Anatomy for bn
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy and structures of the human eye. It describes the dimensions and layers of the eyeball, including the outer fibrous layer (cornea and sclera), middle vascular layer (iris, ciliary body, and choroid), and inner neural layer (retina). It also discusses the anterior chamber, posterior chamber, lens, vitreous humour, blood supply, and nerve supply to the eye.
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The vascular coat of the eye, also known as the uvea, lies between the fibrous outer coat and the nervous inner coat. It regulates light entry and nourishes the retina. The three components of the vascular coat are the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. The iris controls the size of the pupil and contains two muscles that allow for dilation and constriction. The ciliary body produces aqueous humor and allows for accommodation. The choroid contains many blood vessels that nourish the outer retina and absorb reflected light.
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The eye is a spheroid structure around the size of a ping pong ball that functions to distinguish light, dark, shape, color, brightness and distance. It includes structures like the eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina, blood vessels and optic nerve. The retina contains light-sensitive photoreceptor cells called rods and cones that convert light into electrical signals to the brain where they are interpreted as vision.
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The document summarizes the anatomy of the eye. It describes the three coats that make up the eyeball from outward to inward: the fibrous coat, vascular pigmented coat, and nervous coat. It then provides details on the structures that comprise each coat, including the sclera, cornea, choroid, ciliary body, iris, retina, aqueous humor, vitreous body, and lens. It explains the function of each structure and how they work together to allow vision.
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- The structures of the eye, including the sclera, choroid, iris, lens, retina, and extraocular muscles. The eye focuses light through the cornea and lens onto the light-sensitive retina to initiate vision.
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rajt-180629141431 (1).pptx
The trade cycle in e-commerce refers to the various stages involved in a typical online transaction between a buyer and a seller. The trade cycle typically includes the following stages:
Product search and selection: The buyer searches for a product or service online and selects the desired item from the e-commerce website. This may involve browsing product categories, using search filters, and reading product descriptions and reviews.
Shopping cart and checkout: Once the buyer has selected the desired item, they add it to their shopping cart and proceed to checkout. At this stage, they may be required to enter their personal and payment information, such as name, address, and credit card details.
Order processing: After the buyer has completed the checkout process, the seller receives the order and processes it. This may involve verifying the availability of the product, preparing it for shipment, and generating a shipping label.
Payment processing: Once the order has been processed, the payment is processed by the payment gateway. This involves verifying the payment information and authorizing the transaction.
Shipping and delivery: The seller ships the product to the buyer's address using a third-party logistics provider or their own delivery service. The buyer is provided with tracking information to monitor the status of the shipment.
Returns and refunds: If the buyer is not satisfied with the product, they may initiate a return or exchange. The seller handles the return or exchange process and ensures that the buyer is satisfied with their purchase.
Customer service: The seller provides customer service to address any issues or concerns that the buyer may have regarding the product or service.
Anatomy of eye
The document summarizes the anatomy of the eye. It describes the layers of the eyeball including the fibrous coat with the cornea and sclera, the vascular coat with the iris, ciliary body and choroid, and the nervous coat of the retina. It also discusses the lens and segments of the eyeball. Additionally, it outlines the ocular adnexa including the bony orbit, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extraocular muscles and accessory organs of the eye.
anatomy of eye
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eye. It describes the three layers that make up the eyeball - fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and retina. Key structures like the cornea, iris, lens, vitreous body, and retina are explained. The process of image formation through refraction of light by the cornea and lens, accommodation of the lens for near and far vision, and pupil constriction are summarized. Common refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism are also outlined.
anatomy and physiology of eye.ppt.anatomy and physiology of eyex
The document provides an outline of the anatomy and physiology of the human eye. It describes the accessory structures like the eyelids, lacrimal apparatus, and extraocular muscles. It then details the three tunics that make up the eyeball: the fibrous tunic (sclera and cornea), vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body, and iris), and nervous tunic (retina). Interior structures like the anterior and vitreous chambers and lens are also outlined. Physiology concepts like image formation, accommodation, eye movement, and the similarities and differences between the eye and a camera are summarized.
Functional Anatomy of Eye.pptx
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the visual system. It describes the three coats of the eyeball - outer fibrous coat (sclera and cornea), middle vascular coat (iris, ciliary body, choroid), and inner nervous coat (retina). It details the structures and functions of these coats, including the aqueous humour, lens, vitreous humour, and the role they play in vision. The visual system functions similar to a camera, where light enters through the pupil and is focused on the retina to generate signals conveyed by the optic nerve to the brain for visual perception.
anatomy.ppt
This document outlines a course on ophthalmology for medical students. It covers the basic anatomy and physiology of the eye, examination of the eye, and diagnosis and management of various ocular disorders. The course begins with an overview of eye anatomy including the orbit, ocular appendages, eyeball layers, visual pathway and extraocular muscles. It then discusses examination techniques and various eye diseases affecting different parts of the eye like the conjunctiva, cornea and retina. The document provides detailed descriptions of eye anatomy and functions to equip medical students with foundational ophthalmology knowledge.
Introduction to Eye
This document provides an introduction to ophthalmology and the anatomy of the eye. It discusses the key components of the eye including the orbits, eyelids, tear film, eyeball, cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary body, lens, vitreous body, retina, macula, fovea and optic disc. It also covers the functions of ophthalmologists and various eye diseases and conditions treated.
Introduction to Ophthalmology
This document provides an introduction to ophthalmology and the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It discusses the following key points:
- Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine concerned with the eyes and their diseases and injuries. It involves medical and surgical care of the eyes.
- The eye has three coats - fibrous, vascular and nervous. It also contains structures such as the cornea, iris, lens, vitreous body and retina which help facilitate vision.
- The retina converts light into nerve impulses which are transmitted through the optic nerve and visual pathway to the brain to form an image.
- Ophthalmology has several subspecialties focused on different parts of the eye and
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Anatomy and Physiology of Optic Nerve Dr.PrabhatDevkota.pptx
Anatomy and Physiology of Optic Nerve Dr.PrabhatDevkota.pptx
anatomy and physiology of eye.ppt.anatomy and physiology of eyex
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artificial tears and viscoelastic eye medicines
This document discusses artificial tears and viscoelastic substances used to treat dry eye. It describes the components and functions of the normal precorneal tear film. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca or dry eye syndrome results from an inadequate tear film and its main causes are aqueous tear deficiency or evaporative dryness. Artificial tears are used to supplement the tear film and help relieve dry eye symptoms. The document outlines important characteristics of artificial tears like osmolarity, pH, preservatives, and viscoelastic substances. Common viscoelastic agents discussed include polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, hypromellose, carbomers, and sodium hyaluronate. The document provides details on the formulations and
Vital dyes and stains Used in Ophthalmic Practice.pptx
Vital dyes are used in ophthalmology for diagnostic purposes without pharmacological effects. Common vital dyes include fluorescein sodium, rose bengal, lissamine green, methylene blue, indocyanine green, and trypan blue. Each dye has unique absorption and fluorescence properties that allow them to selectively stain tissues or structures in the eye. The dyes are used to detect defects on the ocular surface, assess tear film and lacrimal drainage, and aid in a variety of surgical procedures. Potential side effects vary between dyes and include irritation, staining of other tissues, and toxic reactions.
Local Ocular Anesthetics Used in Ophthalmic Clinics
This document provides information on local anesthetics (LAs) that are used in ophthalmic practice. It discusses the mechanisms of action, classifications, and comparisons of different LAs. It also covers indications, contraindications, and techniques for ocular anesthesia. The key points are:
- LAs reversibly block nerve impulse transmission along sensory fibers. Common ophthalmic LAs include lidocaine, bupivacaine, tetracaine, and oxybuprocaine.
- Amide-linked LAs like lidocaine are more stable, have longer duration of action, and cause less hypersensitivity than ester-linked LAs.
- Indications for ocular anesthesia include
Ocular Antihistamines and Anti-allergics
This document discusses ocular allergies and antihistamines. It begins by explaining the role of histamines as mediators of inflammation released during allergic reactions. It then covers the different types of hypersensitivity reactions before discussing the various white blood cells involved in the immune response. The remainder of the document focuses on the types and mechanisms of action of antihistamines, both oral and topical, as well as mast cell stabilizers that are used to treat ocular allergies and their symptoms.
Miotics, Mydriatics, Cycloplegics Used in Ophthalmic Practice
This document discusses drugs that are used to change the size of the pupil, including miotics, mydriatics, and cycloplegics. It explains the neural pathways that control pupil size and the mechanisms of action of different drug classes. Miotics like pilocarpine constrict the pupil by activating muscarinic receptors. Mydriatics like phenylephrine and atropine dilate the pupil by blocking muscarinic receptors or activating alpha receptors. Cycloplegics like atropine, cyclopentolate, and homatropine temporarily paralyze the ciliary muscles in addition to dilating the pupil. The document provides details on the indications, contraindications, dosages, durations of action and
Medicines Used for Glaucoma Management _Optom Lecture
the most commonly prescribe treatment for glucoma is eye drops. These medicine decreases IOP to the level that prevents damage to the optic nerve by either decrease acqueous secretion from the ciliary body or facilitating acqueous drainage through the trabecular or uveoscleral outflow systems. This presentation outlines the principal eye medicine currently used in ophthalmic practice.
Ocular steroids-Dexamethasone, Betamethasone, Prednisolone and Flurometholone
Corticosteroids are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids.
Types of adrenal cortex-related steroids are glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects
Ocular NSAIDs (Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs)
NSAIDs are analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Non-narcotic, non-opioid, aspirin-like drugs
Primarily, acts on peripheral pain mechanism and do not depress the central nervous system
Some protective role against cancer and cardiovascular diseases (e.g., aspirin, antithrombotic effects)
Accounts for 5% of all drugs prescribe globally
30 million people consume NSAIDs every day
Available over the counter medicine in most countries
Ocular anti-infective agents: Antibiotics, Antivirals and antifungals
Anti-infective agents are effective against a variety of infections (e.g., virus, rickettsiae, bacteria, fungi and protozoa) and cause competitive inhibition of a biochemical process of pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) are often used for common anti-infective drugs. In the eye, route of drug administration is determined by the locus of infection. However, this ppt covers mostly topical and common antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal medicines.
Optometry profession
This document discusses optometry as a profession in Nepal. It provides information on:
1) Optometrists in Nepal, who are graduates with a Bachelor of Optometry degree and provide eye care services including refraction, low vision rehabilitation, and eye disease management and referral.
2) The scope of optometry in Nepal, which involves primary, secondary, and tertiary eye care services across settings like community vision centers and hospitals.
3) The development of optometry education in Nepal, which began in 1998 and now has 66 graduated optometrists, many of whom work in eye care facilities or have private practices.
2.0 convergence insufficiency b
Convergence is the simultaneous inward rotation of the eyes to maintain single binocular vision at near distances. Convergence insufficiency is a common cause of eye strain and headaches in people who do intensive near work. It involves reduced ability to converge the eyes voluntarily. Symptoms include blurred vision, eye fatigue, and headaches. Assessment involves measuring near point of convergence, fusional vergence ranges, and near-distance exophoria. Treatment focuses on exercises to improve convergence ability, base-in prism reading glasses, and in severe cases surgery may be considered.
Presbyopia
This document discusses presbyopia and methods for determining near additions. It begins by defining key terms related to accommodation and presbyopia. It then describes factors that can affect the onset of presbyopia and lists common symptoms. Various stages of presbyopia are defined. Methods discussed for determining near additions include using age-based guidelines, measuring amplitude of accommodation, bichrome testing, cross-cylinder testing, and dynamic retinoscopy. Advantages and procedures for different methods are outlined. The document provides examples to illustrate how to calculate a near addition value using some of these techniques.
Sensory evaluation of strabismus
Pediatric refraction is one of the challenging areas of optometry practice. I am so glad to share some of the important aspect of pediatric refraction.
Sensory evaluation of strabismus
1) Binocular vision requires the separate visual fields and points of fixation of the two eyes to overlap, with neural signals from each eye reaching the same area of the brain to allow for perceptual coordination.
2) Abnormal binocular vision can involve suppression, anomalous retinal correspondence, eccentric fixation, diplopia or confusion. Tests like Worth four-dot, Bagolini, and synoptophore help identify sensory anomalies.
3) Stereopsis, the highest grade of binocular vision, involves fusing slightly disparate retinal images to perceive depth. Tests like Titmus, TNO, and Lang stereotests measure depth perception through stereopsis.
Motor evaluation of strabismus
This document provides an overview of motor evaluation techniques for strabismus. It discusses the detection of phoria and tropia through observation of eye and head position. Both objective measurement methods like prism and cover testing as well as subjective methods using tools like Maddox rods, red glass, and synaptophores are outlined. The document also describes the use of tests to determine deviation direction, size, and type. Key examination factors like comitancy, refractive correction, and test distance are defined. Neurological causes of strabismus are explored through demonstrations of Hess screen and diplopia charting.
4.0 guidelines for prescribing glasses in children
1. The document provides guidelines for when and how to prescribe spectacles for children based on their refractive error, age, risk of amblyopia, and the normal process of emmetropization.
2. It recommends partial correction for hyperopia over 3.50D after 1 year of age and discusses Atkinson's protocol. Prescription amounts are tailored based on error size and age to allow emmetropization while improving vision.
3. Factors like persistently high refractive error, poor VA, strabismus and anisometropia indicate need for correction. Guidelines are given for astigmatism, anisometropia and myopia. Full correction is recommended once emmet
Accomodative insufficiency s
This document discusses accommodative insufficiency, including its definition, signs and symptoms, assessment methods, and management approaches. Accommodative insufficiency is characterized by an inability to focus or sustain focus at near due to an insufficient amplitude of accommodation based on age-expected norms. Evaluation involves assessing near point of accommodation and determining amplitude of accommodation. Management includes prescribing reading glasses to reduce accommodative demand, vision therapy using techniques like flippers and Hart charts to strengthen accommodation, and occasionally multifocal lenses. The goal of treatment is to improve the ability to make rapid accommodative responses without fatigue.
5.0 pediatric refraction
Pediatric refraction requires expertise to determine the refractive state in young children and infants. A key challenge is that children have a wide range of accommodation. Near retinoscopy is commonly used for children under 3 years old but requires compensation factors. Cycloplegic refraction is recommended for children under 4 to paralyze accommodation and reveal the full refractive error. Different cycloplegic agents vary in strength and duration of effect. Static retinoscopy can be used for children over 2 years old. Spectacle prescription must consider the process of emmetropization in young children.
Refraction simplified
The document discusses the objective and procedure of retinoscopy, including the optics and use of the retinoscope to determine refractive errors by finding the neutralization point of the retinal reflex. It explains how static retinoscopy is performed by having the subject fixate at a distance while dynamic retinoscopy is done with fixation closer to the retinoscope. The document also outlines potential sources of error and techniques for dealing with spherical refractive errors as well as astigmatism.
Aniseikonia
This document discusses aniseikonia, which is a difference in the size or shape of retinal images between the two eyes. It can be caused by refractive errors, corneal issues, lenticular problems, or axial length differences. Aniseikonia affects 2-3% of the population and can induce symptoms like headaches, eyestrain, and difficulties with depth perception. The document provides guidelines for evaluating and managing aniseikonia, including formulas for calculating spectacle and contact lens magnification to help reduce the perceived size difference between eyes. It also includes examples of calculating lens parameters to minimize aniseikonia for different refractive error scenarios.
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Ocular NSAIDs (Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs)
Ocular anti-infective agents: Antibiotics, Antivirals and antifungals
Ocular anti-infective agents: Antibiotics, Antivirals and antifungals
4.0 guidelines for prescribing glasses in children
4.0 guidelines for prescribing glasses in children
Anatomy for bn
- 1. Anatomy of Eye GS Shrestha, M. Optom Teaching Assistant
- 6. EOM
- 19. Globe is covered behind the limbus by tenon’s fascia and above tenon is covered by bulbar conjunctiva
- 25. 1 2 3 4 5
- 27. Retina
- 41. Blood supply
- 42. Blood supply
Editor's Notes
- Lubrication, hydration, optical integration and defense mechanism
- Symmetrical co-ordinated eye movement is governed by six extra ocular muscles
- Limbal vein to episcleral vessels then drain to anterior ciliary vein.
- Hyaloid artery system