings in order to avoid having to feed them.
• Shortly thereafter, Temujin killed his older half-brother and took over the poverty
stricken household. He was at one point of time enslaved by the clan who
abandoned him previously, but he eventually escaped.
• Most of what we know comes from Genghis Khan’s childhood comes from” The
Secret History of Mongols” the oldest known work of Mongolian history and
literature.

16. Uniting The Mongols
• Going against customs, Temujin put competent allies in key
positions rather than relatives. He ordered that all looting to
be done after a complete victory has been won.
• Though he was an animist, his followers included christians,
muslims and buddhists. By 2015 he vanquished all his rivals.
• The following year he called a meeting of representatives
from every part of the territory and established a nation
similar to the size of modern Mongolia. He was proclaimed
“Chinggis/Genghis Khan” which roughly translates to
“Universal Ruler”.

17. Establishing An Empire
• Having united the tribes, Genghis Khan ruled over some 1 million people. In order to
suppress the traditional causes for tribal warfare, he abolished inherited aristocratic
titles. He also forbade the selling and kidnapping of women, banned enslavement of
any Mongol and made life stock theft punishable by death.
• Genghis Khan ordered the adoption of writing system, conduct a regular census,
granted diplomatic immunity to foreign ambassador and allowed freedom of religion
well before that idea caught on elsewhere.

18. Emperor’s Death
• When Genghis Khan returned to Mongolia in 1225, he
controlled a huge swarth of territory from the sea of Japan to
the Caspian sea.
• In the early 1227 a horse threw Genghis Khan to the ground
causing internal injuries. He pressed on with his injuries, but
never recovered. He died on August 18, 1227, just before
the Xixia were crushed.

19. Conclusion:
Analysis Of Nomadic Empire

20. • Mongol II- Khan converted to Islam and contributed to “Golden Age of Islam” and
became protector of religion.
• Mongol conquest disrupted trade at first, but later supported long distance trade.
• Allowed conquered people to preserve their religion.
• “ Black Death” was first spread by Mongol armies.
• Invaded Russia
A. Peasant sought protection from nobility(became serfs)
B. Demanded tribute from Russia but also protected them from enemies
• Genghis Khan invade China and Defeated the Sung Dynasty in 1276. Established Yuan
Dynasty.
• After Genghis Khan’s death, the empire was divide into 4 different regional empire:
A. Khanate of Great Khan
B. Khanate of Jagadai
C. Khanate of Golden Horde
D. II-Khan
• Created “Pax Mongolia” which refers to the stabilising effect of the conquest of Mongol
Empire on the social, cultural, and economic life of inhabitants of the vast Eurasian
territory.

21. Mongol’s Legacy

22. • Invention of Stirrups
• Messenger pigeons
• Supported trade
• Built roads
• Increase amount of paper money in circulation
• Religious Tolerance
• Reopened major trade routes.
• Genghis Khan’s 4 legacies:
A. Religious tolerance
B. Written Language
C. Legal code
D. Trade and craft

23. By Siddharth Kumar ( 11th E )
;)
*Based on summer holiday’s History homework.