The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nose, throat, and larynx. It describes the structures and functions of the external nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx including its three parts (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx), and larynx. Key points covered include the bones and cartilages that support the nose, the nasal septum that divides the nasal cavity, the role of the turbinates and meatuses, ciliary function in the nose, and the lymphoid tissues throughout the pharynx including tonsils.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the ear and nose. It describes the three parts of the ear - external, middle, and inner - and details the structures within each part such as the pinna, external auditory meatus, eardrum, ossicles, and cochlea. It also describes the anatomy of the nose, including the nasal cavity, septum, turbinates, and paranasal sinuses. Key functions such as olfaction, filtration, humidification are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the ear, nose, pharynx, and larynx. It describes the external, middle, and inner parts of the ear. It outlines the structures in the nose including the nasal cavity, septum, turbinates, and paranasal sinuses. It details the three parts of the pharynx and lymphoid tissues. It concludes with the cartilage, spaces, folds and cords that make up the larynx.
Rahul v correction /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The document discusses nasal respiratory function and physiology. It describes the structure and function of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and other parts of the respiratory system. It discusses respiration, air conditioning, protection, vocal resonance, reflex functions, and olfaction as functions of the nose. It also discusses assessment of nasal function through case history, clinical examination, and determination of nasal resistance through rhinomanometry. Enlarged adenoids or tonsils are mentioned as potential causes of nasal obstruction.
Naso respiratory function /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Rahul v correction /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Naso respiratory function /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document provides information on the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx. It describes the boundaries and structures of the nasal cavity including the nasal septum, nasal conchae and meati. It discusses the paranasal sinuses, their locations and functions. It also describes the three parts of the pharynx and identifies the muscles and structures found in each part.
The respiratory system exchanges gases through a series of organs. The document describes the key parts and functions of the respiratory system. It focuses on the nose, which warms, moistens, and filters air before it reaches the lungs. It then describes the pharynx and larynx, which continue guiding air through the upper respiratory tract. The larynx contains cartilages like the thyroid and cricoid that support vocal cord function and air passage.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the ear and nose. It describes the three parts of the ear - external, middle, and inner - and details the structures within each part such as the pinna, external auditory meatus, eardrum, ossicles, and cochlea. It also describes the anatomy of the nose, including the nasal cavity, septum, turbinates, and paranasal sinuses. Key functions such as olfaction, filtration, humidification are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the ear, nose, pharynx, and larynx. It describes the external, middle, and inner parts of the ear. It outlines the structures in the nose including the nasal cavity, septum, turbinates, and paranasal sinuses. It details the three parts of the pharynx and lymphoid tissues. It concludes with the cartilage, spaces, folds and cords that make up the larynx.
Rahul v correction /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The document discusses nasal respiratory function and physiology. It describes the structure and function of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and other parts of the respiratory system. It discusses respiration, air conditioning, protection, vocal resonance, reflex functions, and olfaction as functions of the nose. It also discusses assessment of nasal function through case history, clinical examination, and determination of nasal resistance through rhinomanometry. Enlarged adenoids or tonsils are mentioned as potential causes of nasal obstruction.
Naso respiratory function /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Rahul v correction /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Naso respiratory function /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document provides information on the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx. It describes the boundaries and structures of the nasal cavity including the nasal septum, nasal conchae and meati. It discusses the paranasal sinuses, their locations and functions. It also describes the three parts of the pharynx and identifies the muscles and structures found in each part.
The respiratory system exchanges gases through a series of organs. The document describes the key parts and functions of the respiratory system. It focuses on the nose, which warms, moistens, and filters air before it reaches the lungs. It then describes the pharynx and larynx, which continue guiding air through the upper respiratory tract. The larynx contains cartilages like the thyroid and cricoid that support vocal cord function and air passage.
The pharynx is a fibromuscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. It has four layers - mucous membrane, pharyngeal aponeurosis, muscular coat, and buccopharyngeal fascia. The pharynx is divided into three parts - nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. Each part has distinct anatomical features and functions such as participating in swallowing, speech, and providing immune function through lymphoid tissues.
The pharynx is a funnel-shaped tube situated behind the nasal cavities, mouth, and larynx. It is divided into three parts - the nasal, oral, and laryngeal pharynx. The pharynx has muscular walls formed by the superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles which help to move food towards the esophagus. It is lined with mucous membrane and contains lymphatic tissue such as the pharyngeal and palatine tonsils. The pharynx receives sensory innervation from the maxillary, glossopharyngeal, and vagus cranial nerves and is supplied with blood by branches of the facial, maxillary, and lingual arteries.
The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The nose warms, filters and humidifies inhaled air and is also the organ of smell. The pharynx is a passageway for air and food that is lined with lymphoid tissue including the tonsils. The larynx, or voice box, contains cartilages including the thyroid and cricoid cartilages which support the vocal cords that produce sound.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
Delve into valuable content elucidating the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, in line with the PCI syllabus for pharmacy and PharmD students.
The nose and paranasal sinuses develop between the 4th and 8th weeks of gestation from five facial swellings. By the 5th week, nasal placodes appear and invaginate to form nasal pits. The medial nasal processes fuse to form the nasal septum. The lateral nasal processes form the lateral nasal walls and turbinates. By the 9th week, the definitive nasal cavity and oral cavity are formed. The paranasal sinuses develop as outpocketings of the lateral nasal walls and include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses. Each sinus has distinct anatomical features and relationships. The mucous membrane lining the sinuses and nasal cavity is respiratory type epithelium
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It discusses the major organs involved, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, and bronchioles. It describes the structure and functions of these organs, how breathing occurs through the actions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, and the processes of external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues. The respiratory system works to oxygenate the body and remove carbon dioxide through a series of integrated organs and physiological processes.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxv gnm first year studentsroy456393
The respiratory system can be divided into the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, pharynx and larynx. The nose warms, filters and humidifies inhaled air and is also responsible for smell. The pharynx serves as a passageway for both air and food and connects to the nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx. The larynx contains the vocal cords and connects the pharynx to the trachea and lungs below.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the main functions of breathing and gas exchange. It details the major structures of the upper respiratory tract including the nose, sinuses and pharynx. It then describes the lower respiratory tract including the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the main functions of breathing and gas exchange. It outlines the major structures of the upper respiratory tract including the nose and paranasal sinuses, as well as the lower respiratory tract including the lungs, bronchi, and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It also discusses some clinical conditions that can affect the respiratory system.
The document provides an introduction to nasal diseases (nāsaroga) according to ancient Ayurvedic texts like Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya. It discusses the anatomy of the nose including its bones, cartilages, blood supply and mentions 31 types of nasal diseases according to Sushruta and their common symptoms. Nasal polyps are also discussed as being related to nasal obstruction (nāsāvāsa). The summary is:
1. The nose has important respiratory and olfactory functions and is one of the five sensory organs.
2. Ancient Ayurvedic texts like Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya
In the human body, a complex network of fluids and vessels works tirelessly to transport essential substances, ensuring the proper functioning of every cell and organ. This system, known as the circulatory system, plays a vital role in distributing oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other crucial molecules while removing waste products.
In our journey through this topic, we will explore the composition of blood, the functions of various blood components, the mechanisms of circulation, and the importance of maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Understanding body fluids and circulation is not only essential for grasping the basics of human physiology but also for appreciating the intricate balance required to sustain life.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. The nose and mouth allow air to enter and be warmed and filtered before reaching the lungs. The trachea branches into bronchi that lead to the lungs. In the lungs, bronchioles branch into alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood through thin membranes. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles help draw air in and out of the lungs during breathing.
This document discusses the role of naso-respiratory obstruction in malocclusion etiology. It covers anatomy of the nose, pharynx and velum. Nasal respiratory inadequacy can lead to mouth breathing and affect facial development. Adenoid enlargement is one cause and may result in the "adenoid facies" characterized by a long vertical face. While earlier theories linked mouth breathing to facial changes, more recent studies question this relationship. Cephalometric analysis can evaluate the upper airway but has limitations due to its 2D representation of 3D structures.
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream. It consists of an upper respiratory tract including the nose and throat, and a lower respiratory tract including the trachea, bronchi and lungs. The lungs contain tiny air sacs called alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the blood vessels. The respiratory system functions through breathing which involves inhaling air through the nose and mouth, and exhaling air out through the mouth.
The nose has several important functions including respiration, olfaction, conditioning of inspired air, and protection of the lower airways. It has external and internal structures. The external nose consists of bone and cartilage while the internal nose includes nasal cavities divided by nasal conchae into passages that lead to paranasal sinuses. The nasal mucosa conditions air and supports smell. Olfactory neurons detect smells and relay signals to brain areas involved in processing odors.
The nose has several important functions including respiration, olfaction, conditioning of inspired air, and protection of the lower airways. It has external and internal structures. The external nose consists of bone and cartilage while the internal nose includes nasal cavities divided by nasal conchae into passages that lead to paranasal sinuses. The nasal mucosa conditions air and supports smell. Olfactory neurons detect smells and relay signals to brain areas involved in processing odors.
This document provides an overview of the respiratory system and details about the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It describes the key components of the respiratory system including the airways, lungs, blood vessels and muscles. It then discusses the nasal cavity, outlining its three divisions and functions. Finally, it covers the four pairs of paranasal sinuses, naming each pair and describing their locations and innervations.
The nose develops from embryonic tissues and is formed by the fusion of various processes. It has a bony skeletal framework in the upper third and a cartilaginous framework in the lower two-thirds. The nasal cavity contains the nasal septum dividing it into left and right sides, with lateral walls containing turbinates that project into the airway. The paranasal sinuses develop in surrounding bones and drain into the nasal cavity. The nose has complex vascular, lymphatic and nerve supply from surrounding structures.
Anatomy of the Respiratory system.pptxanniyanniyas
The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The trachea branches within the lungs forming the bronchial tree which terminates in alveoli where gas exchange takes place. The nasal cavity and pharynx form the upper respiratory tract while the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs form the lower respiratory tract. The respiratory system's functions include gas exchange and producing voice.
Colorimetry is a common analytical technique used in clinical laboratories to estimate the concentration of colored substances. It works by measuring how much light a colored solution absorbs, which follows Beer's and Lambert's laws - the amount of light absorbed increases with increasing concentration and path length of the solution. A colorimeter uses a light source, filters to select the wavelength, a sample holder cuvette, and detector to measure the light absorbed and calculate the concentration. Regular maintenance such as cleaning optics and replacing worn parts is needed to ensure accurate operation.
This document outlines a study on anemia in pregnant and non-pregnant women at BPKIHS hospital in Nepal. The study aims to determine hematological parameters, epidemiological determinants, grade severity, and categorize types of anemia. It will include 70 pregnant and 70 non-pregnant women. Hemoglobin levels and other blood markers will be measured and compared between the two groups. Anemia will be classified based on WHO criteria and peripheral smears. The results could help identify at-risk groups and inform better anemia treatment and prevention.
The pharynx is a fibromuscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. It has four layers - mucous membrane, pharyngeal aponeurosis, muscular coat, and buccopharyngeal fascia. The pharynx is divided into three parts - nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. Each part has distinct anatomical features and functions such as participating in swallowing, speech, and providing immune function through lymphoid tissues.
The pharynx is a funnel-shaped tube situated behind the nasal cavities, mouth, and larynx. It is divided into three parts - the nasal, oral, and laryngeal pharynx. The pharynx has muscular walls formed by the superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles which help to move food towards the esophagus. It is lined with mucous membrane and contains lymphatic tissue such as the pharyngeal and palatine tonsils. The pharynx receives sensory innervation from the maxillary, glossopharyngeal, and vagus cranial nerves and is supplied with blood by branches of the facial, maxillary, and lingual arteries.
The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The nose warms, filters and humidifies inhaled air and is also the organ of smell. The pharynx is a passageway for air and food that is lined with lymphoid tissue including the tonsils. The larynx, or voice box, contains cartilages including the thyroid and cricoid cartilages which support the vocal cords that produce sound.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
Delve into valuable content elucidating the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, in line with the PCI syllabus for pharmacy and PharmD students.
The nose and paranasal sinuses develop between the 4th and 8th weeks of gestation from five facial swellings. By the 5th week, nasal placodes appear and invaginate to form nasal pits. The medial nasal processes fuse to form the nasal septum. The lateral nasal processes form the lateral nasal walls and turbinates. By the 9th week, the definitive nasal cavity and oral cavity are formed. The paranasal sinuses develop as outpocketings of the lateral nasal walls and include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses. Each sinus has distinct anatomical features and relationships. The mucous membrane lining the sinuses and nasal cavity is respiratory type epithelium
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It discusses the major organs involved, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, and bronchioles. It describes the structure and functions of these organs, how breathing occurs through the actions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, and the processes of external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues. The respiratory system works to oxygenate the body and remove carbon dioxide through a series of integrated organs and physiological processes.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxv gnm first year studentsroy456393
The respiratory system can be divided into the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, pharynx and larynx. The nose warms, filters and humidifies inhaled air and is also responsible for smell. The pharynx serves as a passageway for both air and food and connects to the nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx. The larynx contains the vocal cords and connects the pharynx to the trachea and lungs below.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the main functions of breathing and gas exchange. It details the major structures of the upper respiratory tract including the nose, sinuses and pharynx. It then describes the lower respiratory tract including the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the main functions of breathing and gas exchange. It outlines the major structures of the upper respiratory tract including the nose and paranasal sinuses, as well as the lower respiratory tract including the lungs, bronchi, and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It also discusses some clinical conditions that can affect the respiratory system.
The document provides an introduction to nasal diseases (nāsaroga) according to ancient Ayurvedic texts like Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya. It discusses the anatomy of the nose including its bones, cartilages, blood supply and mentions 31 types of nasal diseases according to Sushruta and their common symptoms. Nasal polyps are also discussed as being related to nasal obstruction (nāsāvāsa). The summary is:
1. The nose has important respiratory and olfactory functions and is one of the five sensory organs.
2. Ancient Ayurvedic texts like Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya
In the human body, a complex network of fluids and vessels works tirelessly to transport essential substances, ensuring the proper functioning of every cell and organ. This system, known as the circulatory system, plays a vital role in distributing oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other crucial molecules while removing waste products.
In our journey through this topic, we will explore the composition of blood, the functions of various blood components, the mechanisms of circulation, and the importance of maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Understanding body fluids and circulation is not only essential for grasping the basics of human physiology but also for appreciating the intricate balance required to sustain life.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. The nose and mouth allow air to enter and be warmed and filtered before reaching the lungs. The trachea branches into bronchi that lead to the lungs. In the lungs, bronchioles branch into alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood through thin membranes. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles help draw air in and out of the lungs during breathing.
This document discusses the role of naso-respiratory obstruction in malocclusion etiology. It covers anatomy of the nose, pharynx and velum. Nasal respiratory inadequacy can lead to mouth breathing and affect facial development. Adenoid enlargement is one cause and may result in the "adenoid facies" characterized by a long vertical face. While earlier theories linked mouth breathing to facial changes, more recent studies question this relationship. Cephalometric analysis can evaluate the upper airway but has limitations due to its 2D representation of 3D structures.
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream. It consists of an upper respiratory tract including the nose and throat, and a lower respiratory tract including the trachea, bronchi and lungs. The lungs contain tiny air sacs called alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the blood vessels. The respiratory system functions through breathing which involves inhaling air through the nose and mouth, and exhaling air out through the mouth.
The nose has several important functions including respiration, olfaction, conditioning of inspired air, and protection of the lower airways. It has external and internal structures. The external nose consists of bone and cartilage while the internal nose includes nasal cavities divided by nasal conchae into passages that lead to paranasal sinuses. The nasal mucosa conditions air and supports smell. Olfactory neurons detect smells and relay signals to brain areas involved in processing odors.
The nose has several important functions including respiration, olfaction, conditioning of inspired air, and protection of the lower airways. It has external and internal structures. The external nose consists of bone and cartilage while the internal nose includes nasal cavities divided by nasal conchae into passages that lead to paranasal sinuses. The nasal mucosa conditions air and supports smell. Olfactory neurons detect smells and relay signals to brain areas involved in processing odors.
This document provides an overview of the respiratory system and details about the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It describes the key components of the respiratory system including the airways, lungs, blood vessels and muscles. It then discusses the nasal cavity, outlining its three divisions and functions. Finally, it covers the four pairs of paranasal sinuses, naming each pair and describing their locations and innervations.
The nose develops from embryonic tissues and is formed by the fusion of various processes. It has a bony skeletal framework in the upper third and a cartilaginous framework in the lower two-thirds. The nasal cavity contains the nasal septum dividing it into left and right sides, with lateral walls containing turbinates that project into the airway. The paranasal sinuses develop in surrounding bones and drain into the nasal cavity. The nose has complex vascular, lymphatic and nerve supply from surrounding structures.
Anatomy of the Respiratory system.pptxanniyanniyas
The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The trachea branches within the lungs forming the bronchial tree which terminates in alveoli where gas exchange takes place. The nasal cavity and pharynx form the upper respiratory tract while the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs form the lower respiratory tract. The respiratory system's functions include gas exchange and producing voice.
Colorimetry is a common analytical technique used in clinical laboratories to estimate the concentration of colored substances. It works by measuring how much light a colored solution absorbs, which follows Beer's and Lambert's laws - the amount of light absorbed increases with increasing concentration and path length of the solution. A colorimeter uses a light source, filters to select the wavelength, a sample holder cuvette, and detector to measure the light absorbed and calculate the concentration. Regular maintenance such as cleaning optics and replacing worn parts is needed to ensure accurate operation.
This document outlines a study on anemia in pregnant and non-pregnant women at BPKIHS hospital in Nepal. The study aims to determine hematological parameters, epidemiological determinants, grade severity, and categorize types of anemia. It will include 70 pregnant and 70 non-pregnant women. Hemoglobin levels and other blood markers will be measured and compared between the two groups. Anemia will be classified based on WHO criteria and peripheral smears. The results could help identify at-risk groups and inform better anemia treatment and prevention.
This document discusses a case of mycetoma that was misdiagnosed for over 25 years in a non-endemic area. A 65-year-old man in Morocco presented with a chronic right foot lesion that was repeatedly misdiagnosed. After amputation, histopathological examination revealed findings consistent with eumycotic mycetoma. The case highlights the diagnostic challenges of mycetoma in areas where the disease is not commonly seen and practitioners are unfamiliar with it.
The document summarizes different types of bone tumors. It describes benign bone tumors like osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, and osteochondroma which are bone forming tumors composed of osteoid or cartilage. It also discusses malignant bone tumors such as osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor arising from bone forming cells. Chondrosarcoma arises from cartilage forming cells and Ewing sarcoma is a small, round cell tumor of unknown origin commonly seen in children and young adults. Other tumors discussed include giant cell tumor, a localized but destructive tumor composed of mononuclear stromal cells and multinucleated giant cells.
This document provides information on various bone tumors. It begins by defining tumors and distinguishing between benign and malignant types. It then describes the four main cell types that make up bone tissue and their functions. Various bone tumors are classified based on the sites they occur and whether they form bone or cartilage. Specific bone forming tumors discussed include osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, and osteosarcoma. Cartilage forming tumors described are osteochondroma, chondromas, and chondrosarcoma. Other tumors discussed are Ewing sarcoma and giant cell tumor. For each tumor, the document outlines characteristics such as affected age groups, common sites, signs/symptoms, pathogenesis, morphology, microscopy images, and treatment approaches.
This document discusses the different types of hypersensitivity reactions. It begins by defining hypersensitivity and describing the two categories of adaptive hypersensitivity: immediate and delayed. It then outlines Coomb and Gell's 1963 classification of hypersensitivity reactions into four main types (I-IV) based on mechanism and time course. The bulk of the document describes Type I (IgE-mediated) hypersensitivity in detail, covering characteristics, mechanisms, effects, examples in humans and animals. It also discusses Type II (antibody-mediated cytotoxic), Type III (immune complex-mediated), and introduces Type IV (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity.
This document outlines a proposed study comparing the quality of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and fine-needle non-aspiration cytology (FNNAC). The study aims to assess whether FNNAC is a superior technique for cytodiagnosis compared to FNAC. FNAC samples will be collected from patients undergoing cytology of superficial swellings and evaluated based on parameters like background blood, cellularity, architecture, degeneration and trauma. The quality of smears from each technique will be scored and compared to determine if one technique provides a diagnostic advantage over the other.
Arthritis is inflammation of the joints that causes pain and stiffness. There are many types of arthritis including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, and others. Common symptoms of all types of arthritis include joint pain, swelling, and stiffness. Osteoarthritis is the most common type and is caused by wear and tear on the joints over time. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes swelling in the lining of joints and can affect other organs. Treatment depends on the type of arthritis but may include medications, physical therapy, joint replacement, and lifestyle changes.
Bone is composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. When a bone fractures, the body initiates a healing process over several weeks and months. First, a hematoma forms and inflammation occurs. Then, a soft callus of granulation and matrix tissue develops within one week. Within 3-6 weeks, ossification occurs and a hard callus of woven bone forms, bridging the fracture. Finally, the bone is remodeled over 8 or more weeks as it regains strength and the woven bone is replaced with lamellar bone. Complications can occur if healing is delayed or impaired. Adequate blood supply and stability are needed for proper fracture healing.
Scrub typhus is caused by the bacteria Orientia tsutsugamushi, which is transmitted through bites from trombiculid mite larvae. It causes symptoms like fever, headache, rash and organ dysfunction. Diagnosis is usually made clinically in endemic areas, but can be confirmed through serology tests. Without treatment with doxycycline or chloramphenicol, it can be fatal, but mortality has decreased to under 2% with antibiotics.
The document provides an overview of Nepal's malaria control program from its inception in 1954 up until the present. It details how the program launched in 1958 to eradicate malaria but later shifted to control after global eradication efforts failed. It was revised in 1992 and again supported by global funds starting in 2004. The current strategy aims for malaria elimination in Nepal by 2025. The document also outlines the life cycle of malaria, clinical features, diagnosis methods, treatment approaches for uncomplicated and severe cases, chemoprophylaxis, and management of complications.
The document contains a series of letters and numbers without context. It appears to be encoding some type of information but the meaning is unclear without additional details or explanation. The series includes letters from A to H and numbers from 1 to 50 in an unspecified pattern.
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral disease transmitted by Culex mosquitoes that infects humans and animals. It is a major public health problem in Asia, where an estimated 50,000 cases and 10,000 deaths occur annually. The virus is maintained in a cycle between mosquitoes and amplifying hosts like pigs and wading birds. Mosquitoes become infected by feeding on infected hosts and transmit the virus to humans and horses. The virus enters through the mosquito bite and travels to the brain, where it can cause neurological damage and symptoms ranging from fever and headache to convulsions and coma. Prevention strategies focus on mosquito control through spraying and reducing breeding habitats, as well as vaccines for humans.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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3. The external nose
The external nose is supported
by bone and cartilage.
The bony part is formed mainly
by the nasal bones on each
side, and the frontal process
of the maxillary bone.
The cartilaginous portion is
formed by several cartilages
which support and give
shape to the lower part of
the nose and nasal tip.
4. The nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is divided
by the nasal septum
into two parts which
have similar anatomical
structure but may be
asymmetrical
5. The septum of nasal cavity
The septum is a structure
composed partly of
cartilage and partly of a
bone.
The septum is covered by
perichondrium where
there is a cartilage, with
periosteum where there
is a bone, and outside
this with mucous
membrane.
6. Septum of nasal cavity
Nasal septum
deviation is the
frequent reason of
nasal obstruction.
7. Septum of nasal cavity
The lower and anterior
area of nasal septum is
known as Epistaxis
zone or Kisselbach
zone. This area from
which bleeding
commonly occurs in
patients due to
situation of arteries.
area,
8. The Lateral Wall of Nasal Cavity
On the lateral wall there is a
system of ridges known as
turbinates, each of which
overhangs a groove known
as a meatus:
1 – inferior
2 – middle
3 – superior
The inferior turbinates forms a
bone by itself, the others are
the parts of ethmoid bone.
Underlying the mucous
membrane there is erectile
tissue with many venous
blood vessels.
9. The Meatuses of the Nose
The meatuses of the nose
are of importance, since
they are the drainage
channels of the air
sinuses. The
appearance of pus in
one of the meatuses is
of diagnostic
importance in infections
of the air sinuses
opening into particular
meatus.
10. The Meatuses of the Nose
1 – inferior nasal
meatus
2 – common nasal
meatus
3 – middle nasal
meatus
4 – nasal septum
5 – middle turbinate
6 – inferior turbinate
11. The Nasal Functions
1. Olfaction.
2. Filtration.
3. Humidification and
warming of the air passing
to the lung.
4. Vocal resonance.
Aesthetic function.
12. The Nasal Functions
The functions depend upon the
mucous membrane with its
underlying tissues. In certain
areas such as the turbinates this
is a complicated structure of
ciliary mucous membrane,
glands, blood spaces and
connective tissues based upon
bone, and is under the control of
the autonomic nervous system.
In this way the turbinates act as
a valve mechanism, enlarging or
narrowing the air channels and
so determining the direction of
the air stream
13. Ciliary Action
Ciliary action is the means by which
the mucous membrane
cleanses itself and removes
unwanted material. By the
movement of the cilia a constant
streaming of mucus is produced
from the nostrils to the pharynx.
Any interference with normal
action causes unpleasant
symptoms. Postnasal 'drip', or
'catarrh', which is so often a
cause of complaint, is an
expression of the inability of the
ciliary mechanism to deal with
thickened mucus, which slowly
finds its way into the pharynx,
where it accumulates. The
conditions necessary for
efficient ciliary action are mucus
of the correct consistency and
adequate aeration.
14. Filtration and Humidification
Filtration is effected by the
adhesion to the mucous film of dust,
bacteria and other particles. These
are removed by ciliary action into
the pharynx and swallowed with the
secretions.
Humidification. The moistening
and warming of the air passing to
the lungs is one of the chief
functions. Air reaches the lungs at
about 30°C and at 7595% relative
humidity. When, during cold
weather, the air in a room is heated,
the humidity may fall. To increase
this humidity to the level necessary
for comfort may cause a severe
strain on the nasal mechanism.
15. Olfaction Discharge
Olfaction as a function may be
influenced in various ways.
For example, obstruction from
inflammation changes may
prevent air reaching the
olfactory area.
Sometimes toxic or infective
conditions or head injury
damage the nerve endings and
destroy or alter the sense of
smell.
So if the patient has smell loss he
suffer from:
-
-
Respiratory hyposmia or
Essential hyposmia.
16. Vocal Resonance Discharge
In case of nasal obstruction
the vocal resonance nasal
function is disturbed. And
the voice of patient
obtains the nasal
intonations or twang.
There are two kinds of twang:
3. Closed Twang (due to
nasal obstruction)
2. Opened Twang (due to
pathological associated
between nasal and oral
cavities (cleft palate,
palate paralyses)
17. Deformities of the Nose
Nose is the center of face. The form of the
external nose influence on the appreciation
of the appearance
18. Paranasal sinuses
There are eight air sinuses situated around and near the nasal cavity
(4 pairs):
2. Maxillary sinuses
3. Frontal sinuses
4. Ethmoidal sinuses (is divided into anterior and posterior)
5. Sphenoidal sinuses.
19. Paranasal Sinuses Functions
Vocal-resonance.
They are like thermos bottle
defend our brain against over
high and low temperature.
They are protect the brain and
the eyes at the time of head
injury (like air pillow of the
car).
They are the strong barrier that
prevent vitally important
structures (cranial cavity and
orbita) from the spreading of
the infection
20. Paranasal Sinuses
The anterior group
(maxillary, frontal and anterior
ethmoidal cells) drains into
the
middle meatus
The posterior group
(posterior ethmoidal cells
and sphenoidal sinus) drains
into the
superior meatus
Into the inferior meatus
drains the naso-lacrimal
duct
21. Paranasal Sinuses
It should be noted that,
while the inferior and
middle meatuses are
open at both ends, the
superior meatus is
clothed at the anterior
end. This means that
pus from the posterior
group of sinuses will
not be seen on
anterior rhinoscopy.
22. Paranasal Sinuses in Children
There is only well
developed ethmoidal
sinus in newborn. The
other sinuses are
underdeveloped.
The development of
maxillary sinus comes
to the end to 4-5 years
of life.
The frontal sinus has
the longest period of
development – until to
11-13 years of life
24. The Pharynx
The nasopharynx is situated
above to a line at the level of the
soft palate .
The oropharynx is situated below
this line and extends to the level
of the tip of the epiglottis.
the hypopharynx commences at
the level of the tip of the
epiglottis and extends to the
level of the cricoids' cartilage
25. The Pharynx
It has 7 holes to connect with
neighboring organs:
1. Two choanae (with
nasal cavity).
2. Two holes of auditory
tube (with tympanic
cavities).
3. Throat (with oral
cavities).
4. Aperture of larynx.
5. Aperture of esophagus.
26. The Nasopharynx
At the junction of the roof and
the posterior wall is situated
the aggregation of lymphoid
tissue called adenoids or
pharyngeal tonsil. Anteriorly
the nasopharynx is in
continuation with the
posterior choanae of the
nose, with the posterior ends
of the three turbinates on
each side and the posterior
edge of the nasal septum in
the midline On the lateral
wall there are the openings
of the Eustachian tubes
Behind these are the
aggregation of lymphoid
tissue called tonsil of torus
tubaris
28. The Oropharynx
Nasopharynx and
oropharynx are separated by
the strong mobile,
membranousmuscular soft
palate. The uvula hangs
from the soft palate in the
midline. From the palate
stretch down on each side
two folds of mucous
membrane and muscle to
meet the side of the tongue.
These are the pillars of the
fauces; they are known as
an anterior and posterior
palatine arches.
29. The Oropharynx
Between the palatine
arches there are the
faucial tonsils,
while below the
tonsils, into the base
of the tongue, are
masses of lymphoid
tissue which are
called the lingual
tonsil
30. The Oropharynx
On the posterior wall
of the oropharynx
are many little
aggregations of
lymphoid tissue
which are liable, in
certain conditions, to
enlarge and become
inflamed.
31. The Lymphoid Circus Of
Pharynx
It consist of 6 tonsils (3 – in nasopharynx,
3 – in oropharynx)
The two faucial (or palatine) tonsils
The two tonsils of torus tubaris
The one pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
The one lingual tonsil
32. The Hypopharynx
This is the part of the pharynx which lies
level with the larynx. Between the
base of tongue and front of the
epiglottis are found two spaces
which are known as the valleculae.
They are divided in the midline by
the glossoepiglottic ligament and
bounded posteriorly by the
pharyngoepiglottic ligaments.
These are folds of mucous
membrane which are attached to
the posterior part of the base of the
epiglottis. Behind these ligaments
commence the pyrifarm fossae —
one on each side.
33. The Hypopharynx
These are folds of mucous
membrane which are
attached to the
posterior part of the
base of the epiglottis.
Behind these ligaments
commence the pyrifarm
fossae — one on each
side.
34. The Larynx
The larynx consists of a
cartilaginous framework
which is bound together
by ligaments and
covered with muscle
and mucous membrane.
The cartilages of the
larynx are usually
spoken of as 'paired'
and 'unpaired' cartilages
35. The Larynx
The paired cartilages:
1. the arytenoid cartilages;
2. the wedgeshaped
cartilages;
3. the corniculate
cartilages.
The unpaired cartilages
4. The thyroid cartilage
5. the cricoid cartilage
6. The epiglottis
36. The Larynx
In the interior of the larynx
two folds of mucous
membrane are stretched
from front to back. They
are rounded and pink in
colour, and are called
the false cords. Inferior
to them is an opening
into the space known as
the ventricle. The lower
lip of the ventricle is
formed by a muscular
bundle which is the true
vocal cord
38. The spaces of larynx
The vestibulum of laryngis (above the false cords).
The middle space (between false and vocal cords).
The subglottic space (below the vocal cords) which is the
narrowest part of the larynx
39. The view in laryngoscopy
1 – the arytenoid cartilage
2 – the arytenoidepiglottis
ligament
3 – the pyrifarm fossae
4 – the ventricle of larynx
5 – the epiglottis
6 – the vocal cords