The document analyzes Arabic language learning through internet websites. It reviews previous research that studied Arabic language learning websites and identified their strengths, weaknesses, advantages, disadvantages and limitations. The research concluded there is still a shortage of high-quality Arabic language learning websites. It suggests Arab institutions increase development of websites to improve and spread Arabic language learning online.
ANALYTICAL STUDY TO REVIEW OF ARABIC LANGUAGE LEARNING USING INTERNET WEBSITESijcsit
Arabic language is one of the most commonly used language in the world. It plays a very important role in
educational operations around the world. It contains various parts such as poetry, poem, novel, and
stories, as well as linguistic and grammatical rules and movements of letters, which change the word
according to the movements accompanying each letter, for example, there are movements of lifting and
breaking and annexation and silence. In this paper, we will review the research papers that studied the
Arabic language learning websites, using the content analysis to determine strengths, weaknesses,
advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. This research paper concluded that there is still a shortage
and scarcity in the number of articles and websites on the internet that teach Arabic language. The
suggestion is to assign task of development to Arab world instituties and others by increasing their number
of websites on the internet and enriching their scientific content to improve it and increase its spread
between the learners.
Arabic language is one of the most commonly used language in the world. It plays a very important role in educational operations around the world. It contains various parts such as poetry, poem, novel, and stories, as well as linguistic and grammatical rules and movements of letters, which change the word according to the movements accompanying each letter, for example, there are movements of lifting and breaking and annexation and silence. In this paper, we will review the research papers that studied the Arabic language learning websites, using the content analysis to determine strengths, weaknesses, advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. This research paper concluded that there is still a shortage and scarcity in the number of articles and websites on the internet that teach Arabic language. The suggestion is to assign task of development to Arab world instituties and others by increasing their number of websites on the internet and enriching their scientific content to improve it and increase its spread between the learners.
This document discusses the status and future of the Arabic language. It notes that Arabic is spoken natively by over 300 million people across 22 countries and is the official language of several international organizations. However, the document also expresses concerns that Arabic is facing threats from foreign languages and local dialects being used more widely. It suggests young Arabic speakers have weaker Arabic proficiency and tend to use English words or a hybrid language more than formal Arabic. The document argues it is important to preserve standard Arabic to maintain the language's role amid these challenges.
Exploring Twitter as a Source of an Arabic Dialect CorpusCSCJournals
Given the lack of Arabic dialect text corpora in comparison with what is available for dialects of English and other languages, there is a need to create dialect text corpora for use in Arabic natural language processing. What is more, there is an increasing use of Arabic dialects in social media, so this text is now considered quite appropriate as a source of a corpus. We collected 210,915K tweets from five groups of Arabic dialects Gulf, Iraqi, Egyptian, Levantine, and North African. This paper explores Twitter as a source and describes the methods that we used to extract tweets and classify them according to the geographic location of the sender. We classified Arabic dialects by using Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) data analytic tool which contains many alternative filters and classifiers for machine learning. Our approach in classification tweets achieved an accuracy equal to 79%.
ARABIC LANGUAGE CHALLENGES IN TEXT BASED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS COMPARED TO TH...ijcsit
This document discusses the challenges of building conversational agents (CAs) in Arabic compared to English. It outlines three main approaches to building CAs - natural language processing, sentence similarity measures, and pattern matching - and explores how each approach presents different challenges for Arabic versus English. Some key challenges for Arabic include its complex morphology system involving roots, affixes and patterns; omission of short vowels leading to ambiguity; and diglossia between modern standardized Arabic, classical Arabic, and various dialects. The document argues these features make it harder to understand and analyze user utterances in Arabic CAs compared to English CAs.
ARABIC LANGUAGE CHALLENGES IN TEXT BASED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS COMPARED TO TH...ijcsit
This paper is not to compare between the Arabic language and the English language as natural languages.
Instead, it focuses on the comparison among them in terms of their challenges in building text based
Conversational Agents (CAs). A CA is an intelligent computer program that used to handle conversations
among the user and the machine. Nowadays, CAs can play an important role in many aspects as this work
figured. In this paper, different approaches that can be used to build a CA will be differentiated. In each
approach, the comparison aspects among the Arabic and English languages will be debated with the
respect to the Arabic language.
INTERROGATING THE IMPORTANCE AND RELEVANCE OF ARABIC LANGUAGE TO THE STUDY OF...SCHOLEDGE R&D CENTER
This paper attempts interrogating Arabic language as a language, the importance and relevance to the study of Shari’ah generally. It demonstrates that Arabic, is a medium of communication, not a sacred language as some believe. Prophet Muhammad received his message from God in Arabic and with the rise of Islam, Arabic shifted from a little-known tribal language to the lingua franca for the Muslim world and plays great role in international affairs today. The study found that the Eleventh century marked a period of stagnation for Arabic language but its status as the language of Islam was never threatened. Shari’ah’s language remains Arabic in which it was revealed and which the language of the prophet Muhammad is. Thus, the understanding of the rules of law from the Qur’an and the Sunnah can only be derived if stylistic peculiarities of Arabic language, its lexical meanings and structure are understood. All sources of Shari’ah and contributions of jurists to it have been preserved in Arabic. Prayers and pilgrimage were to be observed with Arabic. The paper discovers that, Classical Arabic has a vocabulary in which the meaning of each root-word is so comprehensive that it is difficult to interpret it in a modern analytical language word for word, or by the use of the same word in all places where the original word occurs in the text. Thus, study of Shari’ah without the least knowledge of Arabic may be as futile as dealing with English law without the knowledge of English language.
Arabic language is the most spoken languages in the Semitic languages group, and one of the most common languages in the world spoken by more than 422 million. It is also of paramount importance to Muslims, it is a sacred language of the Islamic Holly Book (Quran) and prayer (and other acts of worship) in Islam is performed only by mastering some of Arabic words. Arabic is also a major ritual language of a number of Christian churches in the Arab world and it is also used in writing several intellectual and religious Jewish books in the Middle Ages. Despite this, there is no semantic Arabic lexicon which researchers can depend on. In this paper we introduce Azhary as a lexical ontology for the Arabic language. It groups Arabic words into sets of synonyms called synsets, and records a number of relationships between words such as synonym, antonym, hypernym, hyponym, meronym, holonym and association relations. The ontology contains 26,195 words organized in 13,328 synsets. It has been developed and contrasted against AWN which is the most common available Arabic lexical ontology.
ANALYTICAL STUDY TO REVIEW OF ARABIC LANGUAGE LEARNING USING INTERNET WEBSITESijcsit
Arabic language is one of the most commonly used language in the world. It plays a very important role in
educational operations around the world. It contains various parts such as poetry, poem, novel, and
stories, as well as linguistic and grammatical rules and movements of letters, which change the word
according to the movements accompanying each letter, for example, there are movements of lifting and
breaking and annexation and silence. In this paper, we will review the research papers that studied the
Arabic language learning websites, using the content analysis to determine strengths, weaknesses,
advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. This research paper concluded that there is still a shortage
and scarcity in the number of articles and websites on the internet that teach Arabic language. The
suggestion is to assign task of development to Arab world instituties and others by increasing their number
of websites on the internet and enriching their scientific content to improve it and increase its spread
between the learners.
Arabic language is one of the most commonly used language in the world. It plays a very important role in educational operations around the world. It contains various parts such as poetry, poem, novel, and stories, as well as linguistic and grammatical rules and movements of letters, which change the word according to the movements accompanying each letter, for example, there are movements of lifting and breaking and annexation and silence. In this paper, we will review the research papers that studied the Arabic language learning websites, using the content analysis to determine strengths, weaknesses, advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. This research paper concluded that there is still a shortage and scarcity in the number of articles and websites on the internet that teach Arabic language. The suggestion is to assign task of development to Arab world instituties and others by increasing their number of websites on the internet and enriching their scientific content to improve it and increase its spread between the learners.
This document discusses the status and future of the Arabic language. It notes that Arabic is spoken natively by over 300 million people across 22 countries and is the official language of several international organizations. However, the document also expresses concerns that Arabic is facing threats from foreign languages and local dialects being used more widely. It suggests young Arabic speakers have weaker Arabic proficiency and tend to use English words or a hybrid language more than formal Arabic. The document argues it is important to preserve standard Arabic to maintain the language's role amid these challenges.
Exploring Twitter as a Source of an Arabic Dialect CorpusCSCJournals
Given the lack of Arabic dialect text corpora in comparison with what is available for dialects of English and other languages, there is a need to create dialect text corpora for use in Arabic natural language processing. What is more, there is an increasing use of Arabic dialects in social media, so this text is now considered quite appropriate as a source of a corpus. We collected 210,915K tweets from five groups of Arabic dialects Gulf, Iraqi, Egyptian, Levantine, and North African. This paper explores Twitter as a source and describes the methods that we used to extract tweets and classify them according to the geographic location of the sender. We classified Arabic dialects by using Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) data analytic tool which contains many alternative filters and classifiers for machine learning. Our approach in classification tweets achieved an accuracy equal to 79%.
ARABIC LANGUAGE CHALLENGES IN TEXT BASED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS COMPARED TO TH...ijcsit
This document discusses the challenges of building conversational agents (CAs) in Arabic compared to English. It outlines three main approaches to building CAs - natural language processing, sentence similarity measures, and pattern matching - and explores how each approach presents different challenges for Arabic versus English. Some key challenges for Arabic include its complex morphology system involving roots, affixes and patterns; omission of short vowels leading to ambiguity; and diglossia between modern standardized Arabic, classical Arabic, and various dialects. The document argues these features make it harder to understand and analyze user utterances in Arabic CAs compared to English CAs.
ARABIC LANGUAGE CHALLENGES IN TEXT BASED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS COMPARED TO TH...ijcsit
This paper is not to compare between the Arabic language and the English language as natural languages.
Instead, it focuses on the comparison among them in terms of their challenges in building text based
Conversational Agents (CAs). A CA is an intelligent computer program that used to handle conversations
among the user and the machine. Nowadays, CAs can play an important role in many aspects as this work
figured. In this paper, different approaches that can be used to build a CA will be differentiated. In each
approach, the comparison aspects among the Arabic and English languages will be debated with the
respect to the Arabic language.
INTERROGATING THE IMPORTANCE AND RELEVANCE OF ARABIC LANGUAGE TO THE STUDY OF...SCHOLEDGE R&D CENTER
This paper attempts interrogating Arabic language as a language, the importance and relevance to the study of Shari’ah generally. It demonstrates that Arabic, is a medium of communication, not a sacred language as some believe. Prophet Muhammad received his message from God in Arabic and with the rise of Islam, Arabic shifted from a little-known tribal language to the lingua franca for the Muslim world and plays great role in international affairs today. The study found that the Eleventh century marked a period of stagnation for Arabic language but its status as the language of Islam was never threatened. Shari’ah’s language remains Arabic in which it was revealed and which the language of the prophet Muhammad is. Thus, the understanding of the rules of law from the Qur’an and the Sunnah can only be derived if stylistic peculiarities of Arabic language, its lexical meanings and structure are understood. All sources of Shari’ah and contributions of jurists to it have been preserved in Arabic. Prayers and pilgrimage were to be observed with Arabic. The paper discovers that, Classical Arabic has a vocabulary in which the meaning of each root-word is so comprehensive that it is difficult to interpret it in a modern analytical language word for word, or by the use of the same word in all places where the original word occurs in the text. Thus, study of Shari’ah without the least knowledge of Arabic may be as futile as dealing with English law without the knowledge of English language.
Arabic language is the most spoken languages in the Semitic languages group, and one of the most common languages in the world spoken by more than 422 million. It is also of paramount importance to Muslims, it is a sacred language of the Islamic Holly Book (Quran) and prayer (and other acts of worship) in Islam is performed only by mastering some of Arabic words. Arabic is also a major ritual language of a number of Christian churches in the Arab world and it is also used in writing several intellectual and religious Jewish books in the Middle Ages. Despite this, there is no semantic Arabic lexicon which researchers can depend on. In this paper we introduce Azhary as a lexical ontology for the Arabic language. It groups Arabic words into sets of synonyms called synsets, and records a number of relationships between words such as synonym, antonym, hypernym, hyponym, meronym, holonym and association relations. The ontology contains 26,195 words organized in 13,328 synsets. It has been developed and contrasted against AWN which is the most common available Arabic lexical ontology.
This document discusses language planning and policy. It begins by explaining that language planning decisions are made both formally by governments and informally by community leaders, and that these decisions influence language rights, status, and development. It then defines language planning as deliberate efforts to influence others' language behavior, acquisition, structure, or functions. Language planning can be formal or informal, and is often done to address communication problems, though poorly conceived policies can have negative impacts. There are three main types of language planning: corpus planning focuses on standardization, status planning on language choice and attitudes, and acquisition planning on which languages are used for instruction. The document provides examples of language planning in Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and Morocco, noting the various dialects
This document discusses lingua francas, which are common languages used for communication between groups that do not share a native language. It provides examples of historical and current lingua francas such as Arabic, Spanish, Russian, and English. English has become the most widely used lingua franca due to factors like British colonialism, the world wars, and its use in domains such as media, business and science. However, the dominant lingua franca may change over time. The document also notes that people's choice of lingua franca depends on geographical, historical, political and commercial connections.
This study tries to highlight the historical development of Arabic throughout the centuries. It also presents some linguistic characteristics of Arabic with a slight comparison to Sana’ani Yemen Dialect. In addition, the study presents the diglossic situation of Arabic through discussing the social role played by both Modern Standard Arabic (henceforth MSA) and the different Arabic dialects in the Arab societies as well as the relationship between diglossia and education. Historically, the study shows that Arabic has been undergone different stages of development and progress over the centuries and the advent of Islam marks the real occurrence of Arabic as a standard language through the revelation of the Holy Quran which was revealed in Arabic. Such a remarkable turning point immensely contributed to transmitting Arabic from the unknown side of the history to be a world language. On the other hand, Arabic has unique linguistic characteristics which make it a distinctive language. Moreover, Arabic shares with other Semitic languages the root of pattern morphology which functions as a generator of Arabic words.
This document provides an overview of the historic development and sociolinguistic characteristics of the Arabic language. It discusses how Arabic evolved from a minor Semitic language spoken only in the Arabian Peninsula to becoming a major world language after the rise of Islam in the 7th century. The advent of Islam and revelation of the Quran in Arabic marked a turning point that standardized Arabic and facilitated its spread. The document also examines the diglossic situation in Arabic societies, where Modern Standard Arabic exists alongside various regional dialects for different social functions.
A Comparison Between The Arabic And English LanguagesSara Alvarez
This document provides a comparison of the Arabic and English languages. It begins by outlining the historical development and evolution of both languages. Arabic has remained relatively stable over 1500 years, while many European languages have undergone significant changes and now exist in various dialects. The document then examines the modern state of European languages, which are divided into 11 language families spoken across 41 countries. It attributes the rise in independent languages and dialects in Europe to the effects of political and geographic borders on cultural identity. In contrast, Arabic has maintained a unified written standard across the 22 Arab states. The document concludes by discussing how globalization is encouraging Arabs to learn additional languages to gain economic and social benefits, in line with Islamic principles of cultural exchange.
This document discusses lingua francas, which are common languages used for communication between groups that do not share a native language. It provides examples of historical and current lingua francas, including English, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic. English has become the most widely spoken lingua franca due to factors like colonialism, world wars, and its use in domains such as business, media, and science. A lingua franca's role can change over time based on geographical, historical, political and commercial influences.
This document discusses lingua francas, which are common languages used for communication between groups that do not share a native language. It provides examples of historical and current lingua francas, including English, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic. English has become the most widely spoken lingua franca due to factors like British colonialism, the world wars, and its use in domains such as business, media, and science. Other languages have served as lingua francas in different regions and eras depending on geographical, historical, political and commercial influences. The choice of lingua franca depends on the linguistic backgrounds and needs of the communicating groups.
The document discusses why learning Arabic is important. It provides several key reasons: Arabic is one of the official UN languages and is spoken by over 250 million people worldwide, making it the 4th most spoken language. The number of Arabic speakers is growing and could outnumber English speakers by 2050. Arabic is also the language of the Quran and Islam, the mother tongue for many Arab Americans, and important for business and diplomatic relations in the Middle East. The document then provides an overview of the history and classification of Arabic, including the differences between Modern Standard Arabic and the many colloquial dialects. It emphasizes that to truly learn Arabic, students must be introduced to both MSA and a colloquial variety, such
Krauss, among others, claims that languages will face death in the coming centuries (Krauss, 1992). Austin (2010a) lists 7,000 languages as existing and spoken in the world today. Krauss estimates that this figure could come down to 600. That is, most the world’s languages are endangered. Therefore, an endangered language is a language that loses her speakers within a few generations. According to Dorian (1981), there is what is called “tip” in language endangerment. He argues that a language’s decline can start slowly but suddenly goes through a rapid decline towards the extinction. Thus, languages must be protected at much earlier stage. Arabic dialects such as Zahrani Spoken Arabic (ZSA), and Faifi Spoken Arabic (henceforth, FSA), which are spoken in the southern region of Saudi Arabia, have not been studied, yet. Few people speak these dialects, among many other dialects in the same region. However, the problem is that most these dialects’ native speakers are moving to other regions in Saudi Arabia where they use other different dialects. Therefore, are these dialects endangered? What other factors may cause its endangerment? Have they been documented before? What shall we do? This paper discusses three main different points regarding this issue: language and endangerment, languages documentation and description and Arabic language and its family, giving a brief history of Saudi dialects comparing their situation with the whole existing dialects. Then, it shows the first hints of the decline providing the main reasons which may lead to the dialects’ death.
1) English has become a global language with more non-native speakers than native speakers. It is spoken by over 1.5 billion people worldwide and is used extensively in business, science, and pop culture.
2) Braj Kachru coined the term "World Englishes" to describe the diverse varieties of English that have developed as the language has spread globally. While traditionally only British English was considered the standard, Kachru argued that local Englishes have developed their own rules and norms.
3) English is becoming localized in many countries, taking on aspects of local languages and cultures while still providing a common means of global communication. It is growing as a means of cultural expression rather than solely as
In recent years, there are massive numbers of users who share their contents over wide range of social
networks. Thus, a huge volume of electronic data is available on the Internet containing the users’
thoughts, attitudes, views and opinions towards certain products, events, news or any interesting topics.
Therefore, sentiment analysis becomes a desirable topic in order to automate the process of extracting the
user’s opinions. One of the widely content sharing languages over the social network is Arabic Language.
However Arabic language has several obstacles that make the sentiment analysis a challenging problem.
Most users share their contents in informal Arabic. Additionally, there are lots of different Arabic dialects.
Hence, Arabic sentiment analysis researches is developed slowly compared to other languages such as
English. This paper proposes a new hybrid lexicon approach for Arabic sentiment analysis that combines
in the same framework both unsupervised and supervised technique. In the unsupervised phase, the
polarity of data is extracted by means of Look-up table stemming technique. In the supervised phase, we
use the data of the true classified polarity from the unsupervised phase to generate and train a classifier for
the further classification of the unclassified data. We test and evaluate the proposed approach using MIKA
corpus [1]. The results show that the proposed approach gives better results.
As global communication expands throughout the world, so does the need for a global language. A language that is recognized and understood by people everywhere. In many parts of the world that language has been established, English. In most countries around the globe the English language can be found in some form or another, whether it be an international news broadcast, such as CNN, or a Chicago Bulls tee-shirt. "What centuries of British colonialism and decades of Esperanto couldn’t do, a few years of free trade, MTV, and the Internet has. English dominates international business, politics, and culture more than any other language in human history." (Rohde) For this world to be truly global, there must be some commonality or ease of communication. "If trade and tourism around the world are going to operate and a global economy function and a global culture flourish, a widely shared, reasonably accessible language is requisite."
This document discusses the various functions and roles of the English language. It begins by defining language and its purpose of communicating ideas. It then outlines the main functions of a language as instrumental, regulatory, interactional, and personal. Additionally, English serves as an international language, a link language that facilitates mobility between countries, a library language for accessing knowledge, a window onto other cultures of the west and east, a language for employment, trade, and science/technology. The document emphasizes how English has become a global language due to its widespread use in these many domains.
Exploring Arabic's Awesomeness: An Adventure in Linguisticsfaizalkhan1393
Arabic is a language with a rich cultural heritage and a deep historical significance, and it is loved by millions of people worldwide. Acquiring knowledge of Arabic can provide a strong link to a lively and multicultural world community, from the elegance of its poetry to the accuracy of its grammar.
Exploring the Excellence and Diversity of Arabic: An Exploration of Cultural ...mansurali2343
Arabic poetry's beautiful phrases and the calligraphy that adorns old mosques are only two examples of the language's widespread influence across decades and continents. Learning Arabic is a path that leads to a world of varied civilizations, literature, and art.
An Enhanced Approach for Arabic Sentiment Analysisijaia
In recent years, there are massive numbers of users who share their contents over wide range of social networks. Thus, a huge volume of electronic data is available on the Internet containing the users’ thoughts, attitudes, views and opinions towards certain products, events, news or any interesting topics. Therefore, sentiment analysis becomes a desirable topic in order to automate the process of extracting the user’s opinions. One of the widely content sharing languages over the social network is Arabic Language. However Arabic language has several obstacles that make the sentiment analysis a challenging problem. Most users share their contents in informal Arabic. Additionally, there are lots of different Arabic dialects.
Hence, Arabic sentiment analysis researches is developed slowly compared to other languages such as English. This paper proposes a new hybrid lexicon approach for Arabic sentiment analysis that combines in the same framework both unsupervised and supervised technique. In the unsupervised phase, the polarity of data is extracted by means of Look-up table stemming technique. In the supervised phase, we use the
data of the true classified polarity from the unsupervised phase to generate and train a classifier for the further classification of the unclassified data. We test and evaluate the proposed approach using MIKA corpus [1]. The results show that the proposed approach gives better results.
The document discusses the use of English and Arabic in signage in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It notes the rise of English through globalization and its use alongside Arabic in corporate logos and advertising. Two examples of bilingual signage are described - one with a company logo in Latin characters mirrored in Arabic, and an advertisement with the product name in English and company/slogan in both languages. The document examines typographic elements like layout, size, color between the languages, which usually imitate each other. It concludes language mixing between English and Arabic dominates the linguistic landscape of Jeddah due to globalization and marketing practices.
The document discusses renting a sports car in Siena, Italy to explore the scenic roads and attractions of the area. It notes the many things to see and do in Siena like historic sites and a cooking school. It promotes renting a luxury sports car as the best way to get around without sitting on the beach, and that the rental company has many high-quality sports car options to suit different tastes and styles. Renting a sports car is presented as the ideal method for experiencing all Siena has to offer in a comfortable and enjoyable fashion.
Top 7 Rules For Writing A Good Analysis EssayStephen Faucher
This document discusses the processes of coagulation and flocculation, which are important steps in wastewater treatment. Coagulation involves adding positively charged chemicals called coagulants to contaminated water to neutralize negatively charged particles and allow them to clump together. Common coagulants are aluminum-based or iron-based salts. Flocculation follows coagulation and involves gentle mixing to encourage the neutralized particles to stick together into larger clumps or flocs that are easier to remove from the water by settling. Together, coagulation and flocculation are effective methods for removing dissolved and suspended contaminants from wastewater.
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This document discusses language planning and policy. It begins by explaining that language planning decisions are made both formally by governments and informally by community leaders, and that these decisions influence language rights, status, and development. It then defines language planning as deliberate efforts to influence others' language behavior, acquisition, structure, or functions. Language planning can be formal or informal, and is often done to address communication problems, though poorly conceived policies can have negative impacts. There are three main types of language planning: corpus planning focuses on standardization, status planning on language choice and attitudes, and acquisition planning on which languages are used for instruction. The document provides examples of language planning in Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and Morocco, noting the various dialects
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This study tries to highlight the historical development of Arabic throughout the centuries. It also presents some linguistic characteristics of Arabic with a slight comparison to Sana’ani Yemen Dialect. In addition, the study presents the diglossic situation of Arabic through discussing the social role played by both Modern Standard Arabic (henceforth MSA) and the different Arabic dialects in the Arab societies as well as the relationship between diglossia and education. Historically, the study shows that Arabic has been undergone different stages of development and progress over the centuries and the advent of Islam marks the real occurrence of Arabic as a standard language through the revelation of the Holy Quran which was revealed in Arabic. Such a remarkable turning point immensely contributed to transmitting Arabic from the unknown side of the history to be a world language. On the other hand, Arabic has unique linguistic characteristics which make it a distinctive language. Moreover, Arabic shares with other Semitic languages the root of pattern morphology which functions as a generator of Arabic words.
This document provides an overview of the historic development and sociolinguistic characteristics of the Arabic language. It discusses how Arabic evolved from a minor Semitic language spoken only in the Arabian Peninsula to becoming a major world language after the rise of Islam in the 7th century. The advent of Islam and revelation of the Quran in Arabic marked a turning point that standardized Arabic and facilitated its spread. The document also examines the diglossic situation in Arabic societies, where Modern Standard Arabic exists alongside various regional dialects for different social functions.
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This document provides a comparison of the Arabic and English languages. It begins by outlining the historical development and evolution of both languages. Arabic has remained relatively stable over 1500 years, while many European languages have undergone significant changes and now exist in various dialects. The document then examines the modern state of European languages, which are divided into 11 language families spoken across 41 countries. It attributes the rise in independent languages and dialects in Europe to the effects of political and geographic borders on cultural identity. In contrast, Arabic has maintained a unified written standard across the 22 Arab states. The document concludes by discussing how globalization is encouraging Arabs to learn additional languages to gain economic and social benefits, in line with Islamic principles of cultural exchange.
This document discusses lingua francas, which are common languages used for communication between groups that do not share a native language. It provides examples of historical and current lingua francas, including English, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic. English has become the most widely spoken lingua franca due to factors like colonialism, world wars, and its use in domains such as business, media, and science. A lingua franca's role can change over time based on geographical, historical, political and commercial influences.
This document discusses lingua francas, which are common languages used for communication between groups that do not share a native language. It provides examples of historical and current lingua francas, including English, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic. English has become the most widely spoken lingua franca due to factors like British colonialism, the world wars, and its use in domains such as business, media, and science. Other languages have served as lingua francas in different regions and eras depending on geographical, historical, political and commercial influences. The choice of lingua franca depends on the linguistic backgrounds and needs of the communicating groups.
The document discusses why learning Arabic is important. It provides several key reasons: Arabic is one of the official UN languages and is spoken by over 250 million people worldwide, making it the 4th most spoken language. The number of Arabic speakers is growing and could outnumber English speakers by 2050. Arabic is also the language of the Quran and Islam, the mother tongue for many Arab Americans, and important for business and diplomatic relations in the Middle East. The document then provides an overview of the history and classification of Arabic, including the differences between Modern Standard Arabic and the many colloquial dialects. It emphasizes that to truly learn Arabic, students must be introduced to both MSA and a colloquial variety, such
Krauss, among others, claims that languages will face death in the coming centuries (Krauss, 1992). Austin (2010a) lists 7,000 languages as existing and spoken in the world today. Krauss estimates that this figure could come down to 600. That is, most the world’s languages are endangered. Therefore, an endangered language is a language that loses her speakers within a few generations. According to Dorian (1981), there is what is called “tip” in language endangerment. He argues that a language’s decline can start slowly but suddenly goes through a rapid decline towards the extinction. Thus, languages must be protected at much earlier stage. Arabic dialects such as Zahrani Spoken Arabic (ZSA), and Faifi Spoken Arabic (henceforth, FSA), which are spoken in the southern region of Saudi Arabia, have not been studied, yet. Few people speak these dialects, among many other dialects in the same region. However, the problem is that most these dialects’ native speakers are moving to other regions in Saudi Arabia where they use other different dialects. Therefore, are these dialects endangered? What other factors may cause its endangerment? Have they been documented before? What shall we do? This paper discusses three main different points regarding this issue: language and endangerment, languages documentation and description and Arabic language and its family, giving a brief history of Saudi dialects comparing their situation with the whole existing dialects. Then, it shows the first hints of the decline providing the main reasons which may lead to the dialects’ death.
1) English has become a global language with more non-native speakers than native speakers. It is spoken by over 1.5 billion people worldwide and is used extensively in business, science, and pop culture.
2) Braj Kachru coined the term "World Englishes" to describe the diverse varieties of English that have developed as the language has spread globally. While traditionally only British English was considered the standard, Kachru argued that local Englishes have developed their own rules and norms.
3) English is becoming localized in many countries, taking on aspects of local languages and cultures while still providing a common means of global communication. It is growing as a means of cultural expression rather than solely as
In recent years, there are massive numbers of users who share their contents over wide range of social
networks. Thus, a huge volume of electronic data is available on the Internet containing the users’
thoughts, attitudes, views and opinions towards certain products, events, news or any interesting topics.
Therefore, sentiment analysis becomes a desirable topic in order to automate the process of extracting the
user’s opinions. One of the widely content sharing languages over the social network is Arabic Language.
However Arabic language has several obstacles that make the sentiment analysis a challenging problem.
Most users share their contents in informal Arabic. Additionally, there are lots of different Arabic dialects.
Hence, Arabic sentiment analysis researches is developed slowly compared to other languages such as
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Hence, Arabic sentiment analysis researches is developed slowly compared to other languages such as English. This paper proposes a new hybrid lexicon approach for Arabic sentiment analysis that combines in the same framework both unsupervised and supervised technique. In the unsupervised phase, the polarity of data is extracted by means of Look-up table stemming technique. In the supervised phase, we use the
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ANALYTICAL STUDY TO REVIEW OF ARABIC LANGUAGE LEARNING USING INTERNET WEBSITES
1. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 11, No 2, April 2019
DOI: 10.5121/ijcsit.2019.11204 37
ANALYTICAL STUDY TO REVIEW OF ARABIC
LANGUAGE LEARNING USING INTERNET WEBSITES
1
Samer Shorman and 2
Mohammad Al-Shoqran
1
Department of Computer Science, Applied Science University, Kingdom of Bahrain
2
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Ahlia University, Kingdom of Bahrain
ABSTRACT
Arabic language is one of the most commonly used language in the world. It plays a very important role in
educational operations around the world. It contains various parts such as poetry, poem, novel, and
stories, as well as linguistic and grammatical rules and movements of letters, which change the word
according to the movements accompanying each letter, for example, there are movements of lifting and
breaking and annexation and silence. In this paper, we will review the research papers that studied the
Arabic language learning websites, using the content analysis to determine strengths, weaknesses,
advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. This research paper concluded that there is still a shortage
and scarcity in the number of articles and websites on the internet that teach Arabic language. The
suggestion is to assign task of development to Arab world instituties and others by increasing their number
of websites on the internet and enriching their scientific content to improve it and increase its spread
between the learners.
KEYWORDS
Arabic language, learning, teaching, websites.
1. INTRODUCTION
Arabic is one of the Semitic languages (or indeed Afroasiatic) [9] [17]; it is written from right to
left. It is the most recent, but some believe it is the closest to the source, in order to keep Arabs in
the Arabian Peninsula. The Arabic speakers believe their language is the most important language
because Allah himself speaks Arabic in the Quran, which is the latest of Holy Books, and they are
very proud of the Arabic language. In [10], the authors discussed various aspects ofArabic
language, especially how to employ the technology in learning and teaching Arabic languages.
Arabic language is in fourth place with 315 million people speaking Arabic as it is the first
language of 26 countries and all Muslims around the world use Arabic in their prayers. Arabic
language spreadacross the Middle East countries and North African countries. Arabiclanguageis
very important because it is the language of the world’s second-biggest religion (Islam) [11].
Let’s look at the framework of the assessment of websites based on the perspectives according to
researchers. In [1], fifteen criteria were proposed to evaluate websites such as purpose, accuracy,
and multimedia. In [8], to evaluate a website for English language, learning proposed various
factors which include usability which means the spread of websites among audience and it is has
a good reputation. The speed of browsing the pages and downloading content, ease of use which
means how to use websites essay and are also flexible to navigation. Usefulness of the materials
is enough for learners. Integrity and professionalism, which means the website should follow the
ethical criteria. In [2], a design has elaborated its interactive learning activities and was forwarded
for teachers to enhance their learning and teaching approximations. The main contribution of this
2. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 11, No 2, April 2019
38
article includes a review of Arabic language learning using websites, study, and highlights some
aspects in Arabic language using English language.
Arabic language has various dialects distributed in the Arab countries; those dialects have the
same root, which means the same meaning [19]. The most common dialects are standard Arabic,
Hejazi Arabic, Hadhrami Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, Levantine Arabic, and others. Standard Arabic
is used in education and formal reading and writing.
2. ARABIC LANGUAGE
The Arabic language is one of the most important languages in the world. It is called the language
of “Al-dhad”, also it is a wide language that is very rich in meanings and words. In addition, it is
an official language in all Arab world countries and some Middle East countries. Moreover, the
Muslims need Arabic language to read the holy Quran and read the biography of prophet
Mohammed and his instructions, and what to say in their prayers. Arabic language is one of the
six official languages of the United Nations. It is one of the most widespread languages in the
world. Arabic has twenty-eight letters, and some linguists believe that the letter of “Al- Hamzah”
should be added to Arabic letters so that the number of letters will be 29 letters. In addition,
Arabic language is written from right to left and from top to bottom. Arabic language is one of
the Semitic languages, and the origin of the oldest Arabic texts found in the third century AD,
which are texts of poetry have a very nice style. The origin of Arabic language dates back to the
Hijaz in the Arabian Peninsula, and it developed over time due to several factors such as: the
multiplicity of civilizations and the establishment of markets such as the” okkaz” market.
2.1. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ARABIC LANGUAGE
Arabic language is very important for all Muslims around the world. It is the language of the
Holy Quran where the Holy Quran revealed in terms of meanings, structures, and very eloquent
sentences. Arabic language contains many metaphors, and eloquent linguistic styles, which
increased the importance of Arabic language. It is becoming the only timeless language in the
world, which is the language of prayer and it is quite essential to engage in many of the Islamic
worships. Arabic language is considered a major ritual language in several Christian churches in
the Arab world.
The spread of Islam in many countries increases the importance of Arabic language, as it became
the language of politics, science, and literature for some centuries, where the Arab authors wrote
their writings in a distinctive way than others, as their writings talk about more than one scientific
specialization and this shows the genius of the Arabic language.
In addition, Arabic language has a direct and indirect effect on many other languages in the
Islamic world such as the Turkish, Persian, and many other Muslim countries.
Figure 1illustrates the number of spoken languages in the worldin 2018 as the Arabic language
occupies the fourth level by 315 million, after Chinese which is 1299, Spanish 442, and English
378 [12].
3. International Journal of Computer S
Fig
2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF A
Arabic Language has many chara
• Systematic: Contains a set
that guide the use of langua
• Symbolic: A set of signals
• Context: Context defines th
• Voice: The Origin in the la
• Customary: that is, people
• Humanity: a phenomenon
• Communication: it must c
people.
• Cultural: Each language ex
on from generation to gene
2.3. ARABIC LANGUAGE AND
The internet is the main gate of
exchange information. Arabic
reading, and writinglaws, letters
rules as standards to make it pro
learn.
Figure 2 : Percentage
1299
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Number
(Millions)
54
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percentage
of
%
Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 11, No 2
igure 1: Most spoken languages in world
RABIC LANGUAGE
aracteristics such as:
set of subsystems of sound, morphology, grammar,a
uage.
ls approved by the speakers to infer things.
the meaning of the language and the meaning of word
language is the audio side and not the text.
le are the ones who agree on meanings and rules.
n linked to humans.
t convey meaning and achieve effective communica
expresses a specific culture agreed upon by its peopl
neration.
D INTERNET
of communication between people relating with each
language involves linguistics, grammar, semant
rs, Arabic poetry, and speeches. Each of those types
rofessional. Arabic language has a global audience to
ge of websites content using various languages (Feb 2019)
299
442 378 315 260 243 223 154 128
Languages
6 5.9 5 4 3.4 2.9 2.3 2 1.7 1.7
11
Content Language
2, April 2019
39
and semantics
ords.
cation between
ple and passed
ch other and to
ntics, rhymes,
es has different
to read and to
4. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 11, No 2, April 2019
40
Figure 2 shows the percentage of websites content using various languages[12]. The first
language is English language with 54%, Russian is 6%, German is 5.9%, Spanish is 5%, French
is 4%, Japanese is 3.4%, Portuguese is 2.9, Italian is 2.3, Persian is 2%, Polish is 1.7 and the last
is Chinese with 1.7% as well as the other languages including Arabic language which is 11%.
This means Arabic language is not between the top 11 languages in this side.
Table 1: Most spoken languages and websites content
Language Chinese Spanish English Arabic Portuguese Russian Japanese
Number (Millions) 1299 442 378 315 223 154 128
websites content % 1.7% 5% 54% 0.6% 2.9% 6% 3.4%
Table 1 shows that English language has a good number of which it is spoken which stands at 378
million and the highest percentage of websites content is 54%. While some languages like
Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, and Japanese have a good number of people who speak the
language and they have relative ratios of websites content. Considering the number of people that
speak Arabic which is 315 million, then websites content with Arabic content is 0.6%. Therefore,
Arabic language has a good number of people who speak it but very little percentage of website
content.
2.4. ARABIC LANGUAGES LETTERS
The Arabic language letters which is made up of 28 letters, starts with (ā, )ﺃ and ends with (yāʾ,
)ﻱ.Table 2showsseven columns to describe the Arabic letters sound in Arabic language using
English language. Arabic language letters have different shapes according to the location in the
word, which means there are three shapes that are incuded at the beginning of the word, in the
middle of the word, and at the end of the word; those shapes do not have an effect on the sound of
letters.
Table 2: Arabic Language Letters [13]
Sound Isolated
letter
Name in
English
Name in
Arabic
The letter at
the
beginning
of the word
The letter
in the
middle of
the word
The letter
at the end
of the
word
ā ﺃ alif ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍ ـﺎ ـﺎ
b ﺏ baaʾ ﺍﻟﺒﺎء ﺑـ ـﺒـ ـﺐ
t ﺕ tāʾ ﺍﻟﺘﺎء ﺗـ ـﺘـ ـﺖ
th ﺙ thāʾ ﺍﻟﺜﺎء ﺛـ ـﺜـ ـﺚ
dj ﺝ jīm ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻢ ﺟـ ـﺠـ ـﺞ
H ﺡ ḥāʾ ﺍﻟﺤﺎء ﺣـ ـﺤـ ـﺢ
kh ﺥ khāʾ ﺍﻟﺨﺎء ﺧـ ـﺨـ ـﺦ
d ﺩ dāl ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ ﺩ ـﺪ ـﺪ
dh ﺫ dhāl ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻝ ﺫ ـﺬ ـﺬ
r ﺭ rāʾ ﺍﻟﺮﺍء ﺭ ـﺮ ـﺮ
z ﺯ zāy ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻱ ﺯ ـﺰ ـﺰ
s ﺱ sīn ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻦ ﺳـ ـﺴـ ـﺲ
sh ﺵ shīn ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻦ ﺷـ ـﺸـ ـﺶ
S ﺹ ṣād ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩ ﺻـ ـﺼـ ـﺺ
D ﺽ ḍād ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺩ ﺿـ ـﻀـ ـﺾ
T ﻁ ṭāʾ ﺍﻟﻄﺎء ﻁـ ـﻄـ ـﻂ
Z ﻅ ẓāʾ ﺍﻟﻈﺎء ﻅـ ـﻈـ ـﻆ
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c ﻉ ʿayn ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻋـ ـﻌـ ـﻊ
gh ﻍ ghayn ﺍﻟﻐﻴﻦ ﻏـ ـﻐـ ـﻎ
f ﻑ fāʾ ﺍﻟﻔﺎء ﻓـ ـﻔـ ـﻒ
q ﻕ qāf ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ ﻗـ ـﻘـ ـﻖ
k ﻙ kāf ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﻛـ ـﻜـ ـﻚ
l ﻝ lām ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻟـ ـﻠـ ـﻞ
m ﻡ mīm ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻢ ﻣـ ـﻤـ ـﻢ
n ﻥ nūn ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻧـ ـﻨـ ـﻦ
h ﻫـ hāʾ ﺍﻟﻬﺎء ﻫـ ـﻬـ ـﻪ
W ﻭ wāw ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭ ـﻮ ـﻮ
Y ﻱ yāʾ ﺍﻟﻴﺎء ﻳـ ـﻴـ ـﻲ
Arabic language letters scripts are used in many other languages in different countries. The
languages are Malaysian Language (Jawi ) which is still used in some reading and writing text,
although the English letter is most spreadin formal using. Likewise,Iranian languages (Persian)
uses the Arabic letters as a formal script [18], the Ottoman Turkish, Urdu [16], Azerbaijani,
Sindhi, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Uyghur.
3. LANGUAGE LEARNING WEBSITES
In [1],various factors should be taken into consideration through website design. Those criteria
make the websites standard and useful.
Figure 3: Primary criteria for Websites
Figure 2 shows the primary criteria of a professional website which include the purpose of a
website to be clear and specific through its objectives and the content. Accuracy in presenting the
content. Currently should have a good quality content and should be updated regularly. Authority
who have the responsibility to manage the website. Loading speed in all website contents and
files if there are as well as the website should be useful which means the content and activities
should be beneficial. Organization or Navigation relates to a good interface and usability.
Reliability means that the website should be active in all links and valid at the same time without
bugs.
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Figure 4: Secondary criteria for Websites
Figure 3 shows the secondary criteria for websites which include Authenticity meaning the
content of the website as originally from the author. Interactivity, communication or feedback,
which means there should be the interaction between the user and website management when the
need arises. Multimedia that includes text, videos, graphics, images, and sounds. Finally,
integration with other content or materials that are related to each other such as curriculum plans.
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this section, we will discuss the research methodology that was followed to conduct the study.
There are two main kinds which include the quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative is based
on statistical methods and mathematical analyses, while quantitative is objective in nature
because it used the numbers in analyses, which is accurate rather than data interpretation or
description. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative methods are used, which is based on
data gathering and analyses. Qualitative method is used to gain a deeper understanding of the data
which cannot be represented in quantitative method [14] [15]. The quantitative method used the
statistics to distinguish between the Arabic language and other languages in two parts which are
represented in most spoken languages in the world (Figure 1) and the percentage of websites
content using various languages on Feb 2019 (Figure 2).
5. REVIEW OF ARTICLES
Arabic language learning is important for people as a second language as (national language) in
some countries such as Iran, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Turkey. As well as important for Muslims
around the world because they need to learn the basics of Islam and perform Islamic duties which
requires Arabic language
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Table 3: Literature review of Arabic language learning
Articles Advantages / pros Disadvantages /cons
[1] Evaluate Arabic language learning
websites. So that, they proposed an
evaluation model, based on a set of
criteria in language skills includes
reading, listening, writing, speaking,
and web site criteria.
The methodology not
clear because number of
websites not mentioned.
The website titles and
URL not mentioned
[2] This paper studied a Learning
management System (LMS).
to design of interactive learning
activities and proposed a theoretical
framework of Arabic learning
that include (interaction tools,
activities and students)
It is theoretical
framework only, no real
result available, the
system and software not
available.
[4] It is a EZ-Arabic software to lean
Arabic language for primary schools
in Malaysia. It is tested by users and
mentioned some of suggestions to
improve the application. Such as
interface, videos, content, and more
It only study for
application to learning
Arabic language, it is for
primary schools
(children).
[7] This study focus in Arabic learning
through the games. They mention
that clearly in the study. The main
purpose is to investigate the effect of
game level on learners
It is limited for one place
in single center, it is
concentrate ongames and
its effects more than
Arabic language learning
[8] It is enhancement for article in [7]. It
focus on learning vocabulary of
Arabic language using Web-based
It is related to games
more than Arabic
language learning. it is
vocabulary of Arabic
language only .
[20] They discussed Arabic learning
through the interaction between the
art works as a integral of culture and
Arabic learning,
They focused on art
works from one artist Ali
Omar Ermes
Table 3 shows the articles that are based on Arabic language learning websites and computer-
based system, of which some articles such as [1] are used to evaluate Arabic language learning
websites. In [2], proposed framework. In [4], it used studded computer-based system for the
primary school. While [7] [8] used games through learning.
6. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the aforementioned content analysis for some research papers related to Arabic
language teaching and learning. This research paper concluded that there is still a huge shortage
in the scientific articles that study the Arabic language learning through websites which requires
taking a decision from the Arab universities and institutions so as to enhance and increase the
Arabic website content and articles of Arabic language in the global journals, for example, to
increase these websites and enrich their scientific content to increase the opportunities of its
spread and education. There is also a clear lack of research related to this subject as the research
papers that are directly related to this subject are still few and need more attention from Arab
researchers and Arab institutions. In future work, we will study the contents of the website which
used Arabic language to make a guide on how to improve the website’s contents.
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