The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the breast and lactation. It describes the main tissues that make up the breast including glandular, adipose, fibrous, and skin tissues. It explains how hormones like progesterone, estrogen and prolactin stimulate milk production during pregnancy and lactation. The role of oxytocin in milk ejection in response to suckling is also summarized. Key structures involved in milk secretion and letdown like alveoli, ducts, sinuses and nipple are defined.
ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE BREAST-Kunkeyani 2020 NMT.pptxchikondindalama42
This file Explain more about Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Breast , it Explain all the Hormones of Breast and Its Function And the whole process of milk Production in Female Breast.
breast By M Thiru murugan.pptx professorthiru murugan
By, M. Thiru murugan
The female breast in humans contain mammary glands that produce milk for nursing their children.
The Latin name for the breast is mamma, thus it is clear why we belong to the class of mammals together with many other animal species.
LOCATION
Breasts refer to the glandular organ present on the chest. The breasts lie on top of the chest wall and over the pectoral muscles.
The chest wall the bones, skin, fat, muscles, and various other tissues that protect the organs between the neck and the abdomen.
The bones that make up the chest wall include the ribs, the breastbone (sternum), and the spine
Both males and females have breasts. However, they are more well-developed in females.
Pectoral muscles
They are present underneath the breasts and provide support.
The pectoral muscles include:
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
subclavius
Lobules
The lobules are glands that are responsible for producing milk in the breast. The lobules are in clusters and form lobes.
Each breast has 15–20 lobes that contain clusters of lobules, which produce breast milk. Each lobe has 20–40 lobules
MILK Ducts/LACTIFEROUS DUCT
The ducts are the tubes that carry milk from the lobules to the nipple.
The lactiferous ducts are responsible for delivering the milk to the surface of the skin and out of the mother through tiny pores in the nipple.
These ducts form a tree-branch-like network that converges at the nipple.
Lactiferous ducts are known by many names, including milk ducts, mammary ducts, and galactophores.
Mammary glands
The mammary gland is a gland located in the breasts of females that is responsible for lactation, or the production of milk.
Both males and females have glandular tissue within the breasts; however, in females the glandular tissue begins to develop after puberty in response to estrogen release.
Mammary glands only produce milk after childbirth. During pregnancy, the hormones progesterone and prolactin stimulates the glandular cells to produce breast milk.
Fatty tissue
Fatty tissue, along with fibrous tissue, makes up the connective tissue that holds all the structures within the breasts in place.
The fatty tissue fills the space between glandular (lobes and ducts) and fibrous (ligaments) tissue.
The fatty tissue determines the size of the breast.
During puberty, increased estrogen levels stimulate the buildup of fatty tissue and glandular tissue which increases the size of the female breast.
Areola
The areola is the darker, pigmented, round area around the nipple. The areola has small bumps on its surface. These are sebaceous glands that release oily secretions that stop the areola and nipple from cracking.
Nipple
The nipple is the raised projection in the middle of the areola. About 15–20 ductsTrusted Source connect to the nipple. The nipple provides an exit for milk release during breastfeeding. The nipple also contains smooth muscles that can cause the nipple to become erect.
Montgomery Glands
ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE BREAST-Kunkeyani 2020 NMT.pptxchikondindalama42
This file Explain more about Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Breast , it Explain all the Hormones of Breast and Its Function And the whole process of milk Production in Female Breast.
breast By M Thiru murugan.pptx professorthiru murugan
By, M. Thiru murugan
The female breast in humans contain mammary glands that produce milk for nursing their children.
The Latin name for the breast is mamma, thus it is clear why we belong to the class of mammals together with many other animal species.
LOCATION
Breasts refer to the glandular organ present on the chest. The breasts lie on top of the chest wall and over the pectoral muscles.
The chest wall the bones, skin, fat, muscles, and various other tissues that protect the organs between the neck and the abdomen.
The bones that make up the chest wall include the ribs, the breastbone (sternum), and the spine
Both males and females have breasts. However, they are more well-developed in females.
Pectoral muscles
They are present underneath the breasts and provide support.
The pectoral muscles include:
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
subclavius
Lobules
The lobules are glands that are responsible for producing milk in the breast. The lobules are in clusters and form lobes.
Each breast has 15–20 lobes that contain clusters of lobules, which produce breast milk. Each lobe has 20–40 lobules
MILK Ducts/LACTIFEROUS DUCT
The ducts are the tubes that carry milk from the lobules to the nipple.
The lactiferous ducts are responsible for delivering the milk to the surface of the skin and out of the mother through tiny pores in the nipple.
These ducts form a tree-branch-like network that converges at the nipple.
Lactiferous ducts are known by many names, including milk ducts, mammary ducts, and galactophores.
Mammary glands
The mammary gland is a gland located in the breasts of females that is responsible for lactation, or the production of milk.
Both males and females have glandular tissue within the breasts; however, in females the glandular tissue begins to develop after puberty in response to estrogen release.
Mammary glands only produce milk after childbirth. During pregnancy, the hormones progesterone and prolactin stimulates the glandular cells to produce breast milk.
Fatty tissue
Fatty tissue, along with fibrous tissue, makes up the connective tissue that holds all the structures within the breasts in place.
The fatty tissue fills the space between glandular (lobes and ducts) and fibrous (ligaments) tissue.
The fatty tissue determines the size of the breast.
During puberty, increased estrogen levels stimulate the buildup of fatty tissue and glandular tissue which increases the size of the female breast.
Areola
The areola is the darker, pigmented, round area around the nipple. The areola has small bumps on its surface. These are sebaceous glands that release oily secretions that stop the areola and nipple from cracking.
Nipple
The nipple is the raised projection in the middle of the areola. About 15–20 ductsTrusted Source connect to the nipple. The nipple provides an exit for milk release during breastfeeding. The nipple also contains smooth muscles that can cause the nipple to become erect.
Montgomery Glands
Internal and External features of mammary gland.pptxsristybhattarai
Here are some the things that should be known about mammary gland of dairy animal while studying dairy science. The internal and external features of mammary gland are described briefly in this presentation slide.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
Animal Product Technology I is a fundamental course that aims to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of various aspects related to the processing and preservation of animal-derived products. As we explore this subject, we will delve into the techniques, technologies, and principles involved in transforming raw animal products into valuable commodities that meet the needs of consumers.
Breast feeding is one of the most important gift, support, bond, attachment provided between the Mother and the baby even after the delivery of the baby to maintain the normal physiology of the mother, baby, family, society and the nation. some of the aspects of breast feeding especially the importance of proper feeding techniques to initiate, sustain and make the breast feeding successful is mentioned here.
this lecture describes the anatomy of breast and its anatomical quadrants with blood supply , venous drainge, and lymphatics.
also describes axillary tail and breast bed inform of pectorlais major muscle mainly.
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A short overview of breastfeeding, breast Anatomy, Colostrum, let-down reflex, proper way of breastfeeding, how long to Breastfeed, benefits of breastfeeding for baby and mother and some of breast Conditions
Internal and External features of mammary gland.pptxsristybhattarai
Here are some the things that should be known about mammary gland of dairy animal while studying dairy science. The internal and external features of mammary gland are described briefly in this presentation slide.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
Animal Product Technology I is a fundamental course that aims to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of various aspects related to the processing and preservation of animal-derived products. As we explore this subject, we will delve into the techniques, technologies, and principles involved in transforming raw animal products into valuable commodities that meet the needs of consumers.
Breast feeding is one of the most important gift, support, bond, attachment provided between the Mother and the baby even after the delivery of the baby to maintain the normal physiology of the mother, baby, family, society and the nation. some of the aspects of breast feeding especially the importance of proper feeding techniques to initiate, sustain and make the breast feeding successful is mentioned here.
this lecture describes the anatomy of breast and its anatomical quadrants with blood supply , venous drainge, and lymphatics.
also describes axillary tail and breast bed inform of pectorlais major muscle mainly.
Breastfeeding , Breast Anatomy, Proper way of breastfeeding Hussain Ali
A short overview of breastfeeding, breast Anatomy, Colostrum, let-down reflex, proper way of breastfeeding, how long to Breastfeed, benefits of breastfeeding for baby and mother and some of breast Conditions
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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2. Explore anatomy of the breast
Describe the physiology of lctation
3. The breast are also known as mammary
glands and they are glandular tissues
stimulated by increase in female
hormones at puberty and during
pregnancy and lactation.
They are regarded as accessory glands of
the female reproductive system.
The external shape or size of the breast
is not predictive of its internal anatomy
nor of its lactation potential.
4. Skin: the breast is covered with skin
and subcutaneous tissue, at the
centre around the nipple the
covering consist of primary areola
which is specialized form of skin.
Adipose tissue: forms the bulk of the
breast tissue but there is no fat
immediately below the nipple and
areola
5. Fibrous tissue: fascia of which the breast
rest and send out extensions in the form
of fibrous processes called suspensory
ligaments of cooper; from the back of the
breast forwards to the subcutaneous
tissue underlying the skin and nipple.
This supports the breast.
Glandular tisue: 15 to 20 lobes in each
breast. Each lobe is made up of 40 tiny
lobules which are connected together to
form ducts by loose connective tissues
and blood vessels
6. ◦ Each lobule consist of a
rounded cluster of between
10 and 100 specialised
alveoli called acini cells
which are secretory units of
the glands
◦ The alveoli have epithelial
cells which manufacture
colostrum during pregnancy
up to 3rd day postpartum
◦ The alveoli open up to tiny
ducts which unite to form
larger ducts known as
lactiferous ducts
7. ◦ Lactiferous ducts vary in number according to
number of lobes and they converge towards
the areola where they become slightly
distended forming the lactiferous sinuses
(ampullae).
◦ Lactiferous sinuses serve as reservoirs for
milk during lactation then continue as
lactiferous ducts which pass through the
nipple and lead to 15 to 20 tiny openings at
the end of the nipple
The nipple: composed of erectile tissue and is
surrounded by epithelium and smooth muscle
fibres and nerve endings which cause erection
of the nipple on contraction of the muscle
fibres
8.
9. Breast profile:
◦ A ducts
◦ B lobules
◦ C dilated section of duct
to hold milk
◦ D nipple
◦ E fat
◦ F pectoralis major muscle
◦ G chest wall/rib cage
Enlargement:
◦ A normal duct cells
◦ B basement membrane
◦ C lumen (center of duct)
10. Alveoli: hollow cavities, a few
millimeters large) lined with milk-
secreting cuboidal cells (acini cells)
and surrounded by myoepithelial
cells. These alveoli join up to form
groups known as lobules. The
myoepithelial cells can contract
under the stimulation of oxytocin
thereby excreting the milk from
glands through the lactiferous ducts
toward the nipple,
11. During pregnancy several hormones
develop the breast and stimulate
secretion of colostrum
◦Oestrogen
◦Progesterone
◦Prolactin is a hormone which initiate
milk production and it also
suppresses ovulation. Continued
production is associates with
neonate feeding with high levels
during night feeds.
12. The hormone prolactin is very
important in the initiation and
maintenance of lactation.
Prolactin is produced in the anterior
pituitary gland and it stimulates the
acini cells. Acini cells in the alveoli
are responsible for milk production.
Milk production begins in fist week
post delivery about the 3rd day.
13. When placenta is delivered HPL levels drop
which results in drop in oestrogen and
progesterone levels. This allows the
release of prolactin.
Milk is formed as tiny fat globules within
the cytoplasm of the acini cells and the
golgi apparatus is responsible for
secretion of milk proteins.
The globules unite to form small droplets
and the new globules produced pushes the
droplets forward bursting the surface so
that milk flows into lactiferous tubules
14. Milk is pushed forward along the
lactiferous tubules mechanical effect
of suckling and hormonal effects of
oxytocin in a reflex called
neurohormonal or let-down reflex.
Oxytocin is released in posterior
pituitary gland and it stimulates
myoepithelial cells surrounding the
alveoli to contract and force milk
towards the nipple.
15. Oxytocin acts on smooth muscles
and this causes
◦Flow of milk
◦Nipple erection
◦Contraction of uterine muscle-
after pains.
16. The neonate grasps the whole nipple
and the primary areola are drawn into
the babys mouth
The neonate closes its jaws onto the
areola tissue situated over the
lactiferous sinuses.
This expresses milk from the sinuses
into the babys mouth who then
swallowed.
17. A vacuum is created in the baby's
mouth which helps draw more milk
from the lactiferous sinuses.
As milk is drawn from the sinuses
and the lower ducts more milk flow
down from the upper lactiferous
ducts, tubules and alveoli to take its
place. This continues until the breast
is emptied
18. Suckling of the neonate and
nipple stimulation.
Mothers emotional status
Rest: increases prolactin
production. Concentration is
usually high at night.
Diet
Fluid intake
19. Do not allow neonate to suckle
Do not express
Limit fluid intake
Contain the breast in a firm bra
Medications may also be given
such as pyridoxine
200mg(vitamin B6)
