This presentation explains the basics of patent data for economics and management research. It explains among others the main uses of patent data in the literature, the main patent-based measures, and the most important data sources. It was prepared for various PhD summer schools. Great resource for graduate students.
The document provides 5 examples of disruptive innovation:
1) Transistor radios disrupted analogue radios by being portable despite lower sound quality.
2) Pocket calculators disrupted desktop calculators through portability despite lower computing power.
3) LCD TVs disrupted CRT TVs initially in mobile applications where lighter weight and battery life were more important than picture quality.
4) Minimills disrupted integrated steel mills by producing cheaper, lower quality steel that captured more segments over time.
5) Mobile phones disrupted landlines by being portable despite lower sound quality and higher costs initially.
The document discusses the differences between invention and innovation. Invention refers to creating something entirely new, while innovation is improving or contributing significantly to something that already exists. For example, Thomas Edison was an inventor who created new things, while Steve Jobs was an innovator who improved existing technologies. The document provides examples of how innovation at Apple transformed mobile phones and other technologies through new designs and user interfaces. While innovation builds on existing inventions, protecting inventions is important to allow inventors to profit from their work and license it to others. Overall, both invention and innovation are important for technological progress, even if innovation does not always require wholly new inventions.
Innovation is defined as the implementation of new or significantly improved products, processes, or marketing methods. The document outlines three main types of innovation: product innovation which involves new or improved goods/services, process innovation which improves production or delivery methods, and marketing innovation which uses new marketing strategies. While related, innovation differs from invention and creativity in that it focuses on applying ideas to create economic or social value.
Innovation, design thinking, and competitive advantagePhil Barrett
A quick talk from the Cape Town funding fair. Exponentials and the imperative for innovation. The trouble with innovation in corporations. Wicked problems and complex adaptive systems. How design thinking works. What design thinking does do, in Digital. Design thinking counteracts our tendency for poor decision making.
The document discusses open innovation and dynamic capabilities for industry growth. It argues that open innovation means valuable ideas can come from inside or outside a company. Dynamic capabilities refer to a company's ability to integrate, build and reconfigure resources to address changing environments. The document also discusses the importance of developing a portfolio of capabilities including operational, technological, open and dynamic capabilities. It emphasizes that business models mediate between technical and economic domains and must be innovated to drive growth.
The document discusses the differences between invention and innovation. Invention is the formulation of new ideas for products or processes, while innovation is the practical application of new inventions into marketable products or services. It then describes two types of innovation - product innovation which involves launching new products, and process innovation which finds more efficient production processes. The document outlines advantages of both product innovation, such as first mover advantage and increased reputation, and process innovation, like reduced costs and improved quality. Finally, it notes that innovation benefits businesses through improved productivity, higher sales and profits, and establishing competitive advantages.
Why innovation is important to business successFrank Reynold
Innovation is coming up with a new idea and turning it into an effective process, a new product or service. The implementation of creativity and innovation in business is likely to incorporate success and help you stand competitiveness in the market. Innovation can be referred to as something new or introduced differently and has impact on market or society.
The document provides 5 examples of disruptive innovation:
1) Transistor radios disrupted analogue radios by being portable despite lower sound quality.
2) Pocket calculators disrupted desktop calculators through portability despite lower computing power.
3) LCD TVs disrupted CRT TVs initially in mobile applications where lighter weight and battery life were more important than picture quality.
4) Minimills disrupted integrated steel mills by producing cheaper, lower quality steel that captured more segments over time.
5) Mobile phones disrupted landlines by being portable despite lower sound quality and higher costs initially.
The document discusses the differences between invention and innovation. Invention refers to creating something entirely new, while innovation is improving or contributing significantly to something that already exists. For example, Thomas Edison was an inventor who created new things, while Steve Jobs was an innovator who improved existing technologies. The document provides examples of how innovation at Apple transformed mobile phones and other technologies through new designs and user interfaces. While innovation builds on existing inventions, protecting inventions is important to allow inventors to profit from their work and license it to others. Overall, both invention and innovation are important for technological progress, even if innovation does not always require wholly new inventions.
Innovation is defined as the implementation of new or significantly improved products, processes, or marketing methods. The document outlines three main types of innovation: product innovation which involves new or improved goods/services, process innovation which improves production or delivery methods, and marketing innovation which uses new marketing strategies. While related, innovation differs from invention and creativity in that it focuses on applying ideas to create economic or social value.
Innovation, design thinking, and competitive advantagePhil Barrett
A quick talk from the Cape Town funding fair. Exponentials and the imperative for innovation. The trouble with innovation in corporations. Wicked problems and complex adaptive systems. How design thinking works. What design thinking does do, in Digital. Design thinking counteracts our tendency for poor decision making.
The document discusses open innovation and dynamic capabilities for industry growth. It argues that open innovation means valuable ideas can come from inside or outside a company. Dynamic capabilities refer to a company's ability to integrate, build and reconfigure resources to address changing environments. The document also discusses the importance of developing a portfolio of capabilities including operational, technological, open and dynamic capabilities. It emphasizes that business models mediate between technical and economic domains and must be innovated to drive growth.
The document discusses the differences between invention and innovation. Invention is the formulation of new ideas for products or processes, while innovation is the practical application of new inventions into marketable products or services. It then describes two types of innovation - product innovation which involves launching new products, and process innovation which finds more efficient production processes. The document outlines advantages of both product innovation, such as first mover advantage and increased reputation, and process innovation, like reduced costs and improved quality. Finally, it notes that innovation benefits businesses through improved productivity, higher sales and profits, and establishing competitive advantages.
Why innovation is important to business successFrank Reynold
Innovation is coming up with a new idea and turning it into an effective process, a new product or service. The implementation of creativity and innovation in business is likely to incorporate success and help you stand competitiveness in the market. Innovation can be referred to as something new or introduced differently and has impact on market or society.
Innovation focuses on improving existing products or processes rather than inventing entirely new things. Joseph Schumpeter identified five patterns of innovation: introducing new goods or services, developing new production methods, opening new markets, finding new sources of supply, and reorganizing an industry. While inventions can drive innovation, a country or company does not need to invent something completely new to succeed - focusing on innovating existing technologies through combinations or improvements can also power economic growth, as Japan demonstrated by innovating on cars and TVs without originally inventing them.
This document discusses value propositions and market types for new products and services. It begins with an agenda for team presentations on value propositions, then defines what a value proposition is and common mistakes to avoid. It discusses discovering and specifying the value proposition, including defining the problem and solution. It covers developing minimum viable products for physical and web/mobile products, and testing MVPs. Examples of pivoting a value proposition based on customer feedback are provided. Finally, it discusses defining the market type - existing market, resegmented market, or new market - which determines customer adoption rates, sales and marketing strategies, and cash requirements.
Alagene BioFoundry: Releasing the Genie Out of the Bottle Levi Shapiro
Overview of Israel's leading BioFoundry, Alagene by Roni Cohen, CEO. Overview of Synthetic Biology- Taking biology into engineering mode. Using synthetic genes, to program cells to become factories to make devices, sensors, pharmaceuticals, renewable chemicals, fuels and food. Alagene has four partners with complementary expertise. Hylabs is an established and experienced, highly regulated service company. Reichman University is an academic partner with a commercialization mindset. The Israel Innovation Authority is the government and Aleph VC is an investment firm. Alagene is a home for innovation and R&D center in SynBio, serving as a one-stop—shop for knowledge, methods, and instrumentation to enable our customers in Israel and worldwide to get to their proof of concept. Alagene is anend to end Infrastructure supporting gene & host optimization in microbial systems. The infrastructure enables two Major Implementations- Biomanufacturing and Direct Microbial Application. One example is the development of a Dairy Milk Producing System, using Genetic Optimization and Process Optimization and Validation. Finally, Alagene shared the following recent project examples: Computational prediction for introducing new genes into microbes; Precision fermentation for yeast producing dairy proteins; Bio production of psychoactive / cannabinoid molecule in yeast; Bio production of growth factors for the cultured meat industry; Developing new inhouse tools to support strain optimization; Bio production of egg protein; Computational modeling of full metabolic network in Algae; Bio production of rare sugars with a low glycemic index.
R&D Research & Development Strategy & ManagementChief Innovation
Am one of the few people I know who has an R&D Strategy background, but you almost never can sell projects in that area unless you have a domain PhD. Most of this is from 3rd Generation R&D, written by former colleagues from Arthur D. Little, Phil Roussel, Tammy Erickson and Kamal Saad. Phil is no longer with us, great guy and good friend (always tell people, I taught him how to use a fax machine, 'Jay, how do I work this thing.' - 'Phil, put the page in there, and push that big green button.' - 'Oh, that was easy.' Safe to say, 23 years later I still have never written a cool book, but did know something he did not! This had 3 slides at the end of it that I cannot remember where they came from, think in the book but not in order.
This document summarizes key points from a lecture on research and development (R&D). It discusses best practices in innovation including understanding customer needs, culture of innovation, open innovation, funding R&D, execution, creativity, and intellectual property protection. It provides definitions of R&D, describes the different types of R&D activities from basic research to development. It also discusses integrating R&D with corporate strategy, classifying R&D activities across industries, and the importance of strategic R&D planning and developing a technology portfolio.
Technology commercialization strategy for a multidisciplinary R&D institutions such as GRO and CRO under new research and business development (R&BD) paradigm
The document discusses technology management and HP. It describes technology management as allowing organizations to manage technological fundamentals to gain competitive advantages. It then provides details about HP's history, products, customers, patents, research labs, acquisitions, and approach to adopting technologies.
This document provides an overview of innovation and the process of moving ideas to products. It defines innovation as the profitable implementation of ideas. There are four types of innovation: product/service, process, paradigm/business model, and position. Building innovation requires knowing ideas come from employees, providing tools to find good ideas, allowing time for collaboration, and having processes to move ideas forward. Ideas can come from changes in markets, demographics, knowledge, perceptions, unexpected outcomes, and incongruities. Leveraging a company's unique assets, talent, and brand is important for innovation. Moving ideas to products involves interactive models that incorporate technology push, market pull, and advances in society.
The 21st Century Enterprise - The Future of Enterprise ITJosh Zarkin
The document discusses the characteristics of a 21st century enterprise (21CE). A 21CE is focused on customer experience, leverages ecosystems, and uses technology like IoT, automation, and orchestration platforms to deliver unified experiences. It highlights how top startups exemplify 21CE attributes like experience focus, ecosystem extension, and the need for experience-driven orchestration. Transitioning to a 21CE requires moving from siloed technology to a cloud-native, service-oriented approach focused on outcomes over costs. HCL discusses its approach and themes to enable clients' transformation to a 21CE through offerings like BEYONDigital, next-gen IT, and ecosystem orchestration platforms.
This document provides an introduction to technology commercialization. It discusses how the Innovations Group at the University of Toronto helps researchers commercialize ideas by assessing commercial potential, obtaining intellectual property protection, providing funding and business development support, and licensing or starting new companies. It then summarizes key factors to consider in evaluating a technology's commercial potential, including intellectual property, the technology itself, market opportunities, and the capabilities of the research team. Finally, it discusses options for commercializing a technology through licensing or starting a new company, and considerations for obtaining early-stage funding.
An introduction to Industrie 4.0(Internet of Things), and its Potential impact on Supply Chain. Industrie 4.0, touted as the Game changer and a seed for next industrial revolution. Funded by German Bundes Ministerium fur Education & Technologie.
GeneMind Biosciences specializes in developing molecular diagnosis technology through independent research and development of DNA sequencing systems. The company aims to build a precision medicine ecosystem through collaboration. GeneMind has launched two sequencing platforms, GenoCare 1600 for single molecule sequencing and GenoLab M for high throughput sequencing, offering a total solution. GeneMind is one of few companies worldwide with independent sequencing brands and core upstream technologies.
Technology and Managing People Keeping the “Human” in Human Resources Jo Balucanag - Bitonio
The document discusses how human resource management has evolved from a personnel function to managing people as assets, and how this evolution is closely tied to advances in technology. It outlines Gregory's framework for technology management, which is a 5-step process that includes identifying technology needs, selecting technologies, acquiring them, exploiting technologies, and protecting knowledge. The document argues that managing technology and people go hand in hand, and that HR must understand how technology supports human capital management. It also presents several research propositions about how technology impacts HR functions like values and staffing in organizations.
This talk provides a review of the current status of research related to self-assembling DNA nanotechnology (particularly DNA nanostructures, synthetic biology, and DNA origami scaffolding structures) and how the self-assembly of artificial systems might be applied in the context of neuro-nanomedicine. One application of self-assembling DNA nanotechnology might be new forms of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that are less invasive than current computer chip-based hardware solutions. Another application of self-assembling DNA nanotechnology might be high-resolution neocortical recording devices where synthetic molecules would assemble a DNA signature every time a neuron was fired.
This document discusses various approaches to technological innovation processes and concepts of innovation from several scholars over time. It describes early linear models of innovation from the 1940s and evolving interactive models from the 1980s-1990s. It also summarizes Peter Drucker's concepts of systematic innovation and seven sources of innovative opportunities. Finally, it outlines John Kamm's four dimensions of innovation: form, function, extent, and timing.
This document presents an innovation map framework that defines and differentiates four main types of innovation: operational innovation, product and service innovation, strategic innovation, and management innovation. The map charts these according to whether they are internal or external focused and evolutionary or revolutionary. It provides descriptions of each innovation type and discusses how the map can be used to align innovation initiatives and focus discussions. The goal is to help organizations better define innovation objectives and outcomes.
What is innovation?
Various types of innovation?
The process of innovation.
Examples of successful and unsuccessful innovation.
packaging innovation.
Importance of innovation.
This document discusses the differences between invention and innovation. It states that invention is the creation of something new, like Thomas Edison's creations, while innovation is improving upon existing inventions, exemplified by Steve Jobs. Later it discusses how Apple took existing mobile phone technology and interfaces and innovated to create the revolutionary iPhone. Overall the key difference is that invention creates something totally new while innovation builds upon existing ideas or technologies.
beyond patents:scholars of innovation use patenting as an indicator of innova...Jeffrey Funk
This paper discusses the problems with using patents as a measure of innovation and papers as a measure of science. It also uses data to show the problems. for example, the number of patent applications and awards have grown by six times since 1984 while productivity growth has slowed.
Rassenfosse - IProduct database of patent products pairsinnovationoecd
The document describes a proposed database called IPRoduct that would link intellectual property (IP) data like patents to product data. This would allow researchers to study the "real impact" of innovations by observing them at the point they reach consumers. The database is being developed by collecting information companies provide online linking patents to products. An initial database includes data on 1,000 products, 3,000 patents, and 30 companies. Preliminary analysis of the data provides stylized facts and shows the database could have policy relevance by better understanding the economic impact of IP and providing new innovation indicators.
Innovation focuses on improving existing products or processes rather than inventing entirely new things. Joseph Schumpeter identified five patterns of innovation: introducing new goods or services, developing new production methods, opening new markets, finding new sources of supply, and reorganizing an industry. While inventions can drive innovation, a country or company does not need to invent something completely new to succeed - focusing on innovating existing technologies through combinations or improvements can also power economic growth, as Japan demonstrated by innovating on cars and TVs without originally inventing them.
This document discusses value propositions and market types for new products and services. It begins with an agenda for team presentations on value propositions, then defines what a value proposition is and common mistakes to avoid. It discusses discovering and specifying the value proposition, including defining the problem and solution. It covers developing minimum viable products for physical and web/mobile products, and testing MVPs. Examples of pivoting a value proposition based on customer feedback are provided. Finally, it discusses defining the market type - existing market, resegmented market, or new market - which determines customer adoption rates, sales and marketing strategies, and cash requirements.
Alagene BioFoundry: Releasing the Genie Out of the Bottle Levi Shapiro
Overview of Israel's leading BioFoundry, Alagene by Roni Cohen, CEO. Overview of Synthetic Biology- Taking biology into engineering mode. Using synthetic genes, to program cells to become factories to make devices, sensors, pharmaceuticals, renewable chemicals, fuels and food. Alagene has four partners with complementary expertise. Hylabs is an established and experienced, highly regulated service company. Reichman University is an academic partner with a commercialization mindset. The Israel Innovation Authority is the government and Aleph VC is an investment firm. Alagene is a home for innovation and R&D center in SynBio, serving as a one-stop—shop for knowledge, methods, and instrumentation to enable our customers in Israel and worldwide to get to their proof of concept. Alagene is anend to end Infrastructure supporting gene & host optimization in microbial systems. The infrastructure enables two Major Implementations- Biomanufacturing and Direct Microbial Application. One example is the development of a Dairy Milk Producing System, using Genetic Optimization and Process Optimization and Validation. Finally, Alagene shared the following recent project examples: Computational prediction for introducing new genes into microbes; Precision fermentation for yeast producing dairy proteins; Bio production of psychoactive / cannabinoid molecule in yeast; Bio production of growth factors for the cultured meat industry; Developing new inhouse tools to support strain optimization; Bio production of egg protein; Computational modeling of full metabolic network in Algae; Bio production of rare sugars with a low glycemic index.
R&D Research & Development Strategy & ManagementChief Innovation
Am one of the few people I know who has an R&D Strategy background, but you almost never can sell projects in that area unless you have a domain PhD. Most of this is from 3rd Generation R&D, written by former colleagues from Arthur D. Little, Phil Roussel, Tammy Erickson and Kamal Saad. Phil is no longer with us, great guy and good friend (always tell people, I taught him how to use a fax machine, 'Jay, how do I work this thing.' - 'Phil, put the page in there, and push that big green button.' - 'Oh, that was easy.' Safe to say, 23 years later I still have never written a cool book, but did know something he did not! This had 3 slides at the end of it that I cannot remember where they came from, think in the book but not in order.
This document summarizes key points from a lecture on research and development (R&D). It discusses best practices in innovation including understanding customer needs, culture of innovation, open innovation, funding R&D, execution, creativity, and intellectual property protection. It provides definitions of R&D, describes the different types of R&D activities from basic research to development. It also discusses integrating R&D with corporate strategy, classifying R&D activities across industries, and the importance of strategic R&D planning and developing a technology portfolio.
Technology commercialization strategy for a multidisciplinary R&D institutions such as GRO and CRO under new research and business development (R&BD) paradigm
The document discusses technology management and HP. It describes technology management as allowing organizations to manage technological fundamentals to gain competitive advantages. It then provides details about HP's history, products, customers, patents, research labs, acquisitions, and approach to adopting technologies.
This document provides an overview of innovation and the process of moving ideas to products. It defines innovation as the profitable implementation of ideas. There are four types of innovation: product/service, process, paradigm/business model, and position. Building innovation requires knowing ideas come from employees, providing tools to find good ideas, allowing time for collaboration, and having processes to move ideas forward. Ideas can come from changes in markets, demographics, knowledge, perceptions, unexpected outcomes, and incongruities. Leveraging a company's unique assets, talent, and brand is important for innovation. Moving ideas to products involves interactive models that incorporate technology push, market pull, and advances in society.
The 21st Century Enterprise - The Future of Enterprise ITJosh Zarkin
The document discusses the characteristics of a 21st century enterprise (21CE). A 21CE is focused on customer experience, leverages ecosystems, and uses technology like IoT, automation, and orchestration platforms to deliver unified experiences. It highlights how top startups exemplify 21CE attributes like experience focus, ecosystem extension, and the need for experience-driven orchestration. Transitioning to a 21CE requires moving from siloed technology to a cloud-native, service-oriented approach focused on outcomes over costs. HCL discusses its approach and themes to enable clients' transformation to a 21CE through offerings like BEYONDigital, next-gen IT, and ecosystem orchestration platforms.
This document provides an introduction to technology commercialization. It discusses how the Innovations Group at the University of Toronto helps researchers commercialize ideas by assessing commercial potential, obtaining intellectual property protection, providing funding and business development support, and licensing or starting new companies. It then summarizes key factors to consider in evaluating a technology's commercial potential, including intellectual property, the technology itself, market opportunities, and the capabilities of the research team. Finally, it discusses options for commercializing a technology through licensing or starting a new company, and considerations for obtaining early-stage funding.
An introduction to Industrie 4.0(Internet of Things), and its Potential impact on Supply Chain. Industrie 4.0, touted as the Game changer and a seed for next industrial revolution. Funded by German Bundes Ministerium fur Education & Technologie.
GeneMind Biosciences specializes in developing molecular diagnosis technology through independent research and development of DNA sequencing systems. The company aims to build a precision medicine ecosystem through collaboration. GeneMind has launched two sequencing platforms, GenoCare 1600 for single molecule sequencing and GenoLab M for high throughput sequencing, offering a total solution. GeneMind is one of few companies worldwide with independent sequencing brands and core upstream technologies.
Technology and Managing People Keeping the “Human” in Human Resources Jo Balucanag - Bitonio
The document discusses how human resource management has evolved from a personnel function to managing people as assets, and how this evolution is closely tied to advances in technology. It outlines Gregory's framework for technology management, which is a 5-step process that includes identifying technology needs, selecting technologies, acquiring them, exploiting technologies, and protecting knowledge. The document argues that managing technology and people go hand in hand, and that HR must understand how technology supports human capital management. It also presents several research propositions about how technology impacts HR functions like values and staffing in organizations.
This talk provides a review of the current status of research related to self-assembling DNA nanotechnology (particularly DNA nanostructures, synthetic biology, and DNA origami scaffolding structures) and how the self-assembly of artificial systems might be applied in the context of neuro-nanomedicine. One application of self-assembling DNA nanotechnology might be new forms of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that are less invasive than current computer chip-based hardware solutions. Another application of self-assembling DNA nanotechnology might be high-resolution neocortical recording devices where synthetic molecules would assemble a DNA signature every time a neuron was fired.
This document discusses various approaches to technological innovation processes and concepts of innovation from several scholars over time. It describes early linear models of innovation from the 1940s and evolving interactive models from the 1980s-1990s. It also summarizes Peter Drucker's concepts of systematic innovation and seven sources of innovative opportunities. Finally, it outlines John Kamm's four dimensions of innovation: form, function, extent, and timing.
This document presents an innovation map framework that defines and differentiates four main types of innovation: operational innovation, product and service innovation, strategic innovation, and management innovation. The map charts these according to whether they are internal or external focused and evolutionary or revolutionary. It provides descriptions of each innovation type and discusses how the map can be used to align innovation initiatives and focus discussions. The goal is to help organizations better define innovation objectives and outcomes.
What is innovation?
Various types of innovation?
The process of innovation.
Examples of successful and unsuccessful innovation.
packaging innovation.
Importance of innovation.
This document discusses the differences between invention and innovation. It states that invention is the creation of something new, like Thomas Edison's creations, while innovation is improving upon existing inventions, exemplified by Steve Jobs. Later it discusses how Apple took existing mobile phone technology and interfaces and innovated to create the revolutionary iPhone. Overall the key difference is that invention creates something totally new while innovation builds upon existing ideas or technologies.
beyond patents:scholars of innovation use patenting as an indicator of innova...Jeffrey Funk
This paper discusses the problems with using patents as a measure of innovation and papers as a measure of science. It also uses data to show the problems. for example, the number of patent applications and awards have grown by six times since 1984 while productivity growth has slowed.
Rassenfosse - IProduct database of patent products pairsinnovationoecd
The document describes a proposed database called IPRoduct that would link intellectual property (IP) data like patents to product data. This would allow researchers to study the "real impact" of innovations by observing them at the point they reach consumers. The database is being developed by collecting information companies provide online linking patents to products. An initial database includes data on 1,000 products, 3,000 patents, and 30 companies. Preliminary analysis of the data provides stylized facts and shows the database could have policy relevance by better understanding the economic impact of IP and providing new innovation indicators.
Innovation in Small Businesses: Drivers of Change and Value Use Abhishek Sood
This document summarizes a report on innovation in small businesses. It finds that increases in employee headcount are positively correlated with increases in innovation, as measured by patent production. However, increases in sales are not correlated with increases in innovation. Additionally, the number of patents owned by a small business is not indicative of its market value. The report also finds that increases in research and development expenditures can increase market value for small businesses, but that the effect depends on the industry.
Richard Freeman: China's Patent ExplosionHKUST IEMS
In the 2000s China moved from modest contributor to global patents to become the number one patent producing country in the world. What is quality of Chinese patents compared to those of US/other countries? To what extent is China’s patent growth frontier inventions vs catch-up of products new to China but not the world? What is the relation of patents with economic outcomes? This talk will answer these questions with statistical and case evidence.
Find out more at Iems.ust.hk/china-patent
K-Means Clustering for Analyzing Productivity in Light of R & D SpilloverZac Darcy
The differences between countries go far beyond the physical and territorial aspects. Hence, for analytical
purposes, it is essential to classify countries in groups based on some of their attributes. Investment in
Research and Development (R&D) influences innovations which in turn stimulates growth of a country. In
this context the productivity of the R&D expenditure is analysed pragmatically. Present study aims to
discover impact of R&D expenditure on its productivity in terms of number of journal articles published,
patent applications filed and trademark applications registered. A more significant analysis by means of
designing prominent clusters of countries by applying unsupervised learning has been presented. In this
division, percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) spending on R&D and its productivity are
considered.
K-Means Clustering for Analyzing Productivity in Light of R & D SpilloverZac Darcy
The differences between countries go far beyond the physical and territorial aspects. Hence, for analytical
purposes, it is essential to classify countries in groups based on some of their attributes. Investment in
Research and Development (R&D) influences innovations which in turn stimulates growth of a country. In
this context the productivity of the R&D expenditure is analysed pragmatically. Present study aims to
discover impact of R&D expenditure on its productivity in terms of number of journal articles published,
patent applications filed and trademark applications registered. A more significant analysis by means of
designing prominent clusters of countries by applying unsupervised learning has been presented. In this
division, percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) spending on R&D and its productivity are
considered.
K-MEANS CLUSTERING FOR ANALYZING PRODUCTIVITY IN LIGHT OF R & D SPILLOVERZac Darcy
The differences between countries go far beyond the physical and territorial aspects. Hence, for analytical
purposes, it is essential to classify countries in groups based on some of their attributes. Investment in
Research and Development (R&D) influences innovations which in turn stimulates growth of a country. In
this context the productivity of the R&D expenditure is analysed pragmatically. Present study aims to
discover impact of R&D expenditure on its productivity in terms of number of journal articles published,
patent applications filed and trademark applications registered. A more significant analysis by means of
designing prominent clusters of countries by applying unsupervised learning has been presented. In this
division, percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) spending on R&D and its productivity are
considered.
Presentation by Dr Steffi Friedrichs, AcumenIST, NanoEarth, Virginia Tech, 8....Steffi Friedrichs
Title: The ‘Rise and Fall’ of Technologies (on the Example of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology)
Biotechnology has often been referred to as the bigger sister of nanotechnology. Indeed, the difference between the two technologies is often reduced to a mere two-decade time warp between the technologies’ hype cycles, and both technology analysists, policy-makers and pressure groups continue to entertain each other with numerous stories about the exchangeability of the two technology names in meeting agendas, expert panel discussions, public debates and policy documents.
This talk by Steffi Friedrichs, however, highlights the difference between the two technologies and outline the potential pitfalls (for both the public and the private sector) in reducing the expected trajectory of any technology’s development to a mere copy of a previous experience.
Steffi discusses the evidence recently published in two in-depth reports on the development of biotechnology and nanotechnology and their resulting impacts:
1. The Report on statistics and indicators of biotechnology and nanotechnology brings together the latest available patenting and bibliometric activity data on biotechnology, nanotechnology and related emerging and converging technologies. In order to achieve a comparison between the two technology fields, the selected indicators and measurement methodology for these multidisciplinary and partially overlapping technologies were re-confirmed and stress-tested with a view to establishing uniquely accurate and relevant datasets.
2. The Trend-analysis of science, technology and innovation policies for BNCTs studied the policies pertaining to nanotechnology and biotechnology over the past three decades and analysed them with regard to their directionality (i.e. the characteristics differentiating “technology-push” from “application-pull” policies) and their generality (i.e. the antonym of a technology-specificity that limits a policy to be applicable to a specific technology field only).
(NOTE: this PDF of the original presentation has been annotated for sharing.)
154-Seip Intellectual property rights in the Netherlandsinnovationoecd
This research provides a comprehensive overview of intellectual property right (IPR) applications from 2006 to 2010 by firms in the Netherlands. It reports on the application of patents, trademarks, design rights and plant breeders' rights by firm size and industry sector based on matched data from national and European IP offices. The results show that most firms (90%) filed only one IPR, mainly trademarks, and that a small percentage of firms (5%) in electronics and chemicals filed most patents (70%). Trademark and design right use was more evenly distributed among firm sizes, while patent use was skewed to larger firms. Finally, firm-level patent and trademark use tended to covary at the two-digit industry level, though patent use
II-SDV 2017: What is Innovation and how can we measure it?Dr. Haxel Consult
Innovation means many different things to many people. Ask five people and you will likely get ten answers. But all agree that it is a key driver behind the success of organizations, the growth of economies and provides major contributions in addressing global problems. This presentation will examine various analytical methods and possible metrics for measuring innovation and determining relative performance of organizations. The challenges involved in assessing innovation and how these can be addressed will be explored. The pros and cons associated with the metrics identified will also be discussed with a view to identifying a practical method for assessing innovation.
Technology Observatory Examples, Tools and TechniquesVahid Shamekhi
1) The document discusses various methods for technology monitoring and forecasting, including environmental scanning, trend analysis, impact assessment, and patent analysis.
2) It emphasizes the importance of using multiple information sources and tools to conduct effective technology intelligence, such as analyzing patents, publications, reports and expert opinions.
3) The key goal of technology monitoring is to provide reliable information to support technological development and strategic decision making around investments, acquisitions, and research priorities.
The document describes a TIS analysis workshop conducted as part of an EU project called FISSAC. The workshop focused on barriers and opportunities for increasing recycling of gypsum plasterboard in Sweden. Workshop participants analyzed the current actors, networks, institutions, and knowledge regarding gypsum recycling. They also discussed additional actors that could help strengthen the innovation system to support higher gypsum recycling rates in Sweden. A detailed TIS analysis of the Swedish gypsum recycling system was later conducted based on workshop findings and other project activities.
130-Ince Business patenting and publishinginnovationoecd
The database project matches the EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard with patent and publication data for over 90% of global business R&D spenders from 2000-2013. Author and inventor names were cleaned and matched to identify pairs among researchers active in both publishing and patenting. The results show differences in patenting and publishing propensities across sectors. Firms in industrial goods & services and automobiles patent more while utilities and food/beverage publish more. Inventors active in publishing produce higher quality and quantity patents than solely patenting inventors. Authors also active in patenting produce better and more publications. University-industry links in publishing rose most for Chinese firms between 2000-2010.
Economic indicators and statistics are the baseline of any measurement, but when it comes to
measuring innovation, the schools of thoughts are divided on what are the most relevant and reliable
indicators and metrics to assess the development of a specific technology not only within its wide
range of applications, but also against another technology? The younger the technology in question,
the more difficult it is to find the right indicators for the measurement of its innovative power at a
time when such measurement is most needed, in order to evaluate the efficiency of policy making
regarding this technology.
The measurement of the innovative power of a General Purpose Technology (GPT), like
nanotechnology, can benefit from adoption of commonly accepted economic indicators, such as
intellectual property creation, creation of enterprises, manufacture of value-added products and
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1. KID| July 2017 1
Gaétan de Rassenfosse, EPFL @gderasse
Patent data for research
in economics & management
Version 1.0
2. KID| July 2017 2
Outline
1. Uses of patent data in empirical research
2. Other measures of innovation
3. What is a patent anyway?
4. Dimensions that one can exploit
5. Current frontier
6. Where to find the data?
3. KID| July 2017 3
Uses of patent data in empirical research1/6
4. KID| July 2017 4
Three main uses of patent data
1. Study the causes and consequences of innovation, with patents as one way of
measuring “innovation”.
2. Study features of the innovation process (e.g., knowledge spillovers) with patent data
providing some way of observing these features (e.g., citation data).
3. Study aspects of the patent system and other questions related to intellectual property
(IP) policy .
Patent data are also used in other fields of research such as bibliometrics and complex
systems (econophysics, networks). Not in the scope of today’s lecture: we focus on the
economic and management disciplines.
5. KID| July 2017 5
1. Causes and consequences of innovation
Inventions are intangible and, hence, unobservable.
But inventions that are patented are observable: every invention that is submitted through
the patent system is published by the patent office.
A patent is granted for inventions that are new to the world, non-obvious and useful.
Hence, patent data seem a priori a relevant way of measuring inventions.
Griliches, Z. (1981).
Market value, R&D, and patents.
Economics Letters 7(2): 183–187.
Griliches, Z. (1981).
Market value, R&D, and patents.
Economics Letters 7(2): 183–187.
One of the first papers
6. KID| July 2017 6
The Griliches paper in brief
The core idea: To the extent that R&D investment create intangible capital for a firm, it
should show up in the valuation of the firm by the market.
Using data on U.S. listed firms, he estimates the following specification:
ln Q ≈ m + d + (ΣbhR-h)/A + u
where Q is market value (V) over tangible assets (A), ΣbhR-h is a distributed lag term of
past R&D expenditures and/or patents, m and d are firm and market effects, respectively.
He finds that the long-run effect of a dollar of R&D is to add about $2 to the market value
of the firm, while a successful patent is worth about $200,000.
Many scholars have sought to replicate, and improve the study of, this research question.
Most studies confirm the presence of a patent premium.
7. KID| July 2017 7
2. Features of the innovation process
As we will see, patents contain a rich amount of information, which can be used for
studying various aspects of the innovation process.
One typical dimension is patent citation. Like scientific publications, patent documents
contain references to prior art—these have been used to track knowledge spillovers.
“By technological [=knowledge] spillovers, we mean that (1) firms can acquire information
created by others without paying for that information in a market transaction, and (2)
the creators (or current owners) of the information have no effective recourse,
under prevailing laws, if other firms utilize information so acquired.”
(Grossman and Helpman, 1992:16)
Jaffe, A. B., Trajtenberg, M., & Henderson, R. (1993).
Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations.
Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 577–598.
Jaffe, A. B., Trajtenberg, M., & Henderson, R. (1993).
Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations.
Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 577–598.
One of the first papers
8. KID| July 2017 8
The Jaffe, Trajtenberg & Henderson paper in brief
The core idea: To the extent that regional localization of spillovers is important, citations
should come disproportionately from the geographic area as the originating patent.
Need to separate spillovers from correlations that arise from pre-existing pattern of
geographic concentration of technologically related activities.
Example: Say that a large fraction of citations to Stanford patents comes from the Silicon
valley. They need to make sure that it is not because a lot of Stanford patents relate to
semiconductors, and a disproportionate fraction of people interested in semiconductors
happen to be in the Silicon valley.
They construct control samples of patents that are not citations but have the same
temporal and technological distribution as the citations. They calculate matching
frequencies between the citations and originating patents, and between the controls and
originating patents.
They find that the citation matching frequency is significantly greater than the control
matching frequency.
9. KID| July 2017 9
3. IP policy
The patent system is a policy tool designed to incentivize firms to invest in R&D. It gives a
monopoly right to the owner of an invention in order to increase the returns to inventing
(in the hope that more inventions will be produced).
A whole stream of research in Law & Economics and Industrial Economics looks at
efficiency aspects of the patent system.
Sakakibara, M., & Branstetter, L. (2001).
Do stronger patents induce more innovation? Evidence from the 1988 Japanese
patent law reforms. RAND Journal of Economics 32(1): 77–100.
Sakakibara, M., & Branstetter, L. (2001).
Do stronger patents induce more innovation? Evidence from the 1988 Japanese
patent law reforms. RAND Journal of Economics 32(1): 77–100.
One of the first papers
10. KID| July 2017 10
The Sakakibara & Branstetter paper in brief
The core idea: The 1988 reform of patent law in Japan strengthened patent protection
(expansion of the scope of patents rights).
Using data on Japanese listed firms, they estimate the following specification:
rit = β0 + β1qit + β2sit + Σ δcDc + γt + θi + εit
where rit is log of R&D spending by firm i in year t, qit is a measure of the firm-level
investment opportunities, Dc’s are industry dummies, γt is the full set of year dummies.
Identification comes from a common shifts in the time trend γt. The data do not show any
evidence of a shift in the time trend.
Many scholars have sought to replicate, and improve the study of, this research question.
Some studies find evidence that IP rights support innovation, some do not.
12. KID| July 2017 12
“We have, in fact, almost no good measures on [various
aspects of innovation] and are thus reduced to pure
speculation or to the use of various, only distantly related,
“residual” measures and other proxies. In this desert of
data, patent statistics loom up as a mirage of wonderful
plentitude and objectivity. They are available; they are by
definition related to inventiveness, and they are based on
what appears to be an objective and only slowly changing
standard.”
Griliches (1990)
13. KID| July 2017 13
Do patent data measure inventions or innovations?
There is ambiguity as to whether patents measure inventions or innovations.
Invention: unique or novel device, method, composition or process.
Innovation: the result of a process that brings together various novel ideas/inventions in a
way that they affect society. Think of it as an invention put into practice.
Patents protect inventions—hence, they measure inventions. However, obtaining a patent
is costly and the invention must be useful, so that there is some prospect of market
implementation—hence, they capture some aspects of the innovation process.
14. KID| July 2017 14
Example of a contact lens
AIR OPTIX® AQUA for Astigmatism Contact Lenses
Covered by 7 patents
US7847016
US7456240
US7052133
US7040757
US6774178
US7135521
US7078074
There is usually not a one-to-one correspondence
between a patent and what many of us would
call an “invention/innovation”. Besides, one
patent can be used in several “inventions”.
15. KID| July 2017 15
Do patent data measure inventions or innovations?
There is ambiguity as to whether patents measure inventions or innovations.
Invention: unique or novel device, method, composition or process.
Innovation: the result of a process that brings together various novel ideas/inventions in a
way that they affect society. Think of it as an invention put into practice.
Patents protect inventions—hence, they measure inventions. However, obtaining a patent
is costly and the invention must be useful, so that there is some prospect of market
implementation—hence, they capture some aspects of the innovation process.
However, an “invention” in the patent sense is much narrower than an invention in the
common sense. Patents are granted even for tiny (but always novel and non-obvious)
improvements of a technology.
16. KID| July 2017 16
Patent data measure (mainly) technological innovations
Patents are granted for novel solutions to a technical problem, that is, they capture new-
to-the-world technical inventions. The fields of technology are usually classified as
follows: A: Human Necessities
B: Performing Operations, Transporting
C: Chemistry, Metallurgy
D: Textiles, Paper
E: Fixed Constructions
F: Mechanical Engineering, Lighting, Heating, Weapons
G: Physics
H: Electricity
Patents capture very poorly service innovations and new-to-the firm innovations. Yet:
- The service sector is growing in importance (as opposed to manufacturing, where
most R&D still takes place);
- Adoption of new-to-the firm innovations is associated with significant productivity
gains (Griffith et al. 2006).
17. KID| July 2017 17
But note that service firms also apply for patents…
~13,400 patents ~4,800 patents ~1,300 patents
~30 patents ~30 patents ~15 patents
18. KID| July 2017 18
Another limitation: Effect of the propensity to patent
Not all inventions are patentable, and not all patentable inventions are submitted for
patent protection.
Duguet, E., & Kabla, I. (1998). Appropriation strategy and the motivations to use the patent system: An econometric
analysis at the firm level in French manufacturing. Annales d’Economie et de Statistique 49/50: 289–327.
19. KID| July 2017 19
A note on the propensity to patent
The propensity to patent is sometimes defined as the number of patents per R&D. But the
proper definition is the proportion of inventions that are patented.
We can model the R&D–patent relationship as follows:
Researchers who study the productivity of research using patent data must be aware that
there findings may be biased by the propensity to patent (example of firm size).
More on this in de Rassenfosse and van Pottelsberghe (2009).
That R&D-patent relationship is characterized by non-linearities and feedback loops.
R&D expenditures
for one invention
Actual invention Patent(s)
productivity propensity
20. KID| July 2017 20
Another limitation: Large variations in patent value
Besides, there is a high variation in the value of patented inventions, with most patents
being worth little.
Gambardella, A., Harhoff, D., & Verspagen, B. (2008). The value of European patents. European Management Review 5: 69–84.
21. KID| July 2017 21
There is a wealth of data available
Other forms of IP rights, especially trademarks and copyrights.
Other tangible manifestations of “findings”, especially scientific publications.
Alternative manifestations of innovation, especially information on new products
(trade fairs, product catalogues, …) and start-up firms (crunchbase.com).
Survey data, the best known example being the Community Innovation Survey.
You can also search for sector-specific sources (e.g., software released on GitHub).
Input to the innovation process: R&D expenditures, R&D employees.
Note that patent can be used in conjunction with all these sources. Examples include:
- R&D and the patent premium (Arora et al. 2008)
- Patent and new venture financing (Conti et al. 2013)
23. KID| July 2017 23
Key aspects of patent protection (1/2)
A patent is an exclusive right to prohibit third parties to use commercially in the territory,
where a protection is granted, one of the following rights:
- Production
- Usage
- Publicity
- Sale
- To put in circulation
- To import / export / transit
Patent protection applies to technical solution of a technical problem (=invention).
The solution must be novel (new to the world), have industrial use (=useful), involve an
inventive step (=non-obvious).
Patents are granted after an examination and are valid as long as renewal fees are paid
(for a period of up to 20 years).
24. KID| July 2017 24
Key aspects of patent protection (2/2)
A patent is granted for any invention in all fields of technology for products
(manufactures, formulations, compositions), processes (e.g., manufacture of food),
methods, and uses.
Not everything is patentable: inventions that will not work (e.g., perpetual motion
machine), mere ideas, discoveries (not inventions), scientific theories, mathematical
solutions, game rules, lottery systems, teaching methods, computer software as such
(but algorithms that achieve technical results).
The invention is disclosed in the patent application.
27. KID| July 2017 27
Zoom into the first page
Inventor
names and addresses
Assignee
names and addresses
Family identification
Technological field
References
Abstract
(and full text)
Number of claims
28. KID| July 2017 28
Citations over time of the Game Boy patent
Source: patentsview.org
29. KID| July 2017 29
Origin of citations for the Game Boy patent
Source: patentsview.org
31. KID| July 2017 31
“We use the term quality to emphasise both the
technological and value dimensions of an innovation.”
Lanjouw and Schankerman (2004:443)
32. KID| July 2017 32
Often, scholars need to measure “quality”
Scholars often mix the notion of economic/technological value and quality, using them
interchangeably. There are various aspects to consider:
Quality
- Of the invention: technological merit of the invention
- Of the patent right: how strong is the patent; would it stand up in court if it were
challenged?
Private value
- Of the invention: How much would the owner be willing to sell the invention for?
- Of the patent right: value of the exclusive right conferred by the patent (“premium”)
Social value
- Of the invention: how much is the invention worth to society
- Of the patent right: how much is the exclusive right conferred by the patent for society
(could be negative)
33. KID| July 2017 33
There are many dimensions of “quality”
These dimensions are inter-related: a high-quality patent right can be sold for more
(higher value), and a high-quality invention may be more difficult to imitate (hence worth
more to its owner).
You will often hear that citations measure patent “value” or patent “quality”. It is now clear
that this is a loose statement.
There is a large literature on the use of citation data, which is been recently summarized.
Jaffe, A. B., & de Rassenfosse, G. (2017).
Patent citation data in social science research: Overview and best practices.
Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, forthcoming.
Jaffe, A. B., & de Rassenfosse, G. (2017).
Patent citation data in social science research: Overview and best practices.
Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, forthcoming.
A nice literature review
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.23731
34. KID| July 2017 34
Is it possible to disentangle value from quality?
There are several indicators that are affected by both value and quality: number of
forward citations received, geographic family size (number of countries where the
invention is protected), renewals (number of years renewal fees were paid), and number
of independent claims (indication of the scope of the invention).
In de Rassenfosse and Jaffe (2014) we put forward a non-linear latent variable model of
patent quality and value. We estimate:
E[Yk|Q*, V*] = G(Cβk,1 + V*βk,3 + Q*βk,4)
where Yk (k = 1, …, 4) is the N x 1 vector of values for the k-th quality indicator, G(.) is a
link function, C is the vector 1, V* is the vector of latent economic and Q* is the vector of
latent technical quality. We impose that βfamily size,4 = βrenewals,4 = 0.
We can then estimate the values for Q* and V*.
35. KID| July 2017 35
Results of the two-factor model
Source: de Rassenfosse and Jaffe (2014)
36. KID| July 2017 36
Other dimensions have been used in a variety of ways
Citations to non-patent literature
- Evidence of science-based inventions
Assignee information:
- Co-assignees as evidence of R&D collaboration
- Change in assignees as evidence of patent transfer
Inventors
- Measure of team size
- Identification of star inventors
- Mobility of inventors
Agents
- Role as knowledge brokers
Procedural information (time to grant, within-office family size)
- Indication of filing strategies, operational information
38. KID| July 2017 38
Pushing the frontier with data science
While it used to be true that papers exploiting patent data only could be published in top
journals, this is less true today.
There are three main approaches for publishing in top journals exploiting patent data:
- Combine patent data with external data sources.
- Use patent data only and find a (really) cool question;
- Use patent data only but push the frontier of how you use it.
Lee Fleming at UC Berkeley’s Fung Institute, working on the disambiguation of inventors.
Allows studying questions related, e.g., to the mobility of inventors.
Ken Younge (EPFL) and Jeffrey Kuhn (UC Berkeley), working on patent-to-patent text-
based similarity measures.
39. KID| July 2017 39
The “IPRoduct” initiative at EPFL
Acknowledging the limitation of patent data but also the rich source of information that it
provides, we are currently building a database that links patents to products.
We do so by exploiting patent marking information available online.
There is too much information, this
cannot be done manually.
We have built a targeted web crawler on
a locally-hosted archive of the web
(approx. 2 billion webpages) and are
developing a information extraction
software to identify the relevant
webpages, and the relevant information
within a web page.
Contact me if you want to know more.
http://iproduct.epfl.ch
41. KID| July 2017 41
The most important data source is certainly PATSTAT
PATSTAT contains bibliographical and legal status patent data from leading industrialised
and developing countries.
Data are extracted from the EPO’s databases and are provided as raw data or online.
Hard to use at first (requires knowledge of SQL), but the learning cost is certainly worth it
if you are at the start of your PhD.
de Rassenfosse, G., Dernis, H., & Boedt, G. (2014).
An introduction to the Patstat database with example queries.
Australian Economic Review 47(3): 395–408.
de Rassenfosse, G., Dernis, H., & Boedt, G. (2014).
An introduction to the Patstat database with example queries.
Australian Economic Review 47(3): 395–408.
A nice introductory article
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12073
42. KID| July 2017 42
Data sources for patent-level data
Clarivate Analytics’ Thomson Innovation: More user friendly than PATSTAT, but less
flexible and (much) more expensive.
NBER U.S. Patent Citation Data File: Free to download and link to Compustat, but
contain data for U.S. patents only and becoming outdated.
USPTO’s patentsview.org: Free to download and contain information on harmonized
assignees and inventors but contain data for U.S. patents only.
lens.org, google.com/patents: Free-to-use online interfaces that contain data similar to
PATSTAT and can be crawled, but not designed for research purposes (hence some
aspects are obscure).
Patent offices websites: Likely to contain detail prosecution data but not always easy
and fast to parse (UKIPO Ipsum, JPO Platpat, etc.).
44. KID| July 2017 44
References (not already mentioned in slides)
Arora, A., Ceccagnoli, M., & Cohen, W. M. (2008). R&D and the patent premium. International Journal of Industrial Organization 26(5): 1153–1179.
de Rassenfosse, G, & Jaffe, A. (2014) Are patent fees effective at weeding out low-quality patents? NBER Working Paper 20785.
de Rassenfosse, G., & van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. (2009). A policy insight into the R&D–patent relationship. Research Policy 38(5): 779–792.
Conti, A., Thursby, J., & Thursby, M. (2013). Patents as signals for startup financing. The Journal of Industrial Economics 61(3): 592–622.
Duguet, E., & Kabla, I. (1998). Appropriation strategy and the motivations to use the patent system: An econometric analysis at the firm level in French
manufacturing. Annales d’Economie et de Statistique 49/50: 289–327.
Gambardella, A., Harhoff, D., & Verspagen, B. (2008). The value of European patents. European Management Review 5: 69–84.
Griffith, R., Huergo, E., Mairesse, J., & Peters, B. (2006). Innovation and productivity across four European countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy
22(4): 483–498.
Lanjouw, J. O., & Schankerman, M. (2004). Patent quality and research productivity: Measuring innovation with multiple indicators. Economic Journal
114(495): 441–465.
References