An IT Approach to Improve the Compilation of Clinical Access Indicators and Disease Prevalence Determination for District Health Administrators The Case of East Mamprusi District Directorate of Ghana Health Service
The proportion of persons visiting a health facility reflects the level of access of that centre to its catchment area in terms of
Out-Patient Department (OPD) per capita. These attendances come with diagnoses which give an indication of the diseases pattern and
prevalence within the catchment area as well as patients who are insured and not insured. Though data of this nature are undisputedly crucial
to public health processes, morbidity returns from most health facilities, particularly public health facilities are generated manually making
it cumbersome and stressful. In addition, this method is error-prone and as such poses a strong threat to disease prevention, control and
information management. This research therefore uses an Information Technology approach to improve the process achieving over 90% time
gain. The Gambaga Health Centre in the East Mamprusi District was selected for the simulation
Thailand was the first country outside of China that reported COVID-19 infection in January 2020. At the peak of transmission during March-April 2020, it was reporting close to 200 new cases per day and yet it has been able to control the outbreak with no laboratory confirmed local transmission reported for over 100 days as of 2 September 2020.
This publication attempts to identify in a systematic way, various policies and steps that were put in place from the beginning of the outbreak to control COVID-19 transmission in the country.
The November 2020 update builds on the previous document by focusing on the challenges of balancing opening up the country and protecting the population from COVID-19 as well as preparing for the potential second wave.
Thailand was the first country outside of China that reported COVID-19 infection in January 2020. At the peak of transmission during March-April 2020, it was reporting close to 200 new cases per day and yet it has been able to control the outbreak with no laboratory confirmed local transmission reported for over 100 days as of 2 September 2020.
This publication attempts to identify in a systematic way, various policies and steps that were put in place from the beginning of the outbreak to control COVID-19 transmission in the country.
The November 2020 update builds on the previous document by focusing on the challenges of balancing opening up the country and protecting the population from COVID-19 as well as preparing for the potential second wave.
The Kingdom of Bhutan has made great achievement in establishing and sustaining public financed and managed health system in the past five and a half decades. As enshrined in the Constitution, health services are free in the integrated traditional and allopathic medicines. The report also notes the epidemiological and health system challenges and the way forward to overcome in line with achieving SDGs.
The Republic of Korea HiT notes that economic development and universal health coverage through national health insurance has led to a rapid improvement in health outcomes. Overall, the health status of the Korean population is better than that of many other Asian countries. Reducing inequality in health coverage outcomes, strengthening primary health care and improving coordination between hospitals and long-term care facilities to meet the needs of the aged population are the challenges facing the Government.
Synthesis Report of Health Information Systems in IndiaHFG Project
Resource Type: Report
Authors: Michael P. Rodriguez, Gajinder Pal Singh and Jim Setzer
Published: May 31, 2014
Resource Description:
A highly functioning national health information system (HIS) facilitates transparent and evidence-based decision making that ultimately leads to improvements in the health status of a country’s population.1 Rather than reflecting a single structure through which routine health statistics in a country are reported, most country health information systems are made up of multiple sub-systems that may or may not be well-coordinated, potentially collect some of the same information, and typically place the largest burden for reporting on those at the lowest levels of the health system, the primary health care facility staff. All of these characteristics present risks to the ability of the health system to function efficiently and effectively. The Health Metrics Network (HMN) Framework, published in 2008, provides a useful lens for viewing the efforts of the Republic of India to improve the production and availability of health information at all levels of its health system, from health facility to district, state, national and international levels, and to use that information to improve health outcomes.
The objectives of this report are to use the HMN Framework to examine, organize and summarize some of the publicly available written information on the Indian HIS and to serve as a resource tool for stakeholders throughout the Indian health system pursuing efforts to strengthen the HIS. This report is intended to highlight the progress that has been made to date and to discuss some of the gaps in the Indian HIS using the HMN Framework, which can then form the basis of discussions on HIS strengthening priorities.
Patient Data Collection Methods. Retrospective Insights.QUESTJOURNAL
Introduction: Multiple classic and modern data collection techniques are presented in the current paper, but only a mix of them provides the appropriate approach to address patient safety problems. The current study aims to reveal the data collection methods applied worldwide. Materials and Methods: All scientific sources of the current article were identified mainly by research on Internet. The matching words used in the search of materials are “data collection methods”, “hospital reporting systems”, “incident reporting systems”, “patient events”, “patient reported data”. Relevant articles and studies covering the 2003-2016 timeframe were selected as a reference. Results: Various data collection procedures are available worldwide. During several years of research, it was concluded that a significant number of patient studies use the following patient data collection methods: retrospective record review, record review of current inpatients, staff interview of current inpatients and nominal group technique based consensus method. Conclusion: New trends in data collection techniques are also discussed, as they reveal the potential of the electronic environment. Future insights on this topic should consider the standardization of different data collection methods in order to improve data comparability aspects.
This presentation was presented online by Dr.Vinothini as a part of PG Seminar Presentation and the full video presentation can be found in official YouTube channel of IAPSM eConnect
Link for the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqR1J9jjCgs
The Cambodia HiT reports that the national health sector reforms initiated two decades ago have had a positive impact on Cambodia’s health sector. The country’s health status has substantially improved since 1993 and is on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal targets. Improving the quality of care is now the most pressing imperative in health-system strengthening.
Public Health informatics, Consumer health informatics, mHealth & PHRs (Novem...Nawanan Theera-Ampornpunt
Presented at the M.S. and Ph.D. Programs in Data Science for Health Care, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand on November 11, 2019
Big Data Analytics using in Healthcare Management Systemijtsrd
Big data is the new technology for healthcare management system. Present day's big data analytics are using in everywhere because of its good data management and its large storage capacity. In hospital managements the patients and doctors record keeping safe is the important role in healthcare system. In worldwide the big data method is extended use in the area of medicine and healthcare system. In this sector so many problems are there in implementing big data in healthcare system especially in relation to securities, privacy matters, standard records, good governance, managing of data, data storing and maintenance, etc. It is critical that these challenges to overcome before big data can be implemented successfully in healthcare. The amount of data being digitally collected and stored safely in big data Hadoop clusters. This paper introduces healthcare data, big data in healthcare systems, applications, advantages, issues of Big Data analytics in healthcare sector. Gagana H. S | Bhavani B. T | Gouthami H. S "Big Data Analytics using in Healthcare Management System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31014.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/31014/big-data-analytics-using-in-healthcare-management-system/gagana-h-s
The Indonesia HiT reports the significant improvement in the health status of the population over the last 25 years through transitional period in all fields. However, the country faces remaining and foreseeing challenges in communicable diseases and emerging NCDs. The HiT concludes with the future challenges of expanding coverage of National health insurance scheme (JKN), reducing regional disparities in health-care services, managing resources and engaging private sector.
Dear all
Please go through the slides if you want to know something about "Core competencies for public health informatics".
I think these slides will be useful for you.
Significant Role of Statistics in Computational SciencesEditor IJCATR
This paper is focused on the issues related to optimizing statistical approaches in the emerging fields of Computer Science
and Information Technology. More emphasis has been given on the role of statistical techniques in modern data mining. Statistics is
the science of learning from data and of measuring, controlling, and communicating uncertainty. Statistical approaches can play a vital
role for providing significance contribution in the field of software engineering, neural network, data mining, bioinformatics and other
allied fields. Statistical techniques not only helps make scientific models but it quantifies the reliability, reproducibility and general
uncertainty associated with these models. In the current scenario, large amount of data is automatically recorded with computers and
managed with the data base management systems (DBMS) for storage and fast retrieval purpose. The practice of examining large preexisting
databases in order to generate new information is known as data mining. Presently, data mining has attracted substantial
attention in the research and commercial arena which involves applications of a variety of statistical techniques. Twenty years ago
mostly data was collected manually and the data set was in simple form but in present time, there have been considerable changes in
the nature of data. Statistical techniques and computer applications can be utilized to obtain maximum information with the fewest
possible measurements to reduce the cost of data collection.
The Kingdom of Bhutan has made great achievement in establishing and sustaining public financed and managed health system in the past five and a half decades. As enshrined in the Constitution, health services are free in the integrated traditional and allopathic medicines. The report also notes the epidemiological and health system challenges and the way forward to overcome in line with achieving SDGs.
The Republic of Korea HiT notes that economic development and universal health coverage through national health insurance has led to a rapid improvement in health outcomes. Overall, the health status of the Korean population is better than that of many other Asian countries. Reducing inequality in health coverage outcomes, strengthening primary health care and improving coordination between hospitals and long-term care facilities to meet the needs of the aged population are the challenges facing the Government.
Synthesis Report of Health Information Systems in IndiaHFG Project
Resource Type: Report
Authors: Michael P. Rodriguez, Gajinder Pal Singh and Jim Setzer
Published: May 31, 2014
Resource Description:
A highly functioning national health information system (HIS) facilitates transparent and evidence-based decision making that ultimately leads to improvements in the health status of a country’s population.1 Rather than reflecting a single structure through which routine health statistics in a country are reported, most country health information systems are made up of multiple sub-systems that may or may not be well-coordinated, potentially collect some of the same information, and typically place the largest burden for reporting on those at the lowest levels of the health system, the primary health care facility staff. All of these characteristics present risks to the ability of the health system to function efficiently and effectively. The Health Metrics Network (HMN) Framework, published in 2008, provides a useful lens for viewing the efforts of the Republic of India to improve the production and availability of health information at all levels of its health system, from health facility to district, state, national and international levels, and to use that information to improve health outcomes.
The objectives of this report are to use the HMN Framework to examine, organize and summarize some of the publicly available written information on the Indian HIS and to serve as a resource tool for stakeholders throughout the Indian health system pursuing efforts to strengthen the HIS. This report is intended to highlight the progress that has been made to date and to discuss some of the gaps in the Indian HIS using the HMN Framework, which can then form the basis of discussions on HIS strengthening priorities.
Patient Data Collection Methods. Retrospective Insights.QUESTJOURNAL
Introduction: Multiple classic and modern data collection techniques are presented in the current paper, but only a mix of them provides the appropriate approach to address patient safety problems. The current study aims to reveal the data collection methods applied worldwide. Materials and Methods: All scientific sources of the current article were identified mainly by research on Internet. The matching words used in the search of materials are “data collection methods”, “hospital reporting systems”, “incident reporting systems”, “patient events”, “patient reported data”. Relevant articles and studies covering the 2003-2016 timeframe were selected as a reference. Results: Various data collection procedures are available worldwide. During several years of research, it was concluded that a significant number of patient studies use the following patient data collection methods: retrospective record review, record review of current inpatients, staff interview of current inpatients and nominal group technique based consensus method. Conclusion: New trends in data collection techniques are also discussed, as they reveal the potential of the electronic environment. Future insights on this topic should consider the standardization of different data collection methods in order to improve data comparability aspects.
This presentation was presented online by Dr.Vinothini as a part of PG Seminar Presentation and the full video presentation can be found in official YouTube channel of IAPSM eConnect
Link for the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqR1J9jjCgs
The Cambodia HiT reports that the national health sector reforms initiated two decades ago have had a positive impact on Cambodia’s health sector. The country’s health status has substantially improved since 1993 and is on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal targets. Improving the quality of care is now the most pressing imperative in health-system strengthening.
Public Health informatics, Consumer health informatics, mHealth & PHRs (Novem...Nawanan Theera-Ampornpunt
Presented at the M.S. and Ph.D. Programs in Data Science for Health Care, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand on November 11, 2019
Big Data Analytics using in Healthcare Management Systemijtsrd
Big data is the new technology for healthcare management system. Present day's big data analytics are using in everywhere because of its good data management and its large storage capacity. In hospital managements the patients and doctors record keeping safe is the important role in healthcare system. In worldwide the big data method is extended use in the area of medicine and healthcare system. In this sector so many problems are there in implementing big data in healthcare system especially in relation to securities, privacy matters, standard records, good governance, managing of data, data storing and maintenance, etc. It is critical that these challenges to overcome before big data can be implemented successfully in healthcare. The amount of data being digitally collected and stored safely in big data Hadoop clusters. This paper introduces healthcare data, big data in healthcare systems, applications, advantages, issues of Big Data analytics in healthcare sector. Gagana H. S | Bhavani B. T | Gouthami H. S "Big Data Analytics using in Healthcare Management System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31014.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/31014/big-data-analytics-using-in-healthcare-management-system/gagana-h-s
The Indonesia HiT reports the significant improvement in the health status of the population over the last 25 years through transitional period in all fields. However, the country faces remaining and foreseeing challenges in communicable diseases and emerging NCDs. The HiT concludes with the future challenges of expanding coverage of National health insurance scheme (JKN), reducing regional disparities in health-care services, managing resources and engaging private sector.
Dear all
Please go through the slides if you want to know something about "Core competencies for public health informatics".
I think these slides will be useful for you.
Significant Role of Statistics in Computational SciencesEditor IJCATR
This paper is focused on the issues related to optimizing statistical approaches in the emerging fields of Computer Science
and Information Technology. More emphasis has been given on the role of statistical techniques in modern data mining. Statistics is
the science of learning from data and of measuring, controlling, and communicating uncertainty. Statistical approaches can play a vital
role for providing significance contribution in the field of software engineering, neural network, data mining, bioinformatics and other
allied fields. Statistical techniques not only helps make scientific models but it quantifies the reliability, reproducibility and general
uncertainty associated with these models. In the current scenario, large amount of data is automatically recorded with computers and
managed with the data base management systems (DBMS) for storage and fast retrieval purpose. The practice of examining large preexisting
databases in order to generate new information is known as data mining. Presently, data mining has attracted substantial
attention in the research and commercial arena which involves applications of a variety of statistical techniques. Twenty years ago
mostly data was collected manually and the data set was in simple form but in present time, there have been considerable changes in
the nature of data. Statistical techniques and computer applications can be utilized to obtain maximum information with the fewest
possible measurements to reduce the cost of data collection.
Health Care Data Sets and their purpose
UHDDS, UACDS, MDS, OASIS, DEEDS and EMDS.
Explain the standardization data collection efforts.
Explain the five type of standards that need to be in place to implement the Nationwide Health Information Network (NHIN).
Standard Development Organizations
Evolving and Emerging Health Information Standards
This is a short presentation to accompany a collection of case studies and evaluations I did while pursuing my MBA.It covers a VERY brief description and comparison of the management aspect of healthcare and healthcare sciences.
"Medical Doctors are Poor Managers". This presentation has tried to do brainstorming for them how to operate as better Health Managers. Leaders lead from the Front. Managers control from the Behind. A Doctor in a facility needs to play the role of both Leader as well as Manager.
Similar to An IT Approach to Improve the Compilation of Clinical Access Indicators and Disease Prevalence Determination for District Health Administrators The Case of East Mamprusi District Directorate of Ghana Health Service
REALTIME NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME (RNHIS): MEANS TO ACHIEVE HEALTH FO...IJCSEA Journal
E-health, tele-medicine, and informatics are terms prominent in the health sector nowadays; Real-time Health Insurance should be among. The laudable program, National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) introduced in Nigeria can only be effective and efficient with the introduction of dynamic and integrated online NHIS system. Data were gathered through document examination, internet and interview of NHIS desk officers, health record officers, and NHIS accountant in two of our tertiary hospitals. Data were analysed and graphs were drawn to show current status. Software Engineering architecture for its development for better system was introduced. From the data analysed, it was found that none of the current Nigeria HMOs, Health Facilities (HFs) and NHIS headquarters is fully computerised and networked which is making the current system epileptic. People on transit and rural areas are not adequately catered for. Therefore, a workable Real-time Health Insurance Scheme will help people on transit and bridge urban-rural health divide.
REALTIME NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME (RNHIS): MEANS TO ACHIEVE HEALTH FO...IJCSEA Journal
E-health, tele-medicine, and informatics are terms prominent in the health sector nowadays; Real-time Health
Insurance should be among. The laudable program, National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) introduced in
Nigeria can only be effective and efficient with the introduction of dynamic and integrated online NHIS system.
Data were gathered through document examination, internet and interview of NHIS desk officers, health
record officers, and NHIS accountant in two of our tertiary hospitals. Data were analysed and graphs were
drawn to show current status. Software Engineering architecture for its development for better system was
introduced. From the data analysed, it was found that none of the current Nigeria HMOs, Health Facilities
(HFs) and NHIS headquarters is fully computerised and networked which is making the current system
epileptic. People on transit and rural areas are not adequately catered for. Therefore, a workable Real-time
Health Insurance Scheme will help people on transit and bridge urban-rural health divide.
REALTIME NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME (RNHIS): MEANS TO ACHIEVE HEALTH FO...IJCSEA Journal
E-health, tele-medicine, and informatics are terms prominent in the health sector nowadays; Real-time Health
Insurance should be among. The laudable program, National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) introduced in
Nigeria can only be effective and efficient with the introduction of dynamic and integrated online NHIS system.
Data were gathered through document examination, internet and interview of NHIS desk officers, health
record officers, and NHIS accountant in two of our tertiary hospitals. Data were analysed and graphs were
drawn to show current status. Software Engineering architecture for its development for better system was
introduced. From the data analysed, it was found that none of the current Nigeria HMOs, Health Facilities
(HFs) and NHIS headquarters is fully computerised and networked which is making the current system
epileptic. People on transit and rural areas are not adequately catered for. Therefore, a workable Real-time
Health Insurance Scheme will help people on transit and bridge urban-rural health divide.
REALTIME NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME (RNHIS): MEANS TO ACHIEVE HEALTH FO...IJCSEA Journal
E-health, tele-medicine, and informatics are terms prominent in the health sector nowadays; Real-time Health
Insurance should be among. The laudable program, National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) introduced in
Nigeria can only be effective and efficient with the introduction of dynamic and integrated online NHIS system.
Data were gathered through document examination, internet and interview of NHIS desk officers, health
record officers, and NHIS accountant in two of our tertiary hospitals. Data were analysed and graphs were
drawn to show current status. Software Engineering architecture for its development for better system was
introduced. From the data analysed, it was found that none of the current Nigeria HMOs, Health Facilities
(HFs) and NHIS headquarters is fully computerised and networked which is making the current system
epileptic. People on transit and rural areas are not adequately catered for. Therefore, a workable Real-time
Health Insurance Scheme will help people on transit and bridge urban-rural health divide.
BRIEF COMMENTARY: USING A LOGIC MODEL TO INTEGRATE PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS ...hiij
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a watershed moment in public health surveillance, highlighting the
crucial role of data-driven insights in informing health actions and policies. Revisiting key concepts—
public health, epidemiology in public health practice, public health surveillance, and public health
informatics—lays the foundation for understanding how these elements converge to create a robust public
health surveillance system framework. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, this integration was
exemplified by the WHO efforts in data dissemination and the subsequent global response. The role of
public health informatics emerged as instrumental in this context, enhancing data collection, management,
analysis, interpretation, and dissemination processes. A logic model for public health surveillance systems
encapsulates the integration of these concepts. It outlines the inputs and outcomes and emphasizes the
crucial actions and resources for effective system operation, including the imperative of training and
capacity development.
BRIEF COMMENTARY: USING A LOGIC MODEL TO INTEGRATE PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS ...hiij
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a watershed moment in public health surveillance, highlighting the
crucial role of data-driven insights in informing health actions and policies. Revisiting key concepts—
public health, epidemiology in public health practice, public health surveillance, and public health
informatics—lays the foundation for understanding how these elements converge to create a robust public
health surveillance system framework. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, this integration was
exemplified by the WHO efforts in data dissemination and the subsequent global response. The role of
public health informatics emerged as instrumental in this context, enhancing data collection, management,
analysis, interpretation, and dissemination processes. A logic model for public health surveillance systems
encapsulates the integration of these concepts. It outlines the inputs and outcomes and emphasizes the
crucial actions and resources for effective system operation, including the imperative of training and
capacity development.
Covid-19 is the destructive world’s most recent pandemic that is experienced in every part of the world.
This deadly virus affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will develop mild to moderate
illness and recover without hospitalisation. Covid-19 most common symptoms include fever, dry and tiredness.
It is against this background that in Namibian health environment the country uses a manual system to record
public member’s demographic information when visiting public places which do not allow tracing and monitoring of every public member who visited the 14 regions in the country. Therefore, the present study developed a
National COVID-19 health contact tracing and monitoring system which will allow every public member who visits
an enclosed public place by capturing their demographic information as well as the date and time the facility was
visited. The system replaces the paper-based method of recording the information of people visiting public places
with an entrance that allows the coming in and out of people. The system will also allow for real-time monitoring of
temperature changes of individuals.
Adoption of Integrated Healthcare Information System in Nairobi County: Kenya...Editor IJCATR
Health care information systems are aimed at facilitating the smooth running and interoperability of the health care
delivery processes to ensure efficiency and effectiveness; however, the complexity, heterogeneity and diversity of the health care
sector especially in Kenya poses serious challenges especially in relation to integration of the systems. There is a large disconnect
between the public and private health care delivery systems characterized by fragmentation of services, locally within hospitals
(among primary, secondary and tertiary health care settings) and across different health care centers. This research is aimed at
examining the adoption of integrated healthcare information system in Nairobi County; Kenyatta National Hospital represents the
public sector and The Mater Hospital the private sector. A sample size of 100 users on information system from the two hospitals
picked from the primary secondary and tertiary levels were selected and questionnaires administered to them. Data was analyzed
through descriptive statistics with the aid of SPSS. The results of the study indicated that there was a huge disparity between
healthcare information system adoption in the public and private sectors with the private sector’s adoption being at an advanced
stage. The major barriers to adoption including social political barriers, financial constraints and technical/technological barriers
also presented.
Available online at www.ijmrhs.com Internation.docxjasoninnes20
Available online at www.ijmrhs.com
Int
er
na
tio
na
l J
ou
rn
al
of
Me
dical Research & H
ealth S
ciences
• I J M R H S
•
International Journal of Medical Research &
Health Sciences, 2018, 7(5): 76-82
76
ISSN No: 2319-5886
E-health and its Transformation of Healthcare Delivery System in Makkah,
Saudi Arabia
Tabrez Uz Zaman1*, Taher Mohammed Abdul Raheem2, Ghassan Majed Alharbi3,
Moenes Faisal Shodri3, Ahmad Hamza Kutbi3, Sultan Mohammed Alotaibi3 and
Khalid Salem Aldaadi3
1 Lecturer, Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Faculty of Public
Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah Al Mukarrama, Saudi Arabia
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Faculty
of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah Al Mukarrama,
Saudi Arabia
3 Interns, Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Faculty of Public
Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah Al Mukarrama, Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Introduction: E-health is relatively a recent term and can be shuffled with health informatics. It engulfs all forms of
digital and electronic processes found in healthcare provided via information and communication technology (ICT)
channels. This study is an attempt to find out the level of utilization and effectiveness of e-health in Saudi Arabia due
to the vast number of citizens, residents and pilgrims dependent on the present healthcare system. Aim: 1. To assess
the utilization status of electronic health (e-health) in Makkah city hospitals. 2. To measure the usefulness of e-health
in delivering good healthcare in Saudi Arabia. 3. To find out the challenges cum barriers in implementing e-health
services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A randomized study was carried out in three important hospitals in the Makkah
Region. The entire number of samples collected for this study was 51. They belong to the administrative and medical
staff in the hospitals and comprise of those staff who handle the daily operations of delivering healthcare services to
the patients. Results: The hospitals - King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC), King Faisal Hospital (KFH) and Al Noor
Specialist Hospital are using e-health but in different capacities. The main challenges are the costs and expertise
of such innovative systems in information technology apart from the lack of computer and technical expertise of
the hospital staff. Conclusion: E-health is widely used nowadays and is playing a dynamic and modern role in the
delivery of healthcare in Saudi Arabia. This study brings out the e-health utilization and application in the health
sector. It has exhibited that most of the clinical departments are utilizing e-health at an optimum level.
Keywords: E-health, Healthcare delivery, Information and Communication Technology, Challenges, Barriers
INTRODUCTION
E-health is relat ...
H E A L T H I T A N D H E A L T H D I S P A R I T I E S .docxwhittemorelucilla
H E A L T H I T A N D H E A L T H D I S P A R I T I E S
Georgia Health Information Technology
Regional Extension Center – helping eligible
providers reach Meaningful Use
PREPARED FOR:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Washington, DC
PREPARED BY:
NORC at the University of Chicago
4350 East-West Highway
8th Floor
Bethesda, MD 20814
JUNE, 2012
CONTRACT NUMBER: HHSP2337005T/OS38984
This report was prepared by NORC at the University of Chicago under contract to the Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC) and the
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). The findings and conclusions of this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily
represent the views of ONC, HRSA, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
NORC | Understanding the Impact of Health IT in Underserved Communities and those with Health Disparities
CASE STUDY: GEORGIA HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY REGIONAL EXTENSION CENTER | 2
Case Study Report: Georgia Health Information
Technology Regional Extension Center – helping
eligible providers reach Meaningful Use
“Just access to care is a huge issue...it’s hard to get primary care physicians to come to
rural Georgia. We believe that this technology and telemedicine in general is key to
reforming health care. It is cost effective, efficient, the quality is great, the patients love it,
and the physicians feel very comfortable diagnosing this way.” – GA-HITREC Partner and
Stakeholder from the Georgia Partnership for TeleHealth
Report Summary
Intervention
and Setting
Georgia Health Information Technology Regional Extension Center (GA-HITREC)
Target
Population
All eligible providers in Georgia, with a particular focus on rural and minority providers.
Technology
Description
Health IT available through GA-HITREC
Five electronic health record (EHR) systems noted as “preferred” through a Group
Purchasing Plan
Health IT available through partner organizations
Telehealth technologies (Georgia Partnership for TeleHealth)
Various EHR systems (Georgia Association for Primary Health Care)
EHR and Personal Health Record (PHR) system/Patient Portal (Morehouse Medical
Associates)
Funding
and Start-
up
GA-HITREC is federally funded through the Department of Health and Human Services’
(HHS) Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC)
Morehouse Medical Associates health IT was funded through 2001 and 2007 grants from the
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
Data and
Analysis
Content analysis using NVivo for a series of in-person and telephone discussions with the following
key individuals:
GA-HITREC Deputy Director, Health IT Director, Director of Education and Outreach, and
Director of Business Development;
Executive Director of the GA Partnership for TeleHealth (GA-HITREC partner organization);
Two representat ...
Similar to An IT Approach to Improve the Compilation of Clinical Access Indicators and Disease Prevalence Determination for District Health Administrators The Case of East Mamprusi District Directorate of Ghana Health Service (20)
Text Mining in Digital Libraries using OKAPI BM25 ModelEditor IJCATR
The emergence of the internet has made vast amounts of information available and easily accessible online. As a result, most libraries have digitized their content in order to remain relevant to their users and to keep pace with the advancement of the internet. However, these digital libraries have been criticized for using inefficient information retrieval models that do not perform relevance ranking to the retrieved results. This paper proposed the use of OKAPI BM25 model in text mining so as means of improving relevance ranking of digital libraries. Okapi BM25 model was selected because it is a probability-based relevance ranking algorithm. A case study research was conducted and the model design was based on information retrieval processes. The performance of Boolean, vector space, and Okapi BM25 models was compared for data retrieval. Relevant ranked documents were retrieved and displayed at the OPAC framework search page. The results revealed that Okapi BM 25 outperformed Boolean model and Vector Space model. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of Okapi BM25 model to reward terms according to their relative frequencies in a document so as to improve the performance of text mining in digital libraries.
Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendlyEditor IJCATR
This study focused on the practice of using computing resources more efficiently while maintaining or increasing overall performance. Sustainable IT services require the integration of green computing practices such as power management, virtualization, improving cooling technology, recycling, electronic waste disposal, and optimization of the IT infrastructure to meet sustainability requirements. Studies have shown that costs of power utilized by IT departments can approach 50% of the overall energy costs for an organization. While there is an expectation that green IT should lower costs and the firm’s impact on the environment, there has been far less attention directed at understanding the strategic benefits of sustainable IT services in terms of the creation of customer value, business value and societal value. This paper provides a review of the literature on sustainable IT, key areas of focus, and identifies a core set of principles to guide sustainable IT service design.
Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in NigeriaEditor IJCATR
Computers today are an integral part of individuals’ lives all around the world, but unfortunately these devices are toxic to the environment given the materials used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence. Individuals are concerned about the hazardous materials ever present in computers, even if the importance of various attributes differs, and that a more environment -friendly attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational materials. In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste in Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage they herald for our country and propose a series of action steps to develop in these areas further. It is possible for Nigeria to have an immediate economic stimulus and job creation while moving quickly to abide by the requirements of climate change legislation and energy efficiency directives. The costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash expenditures but rather investments paid back by future, continuous energy savings.
Performance Evaluation of VANETs for Evaluating Node Stability in Dynamic Sce...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a favorable area of exploration which empowers the interconnection amid the movable vehicles and between transportable units (vehicles) and road side units (RSU). In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), mobile vehicles can be organized into assemblage to promote interconnection links. The assemblage arrangement according to dimensions and geographical extend has serious influence on attribute of interaction .Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are subclass of mobile Ad-hoc network involving more complex mobility patterns. Because of mobility the topology changes very frequently. This raises a number of technical challenges including the stability of the network .There is a need for assemblage configuration leading to more stable realistic network. The paper provides investigation of various simulation scenarios in which cluster using k-means algorithm are generated and their numbers are varied to find the more stable configuration in real scenario of road.
Optimum Location of DG Units Considering Operation ConditionsEditor IJCATR
The optimal sizing and placement of Distributed Generation units (DG) are becoming very attractive to researchers these days. In this paper a two stage approach has been used for allocation and sizing of DGs in distribution system with time varying load model. The strategic placement of DGs can help in reducing energy losses and improving voltage profile. The proposed work discusses time varying loads that can be useful for selecting the location and optimizing DG operation. The method has the potential to be used for integrating the available DGs by identifying the best locations in a power system. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus test system.
Analysis of Comparison of Fuzzy Knn, C4.5 Algorithm, and Naïve Bayes Classifi...Editor IJCATR
Early detection of diabetes mellitus (DM) can prevent or inhibit complication. There are several laboratory test that must be done to detect DM. The result of this laboratory test then converted into data training. Data training used in this study generated from UCI Pima Database with 6 attributes that were used to classify positive or negative diabetes. There are various classification methods that are commonly used, and in this study three of them were compared, which were fuzzy KNN, C4.5 algorithm and Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) with one identical case. The objective of this study was to create software to classify DM using tested methods and compared the three methods based on accuracy, precision, and recall. The results showed that the best method was Fuzzy KNN with average and maximum accuracy reached 96% and 98%, respectively. In second place, NBC method had respective average and maximum accuracy of 87.5% and 90%. Lastly, C4.5 algorithm had average and maximum accuracy of 79.5% and 86%, respectively.
Web Scraping for Estimating new Record from Source SiteEditor IJCATR
Study in the Competitive field of Intelligent, and studies in the field of Web Scraping, have a symbiotic relationship mutualism. In the information age today, the website serves as a main source. The research focus is on how to get data from websites and how to slow down the intensity of the download. The problem that arises is the website sources are autonomous so that vulnerable changes the structure of the content at any time. The next problem is the system intrusion detection snort installed on the server to detect bot crawler. So the researchers propose the use of the methods of Mining Data Records and the method of Exponential Smoothing so that adaptive to changes in the structure of the content and do a browse or fetch automatically follow the pattern of the occurrences of the news. The results of the tests, with the threshold 0.3 for MDR and similarity threshold score 0.65 for STM, using recall and precision values produce f-measure average 92.6%. While the results of the tests of the exponential estimation smoothing using ? = 0.5 produces MAE 18.2 datarecord duplicate. It slowed down to 3.6 datarecord from 21.8 datarecord results schedule download/fetch fix in an average time of occurrence news.
Evaluating Semantic Similarity between Biomedical Concepts/Classes through S...Editor IJCATR
Most of the existing semantic similarity measures that use ontology structure as their primary source can measure semantic similarity between concepts/classes using single ontology. The ontology-based semantic similarity techniques such as structure-based semantic similarity techniques (Path Length Measure, Wu and Palmer’s Measure, and Leacock and Chodorow’s measure), information content-based similarity techniques (Resnik’s measure, Lin’s measure), and biomedical domain ontology techniques (Al-Mubaid and Nguyen’s measure (SimDist)) were evaluated relative to human experts’ ratings, and compared on sets of concepts using the ICD-10 “V1.0” terminology within the UMLS. The experimental results validate the efficiency of the SemDist technique in single ontology, and demonstrate that SemDist semantic similarity techniques, compared with the existing techniques, gives the best overall results of correlation with experts’ ratings.
Semantic Similarity Measures between Terms in the Biomedical Domain within f...Editor IJCATR
The techniques and tests are tools used to define how measure the goodness of ontology or its resources. The similarity between biomedical classes/concepts is an important task for the biomedical information extraction and knowledge discovery. However, most of the semantic similarity techniques can be adopted to be used in the biomedical domain (UMLS). Many experiments have been conducted to check the applicability of these measures. In this paper, we investigate to measure semantic similarity between two terms within single ontology or multiple ontologies in ICD-10 “V1.0” as primary source, and compare my results to human experts score by correlation coefficient.
A Strategy for Improving the Performance of Small Files in Openstack Swift Editor IJCATR
This is an effective way to improve the storage access performance of small files in Openstack Swift by adding an aggregate storage module. Because Swift will lead to too much disk operation when querying metadata, the transfer performance of plenty of small files is low. In this paper, we propose an aggregated storage strategy (ASS), and implement it in Swift. ASS comprises two parts which include merge storage and index storage. At the first stage, ASS arranges the write request queue in chronological order, and then stores objects in volumes. These volumes are large files that are stored in Swift actually. During the short encounter time, the object-to-volume mapping information is stored in Key-Value store at the second stage. The experimental results show that the ASS can effectively improve Swift's small file transfer performance.
Integrated System for Vehicle Clearance and RegistrationEditor IJCATR
Efficient management and control of government's cash resources rely on government banking arrangements. Nigeria, like many low income countries, employed fragmented systems in handling government receipts and payments. Later in 2016, Nigeria implemented a unified structure as recommended by the IMF, where all government funds are collected in one account would reduce borrowing costs, extend credit and improve government's fiscal policy among other benefits to government. This situation motivated us to embark on this research to design and implement an integrated system for vehicle clearance and registration. This system complies with the new Treasury Single Account policy to enable proper interaction and collaboration among five different level agencies (NCS, FRSC, SBIR, VIO and NPF) saddled with vehicular administration and activities in Nigeria. Since the system is web based, Object Oriented Hypermedia Design Methodology (OOHDM) is used. Tools such as Php, JavaScript, css, html, AJAX and other web development technologies were used. The result is a web based system that gives proper information about a vehicle starting from the exact date of importation to registration and renewal of licensing. Vehicle owner information, custom duty information, plate number registration details, etc. will also be efficiently retrieved from the system by any of the agencies without contacting the other agency at any point in time. Also number plate will no longer be the only means of vehicle identification as it is presently the case in Nigeria, because the unified system will automatically generate and assigned a Unique Vehicle Identification Pin Number (UVIPN) on payment of duty in the system to the vehicle and the UVIPN will be linked to the various agencies in the management information system.
Assessment of the Efficiency of Customer Order Management System: A Case Stu...Editor IJCATR
The Supermarket Management System deals with the automation of buying and selling of good and services. It includes both sales and purchase of items. The project Supermarket Management System is to be developed with the objective of making the system reliable, easier, fast, and more informative.
Energy-Aware Routing in Wireless Sensor Network Using Modified Bi-Directional A*Editor IJCATR
Energy is a key component in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)[1]. The system will not be able to run according to its function without the availability of adequate power units. One of the characteristics of wireless sensor network is Limitation energy[2]. A lot of research has been done to develop strategies to overcome this problem. One of them is clustering technique. The popular clustering technique is Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)[3]. In LEACH, clustering techniques are used to determine Cluster Head (CH), which will then be assigned to forward packets to Base Station (BS). In this research, we propose other clustering techniques, which utilize the Social Network Analysis approach theory of Betweeness Centrality (BC) which will then be implemented in the Setup phase. While in the Steady-State phase, one of the heuristic searching algorithms, Modified Bi-Directional A* (MBDA *) is implemented. The experiment was performed deploy 100 nodes statically in the 100x100 area, with one Base Station at coordinates (50,50). To find out the reliability of the system, the experiment to do in 5000 rounds. The performance of the designed routing protocol strategy will be tested based on network lifetime, throughput, and residual energy. The results show that BC-MBDA * is better than LEACH. This is influenced by the ways of working LEACH in determining the CH that is dynamic, which is always changing in every data transmission process. This will result in the use of energy, because they always doing any computation to determine CH in every transmission process. In contrast to BC-MBDA *, CH is statically determined, so it can decrease energy usage.
Security in Software Defined Networks (SDN): Challenges and Research Opportun...Editor IJCATR
In networks, the rapidly changing traffic patterns of search engines, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Big Data and data centers has thrown up new challenges for legacy; existing networks; and prompted the need for a more intelligent and innovative way to dynamically manage traffic and allocate limited network resources. Software Defined Network (SDN) which decouples the control plane from the data plane through network vitalizations aims to address these challenges. This paper has explored the SDN architecture and its implementation with the OpenFlow protocol. It has also assessed some of its benefits over traditional network architectures, security concerns and how it can be addressed in future research and related works in emerging economies such as Nigeria.
Measure the Similarity of Complaint Document Using Cosine Similarity Based on...Editor IJCATR
Report handling on "LAPOR!" (Laporan, Aspirasi dan Pengaduan Online Rakyat) system depending on the system administrator who manually reads every incoming report [3]. Read manually can lead to errors in handling complaints [4] if the data flow is huge and grows rapidly, it needs at least three days to prepare a confirmation and it sensitive to inconsistencies [3]. In this study, the authors propose a model that can measure the identities of the Query (Incoming) with Document (Archive). The authors employed Class-Based Indexing term weighting scheme, and Cosine Similarities to analyse document similarities. CoSimTFIDF, CoSimTFICF and CoSimTFIDFICF values used in classification as feature for K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN) classifier. The optimum result evaluation is pre-processing employ 75% of training data ratio and 25% of test data with CoSimTFIDF feature. It deliver a high accuracy 84%. The k = 5 value obtain high accuracy 84.12%
Hangul Recognition Using Support Vector MachineEditor IJCATR
The recognition of Hangul Image is more difficult compared with that of Latin. It could be recognized from the structural arrangement. Hangul is arranged from two dimensions while Latin is only from the left to the right. The current research creates a system to convert Hangul image into Latin text in order to use it as a learning material on reading Hangul. In general, image recognition system is divided into three steps. The first step is preprocessing, which includes binarization, segmentation through connected component-labeling method, and thinning with Zhang Suen to decrease some pattern information. The second is receiving the feature from every single image, whose identification process is done through chain code method. The third is recognizing the process using Support Vector Machine (SVM) with some kernels. It works through letter image and Hangul word recognition. It consists of 34 letters, each of which has 15 different patterns. The whole patterns are 510, divided into 3 data scenarios. The highest result achieved is 94,7% using SVM kernel polynomial and radial basis function. The level of recognition result is influenced by many trained data. Whilst the recognition process of Hangul word applies to the type 2 Hangul word with 6 different patterns. The difference of these patterns appears from the change of the font type. The chosen fonts for data training are such as Batang, Dotum, Gaeul, Gulim, Malgun Gothic. Arial Unicode MS is used to test the data. The lowest accuracy is achieved through the use of SVM kernel radial basis function, which is 69%. The same result, 72 %, is given by the SVM kernel linear and polynomial.
Application of 3D Printing in EducationEditor IJCATR
This paper provides a review of literature concerning the application of 3D printing in the education system. The review identifies that 3D Printing is being applied across the Educational levels [1] as well as in Libraries, Laboratories, and Distance education systems. The review also finds that 3D Printing is being used to teach both students and trainers about 3D Printing and to develop 3D Printing skills.
Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor ...Editor IJCATR
In underwater environment, for retrieval of information the routing mechanism is used. In routing mechanism there are three to four types of nodes are used, one is sink node which is deployed on the water surface and can collect the information, courier/super/AUV or dolphin powerful nodes are deployed in the middle of the water for forwarding the packets, ordinary nodes are also forwarder nodes which can be deployed from bottom to surface of the water and source nodes are deployed at the seabed which can extract the valuable information from the bottom of the sea. In underwater environment the battery power of the nodes is limited and that power can be enhanced through better selection of the routing algorithm. This paper focuses the energy-efficient routing algorithms for their routing mechanisms to prolong the battery power of the nodes. This paper also focuses the performance analysis of the energy-efficient algorithms under which we can examine the better performance of the route selection mechanism which can prolong the battery power of the node
Comparative analysis on Void Node Removal Routing algorithms for Underwater W...Editor IJCATR
The designing of routing algorithms faces many challenges in underwater environment like: propagation delay, acoustic channel behaviour, limited bandwidth, high bit error rate, limited battery power, underwater pressure, node mobility, localization 3D deployment, and underwater obstacles (voids). This paper focuses the underwater voids which affects the overall performance of the entire network. The majority of the researchers have used the better approaches for removal of voids through alternate path selection mechanism but still research needs improvement. This paper also focuses the architecture and its operation through merits and demerits of the existing algorithms. This research article further focuses the analytical method of the performance analysis of existing algorithms through which we found the better approach for removal of voids
Decay Property for Solutions to Plate Type Equations with Variable CoefficientsEditor IJCATR
In this paper we consider the initial value problem for a plate type equation with variable coefficients and memory in
1 n R n ), which is of regularity-loss property. By using spectrally resolution, we study the pointwise estimates in the spectral
space of the fundamental solution to the corresponding linear problem. Appealing to this pointwise estimates, we obtain the global
existence and the decay estimates of solutions to the semilinear problem by employing the fixed point theorem
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
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https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
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The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
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Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
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Attacks on counties – USA
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In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
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Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
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And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
An IT Approach to Improve the Compilation of Clinical Access Indicators and Disease Prevalence Determination for District Health Administrators The Case of East Mamprusi District Directorate of Ghana Health Service
1. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 5 Issue 1, 2016, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
www.ijsea.com 20
An IT Approach to Improve the Compilation of Clinical
Access Indicators and Disease Prevalence Determination
for District Health Administrators
The Case of East Mamprusi District Directorate of Ghana
Health Service
Zakaria Abukari
School of Applied Science
Dept. of Computer Science
Tamale Polytechnic
Tamale, Ghana
Abeo Timothy Apasiba
School of Applied Science
Dept. of Computer Science
Tamale Polytechnic
Tamale, Ghana
George Abraham
District Director
Ghana Health Services
Tatale-Sanguli District
Tatale, Ghana
ABSTRACT: The proportion of persons visiting a health facility reflects the level of access of that centre to its catchment area in terms of
Out-Patient Department (OPD) per capita. These attendances come with diagnoses which give an indication of the diseases pattern and
prevalence within the catchment area as well as patients who are insured and not insured. Though data of this nature are undisputedly crucial
to public health processes, morbidity returns from most health facilities, particularly public health facilities are generated manually making
it cumbersome and stressful. In addition, this method is error-prone and as such poses a strong threat to disease prevention, control and
information management. This research therefore uses an Information Technology approach to improve the process achieving over 90% time
gain. The Gambaga Health Centre in the East Mamprusi District was selected for the simulation.
Keywords: OPD; Morbidity; Database; Clinic; Health Information system; Health Metrics Network
1. INTRODUCTION
Health care is an information intensive industry in which reliable
and timely information is a critical resource for the planning and
monitoring of service provision at all levels of analysis be it
organizational, regional, national and international (Paolo,
Nicola, Luca, & Mariano). As a consequence, Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) have become enabler in the
health care sector. Healthcare institutions are not excluded in the
use of advance technologies derived from the proliferation of the
silicon chip for record keeping. The records kept include patients’
attendances, diagnoses, treatments, health insurance etc. These
records are used by the Public Health Units for planning,
controlling and preventing diseases.
The Ghana Health Service together with its partners and other
health agencies are responsible for the provision of health care
delivery to the people of Ghana. This involves the planning,
implementation, monitoring and performance assessment of
health programmes and services (Ghana Health Service, 2010). In
order to fulfil this role, there is the need for accurate, relevant and
timely information on the health status and health services in
Ghana (Ghana Health Service, 2010). Well-kept patient data also
assists healthcare managers in determining how much resources
are needed to manage such occurrences.
Over the past decades, information systems have played crucial
roles in the development process of most of the advance World
(Erickson, 2002). According to (Gregor & Jones, 2006)
information systems are said to be the wheels on which steady
and sustainable development strives. The United States of
America, Germany, China and most of the countries with modern
health care systems are advancing daily because of current
technological development (Gregor & Jones, 2006).
The health sector in Ghana is facing the challenges of adequately
sourcing and keeping information on what pertains in the sector
just because the systems that are supposed to be put in place for
such information retention are in small scale if not lacking. This
situation is even worse at the rural-urban health centres.
Government and policy makers have emphasized the importance
of computer-base information systems (CBIS) noting that
achieving universal access to quality health care is highly
dependent on modern health information systems (Andries &
Bob, 2008).
The National Health Insurance since its introduction has led to
increases in utilization of OPD services across all the regions.
With these increases, there has not been equally significant
improvement in infrastructure of most of the facilities to
accommodate this phenomenon (Ministry of Health, 2013).
According to a Health Metrics Network (HMN) assessment report
of Ghana's health information system (DHIMS), there is an urgent
need for major improvements in the way the nation’s health
system collects and uses data (Ministry of Health, 2006).
2. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 5 Issue 1, 2016, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
www.ijsea.com 2
The use of modern systems of communication, data storage and
retrieval at all levels or facet of society especially the Ghana
Health Services through the use of computers is being
emphasized (Hall, 2003)
It is against these backgrounds that this research realization
became preponderant to provide a rudimentary solution to
accurate data compilations at the OPDs of the source health
facilities. The wise men say that “a thousand-mile journey begins
with the first step”.
The study is limited to the East Mamprusi District in the Northern
Region of Ghana. The scope further focused on the Out-Patient
Department, Public Health Unit and as well as a random sampling
and interviewing of some clinical and records staff of the
Gambaga Health Centre and others from the East Mamprusi
District Health Administration
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
At the end of every month, the patient attendance books are taken
from the consulting rooms for manual generation of morbidity
and OPD returns reports by the Public Health Unit of the Health
facilities. These reports are then forwarded to the District and
Regional Health Directorates for actions. Normally, diseases and
persons are grouped by sex, age, NHIS (National Health
Insurance Scheme) insured and not insured. Whilst the morbidity
report gives the breakdown of the disease, taking into
consideration that some clients may have co-morbidity, the OPD
statement gives a breakdown of persons who attend the facility
within the reporting period. The compilation of the OPD and the
morbidity reports are currently done manually which never yields
the desired results for the Ghana Health Service (GHS). Major
problems of the manual compilations included:
i. Time consuming exercise
ii. During the period of compilation, the consulting rooms’
registers are not available for further entries i.e. if the
compilation takes a week, then consultation entries for that
week will not be recorded and thus will not reflect in that
months reports.
iii. In some cases the OPD is more than the morbidity which is
logically impossible since the OPD report counts individuals
whilst the morbidity counts diagnoses presented by each
patient.
In the light of these challenges and considering the crucial
importance of the morbidity and OPD returns to the Public Health
Processes in the GHS, this research comes in to solve the problem
using a state of the art Information Technology tools.
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This work seeks to examine the feasibility and implementation of
Health Information Systems technology in the compilation of the
clinical access indicators contained in the OPD and morbidity
reports which are monthly generated in all public health centres
in the country. The specific objectives include:
i. Conduct an in-depth research exploration on Health
Information Systems in Ghana with emphasis on OPD
and Morbidity reports compilation in the public health
sector
ii. Develop a working software solution of the OPD and
morbidity reports compilation for implementation in
the East Mamprusi District.
iii. Showcase the robustness of ICTs for effective
information processing, storage and retrieval in the
Public Health Units of the GHS.
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance and relevance of this research to the Public
Health Units of the GHS are numerous. These include but not
limited to:
i. Time spent in generating the OPD and morbidity
reports will be reduced to a few button clicks giving the
health workers more time to attend to other issues.
ii. The generated reports will be accurate, reliable and
timely for district and regional health directorates.
iii. The Health Administrators in the East Mamprusi
District for the first time can lay hands on timely and
accurate morbidity reports leading to better health care
planning, improved diagnosis, disease control,
prevention and eradication in its catchment area.
iv. Pave way for the creation and adoption of IT enabled
services in other functional units in the public health
centres.
v. The research report shall constitute an academic
reference to other researchers in the subject matter.
5. METHODOLOGY
Two principal research techniques were adopted. Initially, a
variety of formal and informal participatory methods were used
to obtain the background information needed to constructively
carryout the study. The informal methods involved observation,
the use of key informants and in-depth interviews of key
stakeholders whilst the formal methods included the use of Public
Health Nurses to manually compile OPD and morbidity reports
for thirty(30) clients on sampled attendances for quantitative and
qualitative analyses of the compilation processes. The next
technique was an extensive literature reviews on HIS and its
initiatives in the GHS to have a comprehensive view of the
problem and its solution to be piloted at the Gambaga Health
Centre.
6. LITERATURE REVIEW
Various literatures on the thematic areas of the research have been
reviewed. Clinical Access Indicators and their compilation in the
GHS were first looked at. The researched targeted a problem base
solution, and for that reason, technologies and methodologies for
developing functional health information systems such as
database management systems, systems analyses and design with
emphasis on the traditional software development life cycle and
the choice of either desktop application or web based software
were rigorously studied as the major theoretical underpinning. In
order to pilot the solution, the review culminated in the analyses
of the ICT status in the Gambaga Health Centre to help focus on
implementable information system based on available resources.
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6.1 Clinical Access in Ghana
There are many factors that influence access to clinical and health
services in Ghana. Access to clinical services is defined as living
within thirty (30) minutes to any kind of modern health facility.
It is also stated that access to health care services indicates the
degree to which individuals are inhibited in their ability to gain
entry to and receive care and services from the health care system
(Ministry of Health, 1996). Geographical, financial, level of
education, availability of health facilities, health professionals,
transportation etc. are all factors which influence access to health
care. Geographical access indicates the spatial interaction of
people and health facilities. Financial access refers to the ability
of the people to demand and pay for health services when the need
arises. The level of an individual’s education affects his/her
access to health services. Most illiterates have beliefs and myths
that make them belief that modern health care poses problems to
them hence they do not access the facilities (Ministry of Health,
2006). A Core Welfare Indicator survey conducted by the Ghana
Statistical Services (GSS) in 2003 indicated that between 1997
and 2003, the percentage of people stating that they had access to
a health facility increased from 37% to 58% (GSS, 2003).
The 2004 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) gave
the following health status indicators: infant mortality rate: 68 per
1000 live births; under 5 mortality rate: 112 per 1000 live births;
maternal mortality: 540 per 100,000 live births and life
expectancy: 57.2 years. Malaria remains the most frequently
reported cause of morbidity and a major cause of childhood
mortality. Other frequently reported diseases are diarrhoea, acute
respiratory infections, skin diseases, pregnancy related
complications, anaemia and malnutrition (GSS, 2005).
The most common chronic diseases are hypertension and diabetes
(GSS, 2005)
6.2 Out-Patient Department (OPD) Per
Capita
The proportion of persons visiting a health facility reflects the
level of access of that centre to its catchment area in terms of OPD
per capita. Normally, persons visiting health facilities are
grouped by diseases, gender, and age and as well as patients who
are insured and not insured by NHIS. These indicators are all
determined from the collected data in the OPDs of the health
facilities (clinics) to estimate the level of access of that facility to
its clients.
The National Health Insurance since its introduction has led to
increase in utilization of OPD services across all the regions
(figure 1). The number of outpatients per capita continued
increasing and in 2012, the relative increase was 11%. OPD per
capita reached 1.17, more than doubling 2006 figure (Figure 2).
Over 60% of those attending outpatient were females and overall
women between the ages of 20 and 34 years were seen more often
at the OPD than any other age group for males or females
(Ministry of Health, 2013) .
Figure 1 OPD visits by gender and age-group 2012, source GHS
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Figure 2: OPD per capita by region, 2006-2012, Source GHS
6.3 Compilation of Clinical Access Indicators in Ghana Health Services
At the end of each month, the consulting room registers are sent to the Public Health Units to compile the OPD and Morbidity reports. Each
patient (entry) in the register is classified and counted according to the date, diseases, gender, age group, NHIS Insurance, case type (new or
old), referral status. Malaria cases of children below five and above five are specially counted. Figure 3 shows a few entries in a consulting
room register whilst figure 4 shows sample morbidity report.
Figure 3 consulting room register sample
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Figure 4 A sample morbidity reports
6.4 Health Information Systems (HIS)
Health Information Systems constitute the switch from
conventional recordkeeping to computer-controlled systems in
medical offices. In the Western countries, patient record keeping
and management which were traditionally handled by medical
assistants and health administrators resulting concentrated efforts
on office procedures that generated paper records of patient data,
payments, insurance claims, statistics etc. are now automated.
Although paper-based systems aren’t likely to disappear, many
practices now have affordable Health Information Systems for
scheduling, recording patient information, billing, filing
insurance claims etc. (Sanderson, 2009).
Similar to other industries, the nature of healthcare industry has
changed over time from a relatively stable industry to a dynamic
one leading to health information systems evolving through
several different technologies. The aim of Health Information
Systems is to contribute to a high-quality and efficient patient
care, disease control and prevention.
The current status of HIS varies among countries. There are 193
member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO). In
2009; 114 of them participated in the global survey on e-health
(Muhammadi & Mohd, 2011). Most developed countries have
fully utilized HIS in their systems as they have the resources,
expertise, and capital to implement them. However, in the
developing countries, HIS have not been fully utilized yet
according to WHO (2012). HIS are complex applications which
have demonstrated benefits. Their complexity makes it
imperative to have good application design, training, and
implementation. Studies have evaluated Health Information
Systems and reported on various benefits and limitations of these
systems including increases in immunization rates, improved data
collection, increased staff productivity, increased visitor
satisfaction with services, improved communication, quality of
care, access to data, reduced medical errors, and more efficient
use of staff time (WHO, 2012).
6.4.1 Health Information Systems in GHS
Since 2005 Ghana has effectively implemented the National
Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in all
Districts/Municipalities/Metropolitans of the country. The NHIS
strives to cover the entire population with equal universal access
to the basic health services package. A key part of these health
sector reforms is the need to develop better health information
systems (Vital Wave Consulting, 2009).
In parallel with the NHIS implementation, the Ministry of Health
(MOH) initiated various programs to strengthen its inadequate
health information system (HIS). As a responds, the MOH’s
Ghana Health Service (GHS) launched its automated system,
called DHIMS. It attained full country coverage in 2007 after
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original piloting in 20 districts across the country (Vital Wave
Consulting, 2009). Data flows are vertical, with accumulated data
from health facilities in districts flowing to the regional and
national levels. The GHS has expressed plans to extend it to the
sub-districts where untapped capacity for data entry is present.
DHIMS has faced numerous challenges, such as Inconsistent
information requirements, lack of qualified information officers
in many district hospitals, inadequate funding for deployment and
poor equipment availability at the district level (Vital Wave
Consulting, 2009)
7. DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM
It is often said that “if you fail to plan, you plan to fail”
(GoodReads, 2011) . Systems analyses and design are critical
planning stages for effective information systems development
and implementation. Advance software technologies are available
to facilitate the development of health information system which
resolves the data management challenges in data-centred
organizations such as the hospitals. The traditional Software
Development Life Cycle (SDLC) has been identified in the
literature as the best practice strategy to develop both large and
small scale data centred applications. At each step details of the
activities carried out are captured.
Following the interviews conducted, it was well established that
the problem was understood to be a data management challenge
due to large volumes of data and the time-consuming processing
requirements. The primary source of data for diseases
surveillance, control and prevention in the GHS are the OPDs of
hospitals, clinics and CHPS compounds. The details of patients’
data captured and the processed reports are sampled in Figure 3
and 4.
The potential users were variously interviewed to ascertain the
access levels, inputs, processing requirement and output
reporting. We debriefed the Management of the Gambaga Health
Centre on the project document which addressed the minimum
requirements to create a solution to such a long standing problem.
Management commitment, which is vital to systems development
success and implementation, was guaranteed and as such the next
steps in the SDLC were followed.
Funding and available ICT resources at the pilot site suggested
we drew a conclusion on developing a client/server desktop
application. A centralized database to store the OPD data was
created in a relational database management system (figure 8)
Figure 5 Architecture of the solution
Client installations in consulting rooms for
data entry and reports
OPD
MIS
reports
OPD
MIS
reports
OPD
MIS
reports
Centralized OPD
Database
Database
Management
System
consulting
room 3
consulting
room 2
consulting
room 1
Client applications in offices that
consume OPD MIS reports
consulting
room N
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The client side of the application is connected to the data server
in a secured manner for data entry, processing and generation of
the appropriate MIS reports (Figure 5). All users go through a
login process to access the Information System. This architecture
allows centralized but distributed database through the provision
of a network environment. The complete system can equally be
deployed on a standalone PC which will act as the server and the
client at the same time.
The front and the back ends of the solution are distinctions which
separate the user interface layer (presentation layer) and a data
access layer respectively. The front-end code was written in
Borland Delphi, an object oriented language which has a rich IDE
for Rapid Application Developments (RAD). Code for creating
graphical components are encapsulated and embedded in visual
component libraries that make graphical and event driven
applications easy to write.
Using the Data Manipulation Language (DML), the Transact-
SQL of the Microsoft SQL Server 2008, back-end interactions are
done with the underlying data of the information system.
8. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Research methodologies vary from problem to problem. We have
particularly used experimental research design in this work to
manipulate some of the independent variables in order to observe
the final results. A cross-sectional slice of public health nurses
were experimented on manual compilation of the OPD and
Morbidity reports of sampled attendance from the Gamabaga
Health Centre for quantitative and qualitative analyses. Variables
measured were limited to: Effect of years of work experience of
a public health nurse on clinical access indicators compilation;
Accuracy of the manual compilation; and effect of manual
compilation on GHS deliverables.
8.1 Effect of Years of Work Experience of a
Public Health Nurse on Clinical Access
Indicators Compilation
Fifteen public health nurses with varying years experience from
one to twenty worked on thirty patients records to measure these
variables (Table 1 and 2). Some exclusive findings made
included:
i. During the experimentation, it was realized that
practitioners with five or more years in the job
performed far better than the others (figure 9).
ii. Processing just thirty (30) patients, the average time
used by the novice (one to four years experience) was
about two hours (120 minutes) whilst the experience
nurses used approximately one hour twenty three
minutes (83 minutes). It implies that a facility attending
to a minimum of 150 patients a day requires seven and
half hours of an experienced public health nurse to
come out with the morbidity reports for the day.
Meanwhile the 2012 annual report of the GHS reveals
that the public health nurses are not many in the country
(GHS Annual report, 2012)
iii. It is also worth noting that from eight years experience,
the Respondents used almost the same time. This
implies that for the manual method to mature, a facility
needs to have the public health nurses who are above
seven years of experience.
Table 1: Years of work experience distribution of
participants in the experiment
Years experience Frequency Percent
0-1 1 6.7
2 - 4 3 20.0
5 - 8 3 20.0
9 - 12 4 26.7
13 - 15 1 6.7
15+ 3 20.0
Total 15 100.0
Table 2: Respondents’ performance
Respondent
Years of work
experience
Time used
Respondent #01 12 81
Respondent #02 10 83
Respondent #03 13 80
Respondent #04 6 84
Respondent #05 1 135
Respondent #06 4 111
Respondent #07 2 80
Respondent #08 3 110
Respondent #09 8 85
Respondent #10 16 81
Respondent #11 5 90
Respondent #12 2 120
Respondent #13 9 80
Respondent #14 19 79
Respondent #15 10 80
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Figure 10: Morbidity Compilation Times
8.2 Accuracy of the Manual Compilation
Accuracy could not be established until simulations were done using
the developed software. In general the experienced nurses had 85%
accuracy whilst the others obtained 72%.
8.3 Effect of Manual Compilation on GHS
Deliverables
The effects of the manual compilations were obvious: The public
health nurses will spend most of their duty hours in producing OPD
morbidity reports if they really want accurate results. The ripple
effect this situation is that the nurses are overburdened or
overwhelmed in the discharge of their duties. The current remedy is
that the GHS is striving to keep increasing the numerical strengths
of public health nurses but salaries and wages budgetary constraints
thwart this approach.
9. SIMULATION RESULT ANALYSIS
The sampled patients data used in the experiments were fed into the
developed information system using a data entry clerk who had an
average typing speed of 30 WPM. This is a very slow typist yet the
data for thirty clients were entered in approximately seven minutes.
Computation time on a standalone PC that met the minimum
requirement for the thirty patients was in the range of two to five
seconds! One can conclude that using the new Information System,
the compilation time is reduced by 93%.
10. RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE
ENHANCEMENT
The research findings suggest the following recommendations:
The Ghana Health Services and the Ministry of Health should linkup
with the academia to research and produce vibrant, robust and
inexpensive computing solutions to the various data management
challenges currently inundating the sector.
The research results should be piloted in other health centres to fine-
tune the information system for national implementation.
Special incentives should be given to individuals who accept
postings to the deprived districts.
All health facilities should be empowered to use ICTs to enhance
their data management processes since their industry is data-centred.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Timespentinminutes
Years experience
Effect of years experience
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