The document discusses the major endocrine glands of the human body, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, gonads and pineal gland. It provides details on the location, function and hormones secreted by each gland. It also discusses hormones of the hypothalamus and how it regulates the pituitary gland. Conditions related to imbalances of certain hormones are mentioned, as well as feedback mechanisms involved in regulating blood glucose, calcium and other electrolyte levels. Diagrams illustrate the anatomy and cellular structure of each endocrine gland.

2. The
Endocrine
System

3. The Endocrine System

4. http://www.adriandorn.com/library/endoglandstim.htm

5. PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS)
A small bean-shaped gland
at the base of the brain,
located in a bony cavity
in the base of the skull
– the sella turcica.
- secretions control the other
endocrine glands and influence
growth, metabolism, and
maturation
-the gland is divided into:
a) anterior pituitary
- adenohypophysis
b) posterior pituitary
- neurohypophysis
or pars nervosa

7. Parts of Anterior pituitary ( Adenohypophysis)
Thin zone of
basophilic cells
Consist of
basophilic
secretory cells.
Consist of secretory cells called
chromophils (include acidophils and
basophils) and chromophobes
The pars intermedia is a thin cell
layer between the pars distalis and
the neurohypophysis.
The pars distalis is the largest part
of the hypophysis.
The pars tuberalis
surrounds the neural
stalk.

8. Parts of Posterior pituitary ( Neurohypophysis )
The median eminence is located at the
base of the hypothalamus from which
extends the pituitary stalk or
infundibulum, in which are located the
unmyelinated axons that extend from the
neurons in the hypothalamus. The large
portion of the neurohypophysis is the pars
nervosa that contains the unmyelinated
axons of secretory hypothalamic neurons,
their endings with hormones, and the
supportive cells, called pituicytes.

9. https://me-pedia.org/wiki/File:Pituitary_diagram.jpg

10. Hypothalamus
• The hypothalamus’ main role is to keep the body in homeostasis as much as possible.
• The hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary to release or inhibit pituitary hormone
production.
• The hypothalamus acts as the connector between the endocrine and nervous systems
to achieve this. It plays a part in many essential functions of the body such as:
• body temperature , thirst, appetite and weight control
• Emotions ,sleep cycles, sex drive, childbirth, blood pressure and heart rate, production of
digestive juices balancing bodily fluids.
• As different systems and parts of the body send signals to the brain, they alert the
hypothalamus to any unbalanced factors that need addressing. The hypothalamus then
responds by releasing the right hormones into the bloodstream to balance the body. Ex: If the
hypothalamus receives a signal that the internal temperature is too high, it will tell the body to
sweat. If it receives the signal that the temperature is too cold, the body will create its own
heat by shivering.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312628#hormones-of-the-hypothalamus

12. Hormones of the Hypothalamus
• The hypothalamus is highly involved in pituitary gland function. When it receives a signal from the nervous system, the
hypothalamus secretes substances known as neurohormones that start and stop the secretion of pituitary hormones.
Primary hormones secreted by the hypothalamus include:
• Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): This hormone increases water absorption into the blood by the kidneys.
• Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH): CRH sends a message to the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the adrenal
glands to release corticosteroids, which help regulate metabolism and immune response.
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which work together to ensure normal functioning of the ovaries and testes.
• Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) or growth hormone-inhibiting) hormone (GHIH (also known as
somatostain): GHRH prompts the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone (GH); GHIH has the opposite effect. In
children, GH is essential to maintaining a healthy body composition. In adults, it aids healthy bone and muscle mass and
affects fat distribution.
• Oxytocin: Oxytocin is involved in a variety of processes, such as orgasm, the ability to trust, body temperature, sleep cycles,
and the release of breast milk.
• Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) or prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) (also known as dopamine): PRH prompts the
anterior pituitary to stimulate breast milk production through the production of prolactin. Conversely, PIH inhibits prolactin,
and thereby, milk production.
• Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): TRH triggers the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates
release of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy, and growth and development.

13. Adrenal Gland
• The adrenal glands are
endocrine glands located at
the top of kidneys.
• Each adrenal gland is
composed to two
structures: the adrenal
cortex and adrenal
medulla.

14. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal
Cortex
Adrenal Cortex
ADRENAL MEDULLA
ADRENAL
MEDULLA
outer layer consists of cords epithelial
secretory cells, arranged in 3 different
patterns and layers:
inner layer; consists of
polyhedral cells arranged in
cords or clumps

15. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/1818_The_Adrenal_Glands.jpg
Help in the regulation of blood
pressure and electrolyte
balance.
Their functions include the
regulation of metabolism and
immune system suppression
Androgens that are converted to
fully functional sex hormones in
the gonads and other target organs
Secrete cathecholamines which
produce a rapid
response throughout the body
in stress situations.

16. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Scanlon, Valerie and Sanders, Tina Sanders
Medical Illustra5th Ed.
MINERALOCORTICOID

17. Helps the body adapt to stress
and repair damaged tissues
GLUCOCORTICOID
Anti-inflammatory effect, &
widely used in ointments to
relieve swelling & other signs
of inflammation

18. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Scanlon, Valerie and Sanders, Tina Sanders Medical Illustra5th Ed.

19. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Scanlon, Valerie and Sanders, Tina Sanders Medical Illustra5th Ed.

20. https://www.austincc.edu/apreview/PhysText/Endocrine.html
Cortisol can help control blood sugar levels, regulate metabolism, help reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation. It has a
controlling effect on salt and water balance and helps control blood pressure.
hypothalamic–
pituitary–
adrenal (HPA)
axis

21. Hormones and Stress
• any condition
that threatens
homeostasis.
• It is our bodies
response to
stress-causing
factors.
Stress GAS (General Adaptation
Syndrome)

22. The General Adaptation Syndrome
sports-training- adviser.com/balanceprinciple.html

23. 3 Stage of GAS
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and- answers/following-graphic-line-fight-flight-occur-mark-place- q44607267

24. p.229 Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Scanlon, Valerie and Sanders, Tina Sanders Medical Illustra5th Ed.

25. Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)
- compact spherical or egg-shaped masses of endocrine
tissue embedded within the exocrine tissue of pancreas
Islets of Langerhans

26. The Endocrine Pancreas
 Clusters of
endocrine cells
within the
pancreas called
 Islets of
Langerhans or
pancreatic islets

27. PANCREATIC HORMONES
Clusters of endocrine cells, the
islets of Langerhans, are scattered
throughout the exocrine tissue of
the pancreas. Each islet has a
population of alpha cells, which
produce the hormone glucagon,
and a population of beta cells,
which produce the hormone
insulin. Somatostatin inhibits
secretion of (from delta cells)
insulin and glucagon.
https://www.api.simply.science/images/content/biology/human_physiology/endocri
ne_reproductive_system/conceptmap/Pancreas.html

28. PANCREATIC HORMONES
G cells- secrete gastrin which stimulates
the stomach acid secretion, motility and
emptying.
-inhibit gallbladder contraction and
secretion of pancreatic digestive
enzymes

29. Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations
https://www.atrainceu.com/content/4-regulation-blood-glucose
• Too little glucose,
hypoglycemia
• Too much
glucose
hypergLYCEmia.
• Blood sugar within the
normal range.
• Euglycemia

30. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Scanlon, Valerie and Sanders, Tina Sanders
Medical Illustra5th Ed.

31. IDDM-Insulin Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus
NIDDM-Non Insulin Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus

32. • Located in the anterior part of the
neck;
• With butterfly-shaped organ and is
composed of two cone-like lobes or
wings, (right lobe and left lobe),
connected by isthmus.
• It produces hormones
namely, triiodothyronine (T3) and
thyroxine (T4) that regulate the rate of
metabolism and affect the growth and
rate of function of many other
systems in the body and calcitonin,
which plays a role in calcium
homeostasis.
Thyroid Gland
 One of the largest endocrine glands, with a
weight of approximately 20 gram.

33. Thyroid Gland
Composed of two lobes connected by a narrow band of thyroid tissue called the isthmus.

34. calcitonin , which
regulates blood
calcium levels.

35. Thyroid follicles
Colloid
Cuboidal Epithelial
cells
The functional unit (parenchyma) of the thyroid gland
The follicles are variable in size
and contain a homogenous colloid
Spheroidal structures composed
of a single layer of cuboidal
epithelial cells

36. Amino acid
Found in many
foods
released into the blood
stream & are transported
throughout the body control
metabolism

37. Goiter

38. Simple Goiter/non-toxic
Manifestation:
Enlarged thyroid;
Compressed &
displaced trachea &
esophagus.
Thyroid Hormone Deficiency

39. Graves Disease
or
Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid Hormone Excess

40. Parathyroid Gland
- small endocrine glands closely
associated with thyroid glands
- the glandular cells are of two
types:
a) chief or principal cells
b) oxyphil cells
- the glandular cells are
arranged as clusters,
ribbons or glands

41. •The parathyroid glands are four or more small
glands, in the neck about the size of a grain of rice,
located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. It
produce parathyroid hormone that act to increase
blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to
release calcium from the bone.

42. Thyroid
follicles
(Thyroid gland)
Parathyroid Gland
Chief cells
Oxyphil cells
• Chief cells– The role of this cell type is
to secrete parathyroid hormone. They
contain prominent Golgi apparatus and
endoplasmic reticulum to allow for the
synthesis and secretion of parathyroid
hormone. The chief cells are the
smaller of the two cell types, however
they are more abundant.
• Oxyphil cells– These cells are much
larger but less abundant than chief
cells. Their purpose is unknown. It is
interesting to note however that the
number of oxyphil cells increases with
age and few are seen before puberty.
Cells within the parathyroid gland
Oxyphil cells contain abundant mitochondria, do
not secrete PTH, but may differentiate into chief
cells (Histology at a glance)

43. Parathyroid hormone

44. Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations

45. Pineal Gland
• Contains masses of
neuroglia and
secretory cells called
pinealocytes.
• Synthesize melatonin
• Melatonin has important effects in
integrating photoperiod and affecting
circadian rhythms.
• Consequently, it has been reported to
have significant effects on
reproduction, sleep-wake cycles and
other phenomena showing circadian
rhythm.

46. Prolactin (PH)
Stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk production

47. The infundibulum connects the hypophysis
with the hypothalamus at the base of the
brain.
https://radiopaedia.org/images/31285207?lang=gb
Posterior Pituitary Gland

48. Oxytocin is a hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, a pea-sized structure at the base of
the brain. It's sometimes known as the "cuddle hormone" or the "love hormone," because it is released when
people snuggle up or bond socially
https://www.naturalbirthandbabycare.com/will-real-oxytocin-please-stand/
Oxytocin

49. • Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter and a hormone that
is produced in the hypothalamus. From there, it is
transported to and secreted by the pituitary gland,
at the base of the brain.
• It plays a role in the female reproductive functions,
from sexual activity to childbirth and breast
feeding.

50. p.639 Copy of the Principles of Anatomy & Physiology,

51. p.655 Principles of ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 15th Edition TORTORA, GERARD J. & BRYAN DERRICKSON, Copyright ©2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

52. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones

53. Table 9.1 (1 of 4)
Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones

54. Table 9.1 (3 of 4)

55. Table 9.1 (4 of 4)

57. Instruction: Identify the different types of endocrine glands of the body.

58. Identify the following:
9
10

59. 11. It is known as a hypoglycemic hormone
a.Thyroid hormone
b.Insulin
c. Glucagon
d.Parathyroid hormone

60. 12. A hormone that stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium in the body
fluid and excrete potassium
• A. Cortisol
• B. PTH
• C. Aldosterone
• D. Renin

61. 13. It stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids
(mainly cortisol) by adrenal cortex.
• A. Calcitonin
• B. GH
• C. ACTH
• D. PTH

62. • A. follicular cells
• B. chief cells
• C. alpha cells
• D. parafollicular cells
14. Calcitonin (CT), is the hormone being produced by _____ of
thyroid gland.

63. •The ____ acts as the
connector between the
endocrine and nervous .
15.

65. Instruction: Identify the different types of endocrine glands of the body.
HYPOTHALAMUS
PARATHYROID GLAND
THYROID GLAND
TESTIS
OVARIES
PANCREAS
ADRENAL GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND

66. ANSWERS
• 9. Alpha cells
• 10. Beta cell
• 11. B insulin
• 12. C. aldosterone
• 13. C. ACTH
• 14. D. parafollicular cells
• 15. hypothalamus