This study investigated the engineering properties of fly ash concrete for rigid pavement construction. Concrete cubes and beams were prepared with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% fly ash replacement of cement by weight. The specimens were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and workability at various ages. Results showed that compressive and flexural strength increased up to 30% fly ash replacement compared to the control mix. Workability decreased with higher fly ash content due to the spherical shape of fly ash particles. The study concluded that 30% fly ash concrete provides acceptable strength for rigid pavements while providing environmental and economic benefits over traditional concrete.
Many countries are witnessing a rapid growth in the construction industry which involves the use of natural resources for the development of the inf rastructure. In order to reduce dependence on natural aggregates as the main source of aggregate in concrete,artificially manufactured aggregates and artificial aggregates generated from industrial wastes provide an alternative for the construction industry. The present study encour aged the utilization of industrial waste copper slag as replacement of natural aggregates in concre te. The results indicate that the use of copper slag in concrete increases the flexural strength of about 17% with that of control mixture. It is recommended that up to 40% of copper slag can be us e as replacement of fine aggregates.
UTILIZATION OF COPPER SLAG AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE IN CONC...AM Publications
Today’s world is facing challenging and unsolved environmental problem such as global warming, forest destruction and lack of resources. In order to solve these environmental problems, resources recycling have to be done in environmentally safer methods. As there is a vast scarcity the production of aggregates for concrete the recycled materials have great demand. The present study mainly focuses on investigating the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties. In this report, M25 grade concrete was used and tests were conducted for various proportions of copper slag replacement with sand of 40%, 80% and 100% in concrete. In the first case along with replacement of copper slag with sand there is an attempt is made to replace the cement with 50% flyash similarly in second case for 30% replacement of cement with flyash replacement and in the third case with no replacement of cement with flyash. The obtained results were compared with those of nominal concrete made with ordinary Portland cement and sand. Further split tensile strength and flexural strength studies were also performed to check its durability aspects.
Effect of Copper Slag as a Fine Aggregate on Properties of ConcreteAM Publications
In this work, an extensive study using copper slag has been carried out to investigate strength, workability and durability. Copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced from the process of manufacturing copper. For, 2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated at every ton of copper production in the world of copper industry, it has approximately 26.6 million tons of copper slag are generated. Copper slag as a substitute for conventional fine aggregate with partial or full replacement using M25 grade concrete The main objective is to encourage the use of these seemingly waste products as a construction material. In this paper , the effect of using copper slag as a fine aggregate on properties of cement mortars and concrete various mortars & concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag ranging from (0CS+100S)%, (10CS+90S)%, (20CS+80S)%,(30CS+70S)%, (40CS+60S)%, (50CS+50S)%, (60CS+40S)%, (70CS+30S)%, (80CS+20S)%, (90CS+10S)%, (100+0S)%. Form the above test result we concluded that the 50% CS+50% S gives optimum proportional of CS that can be used as a replacement substitute material for fine aggregate in concrete. The design M25 grade concrete for 50% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. The design M25 grade concrete for 30% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. We can fully replace (100%CS) by fine aggregate in concrete, because of above all test result more than control mix. We can use any proportion of CS replacement as pre our requirement for creating concrete, because we concluded that the all result of replacement of CS is more than control mix.
Many countries are witnessing a rapid growth in the construction industry which involves the use of natural resources for the development of the inf rastructure. In order to reduce dependence on natural aggregates as the main source of aggregate in concrete,artificially manufactured aggregates and artificial aggregates generated from industrial wastes provide an alternative for the construction industry. The present study encour aged the utilization of industrial waste copper slag as replacement of natural aggregates in concre te. The results indicate that the use of copper slag in concrete increases the flexural strength of about 17% with that of control mixture. It is recommended that up to 40% of copper slag can be us e as replacement of fine aggregates.
UTILIZATION OF COPPER SLAG AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE IN CONC...AM Publications
Today’s world is facing challenging and unsolved environmental problem such as global warming, forest destruction and lack of resources. In order to solve these environmental problems, resources recycling have to be done in environmentally safer methods. As there is a vast scarcity the production of aggregates for concrete the recycled materials have great demand. The present study mainly focuses on investigating the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties. In this report, M25 grade concrete was used and tests were conducted for various proportions of copper slag replacement with sand of 40%, 80% and 100% in concrete. In the first case along with replacement of copper slag with sand there is an attempt is made to replace the cement with 50% flyash similarly in second case for 30% replacement of cement with flyash replacement and in the third case with no replacement of cement with flyash. The obtained results were compared with those of nominal concrete made with ordinary Portland cement and sand. Further split tensile strength and flexural strength studies were also performed to check its durability aspects.
Effect of Copper Slag as a Fine Aggregate on Properties of ConcreteAM Publications
In this work, an extensive study using copper slag has been carried out to investigate strength, workability and durability. Copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced from the process of manufacturing copper. For, 2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated at every ton of copper production in the world of copper industry, it has approximately 26.6 million tons of copper slag are generated. Copper slag as a substitute for conventional fine aggregate with partial or full replacement using M25 grade concrete The main objective is to encourage the use of these seemingly waste products as a construction material. In this paper , the effect of using copper slag as a fine aggregate on properties of cement mortars and concrete various mortars & concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag ranging from (0CS+100S)%, (10CS+90S)%, (20CS+80S)%,(30CS+70S)%, (40CS+60S)%, (50CS+50S)%, (60CS+40S)%, (70CS+30S)%, (80CS+20S)%, (90CS+10S)%, (100+0S)%. Form the above test result we concluded that the 50% CS+50% S gives optimum proportional of CS that can be used as a replacement substitute material for fine aggregate in concrete. The design M25 grade concrete for 50% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. The design M25 grade concrete for 30% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. We can fully replace (100%CS) by fine aggregate in concrete, because of above all test result more than control mix. We can use any proportion of CS replacement as pre our requirement for creating concrete, because we concluded that the all result of replacement of CS is more than control mix.
Study on mechanical properties of concrete with industrial wasteseSAT Journals
Abstract
Utilization of Industrial waste, construction waste, agriculture waste, commercial waste etc... In concrete plays a vital role in minimizing the disposal problems. Over 300 million tons of industrial wastes are being produced per annum by chemical and agricultural process in India. These materials poses problems of disposal, health hazards and aesthetic problem. Hypo Sludge (HS) is a waste material produced from paper industry that can used as a cement replacement material in concrete since the lime content in the sludge is large. Copper slag is a waste material produced from copper manufacturing process and this can be used as a replacement material for fine aggregate (sand) since the particle size similar to sand. During the present study, an attempt had been made to study the mechanical properties of concrete in which Hypo sludge and Copper slag were as a replacement material for cement and fine aggregate respectively. Replacement percentage used during this study were 10%, 20% and 30% of Hypo sludge for cement. Fine aggregate was replaced with 30%, 40% and 50% of Copper slag. Compressive strength of cubes were found on 7th, 28th and 56th days. Split tensile strengths of the cylinders were found on 28th and 56th days. Flexural strengths of prism specimens were found on 28th day. It has been found that usage of Hypo sludge and Copper slag as a replacement material has beneficial effects on the Mechanical properties of concrete.
Keywords: Hypo sludge, Copper slag, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength.
- In the present scenario carbon emission and sand
mining are major concern due to its hazardous effect to
environment and making serious imbalance to the ecosystem.
Various studies have been conducted to reduce severe effect on
environment, using byproducts like copper slag as partial
replacement of fine aggregate. Different researchers have also
revealed numerous uses of copper slag as a replacing agent in
determining the strength of concrete. A comprehensive review of
studies has been presented in this paper for scope of replacement
of fine aggregate from copper slag in concrete
Wood ash as an effective raw material for concrete blockseSAT Journals
Abstract
Utilization of wood ash as a partial substitution for cement is one of the promising method to increase the strength and thermal insulation for cement blocks. The present study focused to use wood ash as a partial replacement for cement material during sand cement block manufacturing. The concrete mixtures have been mixed with 10%, 15% 20% and 25% of wood ash as a partial replacement for cement with sand and tested for compressive strength, water absorption and heat release. Higher compressive strength was observed in the samples of 15% containing wood ash replacement material. All the samples other than 25% of wood ash replacement were shown lower water absorption and highest was found in 15% wood ash content. Slower heat release was observed in the samples of 15% and 20% of wood ash replacement after 21 days of curing time. Addition of 15% wood ash for the manufacturing of concrete blocks was developed and these blocks meet standard limits.
Keywords: wood ash, water absorption, compressive strength, cement block.
Disposal of tyre rubber is becoming a huge problem in India day by day.
Researchers are trying to use those rubber in civil engineering projects from long day
back. Crumb rubber replaced fine aggregate is qute a common practice now a days.
An attempt was made to replace 10% chipped rubber with coarse aggregate and
beams were casted with that concrete mix.They were tested to failure. Deflection,
ultimate load, first crack,stress vs strain,load vs deflection are all studied. Efforts
have been taken to identify the potential application of waste tyres in civil engineering
projects. This study can show an alternative way of recycling tyre by incorporating
them into concrete construction. Main focus was made on the behaviour of beam
made from recycled rubber chips .
Study of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregate by ETP Sludge of TiO2IJERA Editor
The rapid increase in construction activities leads to scarcity of conventional construction materials such as
cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Researches are being conducted for finding cheaper materials. In
India, there are many industries producing large amount of effluent treatment plant waste sludge which leads in
problems of disposal. The final destination of effluent treatment plant sludge affects the environment. So
alternative option is necessary for disposing effluent treatment sludge. In this study is subjected to the effective
reuse of effluent treatment plant sludge of TiO2 pigment generated from Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd
(KMML). The aim of the thesis is to determine the strength parameters of concrete with the partial replacement
of fine aggregate by waste sludge from KMML. Reuse of ETP sludge in concrete is an effective option for the
problem of ultimate disposal up to greater extent. In this study the fine aggregate is replaced by the ETP sludge
of TiO2 with different percentages such as 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% in M35 concrete mix. The various tests
such as compression, tensile and flexural strength are conducted.
Abstract This state of art review represents the development in the field of utilization of used foundry sand in cementitious concrete. The paper reviews the utilization of foundry sand as the concrete constituent and the noticeable and important findings from the experimental works of various researchers. The historical development is also discussed as a part of introduction in the review. After a careful study of large number of research papers on the topic it was felt by the authors to integrate all the important results for streamlining the potential of this area of research. The paper summarizes conclusions of experiments conducted for the properties like strength and durability. It was observed the results have shown positive changes and improvement in strength and durability properties of the conventional cementitious concrete due to the addition or replacement of fine sand with used foundry sand in different proportions. However in couple of cases such addition has reported reduction in the values of properties. From the review of past research works it could be concluded that utilizing the used foundry sand holds a great potential towards the development of environment friendly and sustainable cementitious concretes. Key Words: foundry waste, foundry sand, concrete, strength, durability, utilization
Experimental study on mechanical properties of m30 concrete with partial repl...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation revealed the effect of using silica fume and copper slag as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate, respectively on the mechanical properties of the concrete. Due to the depletion of natural sand resource worldwide with the increment of industrial waste, simultaneously, partial replacements of fine aggregate with copper slag have been attempted. Therefore, the primary objective of this research work was to conduct the study on M30 concrete whose compressive, tensile and flexural strength was observed. For this study, the fixed amount of silica fume (10%) and the different proportion of copper slag (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) were replaced with cement and fine aggregate, respectively. Keywords: Copper slag, silica fume, by-produc
Strength behaviour of foundry sand on modified high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundries use a large amount of sand as part of the metal casting process. Foundry industries generally recycle and reuse the used foundry sand many times in casting process. When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed as "foundry waste sand." Like many waste products, foundry sand has beneficial applications to other industries. A mixture of silica sand coated with a thin film of burnt carbon and residual binder with traces of dust is termed as foundry sand. From the previous available literature it was found that replacement of sand by foundry sand by certain initial percentages gives a marginal increase in hardened properties of normal strength concrete. In the present work, fine aggregate is replaced by foundry sand with percentages and tests were performed for hardened properties of modified high strength concrete for all replacement levels. Keywords: Waste Foundry Sand, physical properties, chemical properties, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength
EFFECT OF BAGAGSE ASH ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USED AS PARTIAL REPLACEMNT FO...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: Cement is one of the sources for producing inexperienced house gases united ton of carbon dioxide is created with each one ton of cement production. Use of alternative materials will scale back this pollution downside. Methods/ Statistical analysis: In the present work Sugarcane pulp ash has been tried as another material for partial replacement of cement. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a by-product of sugarcane and disposal of that is making serious setting issues. In the present work, trails are created (with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) to value absolutely the quantum of cement that may get replaced by bagasse ash while not poignant the strength capabilities of the cast. Findings: Different tests such as compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength are to be conducted on concrete for seven days and twenty-eight days natural process. Analysis of the results would give conclusions and inferences. Applications/Improvements: Outcome shows that for 15% substitute of cement by way of the SCBA strength is nearly enough the nominal force of the concrete.
To mitigate emission of carbon dioxide and other green gases, it is necessary to develop alternative ways by which sustainable development can be improved. This paper discusses various combination of cement with hypo sludge and different size of aggregates. Hypo sludge has a very good content of Cao and thus it works as a partial replacement material in construction process. This study examines 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of hypo sludge in place of cement in concrete for M20 and then tested for its compressive strength. The result shows that the strength of the concrete increases by adding hypo sludge up to 10%. However, further increase in hypo sludge decreases the compressive strength. Also, rate analysis has been done which concludes that the rate of the concrete decreases on replacing the cement with hypo sludge. The aim of this study is to make eco-friendly building material and to see how the concrete behaves on replacing the cement with the hypo sludge in various proportions. This study also examines the possibility of utilization of hypo sludge as a partial replacement material and it can be further used as cementitious material. It also helps with the disposal and pollution problems associated with paper industry waste
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE AS...IAEME Publication
Objective: The primary objectives of this study are Partial replacement of bagasse ash with cement. Calculation for 7 & 28 days strength. Methods: Concrete with the cement emits CO2 which impacts on environment. Bagasse is the by-product of sugar industries and it is introducing into concrete to find the parameters of strength and waste utilisation. Findings: Environmental impact due to Bagasse increases as dumping and land filling results to molasses and other damaging factors to overcome these problems Bagasse ash introduced into the concrete and the experimental is carried out with replacement of Bagasse ash of (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%) is carried out for high strength concrete. Applications: Accordingly the codal provisions followed are IS: 10262, IS 456-2000 respectively this is the new work for the innovation for future which has to be carried out by upcoming generations.
Study on mechanical properties of concrete with industrial wasteseSAT Journals
Abstract
Utilization of Industrial waste, construction waste, agriculture waste, commercial waste etc... In concrete plays a vital role in minimizing the disposal problems. Over 300 million tons of industrial wastes are being produced per annum by chemical and agricultural process in India. These materials poses problems of disposal, health hazards and aesthetic problem. Hypo Sludge (HS) is a waste material produced from paper industry that can used as a cement replacement material in concrete since the lime content in the sludge is large. Copper slag is a waste material produced from copper manufacturing process and this can be used as a replacement material for fine aggregate (sand) since the particle size similar to sand. During the present study, an attempt had been made to study the mechanical properties of concrete in which Hypo sludge and Copper slag were as a replacement material for cement and fine aggregate respectively. Replacement percentage used during this study were 10%, 20% and 30% of Hypo sludge for cement. Fine aggregate was replaced with 30%, 40% and 50% of Copper slag. Compressive strength of cubes were found on 7th, 28th and 56th days. Split tensile strengths of the cylinders were found on 28th and 56th days. Flexural strengths of prism specimens were found on 28th day. It has been found that usage of Hypo sludge and Copper slag as a replacement material has beneficial effects on the Mechanical properties of concrete.
Keywords: Hypo sludge, Copper slag, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength.
- In the present scenario carbon emission and sand
mining are major concern due to its hazardous effect to
environment and making serious imbalance to the ecosystem.
Various studies have been conducted to reduce severe effect on
environment, using byproducts like copper slag as partial
replacement of fine aggregate. Different researchers have also
revealed numerous uses of copper slag as a replacing agent in
determining the strength of concrete. A comprehensive review of
studies has been presented in this paper for scope of replacement
of fine aggregate from copper slag in concrete
Wood ash as an effective raw material for concrete blockseSAT Journals
Abstract
Utilization of wood ash as a partial substitution for cement is one of the promising method to increase the strength and thermal insulation for cement blocks. The present study focused to use wood ash as a partial replacement for cement material during sand cement block manufacturing. The concrete mixtures have been mixed with 10%, 15% 20% and 25% of wood ash as a partial replacement for cement with sand and tested for compressive strength, water absorption and heat release. Higher compressive strength was observed in the samples of 15% containing wood ash replacement material. All the samples other than 25% of wood ash replacement were shown lower water absorption and highest was found in 15% wood ash content. Slower heat release was observed in the samples of 15% and 20% of wood ash replacement after 21 days of curing time. Addition of 15% wood ash for the manufacturing of concrete blocks was developed and these blocks meet standard limits.
Keywords: wood ash, water absorption, compressive strength, cement block.
Disposal of tyre rubber is becoming a huge problem in India day by day.
Researchers are trying to use those rubber in civil engineering projects from long day
back. Crumb rubber replaced fine aggregate is qute a common practice now a days.
An attempt was made to replace 10% chipped rubber with coarse aggregate and
beams were casted with that concrete mix.They were tested to failure. Deflection,
ultimate load, first crack,stress vs strain,load vs deflection are all studied. Efforts
have been taken to identify the potential application of waste tyres in civil engineering
projects. This study can show an alternative way of recycling tyre by incorporating
them into concrete construction. Main focus was made on the behaviour of beam
made from recycled rubber chips .
Study of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregate by ETP Sludge of TiO2IJERA Editor
The rapid increase in construction activities leads to scarcity of conventional construction materials such as
cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Researches are being conducted for finding cheaper materials. In
India, there are many industries producing large amount of effluent treatment plant waste sludge which leads in
problems of disposal. The final destination of effluent treatment plant sludge affects the environment. So
alternative option is necessary for disposing effluent treatment sludge. In this study is subjected to the effective
reuse of effluent treatment plant sludge of TiO2 pigment generated from Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd
(KMML). The aim of the thesis is to determine the strength parameters of concrete with the partial replacement
of fine aggregate by waste sludge from KMML. Reuse of ETP sludge in concrete is an effective option for the
problem of ultimate disposal up to greater extent. In this study the fine aggregate is replaced by the ETP sludge
of TiO2 with different percentages such as 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% in M35 concrete mix. The various tests
such as compression, tensile and flexural strength are conducted.
Abstract This state of art review represents the development in the field of utilization of used foundry sand in cementitious concrete. The paper reviews the utilization of foundry sand as the concrete constituent and the noticeable and important findings from the experimental works of various researchers. The historical development is also discussed as a part of introduction in the review. After a careful study of large number of research papers on the topic it was felt by the authors to integrate all the important results for streamlining the potential of this area of research. The paper summarizes conclusions of experiments conducted for the properties like strength and durability. It was observed the results have shown positive changes and improvement in strength and durability properties of the conventional cementitious concrete due to the addition or replacement of fine sand with used foundry sand in different proportions. However in couple of cases such addition has reported reduction in the values of properties. From the review of past research works it could be concluded that utilizing the used foundry sand holds a great potential towards the development of environment friendly and sustainable cementitious concretes. Key Words: foundry waste, foundry sand, concrete, strength, durability, utilization
Experimental study on mechanical properties of m30 concrete with partial repl...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation revealed the effect of using silica fume and copper slag as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate, respectively on the mechanical properties of the concrete. Due to the depletion of natural sand resource worldwide with the increment of industrial waste, simultaneously, partial replacements of fine aggregate with copper slag have been attempted. Therefore, the primary objective of this research work was to conduct the study on M30 concrete whose compressive, tensile and flexural strength was observed. For this study, the fixed amount of silica fume (10%) and the different proportion of copper slag (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) were replaced with cement and fine aggregate, respectively. Keywords: Copper slag, silica fume, by-produc
Strength behaviour of foundry sand on modified high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundries use a large amount of sand as part of the metal casting process. Foundry industries generally recycle and reuse the used foundry sand many times in casting process. When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed as "foundry waste sand." Like many waste products, foundry sand has beneficial applications to other industries. A mixture of silica sand coated with a thin film of burnt carbon and residual binder with traces of dust is termed as foundry sand. From the previous available literature it was found that replacement of sand by foundry sand by certain initial percentages gives a marginal increase in hardened properties of normal strength concrete. In the present work, fine aggregate is replaced by foundry sand with percentages and tests were performed for hardened properties of modified high strength concrete for all replacement levels. Keywords: Waste Foundry Sand, physical properties, chemical properties, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength
EFFECT OF BAGAGSE ASH ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USED AS PARTIAL REPLACEMNT FO...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: Cement is one of the sources for producing inexperienced house gases united ton of carbon dioxide is created with each one ton of cement production. Use of alternative materials will scale back this pollution downside. Methods/ Statistical analysis: In the present work Sugarcane pulp ash has been tried as another material for partial replacement of cement. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a by-product of sugarcane and disposal of that is making serious setting issues. In the present work, trails are created (with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) to value absolutely the quantum of cement that may get replaced by bagasse ash while not poignant the strength capabilities of the cast. Findings: Different tests such as compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength are to be conducted on concrete for seven days and twenty-eight days natural process. Analysis of the results would give conclusions and inferences. Applications/Improvements: Outcome shows that for 15% substitute of cement by way of the SCBA strength is nearly enough the nominal force of the concrete.
To mitigate emission of carbon dioxide and other green gases, it is necessary to develop alternative ways by which sustainable development can be improved. This paper discusses various combination of cement with hypo sludge and different size of aggregates. Hypo sludge has a very good content of Cao and thus it works as a partial replacement material in construction process. This study examines 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of hypo sludge in place of cement in concrete for M20 and then tested for its compressive strength. The result shows that the strength of the concrete increases by adding hypo sludge up to 10%. However, further increase in hypo sludge decreases the compressive strength. Also, rate analysis has been done which concludes that the rate of the concrete decreases on replacing the cement with hypo sludge. The aim of this study is to make eco-friendly building material and to see how the concrete behaves on replacing the cement with the hypo sludge in various proportions. This study also examines the possibility of utilization of hypo sludge as a partial replacement material and it can be further used as cementitious material. It also helps with the disposal and pollution problems associated with paper industry waste
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE AS...IAEME Publication
Objective: The primary objectives of this study are Partial replacement of bagasse ash with cement. Calculation for 7 & 28 days strength. Methods: Concrete with the cement emits CO2 which impacts on environment. Bagasse is the by-product of sugar industries and it is introducing into concrete to find the parameters of strength and waste utilisation. Findings: Environmental impact due to Bagasse increases as dumping and land filling results to molasses and other damaging factors to overcome these problems Bagasse ash introduced into the concrete and the experimental is carried out with replacement of Bagasse ash of (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%) is carried out for high strength concrete. Applications: Accordingly the codal provisions followed are IS: 10262, IS 456-2000 respectively this is the new work for the innovation for future which has to be carried out by upcoming generations.
Bulut Bilişim Güvenliği Nasıl Ölçülür? Cloud Controls Matrix - LostarLostar
Bulut bilişim hayatımıza fırsatlarının yanı sıre, güvenlik riskleriyle de girdi. Sunduğumuz ya da almak üzere olduğumuz hizmetlerin güvenliğini nasıl ölçeceğiz? Bir hizmeti kullanmadan önce ihtiyacımız olan GÜVENCE'yi nasıl sağlayacağız?
Microcontroller based Integrated Circuit TesterIJERA Editor
The digital integrated circuit (IC) tester is implemented by using the ATmega32 microcontroller . The microcontroller processes the inputs and outputs and displays the results on a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The basic function of the digital IC tester is to test a digital IC for correct logical functioning as described in the truth table and/or function table. The designed model can test digital ICs having 14 pins. Since it is programmable, any number of ICs can be tested . This model applies the necessary signals to the inputs of the IC, monitoring the outputs at each stage and comparing them with the outputs in the truth table. Any discrepancy in the functioning of the IC results in a fail indication, displays the faulty and good gates on the LCD. The testing procedure is accomplished with the help of keypad keys present on the main board design. The test has been accomplished with most commonly used digital IC's, mainly belonging to the 74 series. Digital IC tester tests three samples of IC's ( NAND, NOT, NOR). The design is flexible . We can add extra IC bases and subroutines to test any other IC in the 74 series.
Volt delivers an innovative mobile recharging experience for smartphones at festivals and events, where people want to stay online and interact with the music and bands they are about to hear live. http://www.getvolt.dk
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Waste Materi...IJRES Journal
The utilization of industrial and agricultural waste produced by industrial process has been the focus of waste reduction research for economical, environmental and technical reasons. This is because over 300 million tones of industrial waste are being produced per annual by agricultural and industrial process in India. The problem arising from continuous technological and industrial development is the disposal of waste material. If some of the waste materials are found suitable in concrete making not only cost of construction can be cut down, but also safe disposal of waste material can be achieved. The cement of high strength concrete is generally high which often leads to higher shrinkage and greater evaluation of neat of hydration besides increase in cost. A partial substitution of cement by an industrial waste is not only economical but also improves the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and enhance the durability characteristics besides the safe disposal of waste material thereby protecting the environment form pollution This paper deals with partial replacement of fine aggregate with the industrial waste from China Clay industries. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of conventional concrete and fine aggregate replaced concrete are compared and the results are tabulated.
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates for Making L...ijsrd.com
The present research establishes a relationship of bulged diameter with densification and hydrostatic stress in forming of sintered fly ash. In present study A mix design has been done for M25 Grade of concrete by IS method. Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade is selected and sintered fly ash aggregates were prepared by mixing sintered fly ash with cement and water for making low cost concrete. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant.The sintered fly ash is obtained from Gallant group of industries. This industry is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. In this paper author investigate the Compressive Strength and Flexural strength test of the concrete at different ages i.e. 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days and 90 days. Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates is replaced 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in the place of Corse aggregate. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects.
Studies on quarry dust as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concreteIJLT EMAS
Natural sand is most commonly used fine aggregates
in the production of concrete possess the problem of acute
shortage in many areas. Quarry dust can be used as an economic
alternative to the natural sand. In this investigation an attempt is
made to utilize quarry dust as a partial substitute for natural
sand in producing concrete. Natural sand is replaced by Quarry
dust at an interval of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Mix
proportions for M20 concrete is prepared with reference to IS:
10262-2009 and IS: 456-2000 for the study of workability.
Compressive strength and Flexural strength test results are
compared with the conventional concrete. The strengths were
obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. Compressive and
Flexural strength increased marginally from 5% to 15%
replacement. There is a slight decrease in the corresponding
compressive and flexural strength at 20% replacement. Good
correlation was observed between compressive strength and
flexural strength. It was observed that the addition of quarry
dust that would replace the fine material at particular
proportion has displayed an enhancing effect on properties of
concrete. This investigation proves that quarry dust can be used
as a partial substitute for natural sand in preparing concrete.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
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• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Laboratory Analysis of Fly Ash Mix Cement Concrete for Rigid Pavement.
1. Er. Amit Ahirwar et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -2) February 2015, pp.86-91
www.ijera.com 86|P a g e
Laboratory Analysis of Fly Ash Mix Cement Concrete for Rigid
Pavement.
Er.Amit Kumar Ahirwar 1
, Prof. Rajesh Joshi 2
, Er. Kapil Soni 3
,
1
Scholar M.Tech (Construction, Technology & Management) Department Of Civil Engineering R.G.P.M,
Bhopal (M.P).
2
Asso. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, R.G.P.M Engineering College, Bhopal (M.P).
3
Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, AISECT University, Bhopal (M.P).
ABSTRACT
This experiment was conducted to investigate the engineering properties of fly ash cement concrete for rigid
pavement construction. Results have shown that 30% of fly ash and 70% of cement has a superior performance.
In addition, the use of fly ash would result in reduction of the cost of cement which is usually expensive in all
construction materials. High strength of concrete can be made by this and the further integration of admixture or
alternate adds to improve the properties of concrete. Test result of specimens indicates that the workability and
strength chacteristcs are changed due to incorporation with fly ash. Slump test having an appropriate workable
mix of a concrete, gave sufficient compressive strength and flexural strength. Test results of 28 days specimens
have graphically interpolated for the different results and so that to calculate the optimum content of fly ash.
Keywords: Fly ash, concrete mix, construction material, rigid pavement.
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of concrete has recently gained
popularity as a resource-efficient, durable and cost
effective. A concrete mix with fly ash can provide
environmental and economical benefits. Fly Ash
concrete enhances the workability, compressive
strength, flexural strength and also increases its
pumpability, durability and concrete finishing. It
also reduces corrosion, alkali silica reaction,
sulphate reaction shrinkage as it decreases its
permeability and bleeding in concrete.The disposal
of fly ash is a serious environmental problem. In
India, 110 million of fly ash is produced and 2-30
percent is used and rest occupies vast tracks of
valuable land as a pond.
The fly ash used in concrete industry by partly
replacement it with cement and also in embankment
for filling the material.Leaving the waste materials
to the environment directly can cause environmental
problem. Hence the reuse of waste material has been
emphasized. These industrial wastes are dumped in
the nearby land and the natural fertility of the soil is
spoiled.
Cement with fly ash reduces the permeability of
concrete and dense calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–
H). Past Research shows that adding fly ash to
concrete, as a partial replacement of cement (less
than 35 percent), will benefit both the fresh and
hardened states. While in the fresh state, the fly ash
improves workability. This is due to the smooth,
spherical shape of the fly ash particle. The tiny
spheres act as a form of ball bearing that aids the
flow of the concrete. This improved workability
allows for lower water-to-cement ratios, which later
leads to higher compressive strengths. In the
hardened state, fly ash contributes in a number of
ways, including strength and durability. While fly
ash tends to increase the setting time of the concrete.
The pozzolanic reaction removing the excess
calcium hydroxide, produced by the cement
reaction, and forming a harder CSH.
This paper presents the effect of fly ash
replacement on compressive strength and flexural
strength of concrete along with the slump and other
fresh and hardened properties. A comparative cost
investigation with different replacement of fly ash
has presented.
II. METHODOLOGY &
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
I.Fly Ash
Fly ash is composed of the non-combustible
mineral portion of coal. Particles are smooth, round
„ball bearings‟ finer than cement particles. Sizes of
particle are 0.1Gm-150 Gm. It is a pozzolanic
material which reacts with free lime in the presence
of water, converted into calcium silicate hydrate (C-
S-H) which is the strongest and tough portion of the
paste in concrete. The fly ash for testing purpose is
collected from industrial area Mandideep near
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Er. Amit Ahirwar et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -2) February 2015, pp.86-91
www.ijera.com 87|P a g e
Fig.1: Sample of Fly Ash.
II. Cement
The cement used for experimental purpose is
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The Ordinary
Portland Cement of 43 grade (Ultra Tech OPC)
conforming to IS:8112-1989 is used.The cement is
in dry powdery form with the good quality chemical
compositions and physical characteristics. Many
tests were conducted on cement; some of them are
specific gravity, consistency tests, setting time tests,
compressive strengths, etc.
S.No. Physical Properties of Cement Result Requirement as per I.S Code
(IS:8112-1989)
1 Specific Gravity 3.15 3.10-3.15
2 Standard Consistency (%) 28% 30-35
3 Initial Setting Time (Min) 35 Min 30 Minimum
4 Final Setting Time (Min) 178 Min 600 Maximum
5 Compressive Strength-7Days 28.38 N/mm2
33 N/mm2
6 Compressive Strength-28Days 42.31N/mm2
43N/mm2
Table.1: Properties of Ultra Tech Cement (OPC 43 grade).
III. Aggregates
Aggregates are the chief constituents in
concrete. They give body to the concrete, decrease
shrinkage and achieve economy. One of the most
significant factors for producing feasible concrete is
good gradation of aggregates. Good grading implies
that a samplefractions of aggregates in required
proportion such that the sample contains minimum
voids. Samples of the well graded aggregate
containing minimum voids require minimum paste
to fill up the voids in the aggregates. Minimum
paste means less quantity of cement and less water,
which are further mean increased economy, inferior
shrinkage and superior durability.
Coarse Aggregate
Crushed stone were used as coarse aggregates; the
fractions from 20 mm to 4.75 mm are used as coarse
aggregate. The Coarse Aggregates from crushed
Basalt rock, conforming to IS: 383 are used. The
Flakiness Index and Elongation Index were
maintained well below 15%.
Fine aggregate
Locally available Narmada River sand was used
as fine aggregates. Those fractions from 4.75 mm to
150 micron are termed as fine aggregate. The river
sand and crushed sand is used in mixture as fine
aggregate conforming to the requirements of IS:
383. The river sand is washed and screened, to
abolishdeadly materials and over size particles.
S.No Test Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
20 mm 10 mm
1 Fineness Modulus 3.36 7.54 3.19
2 Specific Gravity 2.60 2.70 2.70
3 Water Absorption (%) 1.50 0.50 0.50
4 Bulk Density (gm/cc) 1753 1741 1711
Table.2: Properties of Aggregates.
3. Er. Amit Ahirwar et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -2) February 2015, pp.86-91
www.ijera.com 88|P a g e
IV. Water
Water is an important constituent of concrete as
it actually participates in the chemical reaction with
cement. Since it helps to from the strength giving
cement gel, the quantity and quality of water is
required to be looked into very carefully. Water
which is pure and safe for drinking purpose is used
and water cement ratio was 0.42 for design mix
M30.
III. Mix Design
The preferred characteristic strength of 30
N/mm2
at 28 days was used in this study. IS 456
method was applied in designing the mix. A total of
45 cubes and 30 beams were prepared for this study
in 5 sets. All set were prepared in control mix of
water cement ratio 0.42. Three samples from each
set of the mix were tested at the age of 7, 14, and 28
days for compressive strength and 7 and 28 days for
flexural strength.
Preparation of Specimen:
All concrete mixes were prepared using a
motorized mixer of mix design proportion,
1:1.27:2.83 with constant water cement ratio of
0.42. Cube specimens are prepared of size
150mm×150mm×150mm and Beam specimen of
100mm×100mm×500mm. The specimens were
cured in a curing room at 30ºC temperature and 90%
relative humidity. Fly Ash mix concretes were
tested at 7, 14 and 28 days of age to get compressive
strength and 7 and 14 days for flexural strength
values.
Details of Cube Specimen Details of Beam Specimen
Slump
Value (%)
S.No Name of
Cube
Sample
Fly Ash
(%)
Weight of Fly
Ash in Mix
(gm)
Name of
Beam
Sample
Fly Ash
(%)
Weight of Fly
Ash in Mix
(gm)
1 C 0 0 00 B 0 0 00 40
2 C 10 10 156 B 10 10 235 38
3 C 20 20 312 B 20 20 470 35
4 C 30 30 468 B 30 30 705 32
5 C 40 40 624 B 40 40 940 30
Table.3: Details of specimens prepared for test.
Graph.1: Workability test of concrete mix with different percentage of Fly Ash.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
SlumpValuein,mm
Workability Test of Concrete
Slump Value
Fly Ash %
4. Er. Amit Ahirwar et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -2) February 2015, pp.86-91
www.ijera.com 89|P a g e
Figure.2: Curing of Specimens. Figure.3: Specimen Prepared for test.
Testing of Specimen:
The compressive strength and flexural strength
of all concrete specimens was determined following
Indian standard testing procedure [IS 516:1959].
The specimens were removed from the moulds after
24 hours and subsequently immersed in water for
different age of testing. For each test three
specimens were tested for the determination of
average compressive and flexural strength. Test was
performed on compression testing machine having
capacity of 200 MT. The compressive strength tests
was conducted on a Compression testing machine
and flexural strength was carried on third point
loading machine.Average value of samples has been
reported below.
S.No
Cube Sample
Name Fly Ash %
7 Days Strength
N/mm2
14 Days
Strength
N/mm2
28 Days
Strength
N/mm2
Average of Three Samples
1 C 0 0 30.11 37.89 42.27
2 C 10 10 30.89 38.12 42.59
3 C 20 20 32.90 39.88 43.78
4 C 30 30 34.55 41.22 45.95
5 C 40 40 30.15 38.00 42.85
Table.4: Test Results of Compressive strength.
Graph.2: Compressive strength test of concrete mix with different percentage of Fly Ash.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Test for Compressive Strength
7 Days
14 Days
28 Days
Fly Ash %
Compressive
Strength,N/mm2
5. Er. Amit Ahirwar et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -2) February 2015, pp.86-91
www.ijera.com 90|P a g e
Figure.4: Testing of concrete cube in compression testing machine.
S.No Beam Sample Name Fly Ash %
7 Days Strength
N/mm2
28 Days Strength
N/mm2
Average of Three Samples
1 B 0 0 5.30 6.50
2 B 10 10 5.35 6.60
3 B 20 20 5.52 6.74
4 B 30 30 5.70 6.90
5 B 40 40 5.32 6.55
Table.5: Test Results of Flexural strength.
Graph.3: Flexural strength test of concrete mix with different percentage of Fly Ash.
The compressive strength of the concrete cubes
had been tested at the interval of 7, 14 and 28 days.
It seems that the strength goes on increasing with
the increase in fly ash but after the replacement of
40% Fly Ash with Cement the strength decrease.
The flexural strength of concrete is tested at the
interval of 7 and 28 days and it is seemed that
flexural strength goes on increase up to 30%
replacement. The strength variation is more on
compressive as compared to flexural strength .
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Test for Flexural Strength
7 Days
28 Days
Fly Ash %
Flexural
Strength,N/mm2
6. Er. Amit Ahirwar et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -2) February 2015, pp.86-91
www.ijera.com 91|P a g e
Graph.4: 28 Days percentage increase of strength with different percentage of Fly Ash.
IV. Conclusions
The workability of concrete decreases with the
increase in fly ash, the particles of Fly ash
reduces the amount of water required to
produce a given slump. The circular shape of
the fly ash particles and its dispersive ability
provide water reducing characteristics.
The compressive strength and flexural strength
increases with the increase of fly ash in
concrete up to 30% replacement with cement in
conventional mix, however the compressive
strength increases more as compared to flexural
strength, the values are acceptable as per IRC.
Mixing of fly ash in concrete conventional mix
has resulted in considerable variation in the
properties of fresh concrete. Integration of fly
ash in concrete increased the cohesiveness of
the mix, prohibited segregation and resulted in
reduced bleeding. Higher percentages of fly ash
can cause a change in color of the mix.
Incorporation of fly ash in concrete can save the
coal & thermal industry disposal costs and
produce a „greener‟ concrete for construction.
The research can be conducted further on
higher grades of concrete or integration of such
waste material by which more impact can be
created improvement of strength.
References
[1.] “IS: 8112-1989”. Specifications for 43-
Grade Portland cement, Bureau of Indian
Standards, and New Delhi, India.
[2.] “I.S: 516-1959”. Method of test for
strength of concrete, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 1959.
[3.] “I.S:2386 (Part I, IV, VI)-1988”. Indian
standard Method of test for aggregate for
concrte, Bureau of Indian Standards,
Reaffirmed, New Delhi, 2000.
[4.] “IS: 1199-1959”. Indian Standards
Methods of Sampling and Analysis of
Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi, India.
[5.] “I.S: 10262-198”. Recommended
guidelines for concrete mix design, Bureau
of Indian Standards, reaffirmed, New Delhi
1999 and IS: 456:2000 Indian standard
recommended guidelines for concrete mix
design.
[6.] “Utilization of Discarded Fly Ash as a Raw
Material in the Production of Portland
cement” Bhatty, JI., J Gajda, PE., Botha, F.
and MM Bryant, PG. 2006 Journal of
ASTM International, Vol. 3, No. 10.
[7.] “Effect of partial replacement of cement
with fly ash on the strength and durability
of HPC” Gopalakrishna, S., Rajamane,
N.P., Neelamegam, M., Peter, J.A. and
Dattatreya, J.K. 2001. The Indian Concrete
Journal, pp. 335-341.
[8.] “Nucleation and Pozzolanic Factors in
Strength Development of Class F Fly Ash
Concrete”, Gopalan, M. K. (1993), ACI
Materials Journal, Vol.90, No.2, pp. 117 –
121.
[9.] “Effects of water / powder ratio, mixing
ratio of fly ash, and curing temperature on
pozzolanic reaction of fly ash in cement
paste”, Hanehara, S., Tomosawa, F.,
Kobayakawa, M., Hwang, K. (2001),
Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.31,
pp. 31 – 39.
[10.] “Prediction model of compressive strength
development of fly ash concrete”, Hwang,
K., Noguchi, T., Tomosawa, F. (2004),
Cement & Concrete Research, Vol.34, pp.
2269 –2276.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10% 20% 30% 40%
Compressive strength (28 Days)
Flexural strength (28 Days)
Fly Ash %
Percentage
increase%