The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the elbow and forearm. It describes the three articulations that make up the elbow joint and their roles in flexion, extension, and rotation. It details the structures within the cubital fossa and discusses the bones, muscles, nerves and vessels of the forearm. The forearm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments separated by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains flexor muscles innervated by the median and ulnar nerves, while the posterior compartment contains extensor muscles innervated by the radial nerve. Arterial blood supply and venous drainage is also outlined.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Elbow Joint
• a complex joint involving three
separate articulation, which share
a common synovial cavity
3. • the joint between ulna and humerus
and between radius and the capitulum
of the humerus are primarily involved
with hinge-like flexion and
extension of the forearm on the arm
and, together, are the principal
articulations of the elbow joint
• the joint between the head of radius
and radial notch of ulna, the proximal
radio-ulnar joint is involved with
pronation and supination of the
forearm
4. • Articular surfaces: covered with hyaline
cartilage
• The synovial membrane: originate from the
edges of the articular cartilage and lines the
radial fossa, the coronoid fossa, and
separated from the fibrous membrane of the
joint capsule by pads of fat
• The fibrous membrane: overlies the
synovial membrane, enclose the joint,
thickened medially and laterally to form
collateral ligaments
5. • Sacciform recess: a pocket of synovial
membrane protrudes from the inferior margins of
the joint capsule and facilitates rotation of the
radial head during pronation and supination
• Vascular supply: anastomotic network of
vessels derived from collateral and recurrent
branches of the brachialis, profunda brachii,
radial, and ulnar arteries;
• Innervation: Predominantly, branches of the
radial and musculocutaneous nerves, some
innervation by branches of the ulnar and median
nerves
6. CUBITAL FOSSA
• An important area of transition between arm
and forearm, located anterior to elbow and is a
triangular depression formed between
Brachioradialis and the pronator teres
• Base: imaginary horizontal line between
medial and lateral epicondyle, Bed or Floor:
brachialis muscle
• Major contents:
• The tendon of Biceps brachii muscle
• The brachial artery
• The median nerves
7. CUBITAL FOSSA
• Brachial Artery: Bifurcates into he Radial and
Ulnar arteries in the apex of the fossa
• Median Nerve: lies medial to the brachial
artery and leaves the fossa by passing
between the ulnar and humeral heads of the
pronator teres
• Radial Nerve: under the lip of brachioradialis,
divided into superficial and deep branches
• Ulnar Nerve: does not pass through cubital
fossa, it passes posterior to the medial
epicondyle
• Median Cubital Vein: passes diagonally
across the roof and connects cephalic vein and
basilic vein
9. FOREARM
• Extends between the elbow joint and wrist joint
• proximally most major structures pass
through, or in relation to the cubital fossa,
except the ulnar nerve, which passes
posterior to the medial epicondyle of the
humerus
• Distally, structures pass through, or anterior to
the carpal tunnel, except the radial artery,
which passes dorsally around the wrist to enter
the hand posteriorly.
10. FOREARM
• The bone framework consists
of two parallel bones, the
radius and the ulna
11. FOREARM
Divided in to anterior and posterior
compartments, which separated by:
• A lateral intermuscular septum, which
passes from the anterior border of the
radius to deep fascia surrounding the
limb
• An interosseous membrane, which links
adjacent borders of the radius and ulna
along most of their length
• The attachment of deep fascia along the
posterior border of the ulna
12. FOREARM
Interosseous membrane:
• Thin fibrous sheet that connects the
medial and lateral borders of the radius
and ulna, collagen fibers pass inferiorly
from the radius to the ulna
• Free upper margins, circular aperture
13. FOREARM
Pronation and supination:
Two muscles pronate and two
muscles supinate the hand
Pronation:
• Pronator teres
• Pronator quadratus
Supination:
• Biceps brachii
• Supinator
14. Anterior Compartment
Muscles:
• Muscles in the anterior (Flexor) compartment occur in three layers;
superficial, intermediate, and deep
• Generally these muscles are associated with:
• Movement of the wrist joint
• Flexion of the fingers including the thumb
• Pronation
• All muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm are
innervated by the median nerve, except for the flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle and the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus
muscle, which are innervated by the ulnar nerve
15. Anterior Compartment
Superficial Layer:
• All four muscles have a
common origin from the medial
epicondyle of the humerus
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Palmaris longus
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Pronator teres
19. Anterior Compartment
Arteries and veins
Arteries:
Brachial artery enters the forearm by
passing through the cubital fossa, at
the apex, it divides into two major
branches, the radial and ulnar
arteries
Veins:
Generally accompany the arteries and
ultimately drian into the brachial
viens associated with the brachial
artery in the cubital fossa
21. Median Nerve
• Course:
• Lies medial to brachial artery and enters to cubital
fossa
• Lies between flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor
digitorum profundus
• then it reaches down the region of wrist where it lies
deep and lateral to palmaris longus tenon
• Lastly passes deep to flexor retinaculum to enter the
palm
• Branches:
• Muscular branches
• Anterior interosseous branch
• Palmar cutaneous branch
• Articular branches
• Vascular branches
• Communicating branch
22. Ulnar Nerve
• Course:
• Palpable as it lies behind medial epicondyle of
humerus and is not a content of cubital fossa
• Enters the forearm by passing between heads of
flexor carpi ulnaris, to lie along the lateral border
of flexor carpi ulnaris
• In the last, it courses superficial to the flexor
retinaculum, covered by its superficial slip or
volar carpal ligament to enter the region of palm
• Branches:
• Muscular branches
• Palmar branches
• Dorsal cutaneous branch
• Articular branches
23. Radial Nerve
• Course:
• Divides into its two terminal branches in
the cubital fossa just below of the lateral
epicondyle of humerus
• Branches:
• The deep terminal branch (Posterior
Interosseous)
• The superficial terminal branch
24. Posterior Compartment
•Muscles: Two layers: Superficial Layer, Deep layer
• The muscles are associated with:
• Movement of the wrist joint
• Extension of the fingers, and thumb
• Supination
All muscles in the posterior compartment are innervated
by the radial nerve
25. Posterior Compartment
Superficial layer Seven muscles
• All have common origin, from the
supraepicondylar ridge and lateral
epicondyle of humerus, except for
the brachioradialis and anconeus
• Brachioradialis
• Extensor carpi radialis longus
• Extensor carpi radialis brevis
• Extenso digitorum
• Extensor digiti minimi
• Extenso carpi ulnaris
• anconeus
27. Posterior Compartment
Deep Layer:
• Five muscles
• Supinator
• Abductor pollicis longus
• Extensor pollicis brevis
• Extensor pollicis longus
• Extensor indicis
• Except the supinator muscle, all these muscles
originate from the posterior surfaces of the radius,
ulna, and interosseous membrane and pass into the
thumb and fingers
30. Arteries and Veins
Arteries: Blood supply occurs
predominantly through branches
of the radial, posterior
interosseous, and anterior
interosseous arteries
Veins: Deep veins of the
posterior compartment generally
accompany the arteries, they
ultimately drains into brachial
veins associated with brachial
artery in the cubital fossa
31. Nerves
Radial nerve:
Most of the muscles are
innervated by the deep branch
(Post. Interosseous nerve)
In the lateral wall of the cubital
fossa, and before dividing into
superficial and deep
branches, the radial nerve
innervates the brachioradialis
and extensor carpi radialis
longus muscle
the joint between the trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus and between the head of radius and the capitulum of the humerus are primarily involved with hinge-like flexion and extension of the forearm on the arm and, together, are the principal articulations of the elbow joint
- the joint between the head of radius and radial notch of ulna, the proximal radio=ulnar joint is involved with pronation and supination of the forearm