This document provides an anatomy overview of the pharynx. It describes the structures and divisions of the pharynx including the soft palate, muscles of the soft palate, and the three parts of the pharynx - nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. It discusses the walls, muscles, openings, lymphatic drainage and other anatomical features of each part of the pharynx in detail.
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located behind the maxilla and below the orbit. It contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, maxillary artery and veins. The fossa communicates with several areas through canals including the orbit, nasal cavity, infratemporal fossa and middle cranial fossa. It is an important distribution center for branches of the maxillary nerve and artery.
The para-pharyngeal space is an inverted pyramid-shaped area located between the muscles of mastication and muscles of deglutition. It has important structures passing through like the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves. Lesions in this space can be benign like pleomorphic adenomas or malignant like metastases. Imaging with CT or MRI is important for evaluating these lesions. The transcervical approach is most commonly used for surgery but transoral, transparotid, and infratemporal fossa approaches may also be used depending on the location and extent of the lesion. Complications can include nerve injuries, bleeding, and infection. New advances like transoral robotic surgery may help access some lesions with fewer complications.
Anatomy of temporal bone By Dr.Vijay kumar , AMUvijaymgims
The temporal bone is divided into four parts - squamous, mastoid, petrous, and tympanic. The petrous part is pyramid-shaped and contains important structures like the internal acoustic meatus. The mastoid part projects backward and contains air cells. The squamous part forms the lateral skull base. The tympanic part forms much of the external acoustic meatus. The temporal bone articulates with other bones of the skull base and contains multiple important structures and passages.
The middle ear cavity is located between the tympanic membrane and inner ear. It contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), muscles (tensor tympani, stapedius), and is connected to the nasopharynx via the Eustachian tube. The cavity has thin bony walls that separate it from important structures like the cranial fossa and carotid artery. The ossicles transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
Pterygopalatine fossa and approaches by Dr.Ashwin MenonDr.Ashwin Menon
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located between the posterior maxilla and pterygoid processes. It contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, vidian nerve and branches of the maxillary artery. The fossa has anterior, posterior, medial, lateral and superior walls. Imaging shows its low density due to contained fat. Conditions involving the fossa include referred otalgia, foramen ovale lesions, and hay fever. Nerve blocks of the maxillary, mandibular and inferior alveolar nerves provide anesthesia to the region. The transantral approach is commonly used to access the fossa during procedures like vidian neurectomy.
The document discusses the anatomy of the tonsils and oropharynx. It describes the location and structures of the oropharynx, including the soft palate, palatoglossal arch, and palatopharyngeal arch. It then discusses the four main tonsil groups - the palatine, adenoid, tubal, and lingual tonsils - which make up Waldeyer's ring. Specifically, it describes the location of the palatine tonsils between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches, and their blood supply, nerve innervation, and histological structure.
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located behind the maxilla and below the orbit. It contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, maxillary artery and veins. The fossa communicates with several areas through canals including the orbit, nasal cavity, infratemporal fossa and middle cranial fossa. It is an important distribution center for branches of the maxillary nerve and artery.
The para-pharyngeal space is an inverted pyramid-shaped area located between the muscles of mastication and muscles of deglutition. It has important structures passing through like the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves. Lesions in this space can be benign like pleomorphic adenomas or malignant like metastases. Imaging with CT or MRI is important for evaluating these lesions. The transcervical approach is most commonly used for surgery but transoral, transparotid, and infratemporal fossa approaches may also be used depending on the location and extent of the lesion. Complications can include nerve injuries, bleeding, and infection. New advances like transoral robotic surgery may help access some lesions with fewer complications.
Anatomy of temporal bone By Dr.Vijay kumar , AMUvijaymgims
The temporal bone is divided into four parts - squamous, mastoid, petrous, and tympanic. The petrous part is pyramid-shaped and contains important structures like the internal acoustic meatus. The mastoid part projects backward and contains air cells. The squamous part forms the lateral skull base. The tympanic part forms much of the external acoustic meatus. The temporal bone articulates with other bones of the skull base and contains multiple important structures and passages.
The middle ear cavity is located between the tympanic membrane and inner ear. It contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), muscles (tensor tympani, stapedius), and is connected to the nasopharynx via the Eustachian tube. The cavity has thin bony walls that separate it from important structures like the cranial fossa and carotid artery. The ossicles transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
Pterygopalatine fossa and approaches by Dr.Ashwin MenonDr.Ashwin Menon
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located between the posterior maxilla and pterygoid processes. It contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, vidian nerve and branches of the maxillary artery. The fossa has anterior, posterior, medial, lateral and superior walls. Imaging shows its low density due to contained fat. Conditions involving the fossa include referred otalgia, foramen ovale lesions, and hay fever. Nerve blocks of the maxillary, mandibular and inferior alveolar nerves provide anesthesia to the region. The transantral approach is commonly used to access the fossa during procedures like vidian neurectomy.
The document discusses the anatomy of the tonsils and oropharynx. It describes the location and structures of the oropharynx, including the soft palate, palatoglossal arch, and palatopharyngeal arch. It then discusses the four main tonsil groups - the palatine, adenoid, tubal, and lingual tonsils - which make up Waldeyer's ring. Specifically, it describes the location of the palatine tonsils between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches, and their blood supply, nerve innervation, and histological structure.
The document discusses the embryology, anatomy, muscles, blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the pharynx. It describes the development of the pharyngeal arches and pouches and how they contribute to structures in the head and neck. The pharynx is divided into three parts - nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx - and details are provided on the structures and functions of each part.
The larynx extends from the laryngeal inlet to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage. It lies opposite the third to sixth cervical vertebrae. The larynx contains 9 cartilages connected by joints, ligaments, and muscles. The thyroid cartilage is the largest and protects the larynx. The vocal cords lie within the larynx and are responsible for voice production. The larynx develops from the branchial arches and undergoes changes between infancy and adulthood.
The retropharyngeal space is a potential space located posterior to the pharynx that contains areolar fat and lymph nodes. It allows for movement of the pharynx during swallowing and respiration. Lesions and fluid collections like abscesses or hematomas can develop in this space. Imaging like CT scans are useful for evaluating these conditions. Retropharyngeal abscesses require prompt treatment with antibiotics and drainage to prevent airway complications. Lymph nodes in this region can metastasize early from cancers like nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
The lateral wall of the nasal cavity is formed by several bones including the nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine and sphenoid bones. It contains three bony projections called turbinates. Several anatomical structures are located within the lateral wall including the agger nasi cell, ethmoid bulla, uncinate process and ostiomeatal complex. The document describes the bones, turbinates, sinuses and various anatomical variations that can be present within the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
surgical anatomy of nose is a humble attempt to make the anatomy of nose simpler and easy for medical students and fellow physicians. at the end of the presentation the students will be able to identify all the structures.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses, including their locations, structures, and functions. It describes the four main sinuses: maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid. The maxillary sinus is the largest, pyramid-shaped, and located in the cheek area. It has thin walls that can allow infections to spread. The ethmoid sinus is a complex structure located near the skull base. The frontal sinus has variable shapes and develops later in life. The sphenoid sinus is located in the skull base near important structures like the pituitary gland and optic nerve.
The document discusses the mucosal folds of the middle ear, which develop as the primitive tympanic cavity expands into the middle ear cleft between 3-7 months of fetal development. This forms four primary sacs that enlarge and replace the mesenchyme, with their walls becoming the mucosal lining of the middle ear. Mucosal folds are the planes of contact between neighboring sacs and carry ligaments and blood vessels to the ossicles. There are 10 important mucosal folds described, including the anterior and posterior malleal folds, lateral malleal ligamental fold, and tensor tympani fold. The folds divide the epitympanum (attic) and orient the progression of
This document describes the anatomy and physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It discusses the development, external anatomy, internal anatomy including the nasal septum and lateral nasal wall, blood supply, nerve supply, paranasal sinuses, and physiology of the nose. Key structures mentioned include the nasal valve, osteomeatal complex, turbinates, and mucociliary clearance mechanism that protects the lower airways.
Submandibular salivary gland dr chithraDr. Chithra P
This document provides information about the submandibular salivary gland. It discusses the gland's anatomy, development, blood supply, nerve supply and clinical evaluation. Key points include:
- The submandibular gland is the second largest major salivary gland located in the submandibular triangle below the mandible.
- It develops from an epithelial bud that branches during development forming a ductal system and acini.
- Anatomy includes a superficial and deep part divided by the mylohyoid muscle. Wharton's duct drains the gland opening on the floor of the mouth.
- Evaluation involves history, extraoral and intraoral examination including palpation and imaging
Spaces of middle ear and their surgical importanceDr Soumya Singh
one of the imp topics in ENT that should be understood very thoroughly if u want to pursue as an otologist.I tried to simplify the topic with simple diagrams and models for better understanding .
Lymphoid tissue in the body includes primary, secondary, and tertiary tissues. Secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes initiate immune responses when lymphocytes are activated by antigens. Mature lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymphoid organs until encountering specific antigens. The tonsils are oval masses of lymphoid tissue in the throat that help prevent pathogens from entering through the mouth and nose. They have crypts that increase surface area for protection. Infected tonsils can act as sites of infection.
The infratemporal fossa is located below the temporal fossa. It is bounded by the ramus of the mandible laterally, the maxilla anteriorly, and the lateral pterygoid plate medially. The infratemporal fossa contains the mandibular nerve, maxillary artery, pterygoid venous plexus, and the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. The maxillary artery passes through the infratemporal fossa and gives off several branches including the middle meningeal artery, accessory meningeal artery, inferior alveolar artery, and infraorbital artery. It communicates with surrounding areas through gaps in bones and openings in the skull.
This document describes the anatomy of the palatine tonsils. It discusses that there are two almond-shaped masses of lymphoid tissue located in the tonsillar fossa between the anterior and posterior pillars of the fauces. The tonsils fight microorganisms and guard the oral cavity. They are supplied by blood vessels and nerves and drain into lymph nodes in the neck.
1. The document discusses the embryology and anatomy of the frontal sinus and frontal recess. It develops from ethmoidal cells that pneumatize into the frontal bone.
2. It describes different surgical approaches to access and drain the frontal sinus including external approaches and various types of endoscopic frontal sinusotomies.
3. Type 1 and 2 endoscopic procedures involve draining the frontal sinus via the frontal recess and removing obstructions. Type 3 is a more extensive procedure that creates a common chamber between the frontal sinus and nasal cavity via an intranasal modified Lothrop procedure.
The document provides details on the anatomy and development of the larynx. It discusses the key cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, including the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and epiglottic cartilages. It also describes the role of the hyoid bone in suspending the larynx and providing attachment points for muscles. The larynx forms from swellings in the branchial arches during early gestation and continues developing through differentiation of cartilage and tissues.
The nose has several important physiological functions including air conditioning, filtration, and protection of the lower airways. Airflow through the nose is carefully regulated and involves countercurrent heat exchange, humidification, and filtration by vibrissae and mucus. The nasal cycle controls alternating congestion of the nasal passages. Rhinomanometry allows measurement of nasal resistance and cross-sectional areas. Cilia and mucus work together via the mucociliary escalator to clear particles and pathogens from the nasal cavity and protect the lungs. Blood flow and nasal vascular regulation are important for nasal function and involve both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.
palatine tonsil, its anatomy, diseases and their managementVaibhav Lahane
The document provides information on the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the palatine tonsils. It discusses the embryology, blood supply, innervation, and lymphatic drainage of the tonsils. Common diseases covered include acute and chronic tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, and tonsilloliths. The tonsils play an important role in the immune system as part of Waldeyer's ring.
The submandibular gland is a major salivary gland located in the submandibular region under the mandible. It develops from endodermal buds in the floor of the mouth and grows posteriorly lateral to the tongue. The gland has both superficial and deep parts divided by the mylohyoid muscle. It is a branched tubuloacinar gland composed of serous and mucous acini that secrete saliva. The submandibular gland duct, called Wharton's duct, emerges from the deep part of the gland and opens on the floor of the mouth. The gland is supplied by the facial artery and drains into submandibular lymph nodes.
The document discusses the anatomy, functions, and disorders of the Eustachian tube. It begins by describing the anatomy of the Eustachian tube in infants versus adults. It then covers the functions of the Eustachian tube in ventilating the middle ear and protecting it. Common disorders discussed include tubal blockage, retraction pockets, patulous Eustachian tube, and otitis media with effusion. Tests to evaluate Eustachian tube function and potential causes of dysfunction are also summarized.
The nasopharynx is the uppermost part of the pharynx located behind the nasal cavity. It has a respiratory function and is lined by respiratory epithelium. Important structures in the nasopharynx include the soft palate, uvula, Passavant's ridge, and sinus of Morgagni. The nasopharynx receives innervation from cranial nerves V2, IX, and X and blood supply from the ascending pharyngeal artery. Nasopharyngeal cancers can extend locally to surrounding structures like the nasal cavity, pterygoid plates, parapharyngeal space, skull base, cavernous sinus, and cervical vertebrae.
The document provides details on the anatomy of the pharynx, including its boundaries, structure, and divisions. It can be summarized as follows:
1. The pharynx is divided into three parts - nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
2. It has mucosa, pharyngeal aponeurosis, muscular coat, and buccopharyngeal fascia in its wall structure.
3. Important structures include the tonsils, lymphatic drainage sites, and nerves that supply the pharynx.
4. Spaces near the pharynx where abscesses can form are the retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal
The document discusses the embryology, anatomy, muscles, blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the pharynx. It describes the development of the pharyngeal arches and pouches and how they contribute to structures in the head and neck. The pharynx is divided into three parts - nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx - and details are provided on the structures and functions of each part.
The larynx extends from the laryngeal inlet to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage. It lies opposite the third to sixth cervical vertebrae. The larynx contains 9 cartilages connected by joints, ligaments, and muscles. The thyroid cartilage is the largest and protects the larynx. The vocal cords lie within the larynx and are responsible for voice production. The larynx develops from the branchial arches and undergoes changes between infancy and adulthood.
The retropharyngeal space is a potential space located posterior to the pharynx that contains areolar fat and lymph nodes. It allows for movement of the pharynx during swallowing and respiration. Lesions and fluid collections like abscesses or hematomas can develop in this space. Imaging like CT scans are useful for evaluating these conditions. Retropharyngeal abscesses require prompt treatment with antibiotics and drainage to prevent airway complications. Lymph nodes in this region can metastasize early from cancers like nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
The lateral wall of the nasal cavity is formed by several bones including the nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine and sphenoid bones. It contains three bony projections called turbinates. Several anatomical structures are located within the lateral wall including the agger nasi cell, ethmoid bulla, uncinate process and ostiomeatal complex. The document describes the bones, turbinates, sinuses and various anatomical variations that can be present within the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
surgical anatomy of nose is a humble attempt to make the anatomy of nose simpler and easy for medical students and fellow physicians. at the end of the presentation the students will be able to identify all the structures.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses, including their locations, structures, and functions. It describes the four main sinuses: maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid. The maxillary sinus is the largest, pyramid-shaped, and located in the cheek area. It has thin walls that can allow infections to spread. The ethmoid sinus is a complex structure located near the skull base. The frontal sinus has variable shapes and develops later in life. The sphenoid sinus is located in the skull base near important structures like the pituitary gland and optic nerve.
The document discusses the mucosal folds of the middle ear, which develop as the primitive tympanic cavity expands into the middle ear cleft between 3-7 months of fetal development. This forms four primary sacs that enlarge and replace the mesenchyme, with their walls becoming the mucosal lining of the middle ear. Mucosal folds are the planes of contact between neighboring sacs and carry ligaments and blood vessels to the ossicles. There are 10 important mucosal folds described, including the anterior and posterior malleal folds, lateral malleal ligamental fold, and tensor tympani fold. The folds divide the epitympanum (attic) and orient the progression of
This document describes the anatomy and physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It discusses the development, external anatomy, internal anatomy including the nasal septum and lateral nasal wall, blood supply, nerve supply, paranasal sinuses, and physiology of the nose. Key structures mentioned include the nasal valve, osteomeatal complex, turbinates, and mucociliary clearance mechanism that protects the lower airways.
Submandibular salivary gland dr chithraDr. Chithra P
This document provides information about the submandibular salivary gland. It discusses the gland's anatomy, development, blood supply, nerve supply and clinical evaluation. Key points include:
- The submandibular gland is the second largest major salivary gland located in the submandibular triangle below the mandible.
- It develops from an epithelial bud that branches during development forming a ductal system and acini.
- Anatomy includes a superficial and deep part divided by the mylohyoid muscle. Wharton's duct drains the gland opening on the floor of the mouth.
- Evaluation involves history, extraoral and intraoral examination including palpation and imaging
Spaces of middle ear and their surgical importanceDr Soumya Singh
one of the imp topics in ENT that should be understood very thoroughly if u want to pursue as an otologist.I tried to simplify the topic with simple diagrams and models for better understanding .
Lymphoid tissue in the body includes primary, secondary, and tertiary tissues. Secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes initiate immune responses when lymphocytes are activated by antigens. Mature lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymphoid organs until encountering specific antigens. The tonsils are oval masses of lymphoid tissue in the throat that help prevent pathogens from entering through the mouth and nose. They have crypts that increase surface area for protection. Infected tonsils can act as sites of infection.
The infratemporal fossa is located below the temporal fossa. It is bounded by the ramus of the mandible laterally, the maxilla anteriorly, and the lateral pterygoid plate medially. The infratemporal fossa contains the mandibular nerve, maxillary artery, pterygoid venous plexus, and the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. The maxillary artery passes through the infratemporal fossa and gives off several branches including the middle meningeal artery, accessory meningeal artery, inferior alveolar artery, and infraorbital artery. It communicates with surrounding areas through gaps in bones and openings in the skull.
This document describes the anatomy of the palatine tonsils. It discusses that there are two almond-shaped masses of lymphoid tissue located in the tonsillar fossa between the anterior and posterior pillars of the fauces. The tonsils fight microorganisms and guard the oral cavity. They are supplied by blood vessels and nerves and drain into lymph nodes in the neck.
1. The document discusses the embryology and anatomy of the frontal sinus and frontal recess. It develops from ethmoidal cells that pneumatize into the frontal bone.
2. It describes different surgical approaches to access and drain the frontal sinus including external approaches and various types of endoscopic frontal sinusotomies.
3. Type 1 and 2 endoscopic procedures involve draining the frontal sinus via the frontal recess and removing obstructions. Type 3 is a more extensive procedure that creates a common chamber between the frontal sinus and nasal cavity via an intranasal modified Lothrop procedure.
The document provides details on the anatomy and development of the larynx. It discusses the key cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, including the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and epiglottic cartilages. It also describes the role of the hyoid bone in suspending the larynx and providing attachment points for muscles. The larynx forms from swellings in the branchial arches during early gestation and continues developing through differentiation of cartilage and tissues.
The nose has several important physiological functions including air conditioning, filtration, and protection of the lower airways. Airflow through the nose is carefully regulated and involves countercurrent heat exchange, humidification, and filtration by vibrissae and mucus. The nasal cycle controls alternating congestion of the nasal passages. Rhinomanometry allows measurement of nasal resistance and cross-sectional areas. Cilia and mucus work together via the mucociliary escalator to clear particles and pathogens from the nasal cavity and protect the lungs. Blood flow and nasal vascular regulation are important for nasal function and involve both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.
palatine tonsil, its anatomy, diseases and their managementVaibhav Lahane
The document provides information on the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the palatine tonsils. It discusses the embryology, blood supply, innervation, and lymphatic drainage of the tonsils. Common diseases covered include acute and chronic tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, and tonsilloliths. The tonsils play an important role in the immune system as part of Waldeyer's ring.
The submandibular gland is a major salivary gland located in the submandibular region under the mandible. It develops from endodermal buds in the floor of the mouth and grows posteriorly lateral to the tongue. The gland has both superficial and deep parts divided by the mylohyoid muscle. It is a branched tubuloacinar gland composed of serous and mucous acini that secrete saliva. The submandibular gland duct, called Wharton's duct, emerges from the deep part of the gland and opens on the floor of the mouth. The gland is supplied by the facial artery and drains into submandibular lymph nodes.
The document discusses the anatomy, functions, and disorders of the Eustachian tube. It begins by describing the anatomy of the Eustachian tube in infants versus adults. It then covers the functions of the Eustachian tube in ventilating the middle ear and protecting it. Common disorders discussed include tubal blockage, retraction pockets, patulous Eustachian tube, and otitis media with effusion. Tests to evaluate Eustachian tube function and potential causes of dysfunction are also summarized.
The nasopharynx is the uppermost part of the pharynx located behind the nasal cavity. It has a respiratory function and is lined by respiratory epithelium. Important structures in the nasopharynx include the soft palate, uvula, Passavant's ridge, and sinus of Morgagni. The nasopharynx receives innervation from cranial nerves V2, IX, and X and blood supply from the ascending pharyngeal artery. Nasopharyngeal cancers can extend locally to surrounding structures like the nasal cavity, pterygoid plates, parapharyngeal space, skull base, cavernous sinus, and cervical vertebrae.
The document provides details on the anatomy of the pharynx, including its boundaries, structure, and divisions. It can be summarized as follows:
1. The pharynx is divided into three parts - nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
2. It has mucosa, pharyngeal aponeurosis, muscular coat, and buccopharyngeal fascia in its wall structure.
3. Important structures include the tonsils, lymphatic drainage sites, and nerves that supply the pharynx.
4. Spaces near the pharynx where abscesses can form are the retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal
The pharynx is divided into 3 parts - nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. It is bounded by the skull superiorly, the larynx and esophagus inferiorly, and cervical vertebrae posteriorly. The pharyngeal wall consists of mucosa, pharyngeal fascia, constrictor muscles, and buccopharyngeal fascia. The nasopharynx lies behind the nasal cavity, the oropharynx is behind the oral cavity, and the laryngopharynx is behind the larynx. Each part contains lymphatic tissues and has connections to other structures. The pharynx is innervated by pharyngeal nerves
The pharynx is a fibromuscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. It has four layers - mucous membrane, pharyngeal aponeurosis, muscular coat, and buccopharyngeal fascia. The pharynx is divided into three parts - nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. Each part has distinct anatomical features and functions such as participating in swallowing, speech, and providing immune function through lymphoid tissues.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the naso, oro and hypopharynx.Abdellah Nazeer
The document describes the anatomy and structures of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. It discusses how the pharynx is divided into three compartments - the nasopharynx extends from the skull base to the soft palate, the oropharynx extends from the soft palate to the hyoid bone, and the hypopharynx extends from the hyoid bone to the cricopharyngeus muscle. It provides details on the muscles, tissues, and spaces associated with each compartment, including the levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, lingual tonsils, valleculae, and piriform sinuses.
The document provides detailed information about the anatomy and physiology of the pharynx. It is divided into three parts - the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. It describes the layers of the pharyngeal wall and muscles. Important structures like the tonsils, soft palate, and various folds are explained. The document also covers the functions of the pharyngeal lymphoid tissues, the three stages of deglutition, and sounds that can be heard during swallowing.
The pharynx is a musculofibrous tube that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus. It has 5 layers - mucosa, submucosa, pharyngobasilar fascia, muscular layer, and buccopharyngeal fascia. The muscular layer contains the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles. The pharynx is divided into 3 parts - nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. It is supplied by the pharyngeal plexus and drained by pharyngeal veins. Infections can spread from the pharynx to the middle ear through the auditory tube. The killian deh
The document discusses the anatomy of the pharynx. It can be summarized as follows:
1. The pharynx is a musculofascial tube that connects the oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus. It is divided into three parts - nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
2. The walls of the pharynx contain both longitudinal and circular muscles. It is lined by mucosa and surrounded by fascia. There are also potential spaces near the pharynx where abscesses can form.
3. The nasopharynx is the uppermost part behind the nose. It contains the eustachian
In this seminar we will learn about the development or tongue and oropharynx starting with Pharynx, its Boundaries and Parts, Structure, layers, muscles of pharynx. Then cover the Blood supply, nerve supply and Lymphatic drainage pharynx.
We will also read about Oropharynx and its Relations,
Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring and Physiology of deglutition
Tongue, its Parts, External features and Papillae of the tongue
Muscles of the tongue, Blood supply of the tongue , Arterial and nerve supply, Venous and lymphatic drainage. Development of the tongue and Physiology of taste sensation
Developmental disturbances of the tongue and Periodontal implications are other parts of this seminar
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the pharynx. It is a fibromuscular tube approximately 12-14 cm long located behind the nasal cavity, mouth, and larynx. It functions in respiration, swallowing, and sound resonance. The pharynx has three parts - nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Its walls consist of mucosa, pharyngeal aponeurosis, a muscular coat with three constrictor muscles, and an outer buccopharyngeal fascia. The pharynx is supplied by branches of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves and drains into deep cervical lymph nodes.
Pharynx is a conical fibromuscular tube forming upper part of the air and food passages. It is 12–14 cm long, extending from base of the skull to the lower border of cricoid.
The document summarizes key anatomical structures and features of the pharynx and palate. The pharynx extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus. It is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Important structures include the tonsils, palatine arches, auditory tubes, and piriform fossae. The palate separates the nasal and oral cavities, with the hard palate anteriorly and soft palate posteriorly. Muscles like the constrictors and stylopharyngeus are also described.
The document provides information on the anatomy of the pharynx:
- The pharynx is a musculofascial tube that connects the oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus. It is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
- It has four layers - mucous membrane, pharyngeal aponeurosis, muscular coat with three constrictor muscles, and buccopharyngeal fascia.
- There are two potential spaces - the retropharyngeal space posteriorly and parapharyngeal space laterally. Abscesses can form in these spaces.
The pharynx is a fibromuscular tube extending from the base of the skull to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. It has four layers and contains lymphoid tissue. The nasopharynx is located behind the nose and contains the adenoids and other structures. The oropharynx is located behind the oral cavity and contains the palatine tonsils. The hypopharynx is the lowest part and contains the pyriform sinuses. The pharynx functions to transport air and food during breathing, swallowing, and speech.
The document provides information on the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx. It describes the boundaries and structures of the nasal cavity including the nasal septum, nasal conchae and meati. It discusses the paranasal sinuses, their locations and functions. It also describes the three parts of the pharynx and identifies the muscles and structures found in each part.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nose, throat, and larynx. It describes the structures and functions of the external nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx including its three parts (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx), and larynx. Key points covered include the bones and cartilages that support the nose, the nasal septum that divides the nasal cavity, the role of the turbinates and meatuses, ciliary function in the nose, and the lymphoid tissues throughout the pharynx including tonsils.
The pharynx is a muscular tube located behind the nose, mouth, and larynx. It has 3 parts - the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The pharynx connects the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx anteriorly and is continuous with the esophagus inferiorly. It contains structures like the soft palate, uvula, tonsils, and muscles that help with swallowing and speech. The pharynx receives innervation from the pharyngeal plexus and branches of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. Blood is supplied by branches of the external carotid artery and lymphatic drainage occurs into the retrophary
The pharynx is a muscular tube located behind the nose, mouth, and larynx. It has three parts - the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The pharynx connects the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx anteriorly and continues into the esophagus inferiorly. It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus and has both longitudinal and outer constrictor muscles. Structures in the pharynx include the soft palate, tonsils, epiglottis, and pyriform sinuses. The pharynx serves to transport air and food while providing sensory function.
The document discusses malnutrition, defining it as a cellular imbalance between nutrient supply and demand. It describes different types of malnutrition including protein energy malnutrition (PEM), marasmus caused by inadequate protein and calories, and kwashiorkor caused by inadequate protein intake. Diagnosis is based on weight for age, height for age, and weight for height measurements. Severe acute malnutrition is diagnosed using Z-scores below -3 or mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) below 11.5 cm. Treatment involves ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) and managing medical complications.
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2. Soft palate
– Separates nasopharynx from oropharynx
– Has 2 surfaces –anterior & posterior ; 2 borders- superior & inferior
– Inferior border is free . From its middle, there hangs a conical projection called
uvula (latin= small grape)
– From each side of base of uvula, 2 curved folds of mucous membranes extend
laterally & downwards. Anterior fold/ pillar contains palatoglossus muscle.
Posterior fold/ pillar contains palatopharyngeus muscle.
NOTE: Soft palate is a fold of mucous membrane that contains palatine
aponeurosis which is flattened tendon of tensor veli palatine.
3.
4. Muscles Of Soft Palate
1. Tensor veli palatini
2. Levator veli palatini
3. Muscular uvula
4. Palatoglossus
5. Palatopharyngeus
5.
6. Passavant’s Muscle
– Some of the upper fibres of palatopharyngeus pass circularly deep to mucous
membrane of pharynx and form a sphincter that lies internal to superior
constrictor. These fibres constitute passavant’s muscle.
– In mammals with acute sense of smell, epiglottis lies above soft palate and larynx
lies at higher level than man.
– In man, larynx descends downwards and pull sphincter downwards . However, some
fibres of sphincter are left behind and form a sphincter inner to superior constrictor
at the level of hard palate. These fibres constitute Passavant’s muscle.
– This muscle is best developed in cases of cleft palate as this compensates to some
extent for deficiency of palate.
7. Passavant’s Ridge
– Passavant’s muscle on contraction raises a ridge called the Passaavnt’s ridge on
the posterior wall of nasopharynx.
– When soft palate is elevated it comes in contact with this ridge , the two
together closing pharyngeal isthmus between nasopharynx and oropharynx so
that food doesn’t enter nose.
– By varying degree of closure of this isthmus, voice quality can be modified.
8.
9. Pharynx(latin =throat)
– Conicalfibromucular tube forming upper part of air & food passage
– 12-14 cm long
– 3.5 cm at its base and 1.5 cm at pharyngo-oesopharyngeal junction( narrowest
part of GI tract except for appendix)
– Extending from base of skull (basiocciput & basisphenoid) to lower border of
cricoid cartilage anteriorly & inferior border of C6 vertebra posteriorly
10.
11. Structure of Pharyngeal wall
(from within outwards)
1. Mucous membrane: lines pharyngeal cavity. Epithelium is ciliated columnar in
nasopharynx and stratified squamous elsewhere.
2. Pharyngobasilar Fascia: fills the gap left in muscular coat near base of skull.
3. Muscular coat: consists of 2 layers of muscles with 3 muscles in each group
a. Outer circular layer ; contains superior, middle & inferior constrictor muscles
b. Inner longitudinal ; stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus
4. Buccopharyngeal Fascia: covers outer surface of constrictor muscles & in upper
part , it also prolongs forward to cover buccinators muscles.
12.
13. Constrictor muscles
– 3 constrictors are so arranged that inferior overlaps middle which in turn overlaps
superior.
– The fibres of superior constrictor reach the base of skull posteriorly in the midline.
On the sides , there is a gap between base of skull and upper edge of constrictor.
This gap is closed by upper strong part of pharyngobasilar fascia.
– The large gap is semilunar and called SINUS OF MORGAGNI.
– The structure passing through this gap are:
a. Auditory tube
b. Levator veli palatini
c. The ascending palatine artery
d. Palatine branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
14.
15. Killian’s Dehiscence
– The inferior constrictor consists of 2 parts : one part thyropharyngeus with
oblique fibres ,arises from thyroid cartilage and other with transverse fibres,
cricopharygeus arises from cricoid cartilage.
– Between these two parts exists a potential gap called killian’s dehiscence.
– It is also called ‘gateway of tears’ as perforation can occur at this site during
oesophagoscopy. This is also a site for herniation of pharyngeal mucosa in case
of pharyngeal pouch k/a pharyngeal diverticula.
– Such diverticula are normal in pig. It is d/t neuromuscular incoordination which
may b d/t fact different nerves supply 2 parts of inferior constrictor.
16. …
– Propulsive thyropharyngeus is supplied by pharyngeal
plexus,& sphincteric cricopharyngeus by recurrent
laryngeal nerve.
– If the cricopharyngeus fails to relax when
thyropharyngeus contracts, bolus of food is pushed
backwards, and tends to produce a diverticulum.
17.
18.
19. Longitudinal muscle coat
– Stylopharyngeus arises from styloid process and passes down through gap
between superior & middle constrictors.
– Fibres of palatopharyngeus descend down from sides of palate.
– Salpingopharygeus descends from auditory tube .
20. Divisions Of Pharynx
– Anatomically , pharynx is divided into 3 parts:
1. Nasopharynx (nasal part) /epipharynx ; extends from base of skull to soft
palate or level of horizontal plane passing through hard palate
2. Oropharynx (oral part) ; from hard palate to hyoid bone
3. Laryngopharynx/ hypopharynx (laryngeal part) ; from upper border of
epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage
21. Why we study pharynx parts?
– There we find tonsils.
– They are passage of food and air
– NOTE : laryngopharynx is actually not hypopharynx.
Laryngopharynx consists of larynx in front and
hypopharynx behind so that trachea lies below larynx
and esophagus lies below hypopharynx.
22.
23. Mucosal layer importance
– As this layer comes into direct contact with food , air etc. so it must be good
defensive layer.
– So we get MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue ) in digestive tract,
aggregated lymphoid nodules (peyer’s patches & appendix) in small intestine.
– In the same way we do have tonsils in our pharyngeal wall.( 5 sets )
>1 pharyngeal tonsil
>2 palatine tonsil
> 2 lingual tonsil
24.
25. Nasopharynx
– Roof is formed by basisphenoid and basiocciput
– Posterior wall is formed by arch of atlas covered by prevertebral muscles and
fascia
– Floor is formed by soft palate anteriorly but is deficient posteriorly
– Anterior wall is formed by posterior nasal aperture or choana
26. Lateral wall of nasopharynx
– Each lateral wall presents the pharyngeal opening of Eustachian tube situated
1.25 cm behind the posterior end of inferior turbinate. It is bounded above and
behind by an elevation called TORUS TUBARIUS raised by cartilage of
tube. Above and behind the tubal elevation is a recess called FOSSA OF
ROSENMULLER , which is commonest site for origin of carcinoma. A
ridge extends from lower end of lateral pharyngeal wall & is called
SALPINGOPHARYNGEAL FOLD . It is raised by corresponding muscle.
27. Nasopharyngeal tonsil
(Adenoids)
– Is a subepithelial collection of lymphoid tissue at the junction of roof &
posterior wall of nasopharynx
– Radiating folds seen
– Increases in size upto age of 6 and then gradually atrophies upto 10 may be
28. Nasopharyngeal Bursa
– Is epithelial- lined median recess found within adenoids and extends from
pharyngeal mucosa to periosteum of basiocciput.
– It represents the attachment of notochord to pharyngeal
endoderm during embryonic life
– When infected, it may be cause of persistent postnasal discharge or crusting
– Sometimes an abscess can form in the bursa (THORNWALDT’S DISEASE)
29. Rathke’s Pouch
– Represented clinically by a dimple above the adenoids and is remnascent of
buccal mucosa invagination, to form anterior lobe of pituitary.
– A craniopharyngioma may arise from it.
30. Tubal Tonsil
– Collection of subepithelial lymphoid tissue situated at tubal elevation
– When enlarged due to infection , it causes occlusion of Eustachian tube.
31. Epithelial lining of Nasopharynx
– Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
32. Lymphatic Drainage
– Lymphatics of nasopharynx including adenoids & pharyngeal end of Eustachian
tube drain into upper deep cervical jugular nodes either directly or indirectly
through retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal lymph nodes.
– They also drain into spinal accessory chain of nodes in posterior triangle of
neck
– Lymphatics may also cross midline to drain into contralateral lymph node
33. Lymphatic Drainage
– Lymphatics of nasopharynx including adenoids & pharyngeal end of Eustachian
tube drain into upper deep cervical jugular nodes either directly or indirectly
through retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal lymph nodes.
– They also drain into spinal accessory chain of nodes in posterior triangle of
neck
– Lymphatics may also cross midline to drain into contralateral lymph node
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39. Pharyngeal Spaces
1. Retropharyngeal Space : situated behind pharynx and extending from base of
skull to bifurcation of trachea
2. Parapharyngeal Space: situated on the side of pharynx. It contains carotid
vessels, jugular vein, last 4 cranial nerves and cervical sympathetic chain.
40.
41.
42. Oropharynx
– Oropharyngeal isthmus is bounded above by soft palate, below by upper surface of tongue
and on either side by palatoglossal arch ( anterior pillar)
– Boundaries
1. Posterior wall : related to retropharyngeal space and lies opposite the second and upper part
of 3rd cervical vertebrate.
2. Anterior wall : deficient above where it communicates with oral cavity, but below it presents;
a) Base of tongue , posterior to circumvallate papillae
b) Lingual tonsil, 1 on either side , situated in base of tongue
c) Vallecula; cup shaped depressions lying between base of tongue and anterior surface of
epiglottis. They are seat of retention cysts.
43. Lateral Wall
– It presents
1. Palatine (faucial) tonsil
2. Anterior pillar ( palatoglossal arch) formed by palatoglossal muscle
3. Posterior pillar (palatopharyngeal arch) formed by palatopharyngeus muscle
Both diverge from soft palate and enclose a triangular depression called tonsillar
fossa which contains palatine tonsil
Boundary between oropharynx above and hypopharynx below is formed by upper
border of epiglottis and pharyngoepiglottic folds.
44. Lymphatic Drainage
– Drain into upper jugular chain particularly the jugulodigastric ( tonsillar) node.
– The soft palate , lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls and base of tongue also
drain into retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal nodes and from there to
jugulodigastric and posterior cervical group.
45.
46. Hypopharynx (laryngopharynx)
– Anterior wall
a) Inlet of larynx
b) Posterior surfaces of cricoid and arytenoid cartilages
– Posterior wall is supported mainly by 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae & partly by 3rd
and 6th . In this region post. Wall is formed by superior, middle & inferior constrictors
– Lateral wall produces a depression called piriform fossa , on each side of inlet of
larynx
– Clinically subdivided into 3 regions- pyriform sinus, postcricoid region and posterior
pharyngeal wall
47. Piriform Fossa/Sinus/Recess
(smuggler’s fossa)
– Bounded medially by aryepiglottic fold, posterolateral surfaces of arytenoid & cricoid
cartilages
– Laterally by thyroid cartilage & thyrohyoid membrane
– Piriform= pear shaped
– In submucosa of fossa lies internal laryngeal nerve branch of superior laryngeal nerve & thus
is accessible for local anaesthesia. Also removal of foreign bodies from fossa may damage
nerve leading to anesthesia in supraglottic part of larynx
– Pooling of saliva occurs if there is any obstruction in food passage (Jackson’s sign)
– It is a hidden area. Any malignancy in this area will initially cause fewer symptoms & has
tendency to present late
– Area is rich in lymphatics drain into upper deep cervical group of lymph node . Malignancy
here has tendency for distant metastasis
48. Postcricoid Region
– Part of anterior wall of laryngopharynx between upper & lower borders of
cricoid lamina. Common site for carcinoma in female suffering from Plummer-
Vinson syndrome