1) The document proposes a new routing protocol called EEPSC for wireless sensor networks that partitions the network into static clusters to eliminate the overhead of dynamic clustering.
2) EEPSC selects high-energy sensor nodes as cluster heads to distribute the energy load and extends network lifetime compared to LEACH.
3) Simulation results show that EEPSC outperforms LEACH in terms of network lifetime and number of data messages received at the base station.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Review of Various Enhancements of Modified LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networkijsrd.com
Wireless sensor network depends on the nodes have limited energy, memory, computational power, range and it is important to increase energy efficiency by saving the battery power so as to extend of the life time of the given wireless sensor network deployment. In wireless sensor network, data is measured by node and same is send to base station at regular interval. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective technique in wireless sensor network. Different protocols are used for energy consumption in which Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchal cluster based routing protocol successfully used in the wireless sensor network. In this paper, various enhancements used in the original leach protocol are studied.
Energy aware clustering protocol (eacp)IJCNCJournal
The document summarizes an Energy Aware Clustering Protocol (EACP) proposed for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. EACP introduces heterogeneity by using two types of nodes: normal and advanced. Normal nodes elect cluster heads using a probability scheme based on residual and average energy. Advanced nodes use a separate probability scheme and act as gateways for normal cluster heads, transmitting their data to the base station. The performance of EACP is compared to SEP through simulations, showing better results for stability period, network life and energy savings.
Performance Evaluation of Ant Colony Optimization Based Rendezvous Leach Usin...IJERD Editor
- The document discusses the performance evaluation of an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based algorithm for wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks.
- It proposes using ACO along with rendezvous points and mobile sinks in a clustering protocol called Rendezvous LEACH (RZ LEACH) to optimize energy efficiency and network lifetime.
- Simulation results show that the ACO based RZ LEACH outperforms the original RZ LEACH protocol by prolonging the number of operational nodes and increasing average remaining energy in the network over time.
Ameliorate Threshold Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for He...chokrio
Ameliorating the lifetime in heterogeneous wireless sensor network is an important task because the sensor nodes are limited in the resource energy. The best way to improve a WSN lifetime is the clustering based algorithms in which each cluster is managed by a leader called Cluster Head. Each other node must communicate with this CH to send the data sensing. The nearest base station nodes must also send their data to their leaders, this causes a loss of energy. In this paper, we propose a new approach to ameliorate a threshold distributed energy efficient clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks by excluding closest nodes to the base station in the clustering process. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases obviously the number of the received packet messages and prolongs the lifetime of the network compared to TDEEC protocol.
NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVING LIFETIME IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ...chokrio
The major challenge for wireless sensor networks is energy consumption minimization. Wireless transmission consumes much more of energy. In the clustered network, a few nodes become cluster heads which causes the energetic heterogeneity. Therefore the behavior of the sensor network becomes very unstable. Hence, the need to apply the balancing of energy consumption across all nodes of the heterogeneous network is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the
lifetime of the network. DEEC (Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering) is one of routing protocols
designed to extend the stability time of the network by reducing energy consumption. A disadvantage of
DEEC, which doesn’t takes into account the cluster size and the density of nodes in this cluster to elect the
cluster heads. When multiple cluster heads are randomly selected within a small area, a big extra energy
loss occurs. The amount of lost energy is approximately proportional to the number of cluster heads in this
area. In this paper, we propose to improve DEEC by a modified energy efficient algorithm for choosing
cluster heads that exclude a number of low energy levels nodes due to their distribution density and their
dimensions area. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases the number of
received messages and prolong the lifetime of the network compared to DEEC. We conclude by studying
the parameters of heterogeneity that proposed technique provides a longer stability period which increases
by increasing the number of nodes which are excluded from the cluster head selection.
This document discusses performance evaluation of sensor node scalability using a reactive modified I-LEACH protocol. It begins with an abstract that introduces the challenges of wireless sensor networks including limited power, computing, and storage capacity of sensor nodes. It then reviews related work on improving the LEACH protocol. The paper aims to increase network lifetime by using a reactive I-LEACH protocol and compares its performance to LEACH and I-LEACH based on power usage and lifetime. It finds that the proposed technique shows more effective results, even with increased node scalability.
This paper considers a heterogeneous network of energy constrained sensors deployed over a region. Each
Normal sensor node in a network is systematically gathering and transmitting sensed data to the clusterhead,
and then cluster head sending data to a base station (via intermediate cluster- heads). This paper
focuses on reducing the energy consumption and hence improving lifetime of wireless sensor Networks.
Clustering sensor node is an effective topology for the energy constrained networks. So energy saving
algorithm has been developed in which clusters are formed considering a subset of high energy nodes as a
cluster-head and another subset of powerful nodes is ask to go to sleep. When Cluster heads deplete their
energy another subset of nodes becomes active and acts as a cluster head. Proposed approach is
implemented in MATLAB, Simulation results shows that it can prolong the network lifetime than LEACH
protocol, and achieves better performance than the existing clustering algorithms such as LEACH.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Review of Various Enhancements of Modified LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networkijsrd.com
Wireless sensor network depends on the nodes have limited energy, memory, computational power, range and it is important to increase energy efficiency by saving the battery power so as to extend of the life time of the given wireless sensor network deployment. In wireless sensor network, data is measured by node and same is send to base station at regular interval. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective technique in wireless sensor network. Different protocols are used for energy consumption in which Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchal cluster based routing protocol successfully used in the wireless sensor network. In this paper, various enhancements used in the original leach protocol are studied.
Energy aware clustering protocol (eacp)IJCNCJournal
The document summarizes an Energy Aware Clustering Protocol (EACP) proposed for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. EACP introduces heterogeneity by using two types of nodes: normal and advanced. Normal nodes elect cluster heads using a probability scheme based on residual and average energy. Advanced nodes use a separate probability scheme and act as gateways for normal cluster heads, transmitting their data to the base station. The performance of EACP is compared to SEP through simulations, showing better results for stability period, network life and energy savings.
Performance Evaluation of Ant Colony Optimization Based Rendezvous Leach Usin...IJERD Editor
- The document discusses the performance evaluation of an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based algorithm for wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks.
- It proposes using ACO along with rendezvous points and mobile sinks in a clustering protocol called Rendezvous LEACH (RZ LEACH) to optimize energy efficiency and network lifetime.
- Simulation results show that the ACO based RZ LEACH outperforms the original RZ LEACH protocol by prolonging the number of operational nodes and increasing average remaining energy in the network over time.
Ameliorate Threshold Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for He...chokrio
Ameliorating the lifetime in heterogeneous wireless sensor network is an important task because the sensor nodes are limited in the resource energy. The best way to improve a WSN lifetime is the clustering based algorithms in which each cluster is managed by a leader called Cluster Head. Each other node must communicate with this CH to send the data sensing. The nearest base station nodes must also send their data to their leaders, this causes a loss of energy. In this paper, we propose a new approach to ameliorate a threshold distributed energy efficient clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks by excluding closest nodes to the base station in the clustering process. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases obviously the number of the received packet messages and prolongs the lifetime of the network compared to TDEEC protocol.
NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVING LIFETIME IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ...chokrio
The major challenge for wireless sensor networks is energy consumption minimization. Wireless transmission consumes much more of energy. In the clustered network, a few nodes become cluster heads which causes the energetic heterogeneity. Therefore the behavior of the sensor network becomes very unstable. Hence, the need to apply the balancing of energy consumption across all nodes of the heterogeneous network is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the
lifetime of the network. DEEC (Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering) is one of routing protocols
designed to extend the stability time of the network by reducing energy consumption. A disadvantage of
DEEC, which doesn’t takes into account the cluster size and the density of nodes in this cluster to elect the
cluster heads. When multiple cluster heads are randomly selected within a small area, a big extra energy
loss occurs. The amount of lost energy is approximately proportional to the number of cluster heads in this
area. In this paper, we propose to improve DEEC by a modified energy efficient algorithm for choosing
cluster heads that exclude a number of low energy levels nodes due to their distribution density and their
dimensions area. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases the number of
received messages and prolong the lifetime of the network compared to DEEC. We conclude by studying
the parameters of heterogeneity that proposed technique provides a longer stability period which increases
by increasing the number of nodes which are excluded from the cluster head selection.
This document discusses performance evaluation of sensor node scalability using a reactive modified I-LEACH protocol. It begins with an abstract that introduces the challenges of wireless sensor networks including limited power, computing, and storage capacity of sensor nodes. It then reviews related work on improving the LEACH protocol. The paper aims to increase network lifetime by using a reactive I-LEACH protocol and compares its performance to LEACH and I-LEACH based on power usage and lifetime. It finds that the proposed technique shows more effective results, even with increased node scalability.
This paper considers a heterogeneous network of energy constrained sensors deployed over a region. Each
Normal sensor node in a network is systematically gathering and transmitting sensed data to the clusterhead,
and then cluster head sending data to a base station (via intermediate cluster- heads). This paper
focuses on reducing the energy consumption and hence improving lifetime of wireless sensor Networks.
Clustering sensor node is an effective topology for the energy constrained networks. So energy saving
algorithm has been developed in which clusters are formed considering a subset of high energy nodes as a
cluster-head and another subset of powerful nodes is ask to go to sleep. When Cluster heads deplete their
energy another subset of nodes becomes active and acts as a cluster head. Proposed approach is
implemented in MATLAB, Simulation results shows that it can prolong the network lifetime than LEACH
protocol, and achieves better performance than the existing clustering algorithms such as LEACH.
WEIGHTED DYNAMIC DISTRIBUTED CLUSTERING PROTOCOL FOR HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS S...ijwmn
This document describes a new clustering protocol called WDDC (Weighted Dynamic Distributed Clustering) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. WDDC selects cluster heads based on the ratio of a node's residual energy to the average network energy, and also considers the distance between nodes and the base station. WDDC divides the network lifetime into two zones and changes its behavior dynamically between the zones. Simulation results show WDDC outperforms other clustering protocols like SEP and DEEC in terms of energy efficiency and extending network lifetime.
QUAD TREE BASED STATIC MULTI HOP LEACH ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL: A N...IJCNCJournal
This research work propounds a simple graph theory semblance Divide and Conquer Quad tree based Multi-hop Static Leach (DCQMS-Leach) energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. The pivotal theme of this research work is to demonstrate how divide and conquer plays a pivotal role in a multi-hop static leach energy efficient routing protocol. This research work motivates, enforces, reckons the DCQMS-Leach energy efficient routing protocol in wireless sensor networks using Mat lab simulator.This research work also computes the performance concepts of DCQMS-Leach routing protocol using various performance metrics such as Packet Drop Rate (PDR), Throughput, and End to End Delay (EED) by comparing and contrasting alive nodes with number of nodes, number of each packets sent to the cluster heads with rounds, number of cluster heads with rounds, number of packets forwarded to the base station with rounds and finally dead nodes with number of rounds. In order to curtail energy consumption this research work proffers a routing methodology such as DCQMS-Leach in energy efficient wireless,sensor routing protocol. The recommended DCQMS-Leach overcomes the in adequacies of all other different leach protocols suggested by the previous researchers.
IRJET- Cluster based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It proposes a new energy-aware clustering algorithm (EADC) to address issues with existing protocols like LEACH that can lead to uneven energy consumption. The EADC aims to select cluster heads based on residual node energy to avoid problems from non-uniform node distribution and make the network more energy efficient. The document also reviews the evolution of cluster-based routing research from 2001 to 2012, highlighting several early protocols and their advantages/disadvantages relating to cluster head election and energy efficiency.
Energy efficient clustering in heterogeneousIJCNCJournal
Cluster head election is a key technique used to reduce energy consumption and enhancing the throughput
of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a new energy efficient clustering (E2C) protocol for
heterogeneous wireless sensor networks is proposed. Cluster head is elected based on the predicted
residual energy of sensors, optimal probability of a sensor to become a cluster head, and its degree of
connectivity as the parameters. The probability threshold to compete for the role of cluster head is derived.
The probability threshold has been extended for multi-levels energy heterogeneity in the network. The
proposed E2C protocol is simulated in MATLAB. Results obtained in the simulationshowthat performance
of the proposed E2Cprotocol is betterthan stable election protocol (SEP), and distributed energy efficient
clustering (DEEC) protocol in terms of energy consumption, throughput, and network lifetime.
The document proposes a Demand Based Topology (DBT) protocol to dynamically adjust the network topology based on traffic conditions in mobile ad hoc networks. DBT aims to improve energy efficiency by maintaining a small connected backbone under low traffic, and optimizing routes along high traffic paths by activating more nodes using power control. The protocol has four phases: 1) selecting an initial independent set backbone, 2) connecting the backbone, 3) removing redundant nodes, and 4) optimizing routes for bulk data transfer by activating more nodes along the path. Simulation results show DBT performs better than AODV and SPAN in terms of energy consumption, delay, and delivery ratio for various traffic conditions.
This document describes a brain-computer interface system that uses steady-state visually evoked potentials detected by electroencephalography to control a drone. The system uses five flashing lights at different frequencies to elicit neural responses, which are classified using recursive least squares adaptive filtering and canonical correlation analysis to map the responses to commands to control drone movement. The system was able to successfully discriminate between the five frequencies and allow a user to control the drone within 5-10 seconds using their brain signals.
Energy Optimization in Heterogeneous Clustered Wireless Sensor NetworksIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses energy optimization in heterogeneous clustered wireless sensor networks. It proposes a new method called Energy optimized heterogeneous clustered wireless sensor networks (EEHC) to improve network lifetime by reducing energy consumption.
2) The EEHC method selects cluster heads based on node energy levels and connectivity to balance energy usage. It uses different transmission techniques within and between clusters to minimize energy usage.
3) Simulation results show the EEHC method improves network lifetime compared to LEACH and AEEC clustering protocols for wireless sensor networks.
A Deterministic Heterogeneous Clustering Algorithmiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Iaetsd load stabilizing and energy conserving routingIaetsd Iaetsd
The document summarizes a proposed routing protocol called Load Stabilizing Tree Based Energy Conserving Routing Protocol (LSTEC) for wireless sensor networks. LSTEC aims to balance energy utilization and extend network lifetime. It constructs a routing tree where each round a base station assigns a root node and nodes select parents based on their own and neighbor information. Simulation results show LSTEC performs better than other protocols in balancing energy consumption and extending network lifetime. The protocol operations include initialization, tree construction, data collection/transmission, and information exchange phases. Tree construction differs depending on whether data can be fully fused or not.
A Novel Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Using Particle Swarm O...IOSR Journals
This summary provides the key details about a novel routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks using particle swarm optimization:
1. The paper proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based routing protocol (PSOR) that uses energy efficiency as the major criteria for routing and finding optimized paths for data transmission to the base station.
2. Simulation results show that the PSOR generates whole new routing paths by using energy as the fitness value to evaluate different paths and select the most optimized path with the lowest energy consumption compared to other routing paths.
3. Experiments comparing PSOR to a genetic algorithm (GROUP) routing protocol show that PSOR achieves better results in terms of energy consumption and extends the lifetime of the wireless sensor
Energy efficient data communication approach in wireless sensor networksijassn
Wireless sensor network has a vast variety of applications. The adoption of energy efficient cluster-based
configuration has many untapped desirable benefits for the WSNs. The limitation of energy in a sensor
node creates challenges for routing in WSNs. The research work presents the organized and detailed
description of energy conservation method for WSNs. In the proposed method reclustering and multihop
data transmission processes are utilized for data reporting to base station by sensor node. The accurate use
of energy in WSNs is the main challenge for exploiting the network to the full extent. The main aim of the
proposed method is that by evenly distributing the energy all over the sensor nodes and by reducing the
total energy dissipation, the lifetime of the network is enhanced, so that the node will remain alive for
longer times inside the cluster. The result shows that the proposed clustering approach has higher stable
region and network life time than Topology-Controlled Adaptive Clustering (TCAC) and Low-Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for WSNs.
The document presents an improved clustering algorithm for load balancing in wireless sensor networks. The algorithm aims to address uneven cluster sizes that can negatively impact load balancing. It does this by selecting master and vice master nodes to partition regions and subregions, aiming to make cluster sizes more balanced. The algorithm has setup and steady state phases. In the setup phase, regions are partitioned recursively if needed to select balanced cluster heads. In the steady state phase, nodes send data to their cluster heads, which then send aggregated data to the base station. Simulation results show the improved algorithm increases network lifetime and energy efficiency compared to LEACH and E-LEACH algorithms.
ENERGY EFFICIENT AGGREGATION WITH DIVERGENT SINK PLACEMENT FOR WIRELESS SENSO...ijasuc
In WSN the data aggregation is a means for condensing the energy requirement by reducing number of
transmission by combining the data and sending the final required result to the base station. The lifetime
of the WSN can be improved by employing the aggregation techniques. During the process of aggregation
the numbers of transmission are reduced by combining the similar data from the nearby areas. By using
the clustering technique and aggregating the correlated data greatly minimize the energy consumed in
collecting and disseminating the data. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a novel energy
efficient cluster based aggregation protocol (EECAP) for WSN. The main focus in this proposed work is
to study the performance of our proposed aggregation protocol with divergent sink placements such as
when sink is at the centre of the sensing field, corner of the sensing field or at a location selected
randomly in the sensor field. We present experimental results by calculating the lifetime of network in
terms of number of sensing rounds using various parameters such as – average remaining energy of
nodes, number of dead nodes after the specified number of sensing rounds. Finally the performance of
various aggregation algorithms such as LEACH, SEP and our proposed aggregation protocol (EECAP)
are compared with divergent sink placements. The simulation results demonstrates that EECAP exhibits
good performance in terms of lifetime and the energy consumption of the wireless sensor networks and
which can be as equally compared with existing clustering protocols.
IRJET- LEACH Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document discusses the LEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an abstract that introduces wireless sensor networks and describes how sensor nodes cooperatively send sensed data to an end user. It then discusses how LEACH is an energy-efficient hierarchical routing protocol that uses clustering to reduce energy consumption. The objectives of the paper are to develop a simulated WSN environment with configurable parameters and create an efficient version of LEACH called EN-LEACH to optimize parameters. The document then provides details on LEACH and WSN clustering, and presents simulation results showing EN-LEACH improves network lifetime compared to LEACH. It concludes that EN-LEACH minimizes energy consumption through efficient cluster head replacement and dual transmission power levels.
Distance based cluster head section in sensor networks for efficient energy u...IAEME Publication
The document describes a proposed distance-based cluster head selection algorithm for wireless sensor networks to improve energy efficiency. The key aspects of the proposed algorithm are:
1. It defines a threshold distance based on node transmission range to select cluster heads, avoiding nodes within this distance of the sink node or other cluster heads.
2. Cluster heads are selected in rounds based on this threshold distance to ensure even distribution across the network.
3. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH, reducing network energy usage and increasing network lifetime by up to 9% compared to LEACH.
AN IMPROVED ROUTING PROTOCOL SCHEME IN ADHOC NETWORKSIAEME Publication
Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology and the ever-increasing demand in every field, wireless sensor networks are emerging as a necessary scientific achievement to meet the demand of human in modern society. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is designed to help us not lose too much energy, workforce, avoid danger and they bring high efficiency to work. Various routing protocols are being used to increase the energy efficiency of the network, with two distinct types of protocols, homogenous and heterogeneous. In these two protocols, the SEP (Stable Election Protocol) is one of the most effective heterogeneous protocols which increase the stability of the network. In this paper, we propose an approaching the εFCM algorithm in clustering the SEP protocol which makes the WSN network more energy efficient. The simulation results showed that the SEP-εFCM proposed protocol performed better than the conventional SEP protocol
The document compares two hierarchical routing schemes for wireless sensor networks: EEPSC and EEEPSC. EEPSC divides the network into static clusters and uses temporary cluster heads to distribute energy load. EEEPSC extends EEPSC by also considering distance between nodes and cluster heads when selecting cluster heads, in order to reduce inter-cluster communication costs. Simulation results show that EEEPSC increases network lifetime by consuming less energy and keeping more nodes alive over time compared to EEPSC.
This document discusses clustering in wireless sensor networks. It begins with introducing wireless sensor networks and describing their architecture and applications. It then discusses the objective of clustering in wireless sensor networks, which is to minimize energy dissipation and maximize network lifetime. Various clustering algorithms are described, including LEACH and EEUC. EEUC is an energy-efficient unequal clustering algorithm that forms clusters of unequal size to reduce energy consumption of nodes farther from the base station. The document concludes that EEUC helps balance energy consumption among nodes and improves network lifetime.
Energy efficient protocol with static clustering (eepsc) comparing with low e...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a new routing protocol called Energy-Efficient Protocol with Static Clustering (EEPSC) that is proposed to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks compared to the LEACH protocol. EEPSC partitions the network into static clusters during an initial setup phase to eliminate the overhead of dynamic clustering. It then selects high-energy sensor nodes within each cluster to serve as cluster heads and temporary cluster heads to distribute the energy load and extend the lifetime of the network. Simulation results showed that EEPSC outperforms LEACH in terms of network lifetime and power consumption.
Genetic-fuzzy based load balanced protocol for WSNsIJECEIAES
Recent advancement in wireless sensor networks primarily depends upon energy constraint. Clustering is the most effective energy-efficient technique to provide robust, fault-tolerant and also enhance network lifetime and coverage. Selection of optimal number of cluster heads and balancing the load of cluster heads are most challenging issues. Evolutionary based approach and soft computing approach are best suitable for counter the above problems rather than mathematical approach. In this paper we propose hybrid technique where Genetic algorithm is used for the selection of optimal number of cluster heads and their fitness value of chromosome to give optimal number of cluster head and minimizing the energy consumption is provided with the help of fuzzy logic approach. Finally cluster heads uses multi-hop routing based on A*(A-star) algorithm to send aggregated data to base station which additionally balance the load. Comparative study among LEACH, CHEF, LEACH-ERE, GAEEP shows that our proposed algorithm outperform in the area of total energy consumption with various rounds and network lifetime, number of node alive versus rounds and packet delivery or packet drop ratio over the rounds, also able to balances the load at cluster head.
This document proposes a deterministic heterogeneous clustering algorithm to improve the lifetime of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. It takes into account factors like the current energy of sensor nodes, the percentage of nodes not selected as cluster heads in previous rounds due to their location, and the number of consecutive rounds individual nodes have not been cluster heads. This deterministic approach is meant to improve upon existing probabilistic clustering protocols like LEACH and SEP that do not fully address energy heterogeneity. The proposed algorithm uses an adaptive threshold based on these factors to deterministically select cluster heads, aiming to distribute energy consumption more evenly across nodes and networks and extend network lifetime compared to LEACH and SEP.
WEIGHTED DYNAMIC DISTRIBUTED CLUSTERING PROTOCOL FOR HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS S...ijwmn
This document describes a new clustering protocol called WDDC (Weighted Dynamic Distributed Clustering) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. WDDC selects cluster heads based on the ratio of a node's residual energy to the average network energy, and also considers the distance between nodes and the base station. WDDC divides the network lifetime into two zones and changes its behavior dynamically between the zones. Simulation results show WDDC outperforms other clustering protocols like SEP and DEEC in terms of energy efficiency and extending network lifetime.
QUAD TREE BASED STATIC MULTI HOP LEACH ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL: A N...IJCNCJournal
This research work propounds a simple graph theory semblance Divide and Conquer Quad tree based Multi-hop Static Leach (DCQMS-Leach) energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. The pivotal theme of this research work is to demonstrate how divide and conquer plays a pivotal role in a multi-hop static leach energy efficient routing protocol. This research work motivates, enforces, reckons the DCQMS-Leach energy efficient routing protocol in wireless sensor networks using Mat lab simulator.This research work also computes the performance concepts of DCQMS-Leach routing protocol using various performance metrics such as Packet Drop Rate (PDR), Throughput, and End to End Delay (EED) by comparing and contrasting alive nodes with number of nodes, number of each packets sent to the cluster heads with rounds, number of cluster heads with rounds, number of packets forwarded to the base station with rounds and finally dead nodes with number of rounds. In order to curtail energy consumption this research work proffers a routing methodology such as DCQMS-Leach in energy efficient wireless,sensor routing protocol. The recommended DCQMS-Leach overcomes the in adequacies of all other different leach protocols suggested by the previous researchers.
IRJET- Cluster based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It proposes a new energy-aware clustering algorithm (EADC) to address issues with existing protocols like LEACH that can lead to uneven energy consumption. The EADC aims to select cluster heads based on residual node energy to avoid problems from non-uniform node distribution and make the network more energy efficient. The document also reviews the evolution of cluster-based routing research from 2001 to 2012, highlighting several early protocols and their advantages/disadvantages relating to cluster head election and energy efficiency.
Energy efficient clustering in heterogeneousIJCNCJournal
Cluster head election is a key technique used to reduce energy consumption and enhancing the throughput
of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a new energy efficient clustering (E2C) protocol for
heterogeneous wireless sensor networks is proposed. Cluster head is elected based on the predicted
residual energy of sensors, optimal probability of a sensor to become a cluster head, and its degree of
connectivity as the parameters. The probability threshold to compete for the role of cluster head is derived.
The probability threshold has been extended for multi-levels energy heterogeneity in the network. The
proposed E2C protocol is simulated in MATLAB. Results obtained in the simulationshowthat performance
of the proposed E2Cprotocol is betterthan stable election protocol (SEP), and distributed energy efficient
clustering (DEEC) protocol in terms of energy consumption, throughput, and network lifetime.
The document proposes a Demand Based Topology (DBT) protocol to dynamically adjust the network topology based on traffic conditions in mobile ad hoc networks. DBT aims to improve energy efficiency by maintaining a small connected backbone under low traffic, and optimizing routes along high traffic paths by activating more nodes using power control. The protocol has four phases: 1) selecting an initial independent set backbone, 2) connecting the backbone, 3) removing redundant nodes, and 4) optimizing routes for bulk data transfer by activating more nodes along the path. Simulation results show DBT performs better than AODV and SPAN in terms of energy consumption, delay, and delivery ratio for various traffic conditions.
This document describes a brain-computer interface system that uses steady-state visually evoked potentials detected by electroencephalography to control a drone. The system uses five flashing lights at different frequencies to elicit neural responses, which are classified using recursive least squares adaptive filtering and canonical correlation analysis to map the responses to commands to control drone movement. The system was able to successfully discriminate between the five frequencies and allow a user to control the drone within 5-10 seconds using their brain signals.
Energy Optimization in Heterogeneous Clustered Wireless Sensor NetworksIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses energy optimization in heterogeneous clustered wireless sensor networks. It proposes a new method called Energy optimized heterogeneous clustered wireless sensor networks (EEHC) to improve network lifetime by reducing energy consumption.
2) The EEHC method selects cluster heads based on node energy levels and connectivity to balance energy usage. It uses different transmission techniques within and between clusters to minimize energy usage.
3) Simulation results show the EEHC method improves network lifetime compared to LEACH and AEEC clustering protocols for wireless sensor networks.
A Deterministic Heterogeneous Clustering Algorithmiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Iaetsd load stabilizing and energy conserving routingIaetsd Iaetsd
The document summarizes a proposed routing protocol called Load Stabilizing Tree Based Energy Conserving Routing Protocol (LSTEC) for wireless sensor networks. LSTEC aims to balance energy utilization and extend network lifetime. It constructs a routing tree where each round a base station assigns a root node and nodes select parents based on their own and neighbor information. Simulation results show LSTEC performs better than other protocols in balancing energy consumption and extending network lifetime. The protocol operations include initialization, tree construction, data collection/transmission, and information exchange phases. Tree construction differs depending on whether data can be fully fused or not.
A Novel Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Using Particle Swarm O...IOSR Journals
This summary provides the key details about a novel routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks using particle swarm optimization:
1. The paper proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based routing protocol (PSOR) that uses energy efficiency as the major criteria for routing and finding optimized paths for data transmission to the base station.
2. Simulation results show that the PSOR generates whole new routing paths by using energy as the fitness value to evaluate different paths and select the most optimized path with the lowest energy consumption compared to other routing paths.
3. Experiments comparing PSOR to a genetic algorithm (GROUP) routing protocol show that PSOR achieves better results in terms of energy consumption and extends the lifetime of the wireless sensor
Energy efficient data communication approach in wireless sensor networksijassn
Wireless sensor network has a vast variety of applications. The adoption of energy efficient cluster-based
configuration has many untapped desirable benefits for the WSNs. The limitation of energy in a sensor
node creates challenges for routing in WSNs. The research work presents the organized and detailed
description of energy conservation method for WSNs. In the proposed method reclustering and multihop
data transmission processes are utilized for data reporting to base station by sensor node. The accurate use
of energy in WSNs is the main challenge for exploiting the network to the full extent. The main aim of the
proposed method is that by evenly distributing the energy all over the sensor nodes and by reducing the
total energy dissipation, the lifetime of the network is enhanced, so that the node will remain alive for
longer times inside the cluster. The result shows that the proposed clustering approach has higher stable
region and network life time than Topology-Controlled Adaptive Clustering (TCAC) and Low-Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for WSNs.
The document presents an improved clustering algorithm for load balancing in wireless sensor networks. The algorithm aims to address uneven cluster sizes that can negatively impact load balancing. It does this by selecting master and vice master nodes to partition regions and subregions, aiming to make cluster sizes more balanced. The algorithm has setup and steady state phases. In the setup phase, regions are partitioned recursively if needed to select balanced cluster heads. In the steady state phase, nodes send data to their cluster heads, which then send aggregated data to the base station. Simulation results show the improved algorithm increases network lifetime and energy efficiency compared to LEACH and E-LEACH algorithms.
ENERGY EFFICIENT AGGREGATION WITH DIVERGENT SINK PLACEMENT FOR WIRELESS SENSO...ijasuc
In WSN the data aggregation is a means for condensing the energy requirement by reducing number of
transmission by combining the data and sending the final required result to the base station. The lifetime
of the WSN can be improved by employing the aggregation techniques. During the process of aggregation
the numbers of transmission are reduced by combining the similar data from the nearby areas. By using
the clustering technique and aggregating the correlated data greatly minimize the energy consumed in
collecting and disseminating the data. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a novel energy
efficient cluster based aggregation protocol (EECAP) for WSN. The main focus in this proposed work is
to study the performance of our proposed aggregation protocol with divergent sink placements such as
when sink is at the centre of the sensing field, corner of the sensing field or at a location selected
randomly in the sensor field. We present experimental results by calculating the lifetime of network in
terms of number of sensing rounds using various parameters such as – average remaining energy of
nodes, number of dead nodes after the specified number of sensing rounds. Finally the performance of
various aggregation algorithms such as LEACH, SEP and our proposed aggregation protocol (EECAP)
are compared with divergent sink placements. The simulation results demonstrates that EECAP exhibits
good performance in terms of lifetime and the energy consumption of the wireless sensor networks and
which can be as equally compared with existing clustering protocols.
IRJET- LEACH Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document discusses the LEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an abstract that introduces wireless sensor networks and describes how sensor nodes cooperatively send sensed data to an end user. It then discusses how LEACH is an energy-efficient hierarchical routing protocol that uses clustering to reduce energy consumption. The objectives of the paper are to develop a simulated WSN environment with configurable parameters and create an efficient version of LEACH called EN-LEACH to optimize parameters. The document then provides details on LEACH and WSN clustering, and presents simulation results showing EN-LEACH improves network lifetime compared to LEACH. It concludes that EN-LEACH minimizes energy consumption through efficient cluster head replacement and dual transmission power levels.
Distance based cluster head section in sensor networks for efficient energy u...IAEME Publication
The document describes a proposed distance-based cluster head selection algorithm for wireless sensor networks to improve energy efficiency. The key aspects of the proposed algorithm are:
1. It defines a threshold distance based on node transmission range to select cluster heads, avoiding nodes within this distance of the sink node or other cluster heads.
2. Cluster heads are selected in rounds based on this threshold distance to ensure even distribution across the network.
3. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH, reducing network energy usage and increasing network lifetime by up to 9% compared to LEACH.
AN IMPROVED ROUTING PROTOCOL SCHEME IN ADHOC NETWORKSIAEME Publication
Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology and the ever-increasing demand in every field, wireless sensor networks are emerging as a necessary scientific achievement to meet the demand of human in modern society. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is designed to help us not lose too much energy, workforce, avoid danger and they bring high efficiency to work. Various routing protocols are being used to increase the energy efficiency of the network, with two distinct types of protocols, homogenous and heterogeneous. In these two protocols, the SEP (Stable Election Protocol) is one of the most effective heterogeneous protocols which increase the stability of the network. In this paper, we propose an approaching the εFCM algorithm in clustering the SEP protocol which makes the WSN network more energy efficient. The simulation results showed that the SEP-εFCM proposed protocol performed better than the conventional SEP protocol
The document compares two hierarchical routing schemes for wireless sensor networks: EEPSC and EEEPSC. EEPSC divides the network into static clusters and uses temporary cluster heads to distribute energy load. EEEPSC extends EEPSC by also considering distance between nodes and cluster heads when selecting cluster heads, in order to reduce inter-cluster communication costs. Simulation results show that EEEPSC increases network lifetime by consuming less energy and keeping more nodes alive over time compared to EEPSC.
This document discusses clustering in wireless sensor networks. It begins with introducing wireless sensor networks and describing their architecture and applications. It then discusses the objective of clustering in wireless sensor networks, which is to minimize energy dissipation and maximize network lifetime. Various clustering algorithms are described, including LEACH and EEUC. EEUC is an energy-efficient unequal clustering algorithm that forms clusters of unequal size to reduce energy consumption of nodes farther from the base station. The document concludes that EEUC helps balance energy consumption among nodes and improves network lifetime.
Energy efficient protocol with static clustering (eepsc) comparing with low e...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a new routing protocol called Energy-Efficient Protocol with Static Clustering (EEPSC) that is proposed to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks compared to the LEACH protocol. EEPSC partitions the network into static clusters during an initial setup phase to eliminate the overhead of dynamic clustering. It then selects high-energy sensor nodes within each cluster to serve as cluster heads and temporary cluster heads to distribute the energy load and extend the lifetime of the network. Simulation results showed that EEPSC outperforms LEACH in terms of network lifetime and power consumption.
Genetic-fuzzy based load balanced protocol for WSNsIJECEIAES
Recent advancement in wireless sensor networks primarily depends upon energy constraint. Clustering is the most effective energy-efficient technique to provide robust, fault-tolerant and also enhance network lifetime and coverage. Selection of optimal number of cluster heads and balancing the load of cluster heads are most challenging issues. Evolutionary based approach and soft computing approach are best suitable for counter the above problems rather than mathematical approach. In this paper we propose hybrid technique where Genetic algorithm is used for the selection of optimal number of cluster heads and their fitness value of chromosome to give optimal number of cluster head and minimizing the energy consumption is provided with the help of fuzzy logic approach. Finally cluster heads uses multi-hop routing based on A*(A-star) algorithm to send aggregated data to base station which additionally balance the load. Comparative study among LEACH, CHEF, LEACH-ERE, GAEEP shows that our proposed algorithm outperform in the area of total energy consumption with various rounds and network lifetime, number of node alive versus rounds and packet delivery or packet drop ratio over the rounds, also able to balances the load at cluster head.
This document proposes a deterministic heterogeneous clustering algorithm to improve the lifetime of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. It takes into account factors like the current energy of sensor nodes, the percentage of nodes not selected as cluster heads in previous rounds due to their location, and the number of consecutive rounds individual nodes have not been cluster heads. This deterministic approach is meant to improve upon existing probabilistic clustering protocols like LEACH and SEP that do not fully address energy heterogeneity. The proposed algorithm uses an adaptive threshold based on these factors to deterministically select cluster heads, aiming to distribute energy consumption more evenly across nodes and networks and extend network lifetime compared to LEACH and SEP.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing protocol called U-LEACH for wireless sensor networks. U-LEACH aims to prolong the lifetime of sensor networks by uniformly distributing cluster head selection throughout the network, unlike the original LEACH protocol. It describes how LEACH works and its limitations in ensuring uniform cluster head distribution. The proposed U-LEACH protocol incorporates a Uniform Distribution Technique to select cluster heads in a way that ensures each sensor node is within transmission range of a cluster head, extending the overall network lifetime.
CLUSTER HEAD SELECTION ALGORITHMS FOR ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN WIRELESS ...IJCSES Journal
The extension of the sensor node's life span is an essential requirement in a Wireless Sensor Network.
Cluster head selection algorithms undertake the task of cluster head election and rotation among nodes,
and this has significant effects on the network's energy consumption. The objective of this paper is to
analyze existing cluster head selection algorithms and the parameters they implement to enhance energy
efficiency. To achieve this objective, systematic literature review methodology was used. Relevant papers
were extracted from major academic databases Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, IEEE, ACM Digital Library,
Citeseer Library, and preprints posted on arXiv. The results show that there are many existing Cluster
Head Selection Algorithms and they are categorized as deterministic, adaptive and hybrid. These
algorithms use different parameters to elect Cluster Heads. In future the researchers should derive more
parameters that can be used to elect cluster heads to improve on energy consumption
CLUSTER HEAD SELECTION ALGORITHMS FOR ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN WIRELESS ...IJCSES Journal
The extension of the sensor node's life span is an essential requirement in a Wireless Sensor Network.
Cluster head selection algorithms undertake the task of cluster head election and rotation among nodes,
and this has significant effects on the network's energy consumption. The objective of this paper is to
analyze existing cluster head selection algorithms and the parameters they implement to enhance energy
efficiency. To achieve this objective, systematic literature review methodology was used. Relevant papers
were extracted from major academic databases Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, IEEE, ACM Digital Library,
Citeseer Library, and preprints posted on arXiv. The results show that there are many existing Cluster
Head Selection Algorithms and they are categorized as deterministic, adaptive and hybrid. These
algorithms use different parameters to elect Cluster Heads. In future the researchers should derive more
parameters that can be used to elect cluster heads to improve on energy consumption.
MULTI-HOP DISTRIBUTED ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING SCHEME FOR HET...ijfcstjournal
Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are network of Sensor Nodes (SNs) with inherent sensing, processing and
communicating abilities. One of current concerns in wireless sensor networks is developing a stable
clustered heterogeneous protocol prolonging the network lifetime with minimum consumption of battery
power. In the recent times, many routing protocols have been proposed increasing the network lifetime,
stability in short proposing a reliable and robust routing protocol. In this paper we study the impact of
hierarchical clustered network with sensor nodes of two-level heterogeneity. The main approach in this
research is to develop an enhanced multi-hop DEEC routing protocol unlike DEEC. Simulation results
show the proposed protocol is better than DEEC in terms of FDN (First Dead Node), energy consumption
and Packet transmission.
MULTI-HOP DISTRIBUTED ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING SCHEME FOR H...ijfcstjournal
Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are network of Sensor Nodes (SNs) with inherent sensing, processing and
communicating abilities. One of current concerns in wireless sensor networks is developing a stable
clustered heterogeneous protocol prolonging the network lifetime with minimum consumption of battery
power. In the recent times, many routing protocols have been proposed increasing the network lifetime,
stability in short proposing a reliable and robust routing protocol. In this paper we study the impact of
hierarchical clustered network with sensor nodes of two-level heterogeneity. The main approach in this
research is to develop an enhanced multi-hop DEEC routing protocol unlike DEEC. Simulation results
show the proposed protocol is better than DEEC in terms of FDN (First Dead Node), energy consumption
and Packet transmission.
EDEEC and LEACH are clustering protocols for wireless sensor networks. EDEEC is for heterogeneous networks where nodes have different energy levels, while LEACH is for homogeneous networks. The document compares the performance of EDEEC and LEACH in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption, and total data transmission. Simulation results show that EDEEC outperforms LEACH by prolonging network lifetime, reducing energy consumption rate over time, and increasing total data transmitted to the base station.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Adaptive Energy Aware Clustering Based Reliable Routing for in-Network Agg...Editor IJCATR
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous devices that cooperatively sense physical or
environmental conditions. Due to the non-uniform node deployment, the energy consumption among nodes are more
imbalanced in cluster-based wireless sensor networks this factor will affect the network life time. Cluster-based routing and EADC
algorithm through an efficient energy aware clustering algorithm is employed to avoid imbalance network distribution. Our proposed
protocol EADC aims at minimizing the overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with the multi hop data retrieval
process while also ensuring balanced energy consumption among SNs and prolonged network life time .A optimal one-hop based
selective node in building cluster structures consisted of member nodes that route their measured data to their assigned cluster head is
identified to ensure efficient communication. The proposed routing algorithm increases forwarding tasks of the nodes in scarcely
covered areas by forcing cluster heads to choose nodes with higher energy and fewer member nodes and finally, achieves
imbalanced among cluster head and improve the network life time.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
The document proposes a new method to increase the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. It divides the sensor network environment into two virtual layers based on distance from the base station. It then uses residual energy, distance from base station, and position in the layers as factors in selecting cluster heads. Simulations show the proposed method outperforms LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in both homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor energy environments.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
Data Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks: A State-of-the Art SurveyCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network is a network of tiny nodes with wireless sensing capacity for data collection processing and further communicating with the Base Station this paper discusses the overall mechanism of data dissemination right from data collection at the sensor nodes, clustering of sensor nodes, data aggregation at the cluster heads and disseminating data to the Base Station the overall motive of the paper is to conserve energy so that lifetime of the network is extended this paper highlights the existing algorithms and open research gaps in efficient data dissemination.
FTTCP: Fault Tolerant Two-level Clustering Protocol for WSNIDES Editor
1) FTTCP is a fault tolerant two-level clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks that uses an agreement-based approach for fault detection and recovery of cluster heads.
2) It allows each cluster member to independently detect the failure of its cluster head using a distributed agreement protocol to reach consensus among multiple members.
3) The detection process runs concurrently with normal network operations by periodically performing distributed detection where members exchange status information to determine if a cluster head has failed.
A PROPOSAL TO IMPROVE SEP ROUTING PROTOCOL USING INSENSITIVE FUZZY C-MEANS IN...IJCNCJournal
This document proposes improving the SEP routing protocol in wireless sensor networks by combining it with the Insensitive Fuzzy C-Means clustering algorithm. The SEP protocol is an existing heterogeneous routing protocol that increases network stability but has limitations. The proposed SEP-εFCM protocol selects cluster heads using εFCM clustering, which can create more balanced clusters and reduce energy consumption. Simulation results showed the SEP-εFCM protocol performed better than the original SEP protocol, with more remaining live nodes and energy over time.
Similar to An energy efficient protocol with static clustering for wsn (20)
Bulk Projects For sale
IEEE 2009-10-11-12-13 PAPERS AVILABLE.
We are providing low cost project for final year student projects.
Solved 2010 -2011 -2012 - 2013 IEEE in all the domain
Mobile : 8940956123
E-Mail : ambitlick@gmail.com,
INNOVATIVE TITLES ARE ALSO WELLCOME TO DO WITH US
For All BE/BTech, ME/MTech, MSC/MCA/MS , and diplamo graduates
PROJECT SUPPORTS & DELIVERABLES
•Project Abstract
•IEEE Paper
•PPT / Review Details
•Project Report
•Working Procedure in Video
•Screen Shots
•Materials & Books in CD
•Project Certification
This document lists 15 potential 2013 IEEE NS2 project titles related to wireless networks and sensor networks. It includes projects on topics like capacity of hybrid wireless mesh networks, delay-optimal broadcast in multihop wireless networks, detection of spoofing attackers, and harvesting-aware energy management for wireless sensor networks. The document provides contact information for a company called Ambitlick Solutions that offers support and deliverables for IEEE projects, including project abstracts, papers, presentations, reports, and certification.
This document lists over 40 potential 2013 IEEE Java Dotnet project titles across various domains including wireless networks, mobile computing, network security, data mining, cloud computing, parallel and distributed computing, and multimedia/image processing. The projects focus on technical topics such as wireless sensor networks, wireless mesh networks, cognitive radio networks, mobile ad hoc networks, network coding, video streaming, machine learning, data warehousing, and more. Project deliverables include an abstract, IEEE paper, presentation, report, working prototype or proof of concept, and certification. Bulk older and new projects can be provided at a low cost.
Handling selfishness in replica allocationambitlick
The document discusses techniques for handling selfish nodes in replica allocation over mobile ad hoc networks. It aims to reduce traffic overhead while maintaining high data accessibility. The techniques include a selfish node detection algorithm that considers partial selfishness and novel replica allocation methods to address issues caused by selfish nodes hoarding replicas for their own benefit instead of sharing memory space. Simulations are used to evaluate the performance of these techniques in improving data delivery rates.
Mutual Distance Bounding Protocols enable entities to determine an upper bound on their physical distance and authenticate each other. They have been actively researched due to distance-based attacks on wireless systems like RFID. While most protocols provide unilateral authentication of a tag to a reader, one was proposed to provide mutual authentication with a lower false acceptance rate. However, this analysis is shown to overestimate security, as a new attack achieves a higher false acceptance rate. A method is also introduced to modify existing unilateral authentication protocols into mutual authentication protocols.
Moderated group authoring system for campus wide workgroupsambitlick
This paper describes a distributed authoring system for campus workgroups that allows group members to modify any document type using their own devices. Each member maintains an updatable copy of shared content, and read-only copies are distributed asynchronously based on wireless availability. Group members manually reconcile updates through moderation, merging changes from others into their copy. Over time, successive moderation converges all copies into a single version. An evaluation found the asynchronous update model effective and the moderation process intuitive for students.
Efficient spread spectrum communication without pre shared secretsambitlick
This document proposes a new mechanism called Time Reversed Message Extraction and Key Scheduling (TREKS) that allows for efficient spread spectrum communication without pre-shared secrets. TREKS is four orders of magnitude faster than previous solutions to this problem. It enables long-term spread spectrum communication with optimal energy costs, minimal storage overhead, and a computation cost at most twice traditional spread spectrum. The approach was evaluated through simulations and experiments sustaining 1Mbps communication spread over 100 Megachips per second using modest hardware.
The document lists 23 networking and mobile computing projects implemented in NS2. It includes projects on topics like mobility in wireless networks, intrusion detection, neighbor discovery, energy renewal with wireless power transfer, load balancing, and spectrum access control. Contact information is provided for those interested in the project reports, presentations, source code, or implementing new projects.
Adaptive weight factor estimation from user review 1ambitlick
This document proposes a novel technique called Adjacent Pair Priorities (APP) to estimate weight factors for quality of service parameters in vertical handoff decision algorithms. The APP technique allows users to set relative priority levels for adjacent pairs of QoS parameters in descending order using an exponential mapping. This adaptive approach controls the width of the weight distribution to provide flexibility for users. The document outlines the system requirements, block diagram, modules and references several research papers on vertical handoff decision schemes and network selection algorithms.
The document proposes an Integrated Institutional Portal that allows all colleges and institutions within a university or district to share information. [1] The portal would allow students and staff from different colleges to discuss and request information from one another through blogs, forums and by publishing notices. [2] Currently, each college maintains separate portals without a common forum for communication. [3] The proposed centralized portal managed by a super administrator would make all college information like results, events and departments accessible to benefit students and staff across institutions.
This document describes an Embassy Administration portal that aims to centralize and automate manual processes at a college. [1] The portal allows separate login access for staff, parents, students and other members of the college. [2] It displays student results, attendance, and performance for parents to view as well as enables communication between parents and faculty. [3] The system conducts model and unit examinations.
The document proposes a customer relationship management system (CRMS) to help space marketing executives, managers, and management interact and share information online. The existing CRMS is manual and DOS-based, which has disadvantages like a distributed database, obsolete technology, and low efficiency. The proposed system is a web-based online CRMS designed for the space marketing department. It allows monitoring executive calls, tracking performance, and sharing information among departments to improve customer relationships and business operations. The system has modules for corporate administration, regional management, center management, and executives to organize work and monitor progress at different levels.
Mutual Distance Bounding Protocols enable entities to determine an upper bound on their physical distance and authenticate each other. They have been actively researched due to distance-based attacks on wireless systems like RFID. While most protocols provide unilateral authentication of a tag to a reader, one was proposed to provide mutual authentication with a lower false acceptance rate. However, this analysis is shown to overestimate security, as a new attack achieves a higher false acceptance rate. A method is also introduced to modify existing unilateral authentication protocols into mutual authentication protocols.
Moderated group authoring system for campus wide workgroupsambitlick
This paper describes a distributed authoring system for campus workgroups that allows group members to modify any document type using their own devices. Each member maintains an updatable copy of shared content, and read-only copies are distributed based on wireless availability. Group members manually reconcile updates through moderation, merging changes from others into their copy. Over time, successive moderations converge the multiple versions into a single version. An evaluation found the asynchronous update propagation and moderation process intuitive for students.
Efficient spread spectrum communication without pre shared secretsambitlick
This document proposes a new mechanism called Time Reversed Message Extraction and Key Scheduling (TREKS) that allows for efficient spread spectrum communication without pre-shared secrets. TREKS is four orders of magnitude faster than previous solutions to this problem and enables long-term spread spectrum communication without establishing keys. It was evaluated through simulation and on a testbed and can sustain 1Mbps communication spread over a 100 Megachips bandwidth in real-time, with provably optimal energy cost and minimal storage overhead.
Comments on “mabs multicast authentication based on batch signature”ambitlick
This document summarizes and critiques the MABS-DSA protocol proposed by Zhou et al. for multicast authentication using batch verification. While MABS-DSA was intended to increase efficiency and security over other implementations, the author finds through reexamination of the arithmetic that the algorithm is actually incorrect and batch signature verification would fail almost always, even when individual packets were properly signed by an honest sender. The key issue is a flaw in protocol correctness rather than the intended security improvements.
Energy-Efficient Protocol for Deterministic and Probabilistic Coverage In Sen...ambitlick
The document proposes a new probabilistic coverage protocol (PCP) for sensor networks that can employ different sensing models. PCP aims to address the costly task of designing and testing different coverage protocols for each sensing model. It works with common disk sensing models as well as probabilistic sensing models with minimal changes. Simulation results show that PCP outperforms other deterministic and probabilistic protocols in terms of number of activated sensors, total energy consumed, and network lifetime while being robust against failures and inaccuracies.
Energy efficient protocol for deterministicambitlick
The document describes a new probabilistic coverage protocol (PCP) for sensor networks that can employ both deterministic and probabilistic sensing models. PCP works by activating sensors to construct an approximate triangular lattice over the monitored area. It is more energy efficient than previous protocols by reducing the number of activated sensors needed for coverage. Simulation results show PCP outperforms other protocols in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime while maintaining coverage under various conditions.
Estimating Parameters of Multiple Heterogeneous Target Objects Using Composit...ambitlick
This article proposes a method for estimating parameters of multiple heterogeneous target objects (objects with different sizes and shapes) using networked binary sensors. The sensors are simple and only report detections, but no individual sensor location is known. The method introduces "composite sensor nodes" containing multiple sensors in a fixed arrangement. This provides relative location information to help distinguish individual target objects. As an example, the article considers a composite node with two sensors on a line segment. Measures from these nodes can identify target shapes and estimate object parameters like radius and side lengths. Numerical tests demonstrate networked composite sensors can estimate parameters of multiple target objects.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
An energy efficient protocol with static clustering for wsn
1. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 28 2007
An Energy-Efficient Protocol with Static
Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks
Amir Sepasi Zahmati, Bahman Abolhassani, Ali Asghar Beheshti Shirazi, and Ali Shojaee Bakhtiari
typical deployment of large number of sensor nodes, have
Abstract—A wireless sensor network with a large number of tiny posed many challenges to the design and management of
sensor nodes can be used as an effective tool for gathering data in sensor networks and necessitate energy-awareness at all layers
various situations. One of the major issues in wireless sensor of networking protocol stack [2], [3].
networks is developing an energy-efficient routing protocol which
In this paper we assume a sensor network model, similar to
has a significant impact on the overall lifetime of the sensor network.
In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical with static clustering those used in [4]–[6], with the following properties:
routing protocol called Energy-Efficient Protocol with Static • All sensor nodes are immobile and homogeneous
Clustering (EEPSC). EEPSC, partitions the network into static with a limited stored energy.
clusters, eliminates the overhead of dynamic clustering and utilizes • The nodes are equipped with power control
temporary-cluster-heads to distribute the energy load among high- capabilities to vary their transmitted power.
power sensor nodes; thus extends network lifetime. We have
conducted simulation-based evaluations to compare the performance • None of the nodes know their location in the
of EEPSC against Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy network.
(LEACH). Our experiment results show that EEPSC outperforms • Each node senses the environment at a fixed rate
LEACH in terms of network lifetime and power consumption and always has data to send to the base station.
minimization. • Base station is fixed and not located between
sensor nodes.
Keywords—Clustering methods, energy efficiency, routing
In this paper, we propose EEPSC (Energy-Efficient
protocol, wireless sensor networks.
Protocol with Static Clustering), a hierarchical static
I. INTRODUCTION clustering based protocol, which eliminates the overhead of
dynamic clustering and engages high power sensor nodes for
A wireless sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes
interconnected by wireless communication channels.
Each sensor node is a small device that can collect data from
power consuming tasks and as a result prolongs the network
lifetime. In each cluster, EEPSC chooses the sensor node with
maximum energy as the cluster-head (CH); thus, not only
its surrounding area, carry out simple computations, and there is always one CH for each cluster, but also the overhead
communicate with other sensors or with the base station (BS). of dynamic clustering is removed. EEPSC is a modified
Such networks have been realized due to recent advances in version of the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy
micro electromechanical systems and are expected to be (LEACH) protocol presented in [7].
widely used for applications such as environment monitoring, LEACH uses the paradigm of data fusion to reduce the
home security, and earthquake warning [1]. amount of data transmitted between sensor nodes and the base
Despite the infinite scopes of wireless sensor networks, station. Data fusion combines one or more data packets from
they are limited by the node battery lifetime. Once they are different sensors in a cluster to produce a single packet. It
deployed, the network can keep operating while the battery selects a small number of CHs by a random scheme which
power is adequate. This is critical point to be considered as it collects and fuses data from sensor nodes and transmits the
is almost impossible to replace the node battery once deployed result to the base station. LEACH uses randomization to rotate
over an inaccessible area. Such constraints combined with a the CHs and achieves a factor of 8 improvement compared to
the direct approach before the first node dies [7].
Manuscript received May 6, 2007. This work was supported in part by Iran
Telecommunication Research Center (ITRC).
The main difference between EEPSC and LEACH are
A. Sepasi Zahmati is the MSc student of Department of Electrical described below:
Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran (e-mail: • EEPSC benefits a new idea of using temporary-
amir_sepasizahmati@ee.iust.ac.ir).
B. Abolhassani is the Assistant Professor of the school of Electrical
CHs and utilizes a new setup and responsible node
Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran (e-mail: selection phase.
abolhassani@iust.ac.ir). • EEPSC utilizes static clustering scheme, therefore
A. A. Beheshti Shirazi is the Assistant Professor of the school of Electrical
Engineering, Iran University of science and Technology, Tehran, Iran (e-mail:
eliminates the overhead of dynamic clustering.
abeheshti@iust.ac.ir). The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II
A. Shojaee Bakhtiari is the MSc from Iran University of Science and describes the proposed method. In Section III simulation
Technology, Iran (email: ali_shojaeebakhtiari@iust.ac.ir).
69
2. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 28 2007
results are presented, and finally the conclusions are presented next phase can begin.
in section IV.
B. Responsible Node Selection Phase
II. EEPSC PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE After the clusters are established, network starts its normal
operation and responsible nodes (temporary-CH and CH)
EEPSC is a self-organizing, static clustering method that
selection phase begins. At the beginning of each round, every
forms clusters only once during the network action. The
node sends its energy level to the temporary-CH in it’s time
operation of EEPSC is broken up into rounds, where each
slot. Afterward, temporary-CH choose the sensor node with
round consists set-up phase, responsible node selection phase
utmost energy level as CH for current round to collect the data
and steady-state phase. In the following sub-sections we
of sensor nodes of that cluster, perform local data aggregation,
discuss each of these phases in details.
and communicate with the base station; and the node with
A. Setup Phase lowest energy level as temporary-CH for next round and sends
According to the static clustering scheme which is used in a round-start packet including the new responsible sensor IDs
EEPSC, cluster formation is performed only once at the for the current round. This packet also indicates the beginning
beginning of network operation. For this aim, base station of round to other sensor nodes. Since every sensor node has a
broadcasts k-1 different messages with different transmission pre-specified time slot, changing the CHs has no effect on the
powers, which k is the desired number of clusters (specified a schedule of the cluster operation.
priori). By broadcasting the k=1 message all the sensor nodes C. Steady-State Phase
which hear this message (are in the radio range of this
The steady-state phase is broken into frames where nodes
message) set their cluster ID to k and inform the base station
send their data to the CH during pre-allocated time slots.
that they are member of the cluster k via transmitting a join-
These data contain node ID and the measure of sensed
request message (Join-REQ) back to the base station.
parameter. We show in the next section that the total energy
Similarly, by broadcasting the k=k-1 message, all the sensor
expended in the system is greater using multi-hop routing than
nodes which are not joined to any clusters yet and hear this
direct transmission to the base station; thus, we use direct
message set their cluster ID to k-1 and inform base station
transmission approach among CH and base station.
with a Join-REQ message. Later, all sensor nodes which are
The duration of each slot in which a node transmits data is
not joined to any clusters set their cluster ID to k and inform
constant, so the time to send a frame of data depends on the
base station. Fig. 1 shows how the network area is divided
number of nodes in the cluster.
into k=4 clusters with broadcasting k-1=3 different messages
To reduce energy dissipation, the radio of each non-cluster
from base station.
head node is turned off until its allocated transmission time,
but the CHs must be awake to receive all the data from nodes
in the cluster.
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
To validate the performance of EEPSC, we simulate
EEPSC and utilize a network with 100 nodes randomly
deployed between (x=0, y=0) and (x=100, y=100) and base
station at (50,175). The bandwidth of channel is set to 1 Mb/s,
each data message is 500 bytes long, and the packet header for
Fig. 1 Network area is divided into 4 clusters with broadcasting 3 each type of packet is 25 bytes long. The initial power of all
different messages from base station nodes is considered to be 2J and duration of each round is 20s.
Authors in [7] has revealed analytically that the number of
These messages are small messages containing node’s IDs clusters for above assumptions is optimized for 1 < k < 6. So
and a header that distinguishes them as announcement for the rest of the experiment, we set k=4.
messages. Like LEACH, in order to reduce the probability of We assume a simple model for the radio hardware energy
collision among joint-REQ messages during the setup phase, dissipation where the transmitter dissipates energy to run the
CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) is utilized as the radio electronics and the power amplifier, and the receiver
MAC layer protocol [7]. dissipates energy to run the radio electronics [7, 8], as shown
Afterward, the base station selects randomly one in Fig. 2. For the experiments described here, both the free
temporary-CH for each cluster and advertises these rules to space (d2 power loss) and the multi path fading (d4 power
the whole network. In addition, base station (based on the loss) channel models were used, depending on the distance
number of each cluster) sets up a TDMA (time-division between the transmitter and receiver. If the distance is less
multiple-access) schedule and transmits this schedule to the than a threshold, the free space (fs) model is used; otherwise,
nodes in each cluster. Once the TDMA schedule is known by the multi path (mp) model is used. Thus, to transmit an l-bit
all nodes in the cluster, the set-up phase is complete and the message a distance d, the radio expends:
70
3. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 28 2007
d
ETx (l, d) ERx (l)
l bit packet l bit packet
Transmit Tx Amplifier Receive
Electronics Electronics
Eelec × l εamp × l × dn Eelec × l
Fig. 2 Radio energy dissipation model
E TX (l , d ) = E TX − elec (l ) + E TX − amp (l , d ) and Equations 1 and 3, we have:
⎧lE elec + l ε fs d , 2
d < do (1)
⎪ n −1
=⎨ E TX = l ε fs − amp ( r ) 2 + lE elec (4)
⎪lE elec + lε mp d , d > do
4
⎩ β
Where d o is: Where β is the number of hops. Thus, the total energy is:
E tot = β E TX + β E RX
ε fs (2)
do = ( n − 1) 2 r 2
(5)
ε = 2 l β E elec + l ε friss − amp
β
mp
The electronics energy (Eelec) depends on factors such as the
And the optimum number of hops is computed as below:
digital coding, modulation, filtering, and spreading of the
signal, whereas the amplifier energy, εfsd2 or εmpd4, depends
dE tot d2
on the distance to the receiver and the acceptable bit-error = 2 lE elec − l ε friss − amp 2 = 0
rate. For the experiments described in this paper, the dβ β opt (6)
communication energy parameters are set as: Eelec=50nJ/bit, ε friss − amp d
εfs=10pJ/bit/m2, εmp=0.0013pJ/bit/m4 and the energy for data ⇒ β opt = d =
2 E elec 100
aggregation is set as EDA=5nJ/bit/signal. As well, to receive
an l-bit message, the radio expends:
This shows that, when transmission energy is on the same
order as receive energy, which occurs when transmission
E RX ( l ) = E RX − elec ( l ) = lE elec (3)
distance is short, direct transmission is more energy-efficient
than multi-hop routing. Thus we use direct transmission
CHs can send their data via just one (high-energy) transmit communication among CHs and the base station.
of data to the base station or via a multi-hop scheme where The improvement gained through EEPSC compared to
each data message must go through n (low energy) transmits LEACH is further illustrated by Figs. 4-7 which indicates the
and n receives. Depending on the relative costs of the transmit lifetime of network is extended and the overall number of
amplifier and the radio electronics, the total energy expended messages received at base station is increased. With LEACH,
in the system might actually be greater using multi-hop all nodes remain alive for 220 seconds before the first node
routing than direct transmission to the base station. dies, while in EEPSC, all nodes remain alive for 320 seconds;
which is 45% more than LEACH. Figs. 3 and 4 show that, the
total number of data messages received at base station at the
end of network lifetime is greater for EEPSC. Furthermore,
Figs. 5 and 6 clearly indicate the advantages of EEPSC over
LEACH in terms of network lifetime.
Fig. 3 Simple linear network IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
We introduce EEPSC; a novel energy-efficient routing
To illustrate this point, consider the linear network shown
protocol which partitions the network into static clusters,
in Fig. 3, where the distance between the nodes is r. If we
eliminates the overhead of dynamic clustering and utilizes
consider the energy expended transmitting a single l-bit
temporary-cluster-heads (CHs) to distribute the energy load
message from a node located a distance nr from the base
among high power sensor nodes; thus extends network
station using the direct communication approach via one hop
71
4. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 28 2007
Fig. 4 Number of data messages received at base station over time Fig. 5 Number of data messages received at base station over
energy
Fig. 6 Number of nodes alive over time
Fig. 7 Number of nodes alive per amount of data messages received
at base station
lifetime. The energy efficiency and ease of deployment make [3] J. N. Al-Karaki and A. E. Kamal, “Routing Techniques in Wireless
Sensor Networks: A Survey”, IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 11,
EEPSC a desirable and robust protocol for wireless sensor no. 6, Dec 2004.
networks. Simulation results show that EEPSC has a better [4] W. R. Heinzelman, A. P. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, “Energy-
performance than LEACH. For future work, a model with Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks,”
Proc. 33rd Hawaii Int’l. Conf. Sys. Sci., Jan. 2000.
heterogeneous sensor nodes may be investigated.
[5] S. Lindsey, C. Raghavendra, and K. M. Sivalingam, “Data Gathering
Algorithms in Sensor Networks using Energy Metrics,” IEEE Trans.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Parallel and Distrib. Sys., vol. 13, no. 9, Sept. 2002, pp. 924–35.
[6] Amir Sepasi Zahmati and Bahman Abolhassani, “EPMPLCS: An
The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the Efficient Power Management Protocol with Limited Cluster Size for
Iran Telecommunication Research Center (ITRC) for Wireless Sensor Networks”, Proc. 27th International Conference on
supporting this work. Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS 2007), submitted for
publication.
[7] W. B. Heinzelman, A .Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishanan, “An
REFERENCES Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor
[1] F. Zhao and L. Guibas, “Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Networks”,IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 1, no. 4, Oct. 2002, pp.
Processing Approach (Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking).” San 660-70.
Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2004. [8] T. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles &
[2] Q. Xue, A. Ganz, “Maximizing Sensor Network Lifetime: Analysis and Practice.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996.
Design Guides”, in Proceedings of MILCOM, October 2004.
72