End users are increasingly vulnerable to attacks directed at web browsers which make the most of popularity of today’s web services. While organizations deploy several layers of security to protect their systems and data against unauthorised access, surveys reveal that a large fraction of end users do not utilize and/or are not familiar with any security tools. End users’ hesitation and unfamiliarity with security products contribute vastly to the number of online DDoS attacks, malware and Spam distribution. This work on progress paper proposes a design focused on the notion of increased participation of internet service providers in protecting end users. The proposed design takes advantage of three different detection tools to identify the maliciousness of a website content and alerts users through utilising Internet Content Adaptation Protocol (ICAP) by an In-Browser cross-platform messaging system. The system also incorporates the users’ online behaviour analysis to minimize the scanning intervals of malicious websites database by client honeypots. Findings from our proof of concept design and other research indicate that such a design can provide a reliable hybrid detection mechanism while introducing low delay time into user browsing experience.
This document discusses network security. It begins by defining network security and explaining the three main types: physical, technical, and administrative security controls. It then defines vulnerabilities as weaknesses that can be exploited by threats such as unauthorized access or data modification. Common network attacks are described as reconnaissance, access, denial of service, and worms/viruses. Emerging attack trends include malware, phishing, ransomware, denial of service attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, cryptojacking, SQL injection, and zero-day exploits. The document aims to help students understand vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and trends regarding network security.
Designing Security Assessment of Client Server System using Attack Tree Modelingijtsrd
Information security has grown as a prominent issue in our digital life. The network security is becoming more significant as the volume of data being exchanged over net increases day by day. Attack trees AT technique play an important role to investigate the threat analysis problem to known cyber attacks for risk assessment. The technique is especially effective in assessing and managing the risks from hostile, intelligent adversaries. It is useful for analyzing threats against assets ranging from information systems to physical infrastructure. By using attack tree modeling analysis an organization can understand the ways in which they will be attacked, determine the likelihood and impact damage of these attacks and decide what action to take where the risks are unacceptable. This paper describes the attack tree model for organization based on Client Server Network. It provides the ways for defending and preventing sensitive information from attackers. Attack tree modeling provides for effective security solutions, cost effective security solutions and defensible risk mitigation decisions. Sandar Pa Pa Thein | Phyu Phyu | Thin Thin Swe "Designing Security Assessment of Client- Server System using Attack Tree Modeling" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26727.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/26727/designing-security-assessment-of-client--server-system-using-attack-tree-modeling/sandar-pa-pa-thein
This document discusses information system security. It defines information system security as collecting activities to protect information systems and stored data. It outlines four components of an IT security policy framework: policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines. It also discusses vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and trends in attacks. Vulnerabilities refer to weaknesses, while threats use tools and scripts to launch attacks like reconnaissance, access, denial of service, and viruses/Trojans. Common attacks trends include malware, phishing, ransomware, denial of service, man-in-the-middle, cryptojacking, SQL injection, and zero-day exploits.
This document discusses network risks and vulnerabilities. It begins by defining vulnerabilities as software flaws or misconfigurations that weaken security. It then examines various types of vulnerabilities like design flaws, viruses, impersonation, worms, port scanning, man-in-the-middle attacks, denial-of-service attacks. The document also covers network risk assessment methodology and impact analysis. It concludes with a brief mention of network risk mitigation as a way to reduce risks.
Cyber Warfare is the current single greatest emerging threat to National Security. Network security has become an essential component of any computer network. As computer networks and systems become ever more fundamental to modern society, concerns about security has become increasingly important. There are a multitude of different applications open source and proprietary available for the protection +-system administrator, to decide on the most suitable format for their purpose requires knowledge of the available safety measures, their features and how they affect the quality of service, as well as the kind of data they will be allowing through un flagged. A majority of methods currently used to ensure the quality of a networks service are signature based. From this information, and details on the specifics of popular applications and their implementation methods, we have carried through the ideas, incorporating our own opinions, to formulate suggestions on how this could be done on a general level. The main objective was to design and develop an Intrusion Detection System. While the minor objectives were to; Design a port scanner to determine potential threats and mitigation techniques to withstand these attacks. Implement the system on a host and Run and test the designed IDS. In this project we set out to develop a Honey Pot IDS System. It would make it easy to listen on a range of ports and emulate a network protocol to track and identify any individuals trying to connect to your system. This IDS will use the following design approaches: Event correlation, Log analysis, Alerting, and policy enforcement. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) attempt to identify unauthorized use, misuse, and abuse of computer systems. In response to the growth in the use and development of IDSs, we have developed a methodology for testing IDSs. The methodology consists of techniques from the field of software testing which we have adapted for the specific purpose of testing IDSs. In this paper, we identify a set of general IDS performance objectives which is the basis for the methodology. We present the details of the methodology, including strategies for test-case selection and specific testing procedures. We include quantitative results from testing experiments on the Network Security Monitor (NSM), an IDS developed at UC Davis. We present an overview of the software platform that we have used to create user-simulation scripts for testing experiments. The platform consists of the UNIX tool expect and enhancements that we have developed, including mechanisms for concurrent scripts and a record-and-replay feature. We also provide background information on intrusions and IDSs to motivate our work.
Enhanced method for intrusion detection over kdd cup 99 datasetijctet
This document discusses an enhanced method for intrusion detection using the KDD Cup 99 dataset. It aims to improve the accuracy of the dataset by analyzing the contribution of different attack classes to metrics like true positive rate and precision. The study examines these evaluation metrics for an intrusion detection system to identify which attack classes most impact recall and precision. The goal is to help improve the quality of the KDD Cup 99 dataset to achieve higher accuracy with lower false positives.
An Overview of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) and Security...IOSR Journals
Technical solutions, introduced by policies and implantations are essential requirements of an
information security program. Advanced technologies such as intrusion detection and prevention system (IDPS)
and analysis tools have become prominent in the network environment while they involve with organizations to
enhance the security of their information assets. Scanning and analyzing tools to pinpoint vulnerabilities, holes
in security components, unsecured aspects of the network and deploying of IDPS technology are highlighted.
An Overview of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) and security...Ahmad Sharifi
This document provides an overview of intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS). It discusses the types of threats, vulnerabilities, and intrusions that IDPS aim to address. It describes the differences between network-based and host-based IDPS, as well as signature-based and anomaly-based detection methods. The document also outlines some key capabilities of IDPS, such as identifying hosts, operating systems, applications, and network characteristics. It notes limitations of IDPS, including inability to analyze encrypted traffic. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of properly deploying and managing IDPS according to organizational needs and policies as part of a layered defense-in-depth security strategy.
This document discusses network security. It begins by defining network security and explaining the three main types: physical, technical, and administrative security controls. It then defines vulnerabilities as weaknesses that can be exploited by threats such as unauthorized access or data modification. Common network attacks are described as reconnaissance, access, denial of service, and worms/viruses. Emerging attack trends include malware, phishing, ransomware, denial of service attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, cryptojacking, SQL injection, and zero-day exploits. The document aims to help students understand vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and trends regarding network security.
Designing Security Assessment of Client Server System using Attack Tree Modelingijtsrd
Information security has grown as a prominent issue in our digital life. The network security is becoming more significant as the volume of data being exchanged over net increases day by day. Attack trees AT technique play an important role to investigate the threat analysis problem to known cyber attacks for risk assessment. The technique is especially effective in assessing and managing the risks from hostile, intelligent adversaries. It is useful for analyzing threats against assets ranging from information systems to physical infrastructure. By using attack tree modeling analysis an organization can understand the ways in which they will be attacked, determine the likelihood and impact damage of these attacks and decide what action to take where the risks are unacceptable. This paper describes the attack tree model for organization based on Client Server Network. It provides the ways for defending and preventing sensitive information from attackers. Attack tree modeling provides for effective security solutions, cost effective security solutions and defensible risk mitigation decisions. Sandar Pa Pa Thein | Phyu Phyu | Thin Thin Swe "Designing Security Assessment of Client- Server System using Attack Tree Modeling" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26727.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/26727/designing-security-assessment-of-client--server-system-using-attack-tree-modeling/sandar-pa-pa-thein
This document discusses information system security. It defines information system security as collecting activities to protect information systems and stored data. It outlines four components of an IT security policy framework: policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines. It also discusses vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and trends in attacks. Vulnerabilities refer to weaknesses, while threats use tools and scripts to launch attacks like reconnaissance, access, denial of service, and viruses/Trojans. Common attacks trends include malware, phishing, ransomware, denial of service, man-in-the-middle, cryptojacking, SQL injection, and zero-day exploits.
This document discusses network risks and vulnerabilities. It begins by defining vulnerabilities as software flaws or misconfigurations that weaken security. It then examines various types of vulnerabilities like design flaws, viruses, impersonation, worms, port scanning, man-in-the-middle attacks, denial-of-service attacks. The document also covers network risk assessment methodology and impact analysis. It concludes with a brief mention of network risk mitigation as a way to reduce risks.
Cyber Warfare is the current single greatest emerging threat to National Security. Network security has become an essential component of any computer network. As computer networks and systems become ever more fundamental to modern society, concerns about security has become increasingly important. There are a multitude of different applications open source and proprietary available for the protection +-system administrator, to decide on the most suitable format for their purpose requires knowledge of the available safety measures, their features and how they affect the quality of service, as well as the kind of data they will be allowing through un flagged. A majority of methods currently used to ensure the quality of a networks service are signature based. From this information, and details on the specifics of popular applications and their implementation methods, we have carried through the ideas, incorporating our own opinions, to formulate suggestions on how this could be done on a general level. The main objective was to design and develop an Intrusion Detection System. While the minor objectives were to; Design a port scanner to determine potential threats and mitigation techniques to withstand these attacks. Implement the system on a host and Run and test the designed IDS. In this project we set out to develop a Honey Pot IDS System. It would make it easy to listen on a range of ports and emulate a network protocol to track and identify any individuals trying to connect to your system. This IDS will use the following design approaches: Event correlation, Log analysis, Alerting, and policy enforcement. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) attempt to identify unauthorized use, misuse, and abuse of computer systems. In response to the growth in the use and development of IDSs, we have developed a methodology for testing IDSs. The methodology consists of techniques from the field of software testing which we have adapted for the specific purpose of testing IDSs. In this paper, we identify a set of general IDS performance objectives which is the basis for the methodology. We present the details of the methodology, including strategies for test-case selection and specific testing procedures. We include quantitative results from testing experiments on the Network Security Monitor (NSM), an IDS developed at UC Davis. We present an overview of the software platform that we have used to create user-simulation scripts for testing experiments. The platform consists of the UNIX tool expect and enhancements that we have developed, including mechanisms for concurrent scripts and a record-and-replay feature. We also provide background information on intrusions and IDSs to motivate our work.
Enhanced method for intrusion detection over kdd cup 99 datasetijctet
This document discusses an enhanced method for intrusion detection using the KDD Cup 99 dataset. It aims to improve the accuracy of the dataset by analyzing the contribution of different attack classes to metrics like true positive rate and precision. The study examines these evaluation metrics for an intrusion detection system to identify which attack classes most impact recall and precision. The goal is to help improve the quality of the KDD Cup 99 dataset to achieve higher accuracy with lower false positives.
An Overview of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) and Security...IOSR Journals
Technical solutions, introduced by policies and implantations are essential requirements of an
information security program. Advanced technologies such as intrusion detection and prevention system (IDPS)
and analysis tools have become prominent in the network environment while they involve with organizations to
enhance the security of their information assets. Scanning and analyzing tools to pinpoint vulnerabilities, holes
in security components, unsecured aspects of the network and deploying of IDPS technology are highlighted.
An Overview of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) and security...Ahmad Sharifi
This document provides an overview of intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS). It discusses the types of threats, vulnerabilities, and intrusions that IDPS aim to address. It describes the differences between network-based and host-based IDPS, as well as signature-based and anomaly-based detection methods. The document also outlines some key capabilities of IDPS, such as identifying hosts, operating systems, applications, and network characteristics. It notes limitations of IDPS, including inability to analyze encrypted traffic. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of properly deploying and managing IDPS according to organizational needs and policies as part of a layered defense-in-depth security strategy.
The Next Generation Cognitive Security Operations Center: Network Flow Forens...Konstantinos Demertzis
A Security Operations Center (SOC) can be defined as an organized and highly skilled team that uses advanced computer forensics tools to prevent, detect and respond to cybersecurity incidents of an organization. The fundamental aspects of an effective SOC is related to the ability to examine and analyze the vast number of data flows and to correlate several other types of events from a cybersecurity perception. The supervision and categorization of network flow is an essential process not only for the scheduling, management, and regulation of the network’s services, but also for attacks identification and for the consequent forensics’ investigations. A serious potential disadvantage of the traditional software solutions used today for computer network monitoring, and specifically for the instances of effective categorization of the encrypted or obfuscated network flow, which enforces the rebuilding of messages packets in sophisticated underlying protocols, is the requirements of computational resources. In addition, an additional significant inability of these software packages is they create high false positive rates because they are deprived of accurate predicting mechanisms.
For all the reasons above, in most cases, the traditional software fails completely to recognize unidentified vulnerabilities and zero-day exploitations. This paper proposes a novel intelligence driven Network Flow Forensics Framework (NF3) which uses low utilization of computing power and resources, for the Next Generation Cognitive Computing SOC (NGC2SOC) that rely solely on advanced fully automated intelligence methods. It is an effective and accurate Ensemble Machine Learning forensics tool to Network Traffic Analysis, Demystification of Malware Traffic and Encrypted Traffic Identification.
An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System IDS and Data Set Overview A Compr...ijtsrd
Millions of people worldwide have Internet access today. Intrusion detection technology is a modern wave of information technology monitoring devices to deter malicious activities. Malware development malicious software is a vital problem when it comes to designing intrusion detection systems IDS . The key challenge is to recognize unknown and hidden malware, because malware writers use various evasion techniques to mask information to avoid IDS detection. Malicious attacks have become more sophisticated and Furthermore, threats to security have increased, including a zero day attack on internet users. Through the use of IT in our daily lives, computer security has become critical. Cyber threats are becoming more complex and pose growing challenges when it comes to successful intrusion detection. Failure to prevent invading information, such as data privacy, integrity and availability can undermine the credibility of security services. Specific intrusion detection approaches were proposed in the literature to combat computer security threats. This paper consists of a literature survey of the IDS that uses program algorithms to use specific data collection and forensic techniques in real time. Data mining techniques for cyber research are introduced in support of intrusion detection. Mohammed I. Alghamdi "An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Data-Set Overview: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Works" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35730.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/35730/an-assessment-of-intrusion-detection-system-ids-and-dataset-overview-a-comprehensive-review-of-recent-works/mohammed-i-alghamdi
IRJET- Security Risk Assessment on Social Media using Artificial Intellig...IRJET Journal
1. The document proposes using artificial intelligence to assess security risks on social media by detecting suspicious activity and malicious URLs.
2. It discusses drawbacks of existing intrusion detection systems, including complexity and vulnerabilities.
3. The proposed system would use AI techniques to automate intrusion detection, identify unknown threats, and learn over time to handle large volumes of data.
Intrusion detection and anomaly detection system using sequential pattern miningeSAT Journals
Abstract
Nowadays the security methods from password protected access up to firewalls which are used to secure the data as well as the networks from attackers. Several times these types of security methods are not enough to protect data. We can consider the use of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) is the one way to secure the data on critical systems. Most of the research work is going on the effectiveness and exactness of the intrusion detection, but these attempts are for the detection of the intrusions at the operating system and network level only. It is unable to detect the unexpected behavior of systems due to malicious transactions in databases. The method used for spotting any interferes on the information in the form of database known as database intrusion detection. It relies on enlisting the execution of a transaction. After that, if the recognized pattern is aside from those regular patterns actual is considered as an intrusion. But the identified problem with this process is that the accuracy algorithm which is used may not identify entire patterns. This type of challenges can affect in two ways. 1) Missing of the database with regular patterns. 2) The detection process neglects some new patterns. Therefore we proposed sequential data mining method by using new Modified Apriori Algorithm. The algorithm upturns the accurateness and rate of pattern detection by the process. The Apriori algorithm with modifications is used in the proposed model.
Keywords — Anomaly Detection, Modified Apriori Algorithm, Misuse detection, Sequential Pattern Mining
This document discusses network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) and their ability to handle high-speed traffic. It introduces NIDS and their role in monitoring network traffic. The document presents an experiment that tests the open-source NIDS Snort under high-volume traffic. The experiment shows that Snort drops more packets as traffic speed and volume increases, demonstrating a weakness of NIDS in high-speed environments. It suggests using a parallel NIDS technique to help NIDS better handle high-speed network traffic and reduce packet dropping.
Fundamentals of information systems security ( pdf drive ) chapter 1newbie2019
This document discusses the growth of the internet and increased connectivity of devices beyond just computers. It notes that as internet usage has increased, issues of privacy, data security, and protecting sensitive information have become more important for both personal and business use. The document provides an overview of common security concepts and terms to help understand how to prevent cyberattacks and secure sensitive data. It also includes a table summarizing several high-profile data breaches between 2013-2015 at companies like Target, Anthem, and Sony Pictures that compromised personal and financial information for millions of customers.
This paper describes the concept of implementing the network vulnerability assessment process as a web service in Eucalyptus cloud.This paper is published in one of the international conferences.I implemented the mentioned concept during my M.E. thesis.
Analytical survey of active intrusion detection techniques in mobile ad hoc n...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION AND NODE RECOVERY USING DYNAMIC PATH ROUTINGNishanth Gandhidoss
This document describes a project report submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology. The report focuses on network intrusion detection and node recovery using dynamic path routing. It was submitted by three students - Nishanth G., Sudharshan N., and Surya Krishnan R. - to Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering in partial fulfillment of their degree requirements. The document includes sections on acknowledgements, abstract, contents, introduction, literature survey, system design, network topology, network intrusion detection and prevention, node recovery, source anonymity, dynamic path routing, results and discussions, and conclusions. It aims to address privacy and security issues in networks through techniques like encryption, evidence collection, risk assessment
Survey of apt and other attacks with reliable security schemes in manetijctet
This document summarizes security threats and challenges in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses advanced persistent threats (APTs) which aim to stealthily infiltrate networks to steal data. APTs use techniques like spear phishing and malware to infect systems. Malware types discussed include viruses, worms, trojans, and bots. The document also outlines requirements for securing MANETs against APTs, such as protecting devices and browsers from exploitation. Finally, it analyzes security issues in routing for MANETs and categorizes common routing protocols.
The document discusses authentication, authorization, and accounting (the three As) as a leading model for access control. It describes authentication as identifying users, usually with a username and password. Authorization gives users access to resources based on their identity. Accounting (also called auditing) tracks user activity like time spent and services accessed. The document provides details on different authentication methods like passwords, PINs, smart cards, and digital certificates. It emphasizes the importance of strong passwords and changing them regularly.
Comparative Study on Intrusion Detection Systems for Smartphonesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A technical review and comparative analysis of machine learning techniques fo...IJECEIAES
Machine learning techniques are being widely used to develop an intrusion detection system (IDS) for detecting and classifying cyber attacks at the network-level and the host-level in a timely and automatic manner. However, Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), based on traditional machine learning methods, lacks reliability and accuracy. Instead of the traditional machine learning used in previous researches, we think deep learning has the potential to perform better in extracting features of massive data considering the massive cyber traffic in real life. Generally Mobile Ad Hoc Networks have given the low physical security for mobile devices, because of the properties such as node mobility, lack of centralized management and limited bandwidth. To tackle these security issues, traditional cryptography schemes can-not completely safeguard MANETs in terms of novel threats and vulnerabilities, thus by applying Deep learning methods techniques in IDS are capable of adapting the dynamic environments of MANETs and enables the system to make decisions on intrusion while continuing to learn about their mobile environment. An IDS in MANET is a sensoring mechanism that monitors nodes and network activities in order to detect malicious actions and malicious attempt performed by Intruders. Recently, multiple deep learning approaches have been proposed to enhance the performance of intrusion detection system. In this paper, we made a systematic comparison of three models, Inceprtion architecture convolutional neural network (Inception-CNN), Bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM) and deep belief network (DBN) on the deep learning-based intrusion detection systems, using the NSL-KDD dataset containing information about intrusion and regular network connections, the goal is to provide basic guidance on the choice of deep learning models in MANET.
How to Detect a Cryptolocker Infection with AlienVault USMAlienVault
As an IT security pro, unless you've been hiding under a rock, you've heard about ransomware threats like Cryptolocker. These threats are typically delivered via an e-mail with a malicious attachment, or by directing a user to a malicious website. Once the Cryptolocker file executes and connects to the command and control server, it begins to encrypt files and demands payment to unlock them. As a result, detecting infection quickly is key to limiting the damage.
AlienVault USM uses several built-in security controls working in unison to detect ransomware like Cryptolocker, usually as soon as it attempts to connect to the command and control server. Join us for a live demo showing how AlienVault USM detects these threats quickly, saving you valuable time in limiting the damage from the attack.
You'll learn:
How AlienVault USM detects communications with the command and control server
How the behavior is correlated with other signs of trouble to alert you of the threat
Immediate steps you need to take to stop the threat and limit the damage
The spread of information networks in communities and organizations have led to a daily huge volume of information exchange between different networks which, of course, has resulted in new threats to the national organizations. It can be said that information security has become today one of the most challenging areas. In other words, defects and disadvantages of computer network security address irreparable damage for enterprises. Therefore, identification of security threats and ways of dealing with them is essential. But the question raised in this regard is that what are the strategies and policies to deal with security threats that must be taken to ensure the security of computer networks? In this context, the present study intends to do a review of the literature by using earlier researches and library approach, to provide security solutions in the face of threats to their computer networks. The results of this research can lead to more understanding of security threats and ways to deal with them and help to implement a secure information platform.
A comprehensive study on classification of passive intrusion and extrusion de...csandit
Cyber criminals compromise Integrity, Availability and Confidentiality of network resources in
cyber space and cause remote class intrusions such as U2R, R2L, DoS and probe/scan system
attacks .To handle these intrusions, Cyber Security uses three audit and monitoring systems
namely Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS), Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). Intrusion
Detection System (IDS) monitors only inbound traffic which is insufficient to prevent botnet
systems. A system to monitor outbound traffic is named as Extrusion Detection System (EDS).
Therefore a hybrid system should be designed to handle both inbound and outbound traffic.
Due to the increased false alarms preventive systems do not suite to an organizational network.
The goal of this paper is to devise a taxonomy for cyber security and study the existing methods
of Intrusion and Extrusion Detection systems based on three primary characteristics. The
metrics used to evaluate IDS and EDS are also presented.
Current Studies On Intrusion Detection System, Genetic Algorithm And Fuzzy Logicijdpsjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on current studies of intrusion detection systems using genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic. The paper presents an overview of intrusion detection systems, including different techniques like misuse detection and anomaly detection. It discusses using genetic algorithms to generate fuzzy rules to characterize normal and abnormal network behavior in order to reduce false alarms. The paper also outlines the dataset, genetic algorithm approach, and use of fuzzy logic that are proposed for the intrusion detection system.
Network infrastructures have played important part in most daily communications for business industries,
social networking, government sectors and etc. Despites the advantages that came from such
functionalities, security threats have become a daily struggle. One major security threat is hacking.
Consequently, security experts and researchers have suggested possible security solutions such as
Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDP) and
Honeynet. Yet, none of these solutions have proven their ability to completely address hacking. The reason
behind that, there is a few researches that examine the behavior of hackers. This paper formally and
practically examines in details the behavior of hackers and their targeted environments. Moreover, this
paper formally examines the properties of one essential pre-hacking step called scanning and highlights its
importance in developing hacking strategies. Also, it illustrates the properties of hacking that is common in
most hacking strategies to assist security experts and researchers towards minimizing the risk of hack.
Healthcare IT Security Threats & Ways to Defend ThemCheapSSLsecurity
Encryption is required under HIPAA to protect electronic personal healthcare information being transferred or stored. SSL encryption protects data in motion by encrypting connections between computers but other vulnerabilities need addressing. Healthcare organizations should educate employees, secure wireless networks, vet third parties, and limit potential network damage from breaches through measures like network segregation.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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Behavior Analysis Of Malicious Web Pages Through Client Honeypot For Detectio...IJERA Editor
Malwares which is also known as malicious software’s is spreading through the exploiting the client side applications such as browsers, plug-ins etc. Attackers implant the malware codes in the user’s computer through web pages; thereby they are also known malicious web pages. Here in the paper, we present the usefulness of controlled environment in the form of client honeypots in detection of malicious web pages through collections of malicious intent in web pages and then perform detailed analysis for validation and confirmation of malicious web pages. First phase is collection of malicious infections through high interaction client honeypot, second phase is validations of the malicious infections embedded into web pages through behavior based analysis. Malwares which infect the client side applications and drop the malwares into user’s computers sometimes overrides the signature based detection techniques; thereby there is a need to study the behavior of the complete malicious web pages.
SECURITY TOOLS AND PRACTICES THAT ARE MINIMISING THE SURGE IN SUPPLY CHAIN AT...VOROR
While your organisation may have a series of cybersecurity protocols already in place, a supply chain attack requires you to prepare for data compromises that occur through the vulnerabilities in your vendor’s security protocols.
As vendors exist in a vast user network, a single compromised vendor results in multiple corporations suffering a data breach. This makes threats to the supply chain one of the most effective forms of cyberattacks because they access multiple targets from a single entry point. Website : https://voror.io
The Next Generation Cognitive Security Operations Center: Network Flow Forens...Konstantinos Demertzis
A Security Operations Center (SOC) can be defined as an organized and highly skilled team that uses advanced computer forensics tools to prevent, detect and respond to cybersecurity incidents of an organization. The fundamental aspects of an effective SOC is related to the ability to examine and analyze the vast number of data flows and to correlate several other types of events from a cybersecurity perception. The supervision and categorization of network flow is an essential process not only for the scheduling, management, and regulation of the network’s services, but also for attacks identification and for the consequent forensics’ investigations. A serious potential disadvantage of the traditional software solutions used today for computer network monitoring, and specifically for the instances of effective categorization of the encrypted or obfuscated network flow, which enforces the rebuilding of messages packets in sophisticated underlying protocols, is the requirements of computational resources. In addition, an additional significant inability of these software packages is they create high false positive rates because they are deprived of accurate predicting mechanisms.
For all the reasons above, in most cases, the traditional software fails completely to recognize unidentified vulnerabilities and zero-day exploitations. This paper proposes a novel intelligence driven Network Flow Forensics Framework (NF3) which uses low utilization of computing power and resources, for the Next Generation Cognitive Computing SOC (NGC2SOC) that rely solely on advanced fully automated intelligence methods. It is an effective and accurate Ensemble Machine Learning forensics tool to Network Traffic Analysis, Demystification of Malware Traffic and Encrypted Traffic Identification.
An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System IDS and Data Set Overview A Compr...ijtsrd
Millions of people worldwide have Internet access today. Intrusion detection technology is a modern wave of information technology monitoring devices to deter malicious activities. Malware development malicious software is a vital problem when it comes to designing intrusion detection systems IDS . The key challenge is to recognize unknown and hidden malware, because malware writers use various evasion techniques to mask information to avoid IDS detection. Malicious attacks have become more sophisticated and Furthermore, threats to security have increased, including a zero day attack on internet users. Through the use of IT in our daily lives, computer security has become critical. Cyber threats are becoming more complex and pose growing challenges when it comes to successful intrusion detection. Failure to prevent invading information, such as data privacy, integrity and availability can undermine the credibility of security services. Specific intrusion detection approaches were proposed in the literature to combat computer security threats. This paper consists of a literature survey of the IDS that uses program algorithms to use specific data collection and forensic techniques in real time. Data mining techniques for cyber research are introduced in support of intrusion detection. Mohammed I. Alghamdi "An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Data-Set Overview: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Works" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35730.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/35730/an-assessment-of-intrusion-detection-system-ids-and-dataset-overview-a-comprehensive-review-of-recent-works/mohammed-i-alghamdi
IRJET- Security Risk Assessment on Social Media using Artificial Intellig...IRJET Journal
1. The document proposes using artificial intelligence to assess security risks on social media by detecting suspicious activity and malicious URLs.
2. It discusses drawbacks of existing intrusion detection systems, including complexity and vulnerabilities.
3. The proposed system would use AI techniques to automate intrusion detection, identify unknown threats, and learn over time to handle large volumes of data.
Intrusion detection and anomaly detection system using sequential pattern miningeSAT Journals
Abstract
Nowadays the security methods from password protected access up to firewalls which are used to secure the data as well as the networks from attackers. Several times these types of security methods are not enough to protect data. We can consider the use of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) is the one way to secure the data on critical systems. Most of the research work is going on the effectiveness and exactness of the intrusion detection, but these attempts are for the detection of the intrusions at the operating system and network level only. It is unable to detect the unexpected behavior of systems due to malicious transactions in databases. The method used for spotting any interferes on the information in the form of database known as database intrusion detection. It relies on enlisting the execution of a transaction. After that, if the recognized pattern is aside from those regular patterns actual is considered as an intrusion. But the identified problem with this process is that the accuracy algorithm which is used may not identify entire patterns. This type of challenges can affect in two ways. 1) Missing of the database with regular patterns. 2) The detection process neglects some new patterns. Therefore we proposed sequential data mining method by using new Modified Apriori Algorithm. The algorithm upturns the accurateness and rate of pattern detection by the process. The Apriori algorithm with modifications is used in the proposed model.
Keywords — Anomaly Detection, Modified Apriori Algorithm, Misuse detection, Sequential Pattern Mining
This document discusses network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) and their ability to handle high-speed traffic. It introduces NIDS and their role in monitoring network traffic. The document presents an experiment that tests the open-source NIDS Snort under high-volume traffic. The experiment shows that Snort drops more packets as traffic speed and volume increases, demonstrating a weakness of NIDS in high-speed environments. It suggests using a parallel NIDS technique to help NIDS better handle high-speed network traffic and reduce packet dropping.
Fundamentals of information systems security ( pdf drive ) chapter 1newbie2019
This document discusses the growth of the internet and increased connectivity of devices beyond just computers. It notes that as internet usage has increased, issues of privacy, data security, and protecting sensitive information have become more important for both personal and business use. The document provides an overview of common security concepts and terms to help understand how to prevent cyberattacks and secure sensitive data. It also includes a table summarizing several high-profile data breaches between 2013-2015 at companies like Target, Anthem, and Sony Pictures that compromised personal and financial information for millions of customers.
This paper describes the concept of implementing the network vulnerability assessment process as a web service in Eucalyptus cloud.This paper is published in one of the international conferences.I implemented the mentioned concept during my M.E. thesis.
Analytical survey of active intrusion detection techniques in mobile ad hoc n...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION AND NODE RECOVERY USING DYNAMIC PATH ROUTINGNishanth Gandhidoss
This document describes a project report submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology. The report focuses on network intrusion detection and node recovery using dynamic path routing. It was submitted by three students - Nishanth G., Sudharshan N., and Surya Krishnan R. - to Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering in partial fulfillment of their degree requirements. The document includes sections on acknowledgements, abstract, contents, introduction, literature survey, system design, network topology, network intrusion detection and prevention, node recovery, source anonymity, dynamic path routing, results and discussions, and conclusions. It aims to address privacy and security issues in networks through techniques like encryption, evidence collection, risk assessment
Survey of apt and other attacks with reliable security schemes in manetijctet
This document summarizes security threats and challenges in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses advanced persistent threats (APTs) which aim to stealthily infiltrate networks to steal data. APTs use techniques like spear phishing and malware to infect systems. Malware types discussed include viruses, worms, trojans, and bots. The document also outlines requirements for securing MANETs against APTs, such as protecting devices and browsers from exploitation. Finally, it analyzes security issues in routing for MANETs and categorizes common routing protocols.
The document discusses authentication, authorization, and accounting (the three As) as a leading model for access control. It describes authentication as identifying users, usually with a username and password. Authorization gives users access to resources based on their identity. Accounting (also called auditing) tracks user activity like time spent and services accessed. The document provides details on different authentication methods like passwords, PINs, smart cards, and digital certificates. It emphasizes the importance of strong passwords and changing them regularly.
Comparative Study on Intrusion Detection Systems for Smartphonesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A technical review and comparative analysis of machine learning techniques fo...IJECEIAES
Machine learning techniques are being widely used to develop an intrusion detection system (IDS) for detecting and classifying cyber attacks at the network-level and the host-level in a timely and automatic manner. However, Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), based on traditional machine learning methods, lacks reliability and accuracy. Instead of the traditional machine learning used in previous researches, we think deep learning has the potential to perform better in extracting features of massive data considering the massive cyber traffic in real life. Generally Mobile Ad Hoc Networks have given the low physical security for mobile devices, because of the properties such as node mobility, lack of centralized management and limited bandwidth. To tackle these security issues, traditional cryptography schemes can-not completely safeguard MANETs in terms of novel threats and vulnerabilities, thus by applying Deep learning methods techniques in IDS are capable of adapting the dynamic environments of MANETs and enables the system to make decisions on intrusion while continuing to learn about their mobile environment. An IDS in MANET is a sensoring mechanism that monitors nodes and network activities in order to detect malicious actions and malicious attempt performed by Intruders. Recently, multiple deep learning approaches have been proposed to enhance the performance of intrusion detection system. In this paper, we made a systematic comparison of three models, Inceprtion architecture convolutional neural network (Inception-CNN), Bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM) and deep belief network (DBN) on the deep learning-based intrusion detection systems, using the NSL-KDD dataset containing information about intrusion and regular network connections, the goal is to provide basic guidance on the choice of deep learning models in MANET.
How to Detect a Cryptolocker Infection with AlienVault USMAlienVault
As an IT security pro, unless you've been hiding under a rock, you've heard about ransomware threats like Cryptolocker. These threats are typically delivered via an e-mail with a malicious attachment, or by directing a user to a malicious website. Once the Cryptolocker file executes and connects to the command and control server, it begins to encrypt files and demands payment to unlock them. As a result, detecting infection quickly is key to limiting the damage.
AlienVault USM uses several built-in security controls working in unison to detect ransomware like Cryptolocker, usually as soon as it attempts to connect to the command and control server. Join us for a live demo showing how AlienVault USM detects these threats quickly, saving you valuable time in limiting the damage from the attack.
You'll learn:
How AlienVault USM detects communications with the command and control server
How the behavior is correlated with other signs of trouble to alert you of the threat
Immediate steps you need to take to stop the threat and limit the damage
The spread of information networks in communities and organizations have led to a daily huge volume of information exchange between different networks which, of course, has resulted in new threats to the national organizations. It can be said that information security has become today one of the most challenging areas. In other words, defects and disadvantages of computer network security address irreparable damage for enterprises. Therefore, identification of security threats and ways of dealing with them is essential. But the question raised in this regard is that what are the strategies and policies to deal with security threats that must be taken to ensure the security of computer networks? In this context, the present study intends to do a review of the literature by using earlier researches and library approach, to provide security solutions in the face of threats to their computer networks. The results of this research can lead to more understanding of security threats and ways to deal with them and help to implement a secure information platform.
A comprehensive study on classification of passive intrusion and extrusion de...csandit
Cyber criminals compromise Integrity, Availability and Confidentiality of network resources in
cyber space and cause remote class intrusions such as U2R, R2L, DoS and probe/scan system
attacks .To handle these intrusions, Cyber Security uses three audit and monitoring systems
namely Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS), Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). Intrusion
Detection System (IDS) monitors only inbound traffic which is insufficient to prevent botnet
systems. A system to monitor outbound traffic is named as Extrusion Detection System (EDS).
Therefore a hybrid system should be designed to handle both inbound and outbound traffic.
Due to the increased false alarms preventive systems do not suite to an organizational network.
The goal of this paper is to devise a taxonomy for cyber security and study the existing methods
of Intrusion and Extrusion Detection systems based on three primary characteristics. The
metrics used to evaluate IDS and EDS are also presented.
Current Studies On Intrusion Detection System, Genetic Algorithm And Fuzzy Logicijdpsjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on current studies of intrusion detection systems using genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic. The paper presents an overview of intrusion detection systems, including different techniques like misuse detection and anomaly detection. It discusses using genetic algorithms to generate fuzzy rules to characterize normal and abnormal network behavior in order to reduce false alarms. The paper also outlines the dataset, genetic algorithm approach, and use of fuzzy logic that are proposed for the intrusion detection system.
Network infrastructures have played important part in most daily communications for business industries,
social networking, government sectors and etc. Despites the advantages that came from such
functionalities, security threats have become a daily struggle. One major security threat is hacking.
Consequently, security experts and researchers have suggested possible security solutions such as
Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDP) and
Honeynet. Yet, none of these solutions have proven their ability to completely address hacking. The reason
behind that, there is a few researches that examine the behavior of hackers. This paper formally and
practically examines in details the behavior of hackers and their targeted environments. Moreover, this
paper formally examines the properties of one essential pre-hacking step called scanning and highlights its
importance in developing hacking strategies. Also, it illustrates the properties of hacking that is common in
most hacking strategies to assist security experts and researchers towards minimizing the risk of hack.
Healthcare IT Security Threats & Ways to Defend ThemCheapSSLsecurity
Encryption is required under HIPAA to protect electronic personal healthcare information being transferred or stored. SSL encryption protects data in motion by encrypting connections between computers but other vulnerabilities need addressing. Healthcare organizations should educate employees, secure wireless networks, vet third parties, and limit potential network damage from breaches through measures like network segregation.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Behavior Analysis Of Malicious Web Pages Through Client Honeypot For Detectio...IJERA Editor
Malwares which is also known as malicious software’s is spreading through the exploiting the client side applications such as browsers, plug-ins etc. Attackers implant the malware codes in the user’s computer through web pages; thereby they are also known malicious web pages. Here in the paper, we present the usefulness of controlled environment in the form of client honeypots in detection of malicious web pages through collections of malicious intent in web pages and then perform detailed analysis for validation and confirmation of malicious web pages. First phase is collection of malicious infections through high interaction client honeypot, second phase is validations of the malicious infections embedded into web pages through behavior based analysis. Malwares which infect the client side applications and drop the malwares into user’s computers sometimes overrides the signature based detection techniques; thereby there is a need to study the behavior of the complete malicious web pages.
SECURITY TOOLS AND PRACTICES THAT ARE MINIMISING THE SURGE IN SUPPLY CHAIN AT...VOROR
While your organisation may have a series of cybersecurity protocols already in place, a supply chain attack requires you to prepare for data compromises that occur through the vulnerabilities in your vendor’s security protocols.
As vendors exist in a vast user network, a single compromised vendor results in multiple corporations suffering a data breach. This makes threats to the supply chain one of the most effective forms of cyberattacks because they access multiple targets from a single entry point. Website : https://voror.io
Looking to understand how hackers and other attackers use cyber technology to attack your network and your executives? This slide set provides an overview and details the anatomy of a cyber attack, and the strategies you can use to manage and mitigate risk.
This document discusses securing healthcare networks against cyber attacks. It proposes using intrusion detection systems to continuously monitor networks, firewalls to ensure endpoint devices comply with security policies, and biometrics for identity-based network access control. This would help protect patient privacy by safeguarding electronic health records and enhancing the security of hospital networks. The growing adoption of electronic records and devices in healthcare has increased risks of attacks that could intercept patient data or take over entire hospital networks. Strong network security measures are needed to address these risks.
Information Systems and Networks are subjected to electronic attacks. When
network attacks hit, organizations are thrown into crisis mode. From the IT department to
call centers, to the board room and beyond, all are fraught with danger until the situation is
under control. Traditional methods which are used to overcome these threats (e.g. firewall,
antivirus software, password protection etc.) do not provide complete security to the system.
This encourages the researchers to develop an Intrusion Detection System which is capable
of detecting and responding to such events. This review paper presents a comprehensive
study of Genetic Algorithm (GA) based Intrusion Detection System (IDS). It provides a
brief overview of rule-based IDS, elaborates the implementation issues of Genetic Algorithm
and also presents a comparative analysis of existing studies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a honey pot intrusion detection system. The paper introduces cyber warfare as a growing threat and the need for effective network security. It then describes designing and implementing a honey pot IDS to detect potential threats on a host system by emulating network services and monitoring connections. The IDS would use event correlation, log analysis, alerting and policy enforcement. The document provides background on intrusions, IDS testing methodology, and reasons why only creating secure systems is not enough to prevent all intrusions.
This document summarizes an article that proposes integrating conditional random fields (CRFs) and a layered approach to improve intrusion detection systems. CRFs can effectively model relationships between different features to increase attack detection accuracy. A layered approach reduces computation time by eliminating communication overhead between layers and using a small set of features in each layer. The proposed system aims to achieve both high attack detection accuracy using CRFs and high efficiency using the layered approach. It presents integrating these two methods for intrusion detection to address issues with limited coverage, high false alarms, and inefficiency in existing systems.
Information Securityfind an article online discussing defense-in-d.pdfforladies
Information Security
find an article online discussing defense-in-depth. List your source and provide a paragraph
summary of what the article stated.
Solution
Abstract
The exponential growth of the Internet interconnections has led to a significant growth of cyber
attack incidents often with disastrous and grievous consequences. Malware is the primary choice
of weapon to carry out malicious intents in the cyberspace, either by exploitation into existing
vulnerabilities or utilization of unique characteristics of emerging technologies. The
development of more innovative and effective malware defense mechanisms has been regarded
as an urgent requirement in the cybersecurity community. To assist in achieving this goal, we
first present an overview of the most exploited vulnerabilities in existing hardware, software, and
network layers. This is followed by critiques of existing state-of-the-art mitigation techniques as
why they do or don\'t work. We then discuss new attack patterns in emerging technologies such
as social media, cloud computing, smartphone technology, and critical infrastructure. Finally, we
describe our speculative observations on future research directions.
A multi-layered approach to cyber security utilising machine learning and advanced analytics is
essential to defend against sophisticated multi-stage attacks including:
Insider Threats | Advanced Human Attacks | Supply Chain Infection | Ransomware |
Compromised User Accounts | Data Loss
Prepare for a cyber security incident or attack and how to adequately manage the aftermath with
an organised approach to Incident Response – coordinating resources, people, information,
technology and complying with regulations.
INSIDER THREATS
Insider threat can originate from employees, contractors, third party services or anyone with
access rights to your network, corporate data or business premises.
The challenge is to identify attacks and understand how they develop in real-time by analysing
and correlating the subtle signs of compromise that an insider makes when they infiltrate the
network.
Traditional security measures are no longer sufficient to combat insider threat. A more
sophisticated, intelligence-based approach is required. Cyberseer uses machine-learning
technology to form a behavioural baseline for every user to determine normal activity and spot
new, previously unidentified threat behaviours. The move to a more proactive approach towards
security will enable companies to take action to thwart developing situations escalating into
exfiltrated information or damaging incidents.
ADVANCED HUMAN ATTACKS
Advanced threats use a set of stealthy and continuous processes to target an organisation, which
is often orchestrated for business or political motives by individuals (or groups). The “advanced”
process signifies sophisticated techniques using malware to exploit vulnerabilities in
organisations systems. They are considered persistent because an external command and control
system .
Network security is a dynamic art, with dangers appearing as fast as black hats can exploit vulnerabilities. While there are basic “golden rules” which can make life difficult for the bad guys, it remains a challenge to keep networks secure. John Chambers, Executive Chairman of Cisco, famously said “there are two types of companies: those that have been hacked, and those who don’t know they have been hacked”. The question for most organizations isn’t if they’re going to be breached, but how quickly they can isolate and mitigate the threat. In this paper, we’ll examine best practices for effective cybersecurity – from both a proactive (access hardening) and reactive (threat isolation and mitigation) perspective. We’ll address how network automation can help minimize cyberattacks by closing vulnerability gaps and how it can improve incident response times in the event of a cyberthreat. Finally, we’ll lay a vision for continuous network security, to explore how machine-to-machine automation may deliver an auto-securing and self-healing network.
Go to www.esgjrconsultinginc.com
Toward Continuous Cybersecurity With Network AutomationKen Flott
Network security is a dynamic art, with dangers appearing as
fast as black hats can exploit vulnerabilities. While there are
basic “golden rules” which can make life difficult for the bad
guys, it remains a challenge to keep networks secure. John
Chambers, Executive Chairman of Cisco, famously said “there
are two types of companies: those that have been hacked, and
those who don’t know they have been hacked”. The question
for most organizations isn’t if they’re going to be breached, but
how quickly they can isolate and mitigate the threat.
In this paper, we’ll examine best practices for effective
cybersecurity – from both a proactive (access hardening)
and reactive (threat isolation and mitigation) perspective.
We’ll address how network automation can help minimize
cyberattacks by closing vulnerability gaps and how it can
improve incident response times in the event of a cyberthreat.
Finally, we’ll lay a vision for continuous network security, to
explore how machine-to-machine automation may deliver an
auto-securing and self-healing network.
The document discusses the McAfee Network Security Platform (NSP), an intrusion prevention system. The NSP uses techniques like stateful traffic inspection, signature detection, anomaly detection, and advanced malware detection to protect networks from attacks. It can detect threats inside and outside the network and respond according to security policies. The NSP consists of sensors deployed at key points in the network and a manager to configure and manage the sensors.
A Comprehensive Review On Intrusion Detection System And TechniquesKelly Taylor
This document discusses machine learning techniques for intrusion detection systems (IDS). It provides an overview of the research progress using machine learning to improve intrusion detection in networks. Machine learning and data mining techniques have been widely used to automatically detect network traffic anomalies. The goal is to summarize and compare research contributions of IDS using machine learning, define existing challenges, and discuss anticipated solutions. Commonly used machine learning techniques for IDS are reviewed along with some existing machine learning-based IDS proposed by researchers.
Intrusion Detection in Industrial Automation by Joint Admin AuthorizationIJMTST Journal
Intrusion response is a more important part of security protection. In industrial automation systems (IASs) have achieved maximum and availability attention. Real-time security policy of intrusion response has big challenge for intrusion response in IASs. The loss caused by the security threats may even increase the industrial automation. However, traditional approach in intrusion detection pays attention on security policy decisions and removes security policy execution. Proposed system presents a general, real-time control depends on table driven scheduling of intrusion detection and response in IASs to resolve the problem of security policy like assigning rights to use the system. Security policy created of a security service group, with every kind of security techniques supported by a realization task set. Realization tasks from different task sets can be combined to form a response task set. In this approach, first, a response task set is created by a non dominated genetic algorithm with joint consideration of security performance and cost. Then, the system is re- configured via an integrated scheduling scheme in which system tasks and response tasks are mapped and scheduled together based on a GA. Additionally, this system proposed Joint Admin Model (JTAM) model to control over unauthorized access in industrial automation system. Furthermore, proposed method shows result of industrial automation for security mechanism. Security policy helps to authenticate user request to access industrial resources.
Malware Hunter: Building an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to Neutralize Bo...Editor IJCATR
Among the various forms of malware attacks such as Denial of service, Sniffer, Buffer overflows are the most dreaded threats to computer networks. These attacks are known as botnet attacks and self-propagating in nature and act as an agent or user interface to control the computers which they attack. In the process of controlling a malware, Bot header(s) use a program to control remote systems through internet with the help of zombie systems. Botnets are collection of compromised computers (Bots) which are remotely controlled by its originator (Bot-Master) under a common Command-and-Control (C&C) structure. A server commands to the bot and botnet and receives the reports from the bot. The bots use Trojan horses and subsequently communicate with a central server using IRC. Botnet employs different techniques like Honeypot, communication protocols (e.g. HTTP and DNS) to intrude in new systems in different stages of their lifecycle. Therefore, identifying the botnets has become very challenging; because the botnets are upgrading their methods periodically for affecting the networks. Here, the focus on addressing the botnet detection problem in an Enterprise Network
This research introduces novel Solution to mitigate the malicious activities of Botnet attacks through the Principle of component analysis of each traffic data, measurement and countermeasure selection mechanism called Malware Hunter. This system is built on attack graph-based analytical models based on classification process and reconfigurable through update solutions to virtual network-based countermeasures.
IRJET- Data Security using Honeypot SystemIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses honeypot systems, which are decoy computer systems used to detect cyber attacks.
2) Honeypots are classified as low, medium, or high interaction depending on how fully they mimic real systems and services. Low interaction honeypots are easier to deploy but provide limited information, while high interaction honeypots provide more realistic environments to study attackers.
3) Honeypots are used for research purposes to study hacking tools and methods or for production use by organizations to enhance network security. When combined with intrusion detection systems and firewalls, honeypots can improve an organization's ability to detect and respond to cyber threats.
Modification data attack inside computer systems: A critical reviewCSITiaesprime
This paper is a review of types of modification data attack based on computer systems and it explores the vulnerabilities and mitigations. Altering information is a kind of cyber-attack during which intruders interfere, catch, alter, take, or erase critical data on the personal computers (PCs) and applications through using network exploit or by running malicious executable codes on victim's system. One of the most difficult and trendy areas in information security is to protect the sensitive information and secure devices from any kind of threats. Latest advancements in information technology in the field of information security reveal huge amount of budget funded for and spent on developing and addressing security threats to mitigate them. This helps in a variety of settings such as military, business, science, and entertainment. Considering all concerns, the security issues almost always come at first as the most critical concerns in the modern time. As a matter of fact, there is no ultimate security solution; although recent developments in security analysis are finding daily vulnerabilities, there are many motivations to spend billions of dollars to ensure there are vulnerabilities waiting for any kind of breach or exploit to penetrate into the systems and networks and achieve particular interests. In terms of modifying data and information, from old-fashioned attacks to recent cyber ones, all of the attacks are using the same signature: either controlling data streams to easily breach system protections or using non-control-data attack approaches. Both methods can damage applications which work on decision-making data, user input data, configuration data, or user identity data to a large extent. In this review paper, we have tried to express trends of vulnerabilities in the network protocols’ applications.
Network security involves implementing multiple layers of defenses to protect a network from threats. It includes technologies like firewalls, antivirus software, and intrusion detection systems to manage access and detect malware and exploits. As networks increasingly face hacking threats, strong network security tools are essential for organizations to protect their systems, data, and reputation. Network security strategies aim to authorize only legitimate users while blocking malicious actors from harming the network.
IRJET- Zombie - Venomous File: Analysis using Legitimate Signature for Securi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a proposed method for detecting viruses and malware that evade existing antivirus software. It uses a combination of analyzing files with VirusTotal's database of known threats and applying natural language processing techniques like suffix trees and TF-IDF to identify malicious patterns in files. An evaluation shows the proposed method can detect viruses that existing antivirus and VirusTotal miss, achieving a 97% accuracy rate in testing.
INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM USING CUSTOMIZED RULES FOR SNORTIJMIT JOURNAL
This document proposes an intrusion detection system using customized rules for the Snort tool to improve security. The system uses Wireshark to scan network traffic for anomalies, Snort to detect attacks using customized rulesets for faster response times, and Wazuh and Splunk to analyze log files. Rules are created using the Snorpy tool and added to Snort to monitor for specific attacks like ICMP ping impersonation and authentication attempts. When attacks are attempted, the system successfully detects them and logs the alerts. The integration of these tools provides low-cost intrusion detection capabilities with automated threat identification and faster response compared to existing Snort configurations.
Similar to AN ISP BASED NOTIFICATION AND DETECTION SYSTEM TO MAXIMIZE EFFICIENCY OF CLIENT HONEYPOTS IN PROTECTION OF END USERS (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
AN ISP BASED NOTIFICATION AND DETECTION SYSTEM TO MAXIMIZE EFFICIENCY OF CLIENT HONEYPOTS IN PROTECTION OF END USERS
1. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.5, Sep 2011
DOI : 10.5121/ijnsa.2011.3505 59
AN ISP BASED NOTIFICATION AND DETECTION
SYSTEM TO MAXIMIZE EFFICIENCY OF CLIENT
HONEYPOTS IN PROTECTION OF END USERS
Masood Mansoori1
and Ray Hunt2
1, 2
Faculty of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand
1
masood.mansoori@gmail.com
2
ray.hunt@canterbury.ac.nz
ABSTRACT
End users are increasingly vulnerable to attacks directed at web browsers which make the most of
popularity of today’s web services. While organizations deploy several layers of security to protect their
systems and data against unauthorised access, surveys reveal that a large fraction of end users do not
utilize and/or are not familiar with any security tools. End users’ hesitation and unfamiliarity with
security products contribute vastly to the number of online DDoS attacks, malware and Spam
distribution. This work on progress paper proposes a design focused on the notion of increased
participation of internet service providers in protecting end users. The proposed design takes advantage
of three different detection tools to identify the maliciousness of a website content and alerts users
through utilising Internet Content Adaptation Protocol (ICAP) by an In-Browser cross-platform
messaging system. The system also incorporates the users’ online behaviour analysis to minimize the
scanning intervals of malicious websites database by client honeypots. Findings from our proof of
concept design and other research indicate that such a design can provide a reliable hybrid detection
mechanism while introducing low delay time into user browsing experience.
KEYWORDS
Browser Vulnerability, Client Honeypot, ICAP
1. INTRODUCTION
The first implementations of bait system concepts were introduced in information security in the
late 1980s [1]. The idea has always been to use deception against attackers by mimicking
valuable and vulnerable resources to lure them into exploiting those resources. The purpose of
such a strategy is twofold; to gather information on the nature of the attack, attacker, tools and
techniques used in the process, and to protect operational hosts and servers.. The first
implementations of honeypots focused on imitating server side services and were mainly
designed to protect servers and production systems, and gather information on attackers and
attacks directed at those services. In recent years, a change in attack behaviour has been
detected across the internet. Instead of putting all the efforts to target and gain access to
production servers, attackers are targeting end-user systems.
Online attacks targeting users’ operating system through browser and browser vulnerabilities
are common threats. Attackers use social engineering techniques to lure users into downloading
and installing malicious software or malware without disclosing their actual intend. Prompting
users to install plugins to watch online videos and mimicking themselves as free antivirus
software are two examples of common techniques used by attackers to induce users into
installing them. Malicious website are also deployed which contain code that exploit
vulnerabilities of popular web browsers, their extensions and plug-ins. Once such a website is
visited by a vulnerable browser, the malicious code is rendered and executed by the browser’s
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engine, resulting in exploitation of a particular vulnerability associated with the browser or the
operating system and its applications. The infected client system may then fetch and install
malware from a malware server or allow an attacker to gain a full control over the system.
Client honeypots have been designed to identify such malicious websites, using signature, state,
anomaly and machine learning based detection techniques. The trend change, from targeting
server side services to client side applications can be the result of the following factors in two
different parts of network design:
2. ATTACKS ON SERVER AND PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTS
Servers form the backbone of information and contain the data vital for the organization to
function properly and invaluable in terms of capital. Such information directly affects the
everyday functions of the company and may cost a company millions if not available for short
periods of time. An example is the webserver of a bank that allows customers to perform online
transactions. These servers are ideal targets for hackers to attack and exploit. Gaining access to
such high profile targets can have numerous advantages in terms of financial benefits and fame
within underground community. These attacks can be self or even politically motivated. Taking
down such systems can cause the largest damage, creating a single point of failure which affects
the entire organization directly. Many companies therefore spend a significant amount in
protecting their servers from attacks and unauthorized access. Some of the techniques currently
used to protect servers and production hosts and network resources of organizations are:
2.1. Strict Security Policies
Designing a security policy and enforcing it is without a doubt, one of the most critical aspects
of a good information security system. Authentication systems based on level of access and user
privileges ensure that only users with right permissions are authorized to access the resources on
a system or network. Systems operating on principle of granting access based on users’ roles in
organizations are rightfully called, Role Based Access Control (RBAC). If implemented
correctly, RBAC can effectively protect resources against unauthorized access. The
effectiveness and efficiency of this system can be seen in the popularity of RBAC model
implemented in almost all organizations [2, 3]. Although a user with low privileges may gain a
higher access rights through exploiting vulnerabilities in the host system, detection and
mitigation of such attacks are beyond the scopes of such systems. Moreover there are security
mechanisms in place which will detect any attempts to bypass policies and gain a higher
privilege. One of such mechanisms is an Intrusion Detection System (IDS).
2.2. Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems
Once thought as one solution for all against security attacks, intrusion detection systems have
been around for many years and have evolved from simple signature based detection to
detection based on anomaly and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Newer IDSs perform Deep Packet
Inspection in hardware which allows for faster inspection of packets and can cope with high
bandwidth networks. While intrusion detection systems are designed to perform a passive
detection and employ a warning approach, Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) take a more
active approach by responding to an attack through predefined actions (i.e. resetting the
connection). Although host and network based implementations of intrusion detection and
prevention exist to suit different needs and security requirements of a organization, their role in
information security structure has been demoted because of design issues with reliable
detection, costs, management overhead and risk associated with implementing such systems.
Intrusion detection systems tend to generate high amounts data and false positives which require
extensive analysis efforts. Shortcomings in detection capabilities also effect the implementation
of proper prevention systems since companies would not take the risk of denying legitimate
access to resources to customers based on unreliable detection of such systems.
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2.3. Firewalls
Firewalls are justly the most effective barrier against attacks on production networks. They
isolate the network from outside environment and based on the predefined rules, decide what
packets get to enter or exit the network. Efficiency of firewalls resides in their simplicity in
concept and design, their extensibility and reliability. Predefined actions can be performed on a
packet based on different characteristics such as source or destination IP address, port in use and
protocol. They can also be configured to isolate the network by running as a proxy, interacting
with outside networks on behalf of the internal hosts or implementing NAT to deny direct
access from outside networks to internal hosts. Firewalls however fail to detect attacks which
are originated from inside or in case if someone is attacking the internal resources from within
the network.
2.4. Honeypots
Honeypots are system resources placed on production and research networks of companies or
educational institutes to detect and monitor current state of attacks on hosts and servers.
Honeypots also play an important role in protecting servers and hosts against attacks targeted at
resources available on a production network by directing attacks to decoy systems. These decoy
systems are placed within production network and mimic hosts and servers, diverting attacker’s
attention away from the real ones. Once implemented properly with other technologies such as
intrusion detection systems and firewalls, honeypots become highly effective tools against
external and internal attacks. A honeypot placed in front of the firewall can help administrator
monitor and obtain a detailed picture of the frequency, nature and types of attack. On the other
hand, a honeypot placed behind a firewall and within a production environment allows
administrators to monitor and detect attacks that have bypassed primary security tools (i.e.
Firewall, IDS). Honeypots are effective tools to detect internal attacks and propagation of
worms within an internal network which other tools such as firewalls fail to achieve.
2.5. Trained IT Personnel
Companies generally have dedicated network administrators who are highly trained about
computers and are responsible for updating users’ operating system with the latest security
updates, running network forensics tools, patching vulnerabilities and installing and maintaining
antivirus software on each host. They are also responsible for monitoring information security
policies violations, keeping an eye on employees to operate based on predefined policies in
terms of computer usage, either within the internal or outside networks. Network administrators
act as monitoring, enforcement and management force behind the information security of an
organization. Figure 1 illustrates the results of a survey on the use of security products deployed
in companies.
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Figure 1. Ratio of security product use in enterprises IT [4]
3. END USER, AN EASIER TARGET
End users, in contrast to hosts and servers in production environments, do not possess the luxury
of host or network based intrusion detection or prevention systems, nor do they have someone
else responsible for updating their systems with latest updates. They have to rely on self
knowledge of security tools, built-in operating system security features and third party software
to provide security functions. Security of home users mainly revolves around the following
security mechanisms:
3.1. Secure Operating System
Operating system is the platform on which all other user applications run and resembles the
foundation of a building. Microsoft is the dominant player in operating system market and has a
total share of 94 percent of all operating systems in use. While its latest operating system,
Windows 7 is the most stable and most secure operating system, its slow adaptation in home
users and corporations has led to wide spread use of older operating systems. According to
statistics of the last three month (Nov-Dec-Jan 2010), Windows XP, a popular but vulnerable
operating system has a 50% market share while windows Vista owns 15% followed by Widows
7, 28%. Microsoft provides constant updates for these operating systems; it is up to the user to
install these updates. A quick look at the operating system security however, confirms that even
with constant update and release of service packs, the number of discovered vulnerabilities have
not decreased dramatically. Based on the report be Secunia, 75 vulnerabilities were discovered
in Windows 7 alone in 2010. Windows Vista follows by 89 followed by Windows XP 97 [5].
3.2. Client Firewall
Most recent operating systems come with built in and “enabled by default” firewall package.
Starting with Windows XP service pack 2 and since, firewall has been enabled by default on all
Microsoft operating systems. This provides basic protection for an average home user. Based on
a latest study in European Union countries in 2010 [Internet usage in 2010 – Households and
Individuals], less than 50 percent of the users had their firewalled enabled. Users decide to
disable windows firewall because of compatibility issues with other programs. This results in
significant threat to the security of the host system.
3.3. Antivirus
Antivirus software is the basic security tool installed in end user computer. They mostly rely on
signature based detection where executable files are matched against a signature database of
known viruses. New versions have run-time scanning feature that scans the file in real time and
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avoids execution, if a threat is detected. Signature based detection however results in the
antivirus engine failing to detect variants of known viruses, therefore a constant update of
antivirus signature database is essential to provide basic protection. Although an antivirus is
fairly effective in detection of known attacks if updated regularly, they are unable to protect
users from remote port attacks or attacks directed at user applications from internet. Latest
survey shows that, 25 % of users disabled their antivirus software because they believe this
software have negative impact on their PCs’ performance [6].While another study by a research
group had similar results showing around 23% had absolutely no active security software
installed. Rightfully assuming that every computer without any active protection would be
infected with one type of virus or malware, 23% makes a huge impact not only on the infected
computers but overall security of the internet as these infected hosts will be used to attack other
hosts across the internet, be a part of DDoS attacks or exploited to deliver Spam [7].
3.4. Applications
Operating system vulnerabilities are most discussed in security community but vulnerabilities in
user applications cover most of the vulnerabilities found in an end user system. A study by
Secunia points to 729 (Windows XP), 722(Windows Vista) and 709 (Windows 7) available
vulnerabilities, in top 50 applications on a typical user system [8]. All these applications are
offered by 14 vendors. Based on these numbers, more secured operating system does not
necessarily provide a more robust platform unless applications are developed in a secured
manner or patched properly [8]. With increasing number of users online, application
vulnerabilities are the easiest and the main target of such attacks. Based on [8], 84% of all
attacks were classified to be “from remote” while local network or local system each had 7 % of
total attacks. These results show the importance of implementing a robust internet security
while browsing the internet, especially in applications which directly interact with web contents.
Internet browsers are the main tools used to browse and retrieve contents from the internet. With
increasing popularity of dynamic internet contents and online services (i.e. online banking),
browsers’ roles have been more than just to view static contents but rather a part of a new wave
of user interaction and experience with the web. With popularity of cloud computing, browser’s
role will even be more immanent in the usability of novel operating systems. Since browsers are
the main tools to interact with online contents, they are a gateway into the host operating
systems and local networks. If a browser is exploited, attackers would be able to gain access to
system resources and install malicious code on the local system. The infected host then fetches
more malicious content from remote locations and targets local hosts. All this is done without
firewall blocking any connections. Any NAT implementations are bypassed since once a host is
infected all connections are initiated from inside, which is permitted by firewall.
Figure 2. Number of vulnerabilities in popular web browsers [9]
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As shown in the figure 2, a vast majority of application vulnerabilities consist of vulnerabilities
in user browsers. The vulnerabilities are easy to exploit by malicious webservers which host
exploits on websites. Studies illustrate that most of the remote attacks are directed at exploiting
such vulnerabilities[8]. Certainly updating to the latest version of the browser and patching
operating system reduces the risk of infection dramatically, however as statistics show, even
latest versions of the browsers have high number of vulnerabilities.
A method to complement the security and safeguard a user’s experience online is to deploy
client honeypots and identify such malicious websites. A database of malicious websites allows
a user to check his desired URL against the database of known malicious websites and domains
in real time and be notified of the security risks. Such database already exists in form of browser
plug-ins and APIs [10, 11]. A fundamental drawbacks of such implementations of user
notification is the fact that internet consists of roughly 255 million websites [12]. Even if a
website takes 1 second to be scanned by a honeypot system, it would take 2951 days for a single
honeypot to scan the entire internet. Even with extensive hardware resources, the idea of
scanning a massive portion of the internet on regular bases does not sound feasible [13]. Other
elements to remember in the nature of malicious websites are:
Malicious websites change their malicious content frequently, a website which is hosting
exploit a day might not host it the next day [14].
New malicious websites are constantly added. This is either within the certain domains
operated by hackers or by targeting legitimate websites and using them as a base to host
and deliver exploits [15].
Malicious content are delivered to users in form of advertisements placed on legitimate
websites[15].
In order to avoid detection and maximize their lifetime, malicious websites do not
necessarily deliver exploits on every visit. Exploits might be delivered based on user’s
browser version, user input, geographical location or visit patterns[16]. Tools such as
MPack allows attackers to specify exploit delivery based on different criteria [17].
Scanning the entire internet on regular basis is not feasible nor is able to detect malicious
websites effectively and with high accuracy. On the other hand, real time scanning with current
honeypot designs, affects user experience negatively as the fastest implementations takes
between 3 to 5 seconds for each URL. Moreover, crawling suspicious domains only or crawling
internet based on search queries submitted to search engines provides a narrow perspective on
the total number of online malicious contents. Any legitimate website is susceptible to SQL
injection attacks and hosting malicious content without webmaster’s discern.
4. PROPOSED SOLUTION
To effectively combat online threats and infection of end user operating systems, the
fundamental design of host security must change and not rely solely on end user to provide and
maintain his security. End user’s unfamiliarity with security tools and products combined with
their unwillingness to deploy and update their security products, contributes vastly to the
infection rate on the internet. The proposed idea is based on the notion of increased participation
of ISPs in providing near real time security to their customers. A Similar initiative has been
implemented by Comcast. Although Comcast’s design is proprietary and relies on Deep Packet
Inspection (DPI) techniques, the same concept, utilizing free and open source tools can be
developed. The benefit of such a system relies on its real time notification system which can be
achieved by an implementation of web notification system and ICAP open source protocol.
4.1. Design Challenges
The challenges that the new design should overcome include:
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Scalability: One of major attributes in determining the effectiveness of any security tool is
its capacity to cover a large number of users. A security mechanism is as good as the
number of hosts/services it protects. Proxy based applications are designed to meet
scalability setbacks as a proxy architecture is intended to service a large number of hosts.
Given that home users do not belong to an enterprise where proxy architecture could be
applied, for maximum efficiency, the proposed system should be deployed at ISP level to
cover as many hosts as possible.
Simplicity and Compatibility: Today’s networks are diverse in terms of operating systems
running on individual hosts. One of the challenges in any adaptation of a security tool is its
ability to run effectively on any operating system and should not require installation of a
particular operating system, protocol or application. It should require minimal resources and
be backward compatible, not only with different operating systems from different vendors
but obsolete systems running outdated OS without a need to upgrade to a newer version.
The system should also be simple to install and manage and as transparent as possible, as
users tend to avoid complicated applications.
Central Management: A centralized management provides an easy mean to control all
aspects of the system from a single location. Instead of relying on end users who might not
be familiar with the system or reluctant to make changes and update the tool the system
should be managed and controlled from a central location avoiding the need of end user
involvement in installation, control and management of the system.
Regular Scanning: Scanning the entire internet for malicious websites is neither efficient
nor feasible in terms of resources (i.e. hardware, bandwidth, operating) and cost associated
with those resources. The cost of finding a single malicious website varies depending on the
algorithm used to gather and inspect websites, the speed and the accuracy of the detection.
According to [18], a sequential scanning may cost as much as “0.293 US dollars for a base
rate of 0.4% and 0.021 US dollars for a base rate of 5.4%”. While other algorithms such as
Bulk or DAC, used by Capture-HPC lower the cost of detecting a Malicious URL, yet these
algorithms do not focus on real life URLs gathered from end users. Targeted scanning of
suspicious domains on the other hand excludes potentially a large number of legitimate
websites which might have been hacked to host malicious content. On the other hand, real
time scanning with current honeypot tools and hardware resources affects user experience
negatively. The proposed system should be able to provide real time notification alerts
based on recent scanning of URLs with detection based on current available honeypot
systems and integration of other security mechanisms (i.e. Antivirus, Intrusion Detection
Systems and Malicious website lists).
4.2. System Design
ISPs, depending on the size have more than a few hundred users and access to qualified
personnel to manage and control such a system on behalf of customers, therefore
implementation of such a design at ISP level solves scalability and central management design
issues. In order to meet simplicity and compatibility issue, the system must be integrated into an
application or a service available almost on every operating system regardless of the vendor.
Such application should also have direct access to internet to provide constant and up to date
notification while browsing a website. A web browser meets all the requirements of simplicity
and compatibility.
Browsers are available in all operating system and used primarily to browse and fetch website
content over HTTP protocol, which avoids the need for a new protocol to deliver the
notification. Notification exchanges between clients and the central system located at ISP can be
achieved through deployment of ICAP service in conjunction with web notification system.
ICAP service is a light weight protocol based on request/response design, allowing ICAP clients
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to pass HTTP contents to an ICAP service for transformation or modification. The modified
contents are then passed to the client for further processing and demonstration. Web notification
system allows the utilization of such client server based content modification to pass security
notifications to client computers within client browsers. Since web based notification system
relies on web browsers to deliver notifications to end users, this approach can easily be
implemented in almost all home user computers. Web based notification system is also fully
compatible with all operating systems and browser versions, since notifications are appended to
URL displayed on a user computer in plain HTML or java script.
Detection mechanism of the proposed design is based on client honeypots. The type of client
honeypot deployed, is not the design concern and focus of this paper but rather how it manages
to keep up with the changing dynamics of malicious websites. As we discussed earlier,
considering the size of the Internet, scanning the entire internet is not practical to achieve. In
order to overcome issues with scanning and updating the malicious database, a different
alternative should be considered based on user browsing habits should be analyzed and
considered.
Studies show that users in general exhibit specific patterns online in terms of performing search
queries, visiting websites and using browser specific features. Users exhibit behaviours such as
“Backtracking” where a user clicks the “Back” command to exit a server through the path he
used to enter that particular site. A behaviour related to this paper is how users interact within a
particular website, how often they visit, how many visits they perform and how many internal
links are clicked in a common website. Studies suggest that users exhibit patterns of rarely
traversing more than two layers in a hyperlink before returning to the entry point regardless of
hyperlink per page ratios [19, 20]. As stated by the author “a typical user only requests one page
per site and then leaves” [21]. As we all know, some websites are more popular than others and
receive higher number of clicks. A study conducted with data gathered from ten proxies
indicates that a low number of servers (25%) contribute to a large amount of all online accesses
(80-90%) while servers that are accessed once have a low share of 5%. [20, 22].
Regardless of the type of honeypot used in the proposed design, user browsing habits can be
used to overcome the difficulties in updating the malicious website database. The main idea is
to prioritise websites, not based on their suspicious likeliness but rather on their popularity with
end users. There are few rules that could help with prioritising URLs:
Highly trusted domains: any website belonging to this category could be safely ignored
without any scanning. This category may include websites in known domains (i.e. Google)
or websites with digital signatures (i.e. banks)
Dynamically generated and highly visited websites: Websites that contain dynamic
contents and are visited regularly but do not belong to a trusted domain. These websites are
the main focus of the proposed design. These websites are accessed by many users and are
likely to be hacked to host malicious web content without webmaster’s alert. Since many
users access these websites, their infection ratio is high causing large number of infections
in a very short period of time. They have the highest priority in the proposed design in terms
of scanning interval. Different ISPs might have a different policy to rate a website to belong
to such a group but as a rule of thumb, minimum of 5 visits in a 24 hour can be considered
as the base option.
Websites with low access ratio: In order to maximize the effectiveness and focus the
detection on the second category, Websites that are rarely accessed are not scanned by the
honeypot but rather by an antivirus engine and matched against public malicious website
databases (i.e. Google Safe Browsing). Scanning with antivirus engines and matching
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against APIs are not resource intensive and introduce a minimal delay in a user’s browsing
experience while providing a fairy adequate level of detection.
The proposed system implements a three way detection and verification mechanism to ensure a
high effectiveness in detection of malicious websites. The first step in the deployment of the
system is to gather URLs browsed by users and rank them accordingly based on their number of
visits and domains. Each ISP might have a different policy on how to rank a website, what
domains are considered safe and what error messages should be displayed to the end user.
An initial data gathering period ranks and prioritizes the websites and categorizes them
according to their content, domain or number of visits. The results are then saved in a database
accesses by the honeypots. The websites belonging to the highly visited and dynamic websites
category are scanned using a preferably high interaction honeypot and results of the analysis are
saved. To maximize effectiveness of this system based on the user browsing behaviour research,
all links from this websites are also extracted and scanned, one or two levels down the initial
page (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Illustration of the processes of adding URLs to database and Honeyclient scanning
After the initial state, each time a user visits a website, the URL is matched against the internal
database of websites, if a match exists; the website is delivered to the user based on the state of
the website in the databases:
If website is marked to be malicious, the content is passed to ICAP service where a user
notification is inserted into the website content and passed back to the client.
If the URL is not marked as malicious, the URL is matched against the database of
external malicious websites (APIs), if a match is found, the same process of web
content modification of ICAP server takes place.
The web content is then retrieved and scanned using an antivirus engine (i.e. ClamAV),
if a match is found, the same process of web content modification of ICAP server takes
place.
If no match is found in any of the databases, the content is delivered to the user without
any modifications or warning messages.
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Incremental update of a ranking value assigned to each website will cause the URLs to be
ranked and assigned to either of the two categories. Removing the websites with low ranking
value, which are not visited by many users frequently, assures that the internal database does not
expand exponentially.
Regular scanning of the internal database is performed frequently by a high or low interaction
honeypot to minimize the time lap between each scan and provide the most updated analysis.
Since the size of the database will be much smaller than the entire internet, comparatively very
little in terms of resources are needed to achieve scanning process.
The design could be made more secure by integrating virus scanning engines into the design.
Proxy based virus engines are common and freely available to download. In order to maximize
effectiveness of such a system, all websites, regardless of being detected as malicious or not, or
belonging to a low ranked category can be scanned using the antivirus engine. Since these
systems introduce very little in terms of processing delay, the user experience will not be
affected drastically. Moreover these systems do not require expensive hardware to implement
and operate. Figure 4 and 5 illustrate the overall design and processes of the system.
Figure 4. Overall architecture of the system
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Figure 5. Overall flow of the design functions
Once an attack is detected, The ICAP service modifies the website, adds a warning message to
the HTML file received from the ICAP client and sends the content back to the ICAP client to
be displayed on the client’s computer. An option should be available to allow users not to be
notified in case they do not want to receive any notifications. Multiple users might be located
behind a NAT therefore keeping a track of which users are interested in receiving the warning
messages is difficult and complicated. A full state handling should be implemented to link each
request to its response. In scenarios where a single user is surfing the web with a public IP
address or where users of an organization are located behind a static NAT, request and response
messages can be achieved by measures such as page URL or client IP address.
5. TESTBED AND PROOF OF CONCEPT SYSTEM
Architecture of the proposed system is constructed based on the previous work to design an
effective notification system based on ICAP protocol. The system integrates a combination of
detection tools and ICAP protocol to provide a reliable detection and notification system to end
users [23]. In order to analyse the effectiveness of such a design, the system can be evaluated
based on the performance of each individual component. The effectiveness of the system can be
measured with two different aspects:
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5.1. Detection Modules
5.1.1. Detection Rate
The effectiveness of detection tools such as antivirus and client honeypots are typically
measured by the detection rate and number of false alarms they generate. Different client
honeypots are used to detect various types of attacks. While high interaction client honeypots
generally have a higher detection rate, they are less effective in detection of malicious websites
that require an input to present the user with malicious content or operate on a time trigger. This
system was deployed using a high interaction honeypot namely Capture-HPC. Capture-HPC is
the most widely used high interaction honeypot and has proven effective in detection of
malicious website attacks in previous research. [24-28]. High interaction client honeypots have
a relatively higher detection rate, lower false positive rate but a lower processing speed than a
low interaction honeypot [18, 28].
Antivirus software’s efficiency has always been questioned in detection of zero-day viruses,
malicious software and attacks, given the fact that they rely on a signature to detect the
malicious behaviour. Creating reliable signatures which effectively detect malicious behaviour
while minimizing false positives and false negatives requires constant monitoring of threats and
this process is performed by security vendors and individuals. Once a signature is created for an
attack, the antivirus software is highly reliable in detection of that specific threat.
A study conducted in 2010 by [29] focused on drive-by downloads reveals that prior to update
of the popular Norton antivirus database, it managed to detect 66% of the malware while an
update after 30 days enabled the antivirus to achieve 91% detection rate. Our tests also showed
a high rate of false positive and false negative using ClamAV antivirus. A commercial antivirus
engine is highly recommended because of regular and up to date signatures provided by the
vendor. Nevertheless, compared to an unprotected system, a 66% detection rate is nonetheless
comparatively highly effective in protecting end users against popular threats. Detection rate
however varies based on the product and the vendor. Kaspersky antivirus was able to detect a
significant 91% of all the threats in the initial test and 98% following the update. Honeyware, a
low interaction client honeypot using multiple antivirus engines, achieved a 98% detection rate
in which Avira antivirus had the highest detection rate. This shows a great promise in the
deployment of signature based detection tools against web based browser attacks in future
systems[30].
5.1.2. Performance
Performance of security tools are also measured by the time required to complete the scanning
and detection task. This system aims at providing real time detection and notification to users
therefore any delay introduced to user browsing experience should be measured and minimized.
The client honeypot should be able to scan a large number of websites on the background with
high detection and speed rate to minimize the time between each scanning of the entire gathered
URLs. Antivirus module on the other hand scans websites in real time before being passed to an
end user; therefore it should be capable of providing an adequate level of detection while
introducing the least amount of delay.
In the designed proof of concept system [Four systems of Core2 duo 2.1GHz with 2GB RAM],
capture-HPC was able to scan 10000 crawled websites from social networking website Twitter,
per day per system and between 15000 to 20000 links, gathered from known malicious website
lists. The higher number of visited websites by high interaction honeypot in the known
malicious website category was due to DNS errors affirming the changing dynamics of
malicious websites.
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71
Based on our experiments, the antivirus introduced an average of 100ms to scan files up to
100KB in size and roughly less than a second for files of 1MB. The time varies depending on
the size and the content of the webpage. In order to minimize the delay, any content larger than
1 MB can delivered without scanning.
The Google Safe Browsing API introduces so little delay into user browsing experience that
could be easily ignored. It is due to the fact that most browsers (i.e. Firefox) download and keep
a local database of the hashed malicious website list. Every URL is hashed and matched against
the local database upon every visit. The local database is sequentially and periodically updated.
5.2. Notification Modules
Assessing the performance of the notification system relies on two factors:
The number of browser and operating system it supports
The lag it causes before delivering the content to the user
Traffic from ICAP client to ICAP server and back to user browser are delivered using TCP
protocol therefore the ICAP protocol messaging system is supported by different browsers and
operating systems. Warning messages inserted into the website code by the ICAP server on the
other hand, can be in form of any scripting languages (i.e. Java script). Java script messages are
easily rendered by all browsers and supported by all operating systems. In our implementation,
the warning message consisted of HTML DIV tag, CSS to format the layer, and JavaScript code
to minimize the bottom of the screen. Chrome and Firefox were tested and successfully
displayed the warning message.
Table 1. Results of Performance Testing
ICAP Response Content Insertion -
Static
Little performance impact, except in high
concurrency
ICAP Response Content Antivirus
Scanning
Moderate performance impact, except in
high concurrency
ICAP Request & Response Multiple
Operations
Moderate performance impact
6. CONCLUSION
Malicious websites are an increasing threat against security of end user systems. Attackers take
advantage of the vulnerabilities in client web browsers to take control over a system by either
luring users into visiting infected websites that host vulnerability exploits or hijacking
legitimate websites and inserting malicious content into them. Studies show that a high number
of end users are not familiar with security products or reluctant to use and update their security
products. In order to combat web based browser attacks, internet service providers and large
organizations need to step up their efforts to directly protect their users against these attacks.
Our proof of concept system with minimal hardware configurations, deployed at proxy level
shows that a combination of client honeypots, real time antivirus scanning and matching user
entered URLS against malicious website lists, provide an adequate level of protection while
introducing low delay into a user online browsing experience. The design also builds upon
studies on user browsing habits to minimize the scanning interval of URL database hence
overcoming the difficulty of detecting websites which change their malicious content
frequently. The system also employs a notification system alerting user of a threat by sending
warning messages through ICAP protocol if a website is detected to be malicious.
14. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.5, Sep 2011
72
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to sincerely thank Michael Pearce for his contribution and help in writing this
paper.
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Masood Mansoori received his Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science and
Information Technology from Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus and his
Master Degree in Data Communications and Networking from University Malaya,
Malaysia in 2010. He is currently doing his PhD studies in University of Canterbury,
New Zealand. His research interests include computer networks, network and system
security and primarily client and server honeypots.
Ray Hunt is an Associate Professor specializing in Networks and Security in the
College of Engineering at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
His areas of teaching and research are networks, security and forensics He heads the
Computer Security and Forensics Post Graduate program at University of Canterbury.