biodiesel production technologies

1. kARABÜK ÜNİVERSİTESİ-MÜHENDISLIK FAKÜLTESI
MAKİNA MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİMDALI
biodiesel production technologies
KONU:BITKISEL YAĞLARIN BIYODIZEL YAKIT OLARAK
KULLANILMASI
DANIŞMAN : DOÇ.DR. SELAMI SAĞIROĞLU
ÖĞRENCI :OMER KASIM SALIH

2. Introduction
Bio-diesel used as an alternative fuel in the diesel
engines .is made from various renewable sources as
vegetable oil and animal fats. It is green and clean
,environmentally and non toxic and low emission
compared with the conventional diesel fuels . Bio-
dizel yakıtlara yeşil ve temiz, çevresel ve toksik
olmayan ve düşük emisyonludur.

3. Chemical Construction of biodiesel
(Biyodizelin kimyasal konsantrasyonu)
Generally ,biodiesel consist of long chain of fatty acids(Yağ
asitleri ), mono-alkyl-esters. It can be used in compression
ignition engines with little or no modifications,, limited
resources of fossil fuels and the environmental concern, there
has been renewed focus on vegetable oils and animal fats for
the production of bio-diesel fuel. Bio-diesel has the potential
to reduce the level of pollution and the level of global
warming. Chemical Construction of biodiesel
(Biyodizelin kimyasal konsantrasyonu)is explains in the next
slides

4. Chemistry ,Bio-diesel consist of three main
composition
1.Ester

5. 2.Fatty acids(Yağ asitleri): chemically,fatty acids consist
from tow main parts Hydrocarbon chain (Hidrokarbon
zinciri) and function grupe(fonksiyon grubu)

6. 3.triglycerides(trigliseritler) consist of
three hydrocarbon chain and glycerol
backbond.

7. Production of biodiesel:generally biodiesel production in
4 processes(Biyodizel üretimi: genel olarak 4 süreçte
biyodizel üretimi)
1. Blending (karıştırmak)
Vegetable oil( bitiksel yag) can be directly mixed with diesel
fuel and may be used for running an engine. A diesel was
powered with a blend of 95% filtered used cooking oil
(bitiksel yag) and 5% diesel in 1982. In 1980, Caterpiller
Brazil Company used pre-combustion chamber engines with a
mixture of10% vegetable oil to maintain total power without
any modification to the engine. A blend of 20% oil and 80%
diesel was found to be successful . It has been proved that
the use of100% vegetable oil was also possible with some
minor modifications in the fuel system. The high fuel caused
the major problems associated with the use of pure
vegetable oils as fuel viscosity (viskozite) in compression
ignition engines.

8. 2.Micro-emulsification(Mikro
emülsifikasyon)
The main problem in the using bio-diesel in intenal combustion
engines is very high viscosity, To solve the problem of high
viscosity of vegetable oil, used. A micro emulsion(Mikro
emülsifikasyon) is defined as the colloidal equilibrium
dispersion of optically isotropic fluid The high viscosity is The
main problem of the bio-diesel when using it in the diesel
engines ,the micro emulsions with solvents such as
methanol(methanol), ethanol(etanol) and butanol have been
solved the problems of high viscosity . prepared an emulsion of
53% sunflower oil, 13.3% ethanol and 33.4% butonal. This
emulsion had a viscosity of 6.3 kg/m3,cetane number of 25.
Lower viscosities and better spray patterns were observed
with an increase in the percentage of butanol.

9. 3. Cracking(çatlama)
Cracking is the process of conversion of one long chain of
hydrocarbon into small chain by heat or with the aid of
catalyst. It involves heating in the absence of air or oxygen
and cleavage of chemical bonds to yield small molecules.
The pyrolyzed material can be vegetable oils(bitiksel yag),
animal fats, natural fatty acids and methyl esters of fatty
acids. The pyrolysis of fats has been investigated for more
than 100 years, especially in those areas of the world that
lack deposits of petroleum .

10. 4.Transesterification(transesterifikasyon)
Trnsesterification process consider the essentianal process to reduction of
bio-diesel viscosity which considirard the important problem in the bio-
diesel when using as a fuel in diesel engines , Generally ,the process is a
chimecal reaction between the one mole of triglycered with three moles of
alcohols to produce 3 ester and glycerol.

11. Chimestery ,Bio-diesel consist of three main compusstion
(Kimya, Biyodizel üç ana yanmadan oluşur)

12. properties of vegetable oils ( bitiksel yag)
Vegetable oils(bitiksel yag) provide engine performances
similar to that obtained with diesel fuels. The following are
the important characteristics of good vegetable oil required
to substitute diesel fuel
1. Ignition quality( Ateşleme kalitesi): Satisfactory diesel
combustion demands self-ignition of the fuel as it is sprayed
near TDC into the hot swirling compressed cylinder gas. Long
ignition delay is not acceptable as it leads to knock.
Therefore, the cetane number of the substitute fuel should
be high enough, which is a measure ofknock tendency ofthe
fuel. Satisfactory fuels must have a cetane number between
40 and 60.

13. Characterization of vegetable oils (
bitiksel yag)
2. Viscosity (viskozite)(mm2 /s) Fuel viscosity plays an
important role in the combustion of fuel. The direct
injection in the open combustion chamber through the
nozzle and pattern of fuel spray decides the ease of
combustion and thermal efficiency of the engine. low
viscosity can lead to internal pump leakage whereas system
pressure reaches an unacceptable level and will affect
injection during the spray atomization.The vegetable oils
can be blended with the diesel fuel and the blended fuel will
redection the viscosity .

14. Viscosity in the vegetable oils (bitiksel
yag)

15. Characterization of vegetable oils (
bitiksel yag)
3.Heating value (Kalorifik değer) the diesel combustion
chamber system can accept wide variations in heating value,
practical systems are only suitable when calorific value of
the fuel is high. This helps to reduce the quality of fuel
handled and maximizes the equipment operating range. It is
always desirable for the vegetable oils to have a calorific
value nearer to that of diesel.

16. Characterization of vegetable oils (
bitiksel yag)
4.Temperatures (Sıcaklıklar) Pour point and cloud point are
important for cold weather operations of the I.C. engine. For
satisfactory working, the values of both should be well
below the freezing point of the oil used. Flash point is an
important temperature from a safety Yield of methyl esters
of vegetable oils by transesterification process.

17. Heat value and viscosity for different types of biodiesel
(Farklı biyodizel türleri için ısı değeri ve viskozite)
Fuel type
(yakıt tipi)
Calorific
value
(Kalorifik
değer)(kj/kg)
Density
(Yoğunluk)(kg
/m3)
Viscosity
(viskozite)(m
m2 /s)
Centane
number
Diesel fuel 43.3 815 4.3 47
Sun fllower oil 39 918 58.5 73
Cotton seed oil 39.64 912 50 48.1
Soyabean oil 39.62 914 64 38
Corn oil (Mısır
yağı)
37 825 46 37
Rapeseed
oil(Kolza yağı)
37.62 914 39.1 37.6

18. The vegetable oils(bitiksel yag) as a
fuels in diesel engines
Using theThe vegetable oils (bitiksel yag) as a fuels in diesel
engines In the many country of world ,it is cleanly ,non
toxik ,low cost ,enviromentiiy and eco-frindlly . It using in
the diesel engins with the small modification or non
modifacatin , the comman problem of using vegetable oils in
the engines vehicles is has very viscosity greet the normal
diesel by 10-20 times ,and can made an damage in the
injection system ,the high viscosity can redection by many
way like the tranesterifacation (esterlesme) and blending
vegetable oils with the diesel fuels,the blending fuel has low
viscosity and can using it in the diesel engines.

19. Usage of The vegetable oils(bitiksel yag) as a
fuels in diesel engines .

20. Main advanteages of vegetable oil (bitiksel
yag)
(1) Vegetable oil is has a low coast compared to convential
diesel ( bitiksel yagdüşük maliyetli)
(2) It is non-toxic;( toksik değildir)
(3) It is a renewable fuel that can be made from agricultural
crops (Tarımsal ürünlerden yapılabilecek yenilenebilir bir
yakıttır)
(4) It has a reasonable cetane number and hence possesses
less knocking tendency ( Makul bir setan sayısına sahiptir ve
bu nedenle daha az vuruş eğilimine sahiptir).

21. (5) It has 80% heating value compared to that of diesel;
(Dizelinkine göre% 80 ısıtma değerine sahiptir)
(6) It contains low aromatics;(Düşük aromatikler içerir)
(7) Low sulphur content and hence environment friendly;
(Düşük kükürt içeriği ve bu nedenle çevre dostu)
(8) Enhanced lubricity, thereby no major modification is
required in the engine;(Gelişmiş yağlama, bu nedenle motorda
büyük bir değişiklik yapılması gerekmez).

22. The disadvantages of vegetable oils as diesel
fuel(Bitkisel yağların dizel yakıt olarak
dezavantajları)
1. Higher viscosity,(Daha yüksek viskozite)
2. Lower volatility, (Düşük uçuculuk)
3.The reactivity of unsaturated hydrocarbon
chains,(doymamış hidrokarbon zincirlerinin
reaktivitesi)

23. Refences (kaynaklar)
[1] Use of vegetable oils as I.C. engine fuels—A review A.S. Ramadhas
, S. Jayaraj, C. Muraleedharan
[2] PERSPECTIVE OF SAFFLOWER (CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS)AS A
POTENTIAL BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK IN TURKEY: CHARACTERIZATION,
ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS ANALYSES OF BUTANOL–
BIODIESEL DIESELBLENDS Prepared by Ramiz AL-SAMARAAE
[3] A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed
transesterification Applied Energy, Volume 87, Issue 4, 2010, pp.
1083-1095 Dennis Y.C. Leung, Xuan Wu, M.K.H. Leung
[4] Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-
catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methodsAuthor
links open overlay panelAyhanDemirbas
[5] Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic andnon-
catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods Ayhan
Demirbas

24. Tanks to listing to me
The end