This document discusses the benefits of implementing a Real-Time National Health Insurance Scheme (RNHIS) in Nigeria to improve access to healthcare. It analyzes data from two hospitals that found the current NHIS system is not fully computerized or networked. This limits access for people in rural areas or traveling. The document proposes a centralized online system to connect healthcare facilities, insurers, and patients in real-time. This would allow verification of insurance coverage anywhere, bridge the urban-rural divide, and help achieve health goals. It outlines requirements for reliable software and network infrastructure to support an integrated real-time system.
Indonesia Healthcare Landscape - An Overview, July 2014Praneet Mehrotra
A brief description of Indonesia's healthcare landscape and the challenges it faces. The country has no choice, but to attract greater investments (also importantly, foreign investments) in capacity creation.
http://www.wpro.who.int/asia_pacific_observatory/hits/myanmar_pns1_en.pdf
What are the challenges facing Myanmar in progressing towards Universal Health Coverage?
https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/challenges-impede-development-of-myanmars-public-health.html
Challenges Impede Development of Myanmar’s Public Health
https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/capacity-building-in-public-health-for-development/document/health-sector-reforms-myanmar-giving-more-space-public-health-interventions-ncds
Health Sector Reforms in Myanmar, giving more space for public health interventions for NCDs
THIS PPT IS ABOUT THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN CHINA MOSTLY STUDIED IN ECONOMICS.
THIS ALSO SHOWS YOU ABOUT THE INSURANCE POLICY AND GDP RATE AND MANY MORE
Japan has made numerous achievements in health most notably the world’s highest life-expectancy in the past two decades, since its founding Universal Health Insurance System in 1961. However, ageing population with low-fertility rates, stagnating economy, increasing burden of NCDs and growing use of expensive technologies pose the critical challenges in service delivery and financial stability in health. Japan HiT reports current health system reforms undertaken and also recent discussion on paradigm shift to the new system as proposed in Japan Vision: Health Care 2035.
Indonesia Healthcare Landscape - An Overview, July 2014Praneet Mehrotra
A brief description of Indonesia's healthcare landscape and the challenges it faces. The country has no choice, but to attract greater investments (also importantly, foreign investments) in capacity creation.
http://www.wpro.who.int/asia_pacific_observatory/hits/myanmar_pns1_en.pdf
What are the challenges facing Myanmar in progressing towards Universal Health Coverage?
https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/challenges-impede-development-of-myanmars-public-health.html
Challenges Impede Development of Myanmar’s Public Health
https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/capacity-building-in-public-health-for-development/document/health-sector-reforms-myanmar-giving-more-space-public-health-interventions-ncds
Health Sector Reforms in Myanmar, giving more space for public health interventions for NCDs
THIS PPT IS ABOUT THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN CHINA MOSTLY STUDIED IN ECONOMICS.
THIS ALSO SHOWS YOU ABOUT THE INSURANCE POLICY AND GDP RATE AND MANY MORE
Japan has made numerous achievements in health most notably the world’s highest life-expectancy in the past two decades, since its founding Universal Health Insurance System in 1961. However, ageing population with low-fertility rates, stagnating economy, increasing burden of NCDs and growing use of expensive technologies pose the critical challenges in service delivery and financial stability in health. Japan HiT reports current health system reforms undertaken and also recent discussion on paradigm shift to the new system as proposed in Japan Vision: Health Care 2035.
As the economy continues to grow in Myanmar, one of the areas that has seen a major overhaul is the healthcare industry. This Research Note from Ipsos Business Consulting explores the healthcare sector in Myanmar, including their healthcare systems and facilities, opportunity sectors and medical tourism.
Anatomy of the Digital Health Communication Portals in Addressing India’s Hea...Ankuran Dutta
The presentation titled "Anatomy of the Digital Health Communication Portals in Addressing India’s Health Crisis: Are they Digitally Diligent?" was made at the NISCAIR-DST-ICSTI International Conference, New Delhi on Sept 19, 2019
(In the third slide, it should be 5.2 million or 52 lakhs)
Proper health care is a universal human right.
Increasing healthcare cost make it very difficult for poor people
to access the even basic health care facilities. Most of the Indians
live in rural area. Majority of them are too poor to afford health
care services by their own pocket. These people cannot afford
general health insurance policies. In this paper, we discuss health
insurance schemes that have been started for these people. We
also discuss the challenges these schemes have. We also suggest
the steps that can be taken to improve the penetration and
effectiveness of these schemes for the better health management
of rural and poor Indians
"The future of healthcare in Africa: progress on five healthcare scenarios", a new report written by The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) and sponsored by Janssen, explores Africa's recent progress on several major healthcare challenges. The report looks at the continent's increasing focus on primary and preventive care, the empowerment of communities as healthcare providers, the extension of universal healthcare, the spread of telemedicine, and the role of international donors.
Covid-19 is the destructive world’s most recent pandemic that is experienced in every part of the world.
This deadly virus affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will develop mild to moderate
illness and recover without hospitalisation. Covid-19 most common symptoms include fever, dry and tiredness.
It is against this background that in Namibian health environment the country uses a manual system to record
public member’s demographic information when visiting public places which do not allow tracing and monitoring of every public member who visited the 14 regions in the country. Therefore, the present study developed a
National COVID-19 health contact tracing and monitoring system which will allow every public member who visits
an enclosed public place by capturing their demographic information as well as the date and time the facility was
visited. The system replaces the paper-based method of recording the information of people visiting public places
with an entrance that allows the coming in and out of people. The system will also allow for real-time monitoring of
temperature changes of individuals.
Health Trends in the Middle East and North AfricaHFG Project
In the past several decades, countries in the Middle East and North Africa have made significant improvements in developing their health systems and improving the health status of their populations. However, the region continues to face substantial and diverse political, economic, social, and health challenges: a rise in the burden of noncommunicable diseases, ongoing conflicts in several countries, and refugee crises. To inform future USAID health investments in the Middle East and North Africa, the Sustaining Health Outcomes through the Private Sector (SHOPS) Plus project and the Health Financing and Governance (HFG) project conducted an analysis of the private health sector and the health financing landscape from January 2017 to April 2018. The countries included in this analysis are Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, the West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen.
An overview of the China healthcare market, its structure, trends in reform and growth drivers and constraints. Key challenges to participating in China healthcare are highlighted as are best practices of successful foreign companies playing in China healthcare.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
As the economy continues to grow in Myanmar, one of the areas that has seen a major overhaul is the healthcare industry. This Research Note from Ipsos Business Consulting explores the healthcare sector in Myanmar, including their healthcare systems and facilities, opportunity sectors and medical tourism.
Anatomy of the Digital Health Communication Portals in Addressing India’s Hea...Ankuran Dutta
The presentation titled "Anatomy of the Digital Health Communication Portals in Addressing India’s Health Crisis: Are they Digitally Diligent?" was made at the NISCAIR-DST-ICSTI International Conference, New Delhi on Sept 19, 2019
(In the third slide, it should be 5.2 million or 52 lakhs)
Proper health care is a universal human right.
Increasing healthcare cost make it very difficult for poor people
to access the even basic health care facilities. Most of the Indians
live in rural area. Majority of them are too poor to afford health
care services by their own pocket. These people cannot afford
general health insurance policies. In this paper, we discuss health
insurance schemes that have been started for these people. We
also discuss the challenges these schemes have. We also suggest
the steps that can be taken to improve the penetration and
effectiveness of these schemes for the better health management
of rural and poor Indians
"The future of healthcare in Africa: progress on five healthcare scenarios", a new report written by The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) and sponsored by Janssen, explores Africa's recent progress on several major healthcare challenges. The report looks at the continent's increasing focus on primary and preventive care, the empowerment of communities as healthcare providers, the extension of universal healthcare, the spread of telemedicine, and the role of international donors.
Covid-19 is the destructive world’s most recent pandemic that is experienced in every part of the world.
This deadly virus affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will develop mild to moderate
illness and recover without hospitalisation. Covid-19 most common symptoms include fever, dry and tiredness.
It is against this background that in Namibian health environment the country uses a manual system to record
public member’s demographic information when visiting public places which do not allow tracing and monitoring of every public member who visited the 14 regions in the country. Therefore, the present study developed a
National COVID-19 health contact tracing and monitoring system which will allow every public member who visits
an enclosed public place by capturing their demographic information as well as the date and time the facility was
visited. The system replaces the paper-based method of recording the information of people visiting public places
with an entrance that allows the coming in and out of people. The system will also allow for real-time monitoring of
temperature changes of individuals.
Health Trends in the Middle East and North AfricaHFG Project
In the past several decades, countries in the Middle East and North Africa have made significant improvements in developing their health systems and improving the health status of their populations. However, the region continues to face substantial and diverse political, economic, social, and health challenges: a rise in the burden of noncommunicable diseases, ongoing conflicts in several countries, and refugee crises. To inform future USAID health investments in the Middle East and North Africa, the Sustaining Health Outcomes through the Private Sector (SHOPS) Plus project and the Health Financing and Governance (HFG) project conducted an analysis of the private health sector and the health financing landscape from January 2017 to April 2018. The countries included in this analysis are Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, the West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen.
An overview of the China healthcare market, its structure, trends in reform and growth drivers and constraints. Key challenges to participating in China healthcare are highlighted as are best practices of successful foreign companies playing in China healthcare.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
An IT Approach to Improve the Compilation of Clinical Access Indicators and D...Editor IJCATR
The proportion of persons visiting a health facility reflects the level of access of that centre to its catchment area in terms of
Out-Patient Department (OPD) per capita. These attendances come with diagnoses which give an indication of the diseases pattern and
prevalence within the catchment area as well as patients who are insured and not insured. Though data of this nature are undisputedly crucial
to public health processes, morbidity returns from most health facilities, particularly public health facilities are generated manually making
it cumbersome and stressful. In addition, this method is error-prone and as such poses a strong threat to disease prevention, control and
information management. This research therefore uses an Information Technology approach to improve the process achieving over 90% time
gain. The Gambaga Health Centre in the East Mamprusi District was selected for the simulation
Adoption of Integrated Healthcare Information System in Nairobi County: Kenya...Editor IJCATR
Health care information systems are aimed at facilitating the smooth running and interoperability of the health care
delivery processes to ensure efficiency and effectiveness; however, the complexity, heterogeneity and diversity of the health care
sector especially in Kenya poses serious challenges especially in relation to integration of the systems. There is a large disconnect
between the public and private health care delivery systems characterized by fragmentation of services, locally within hospitals
(among primary, secondary and tertiary health care settings) and across different health care centers. This research is aimed at
examining the adoption of integrated healthcare information system in Nairobi County; Kenyatta National Hospital represents the
public sector and The Mater Hospital the private sector. A sample size of 100 users on information system from the two hospitals
picked from the primary secondary and tertiary levels were selected and questionnaires administered to them. Data was analyzed
through descriptive statistics with the aid of SPSS. The results of the study indicated that there was a huge disparity between
healthcare information system adoption in the public and private sectors with the private sector’s adoption being at an advanced
stage. The major barriers to adoption including social political barriers, financial constraints and technical/technological barriers
also presented.
Unit II Project Benefits of Organizational Diversity You a.docxmarilucorr
Unit II Project
Benefits of Organizational Diversity
You are the consultant assigned to study the organizational environment in the Miami, Florida, and the Kansas City, Missouri, offices. Both are service call centers for Fig Technologies. The workforces have a large cross-section of locals from the area, university graduates from nearby institutions, and transfers from other offices within the organization. The offices are facing issues in several areas.
The two offices have a friendly rivalry with regard to professional sports and local college teams. In the Florida office, there have been concerns raised, including some complaints that the rivalry has gone to extremes.
Contingent software developers in both offices from Brazil and South Africa have been unable to get people excited about fútbol instead of football. A few individuals in the Kansas City office have begun hanging out together and talking in the break areas about their relationships with same-sex partners, multiple partners, and some encounters of homosexual and heterosexual relationships together. A petition is circulating around the Kansas City office about these types of discussions being banned.
You are being sent to assess the environment and provide a report of your findings. The report should be in three sections:
1: assessment of findings in Miami, FL;
2: assessment of findings in Kansas City, MO; and
3: recommendation for addressing these findings to the Executive Leadership Council (ELC) for review.
In your assessment of findings, be sure to evaluate how organizational cultures are perceived and how problem solving and creativity are promoted with organizational diversity.
In your recommendations for the ELC, contrast the benefits and disadvantages of diversity, and establish the value of working through these issues to create a dynamic organizational culture.
How will you channel this diversity and help create a positive atmosphere?
Support your recommendation through the use of at least two sources, one of which can be the textbook. Content should be three to four pages in length. Length does not include an assessment tool, if used, though it may be added as an addendum (recommended, not required). All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
All references and citations used must be in APA style.
Have some fun with the assignment. Use your creative thinking along with your critical thinking to include your perspective of the findings and how to address the issue.
Discussion 14
Please paraphrase the previous one and Compare and contrast the governance, population access, and availability of technology and electronic health records to Saudi Arabia
· be sure to draw from, explore, and cite credible reference materials, including at least one scholarly peer-reviewed reference.
Due date 19/12/2017
HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)
Int ...
E health in Nigeria Current Realities and Future Perspectives. A User Centric...Ibukun Fowe
In this era of the digital revolution, innovative computer software programs and Information and communications technologies (ICTs) are disrupting different industries of most economies and the healthcare sector is one of the nascent and emerging opportunities for technology disruption and innovation. This is an “inevitable” welcome development as Global health innovation is at the forefront of embracing the use of technology solutions in various parts of the world to improve access to health services and medicines, and Nigeria is not to be an exception. This symposium is focused on asking the fundamental questions; how much impact are e-health applications making in the Nigerian health sector and how do we improve the level of impact and
effectiveness of these applications via a user-centric approach?
Taking these proactive steps serve to ensure that we focus on the real needs of the Nigerian people and put in place quality and safety measures that will give users the confidence needed to use e-health applications and solutions adequately and appropriately. This symposium invites key-stakeholders in the e-health
ecosystem to share their views on the pains and gains of e-health as of today and how to shape the future of e-health in Nigeria (and similar countries). Some of the presentations and panelist sessions will include real field experience and user-centered qualitative research that will elicit the current level of impact and the real needs of e-health users in the southwest region of Nigeria.
This article is written for Modern Medicare on the Role of IT in Indian Healthcare system. This article talks about the policy changes in India for Healthcare IT, Telemedicine and mHealth ( Digital Health )
mHealth Israel_Impact of Digital Innovations on Healthcare in Asia: 2020_Finn...Levi Shapiro
Report by Finn Partners: Impact of Digital Innovations on Healthcare in Asia- 2020. Deep-dive analysis across healthcare delivery, healthcare financing and healthcare discovery. Sections include Healthcare in the Digital Age, Digital health brings patient care to where it is needed the most, Innovative fintech solutions deliver affordable healthcare to Asia, More data and better insights delivered by AI and machine learning, Digital health is the future.
Nachiket Mor IT for primary healthcare in indiaPankaj Gupta
An Approach Towards Health Systems Design in India,
Information technology for Primary Healthcare in India,
Johns Hopkins University,
March 2020,
13 citations - [Streveler and Gupta, 2019] - Health Systems for New India - Niti Aayog Book published in Nov 2019,
eObjects - eClaims, eDischarge, ePrescription, eEncounter, eReferral,
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
REALTIME NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME (RNHIS): MEANS TO ACHIEVE HEALTH FOR ALL
1. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.6, No.2, April 2016
DOI : 10.5121/ijcsea.2016.6201 1
REALTIME NATIONAL HEALTH
INSURANCE SCHEME (RNHIS): MEANS TO
ACHIEVE HEALTH FOR ALL
1
Alimi O. Maruf, 2
Binuyo O. G., 3
Gambo I. G. and 4
K. Jimoh
1
Computer Science Unit, Department of Physical Sciences Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin,
Nigeria
2
African Institute for Science Policy and Innovation Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile
Ife, Nigeria
3
Computer Science and Engineering Department Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife,
Nigeria
4
Statistics Unit, Department of Physical Sciences Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
Abstract
E-health, tele-medicine, and informatics are terms prominent in the health sector nowadays; Real-time Health
Insurance should be among. The laudable program, National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) introduced in
Nigeria can only be effective and efficient with the introduction of dynamic and integrated online NHIS system.
Data were gathered through document examination, internet and interview of NHIS desk officers, health
record officers, and NHIS accountant in two of our tertiary hospitals. Data were analysed and graphs were
drawn to show current status. Software Engineering architecture for its development for better system was
introduced. From the data analysed, it was found that none of the current Nigeria HMOs, Health Facilities
(HFs) and NHIS headquarters is fully computerised and networked which is making the current system
epileptic. People on transit and rural areas are not adequately catered for. Therefore, a workable Real-time
Health Insurance Scheme will help people on transit and bridge urban-rural health divide.
Keywords
Integration, Software-engineering, Health, Insurance, Urban-rural, Real-time
1. INTRODUCTION
Health for all by the year 2020 as proposed by the government can only be achieved through well
planned health policy and the use of information technology. In US, The National Health Interview
Survey (NHIS) has monitored the health of the nation since 1957[1]. NHIS Act 35 of 1999 was
introduced and implemented in Nigeria, around 29th
May, 2005 to be specific [2]. In order to reduce
2. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.6, No.2, April 2016
2
fraudulent practices and make health facility available anywhere, online NHIS health programme will
help rural dwellers and people on transit immensely so far the NHIS card is available. But due to
unavailability of online system, it is impossible presently to confirm the information related to the
people on transit, curb fraudulent practices and the use of fake cards.
HMO as an independent organisation can not synchronize their accounts especially from the health
facilities (hospitals and clinics) easily without computerisation. The contribution from Employee
(1.75 or 5%) Employer (3.25 or 10%) public or private and other stakeholders can be easilymonitored
with online system [3]. The use of real-time NHIS system will make life easier for every individual
and bridge the gap between urban and rural members of NHIS. Many Social Health Insurance
Programmes such as TISHIP, VCSHIP, ISSHIP, CBSHIP, and FSSHIP introduced by NHIS
headquarters can only be fully successful if dynamic online patient system is added.
2. CURRENT HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME
Many countries of the world have introduced NHIS and their citizens are now enjoying it. But most of
them are yet to have real-time system as proposed by this research. Not only that, majority focused on
formal sector only while the formal sector is at Federal Government level only. Participation by other
government arms (State and LGA), private organization, individuals and people from rural areas can
be attributed to affordability. Understanding the affordability of coverage is important for evaluating
the role of policy in reducing the number of uninsured workers. Since others and group of people are
yet to join, MDG achievement on health is not yet feasible [4].
Why Small Firms are less likely than Big Firms to Offer Health Insurance? Small firms are
substantially less likely than large firms to offer health insurance due to higher loading and
administrative costs for small firms, differences in the workforces, and adverse selection. The two
major factors that account for the discrepancy in offer rates between large and small firms are, first,
the composition of the workforce and, second, the dispersion effect [5].
Area Resource File (ARF) is a county-specific health resources information system designed to be
used by planners, policymakers, researchers, and other professionals interested in the nation's health
care delivery system and factors that may impact health status and health care in the U.S. It is a
database that contains information on health facilities, health professions, measures of resource
scarcity, health status, economic activity, health training programs, and socioeconomic and
environmental characteristics. In addition, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) data
collections are used for research on hospital utilization, access, charges, quality and outcomes at the
national, regional, and state levels. The data are also usefully applied to patterns of care for diseases as
well as for the study of population sub-groups such as minorities, children, women, and the uninsured.
This can be applied in different nations for better NHIS delivery [6].
Towards a national health insurance system in Yemen, a study on situation assessment and proposals
for a national health insurance system was conducted. It tries to convert out-of-pocket spending in case
of illness into regular small prepayments of manycitizens. This allows providing health care according
to the need and not only according to the ability to pay, especially in case of catastrophic illnesses.
3. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.6, No.2, April 2016
3
Mass poverty, high population growth and insufficient public services in the context of an oil
dependent economy like Nigeria, characterizes Yemen [7].
In Africa, Ghana and South Africa are already having NHIS. [8] Who analyzed Ghana health
program and the way forward, said "The first wealth is health". "In health there is freedom. Health is
the first of all liberties". "It is health that is real wealth and not pieces of gold and silver".
In Nigeria today, you can register online and have account with NHIS. You will be allowed to view
dependants' details and manage your account. They promise to that, in future, you will be able to
select your healthcare facility for yourself and an alternative healthcare facility for all or some of your
dependants if you are not residing in the same location [9].
The NHIS indicators from different nations show importance of NHIS to make healthcare available
and affordable for people. Every citizen of a nation such as working class, market men and women,
government at federal, state, local government and so on should be given opportunity to benefit from
the system.
3. OBJECTIVES
This article is to let government at any level, HMOs, Health facilities, individuals and all other
stakeholders theoretically know that, introduction of integrated and centralized real-time NHIS system
will make health insurers have access to health services when on transit and bridge urban-rural health
divide. In addition, stakeholder’s network will bring transparency, add control, make accounting and
auditing easier for its administrators to achieve health component of millennium development goal
pursued by many countries of the world today.
4. METHODOLOGY
The officers in charge of the NHIS give the necessary documents while health record officers were
interviewed along with their desk officers and NHIS accountants. Other data gathering instruments
used includes internet, document examination and direct observation. Software development
requirements and software engineering architecture for better integrated system development were
inclusive.
5. SURVEY DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Two hospitals were used to assess the level of participation of HMO and patients, one from the
Northern part of Nigeria and one from the southern part of Nigeria. Presently, only federal
government workers are fully insured while some states may likely join in future. These two health
facilities help us to have the view of both parts of the country. The table is as follows.
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Table 1: Selected Health Facilities and Number of HMOs.
SN HEALTH FACILITY NO OF
HMO
NO OF
PATIENT
AVERAGE
1 Usmanu Danfodiyo University
Teaching Hospital, Sokoto.
18 1,681 93
2 Obafemi Awolowo University
Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife.
18 1,935 108
Out of fifty-nine (59) HMOs on NHIS website, it was found that, eighteen (18) HMOs each
are involved in both tertiary hospitals, none is fully computerised and networked, average of
93 patients attended from UDUTH HMOs. Also, average of 108 patients from OAUTH, Ile
Ife compared to that of Sokoto shows no much significant difference.
Fig. 1: Bar-chart showing patient population for health facilities
Figure one shows that OAUTH Ile-Ife has more patients than UDUTH, Sokoto which
implied there is need for more mobilization in the North compared to the Southern part of
the country.
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6.1 Internet connectivity and bridging of urban-rural divide
Online system is the order of the day for prompt and faster services to customers these days.
Connections of all the systems like ATM in the banking sector could be of better experience if HMOs,
Health facilities and other important stakeholders can be connected. Not onlyconnected but should be
real-time such that any patient or people on transit can branch to any health facility anywhere with
NHIS card and being attended to with all the necessary information accessed online.
Presently, GSM is available in both rural; and urban areas throughout the country. The Health
facilities, both urban and rural areas can have internet services to network all stakeholders. The
stakeholders must be able to have internet connectivity for 24/7 without any interruption. GSM
network providers can serve as ISP. With MODEM or handset; we can have access to the internet in
rural areas. All NHIS’s clinics, or hospitals in the rural areas will only need generator in case of non
availability of electricity from the national grid, or smart-phones connected to any GSM network
provider and modems if computers are to be used to access patient information in rural areas.
Clouding should also be considered for data security and to guide against unforeseen circumstances.
Security of data and cyber space problems should be put into consideration for NHIS pooled
Information security.
7. SOFTWARE AND SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE NEEDED
Reliable software system is the most important component in any system, ATM, GSM and other
systems are only working when the software are working. Real-time NHIS cannot be achieved
without workable, reliable, flexible, and standard software. Dysfunctional system product occurred
without proper software design, therefore, cleanroom software engineering technique, which is team
oriented is proposed to guide against error rework.
In addition, system development needs a better architecture for a successful system development.
Software engineering architectures such as client server, distributed and inter-organisational for this
system need special analysis and special attention due to resource sharing, openness, concurrency,
scalability, and fault tolerance. [10] Stated that technical knowledge areas that are relevant to
professional software engineers include requirements, design, construction, testing, maintenance,
configuration management process, tools, methods and quality. These must be followed religiouslyby
the developer in order to have reliable system. Fat-client model as mentioned by Sommerville in
figure 2 would be necessary.
Fig. 2: Fat –Client Model
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This makes use of application logic processing and the presentation to the clients. The server is the
transaction server that manages all database transactions.
Fig. 3: Central system connected to other stakeholders
Figure 3 shows the NHIS registered patient database that is centrally controlled with NHIS hospitals
and HMOs accessing information centrally. This can also be connected to Server-oriented system
architecture.
9. IMPLEMENTATION
Presently, dot ng NHIS website is partially static and not fully integrated with other stakeholders,
while many systems are being centralised in Nigeria and dynamic, among them are, IPPIS for payment
of federal government staff salaries, GIFMIS for budget implementation through CBN for ministries
and MDAs, and TSA for all government incomes. To implement this new system will not be too
difficult, what is necessary is to develop reliable software to manage NHIS centrally. Pilot conversion
may be used where only few health facilities starts first and others follow later after it is being
satisfied. Parallel conversion can also serve but it may be costly due to extra hands and materials that
may be required.
10. DISCUSSION
Current system is yet to be fully standardized due to disintegration and coordination problem from the
centre and other stations. The new system will make central coordination easy, monetaryrequirements
for payment monitored easily, make management of HMOs have access to the necessary information
online, and fund disbursement balances better. Furthermore, synchronization of stakeholders accounts,
easy use of any hospital by patients, health for all policy achieved, easyauditing and eradicate the fake
claims from different quarters. The real-time system is necessary for prompt reply to any request
because of emergencies that requires immediate response and answer to all necessaryquestions related
to a patient.
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11. RNHIS MERITS TO THE STAKEHOLDERS
The merits can be categorised as follows:
S Hospitals: Introduction of online verification of patients who are not resident in the
area will be easier since they can easily check and see the information related to such
patient, they can send messages to the HMO and to the centre including cost of such
patient’s management.
S Populace: People will have access to health facilities anywhere they may be, since
online verification is possible by all HFs which will bridge urban-rural health divide
and people on transit.
S Government: Current Sustainable Development goal or Millennium development
goal of health for all will be achieved since anybody can be attended to at any time
and anywhere no matter your geographical zone.
S NHIS office: Coordination and prompt information related to all HFs, HMO,
Accounts, balances, payments, and so on can be monitored if properlyintegrated and
computerized.
S HMOs: The number of patients they have and how disperse they are treated in
different HFs will be available online at all times. Daily access to information
related to their clients and balances to pay to HFs will be of immense benefit to them.
S Rural Areas: People in the rural areas can also join and their information can be
seen online by the stakeholders. This will also bring urban-rural health divide to the
barest minimum.
12. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusively, this is an added advantage to the present system. Therefore, Government should tryand
add centralize real-time NHIS system to the health insurance policy and give a deadline to the
stakeholders. People from rural areas should be sensitized to join to have health for all government
policy. State and Local governments should also be compelled to join to be able to achieve the
millennium development goals objective on health.
REFERENCES
[1] Center for Disease Control (US) (2016). National Health Interview Survey.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm. Page last reviewed: February 19, 2016.
[2] National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) (2005): Nigeria NHIS Hand Bill.
[3] NHIS Operational Guidelines (2016). www.nhisonline.com.ng/file/repository.
[4] Didem Bernard, Jessica Banthin, and William Encinosa, (2003). Affordability of Health Insurance:
Pennsylvania State University.
[5] Chapin White, M.P.P., David Auerbach, and Stuart Hagen (2009). Why Small Firms Are Less Likely
than Big Firms to Offer Health Insurance? Health and Human Resources division, Congressional
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Budget Office, Ford House Office Building, Room 424c, Washington, DC 20515; Tel: 202-226-4931;
Fax: 202-225-3149; Email:chapin_white@post.harvard.edu
[6] Ruth Taylor (2004). Center for the Study of Healthcare Management (CSHM), University of
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[7] Detlef Schwefel, Jamal Nasher, et al (2005). Towards a national health insurance system in Yemen .
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
[8] Nana Yawossei (2008). National Health Insurance Scheme: Health care for all , LONDON , UK
[9] www.nhisonline.com.ng (Accessed 22nd February, 2016)
[10] Sommerville I. (2004). Software Engineering, Seventh Edition, Pearson Addison Weskey, Pearson
Education Limited, Edinburg Gate, Harlow, England.