2. Nervous System Receives info & responds to it. Central Nervous System- brain & spinal chord Peripheral Nervous System- nerves coming from brain & spinal chord. Cranial Nerves- 12 pairs Spinal Nerves- 31 pairs (named after vertibrae)
3. Sensory Neurons Afferent- signal goes from sense organ to brain Sensory Receptors Photoreceptors- senses light Thermoreceptors- responds to temperature Chemoreceptors- senses pain, odors, tastes Mechanoreceptors- Pacinian- pressure Merkel’s Disks- touch Meissner’s- touch
4. Chemoreceptors- potassium ions come from damaged cells, which causes bradykinins to be released (stimulates pain receptors) Somatic Nervous System- controls voluntary movement Autonomic Nervous System- controls involuntary movement, has 2 parts: Sympathetic Parasympathetic Acts as a check & balance system.
5. Neurons- functional unit of the nervous system. Cell body with nucleus. Dendrites- bring info to cell body Axon- takes message away from cell body Myelin Sheath- makes it go faster (impulses) Neurilemma Sheath- helps in healing Sodium/Potassium Pump- electrical signals Resting Neurons- outside is rich in sodium & poor in Potassium
6. Hydrocephalus- cerebrospinal fluid builds up in the head “water in the brain” Spinal Chord & caudaequina- lots of nerves come off at the base of the spine; looks like a horse’s tail Spina bifida- spinal chord doesn’t fully develop as a fetus
7. Human Brain Encephalon Average weight: 3 pounds Hemispheres: left & right halves Longitudal Fissure- big groove that halves the brain Cerebrum- largest part of brain Cerebellum- tiny brain. Small part, controls balance and muscle coordination. Medulla Oblongata- brain stem, controls internal organs. Corpus Callosum- thick bundle of nerves that cannects the two halves of the brain
8. Left brain- analytic thought, logic, language, science and math Right brain- holistic thought, intuition, creativity, art & music Thalamus- registers pain Hypothalamus- tries to maintain homeostasis (temperature, thirst, appetite, sex drive, pituitary gland) Amygdala- “primitive brain” raw emotions, rage, fear, pleasures, basic instincts Hippocampus- long term memory
10. Terms EEG- electroencephalogram, registers brain waves Multiple Sclerosis- no known cause, disease of the nerves & affects muscles, developed in 30’s & 40’s. Stroke- blood clot in the brain Migraines- terrible headaches Encephalitis- inflammation of the brain; caused by mosquito bites, virus Ganglion- a bunch of nerves at a junction Phobias- irrational fears, some are warnings Schizophrenia- split from reality Multiple Personalities- lots of people in one Sleep- insomnia, narcolepsy, dreams IQ/Gifted- gifted characteristics: well rounded, well read
11. 5 Senses Hearing- not very dominant in humans. Damaged by 50 years old. 1) Pinna- outer ear lobe 2)Tympanium-ear drum, vibrates 3)Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup- vibrates because of #2 4)Cochlea- (blue) seachell; has many microscopic hairs, organ for hearing 5)Auditory Nerve- noise is processed
12. Taste- bitter, sour, salty, sweet 1)umami- “delicious” glutamate, MSG, artichoke, mushrooms 2)popillae- technical term for taste buds Touch- Pacinian corpuscle- pressure Merkel’s Disks- touch Meissner Corpuscle- touch Smell- olfaction, olfactory sense of smell wears out
13. Sight Snellen Eye Chart Test Cornea- clear outer layer Aqueous humor- liquid behind cornea; gives shape Pupil-hole which light goes through Iris- muscle around pupil/ pigmented (makes pupil dilate) Lens- focuses Vitreous Liquid- filled with dark liquid to absorb light Fovea- place on retina where image should fall
14. Sight continued Rods- for light (photoreceptor) Cones- for color (photoreceptor) Cataracts- foggy lens Glaucoma- tunnel vision Myopia- nearsighted Hyperopia- farsighted Astigmatism- vision fades
15. Endocrine System Works very closely with the nervous system. Exocrine Glands- secretions exit the body; have ducts (tubes) to carry the secretion, Ex: mammary glands, sweat & oil glands, etc. Endocrine Glands- produce hormones; have no ducts and travel through the bloodstream
16. Hormones Proteins, controlled by negative feedback Hypothalamus- main part of brain that starts everything Pituitary Gland- aka Hypothesis or Master Gland Stimulated by hypothalamus Aka Hypothesis or Master Gland Sellatercica- bony cup-like structure that protects it Anterior section- Adenohypothesis (glandular) Posterior section- Neurohypothesis (nervous tissue)
17. Pituitary Gland Only!!!! Adenohypothesis Somatotropin- growth hormone (HGH). Hyper secretion of Somatotropin results in Giantism. Hypo secretion of HGH results in Dwarfism. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone- produces melanin Prolactin- produced during pregnancy to stimulate the mammary glands to produce milk. Endorphins- natural pain killers Thyroid Stimulating Hormone- stimulates thyroid to mature and release its hormones.
18. Pituitary Gland Only!!!! Continued… Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)- stimulates Adrenal Glands to mature and release hormones. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)- stimulates the follicle to cause the egg to mature Lutenizing Hormone (LH) (ICSH)- In females, LH causes ovulation to occur. In males, Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone causes cells in testicles to produce sperm. Also aids in spermatogenesis. Neurohypophysis Oxytocin- causes labor & causes the milk to be released Vasopressin (ADH)- Antidiuretic Hormone causes your body to retain water.
19. 2. Pineal Body or Pineal Gland Size of a grain of sand. Produces Melatonin- regulates sleep cycles. Regulates photoperiodic functions- seasonal or circadian cycle. May regulate onset of puberty.
20. 3. Thyroid Gland Calcitonin- lowers calcium levels Thyroxine- controls metabolism Hyperthyroidism- too much Thyroxine is produced. Makes you hyper, irritable, usually thin. Hypothyroidism- hyposecretion of Thyroxine. Tired, sluggish, sleep a lot, gain weight. Cretinism- a retarded midget, tested at birth. Will start baby on Thyroxine if they don’t have any. Goiter- when the thyroid swells. Caused by lack of iodine.
21. 4. Parathyroid Glands Usually 4 and they’re imbedded in the back of the thyroid. Parathormone- raises calcium levels in blood.
23. Diabetes A major and growing health problem in the US. Can’t produce or use glucose properly. Leading cause of blindness, kidney disease, and amputations. Brain cells live from glucose and low levels are bad! Can lead to seizures, coma, or death. Most diabetics die from cardiovascular disease. Type 1: mostly in kids and adolescents Type 2: usually as an adult Symptoms: frequent urination, always hungry, sudden weight loss, always thirsty.
24. 6. Thymus Gland Thymosine- helps body fight off disease. Stimulates immune system. Shrinks as you get older.
25. 7. Ovaries Estrogen- secondary sexual characteristics, important for menstrual cycle and pregnancy; produced by ovaries. Progesterone- egg ruptures out of the follicle and causes uterine to be built up. Produced by the corpus luteum.
26. 8. Testes Testosterone- makes more hair on body, lower voice, and more muscles. Important during spermatogenesis.
27. 9. Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals) Located above the kidneys. Adrenal cortex- outside layer. Glucocorticoids- produced in times of stress; anti-inflammitory. Ex: Cortisol Mineral Corticoids- regulates soduim levels (Na/K pump) Sex Hormones- testosterone, some estrogens, steroids (from cholesterol) Adrenal Medulla- middle layer Produces adrenaline- fight or flight Epinephrine- produced in response to stress.
28. Miscellaneous Hormones Produced Kidneys- erythropoietin: stimulates red blood cells -renin: keeps blood pressure in check (raises it) Digestive Tract- Gastrin: causes HCL to be produced Placenta- chorionic gonadotropin: helps baby growth, is detected in a pregnancy test Prostaglandins- produced my cells throughout the body
29. Dirty Dozen Places to Pick Up Germs Public Bathrooms Restaurants Your Workplace Airplanes Hotels/ Motels Swimming Pools Movie Theaters Day Care Centers Schools Your Home Your Doctor’s Office Hospitals
30. 10 Most Important Drugs Penicillin Insulin Smallpox Vaccine/ Polio Vaccine Ether Morphine Aspirin Salvarsan Psychiatric Medications Birth Control Heart Medications
31. Other Important Drugs L-dopa: Parkinson’s Disease Steroids: Hydrocortisone and other legal ones. Viagra Cyclosporine: for transplant patients HIV Drugs
32. I. Barriers Skin- your first line of defense. Top layer is dead cells; it is a dry environment. We slough off these dead cells. Secretions from sweat and oil glands get rid of outer layer. Mucus Membranes- traps germs. Lysosomesretard bacterial growth. Stomach- acidic pH. HCl kills bacteria.
33. II. Nonspecific Internal defenses attack a wide variety of microbes. Phagocytosis- most important ones doing this are macrophages. Natural Killer Cells- most are white blood cells; attack cells that have been invaded. Ex: cancer Inflammation- fluids rush to area, pus is also present (white blood cells & bacterium that they kill) Damaged cells release chemicals called histamines. Histamines cause blood & fluids to race towards wound. Would becomes swollen, red, & warm. Attracts macrophages to site & pus forms.
