This document summarizes research on developing an employee engagement instrument and framework. It begins by discussing the importance of employee engagement for competitive advantage and organizational performance. It then reviews different conceptualizations and measurements of engagement in existing literature. The researchers conducted an in-depth literature review to develop a new engagement framework consisting of seven dimensions measuring engagement at the individual, team, and organizational levels. The framework aims to provide conceptual clarity on engagement and a basis for organizations to leverage competitive advantage. The value of this research is that it integrates engagement measurement at both the individual and organizational levels.
This article examines how the leadership styles of union representatives and immediate supervisors can influence workers' commitment to both their union and organization. The researchers hypothesize that transformational leadership from both union representatives and supervisors will positively influence workers' perception of the workplace relations climate, while laissez-faire leadership will negatively influence it. A positive workplace relations climate is then expected to lead to dual commitment among workers to both their union and organization. The study aims to contribute to understanding how relational factors like leadership styles can shape workplace relations climate and dual commitment, beyond traditional structural explanations. It is based on a survey of 834 unionized workers in the Canadian aerospace industry.
Organizational Alignmemt Case Study of Ministry Of Justice of Cape Verdeinventionjournals
This research has the purpose to investigate the organizational alignment through organizational culture, leader’s values, and the formal structures in the organization. The study was conducted in the Ministry of Justice in Cape Verde, and the instrument used to investigate organizational alignment is VOX Organizationis. Vox Organizationis is an instrument that provides a starting point for a holistic vision of the organization, and it enables exploration of the alignment level between organizational culture, leader’s values, organizational structure as well as organizational strategy. The instrument includes two types of questionnaires, one that is submitted to employees (measuring the organizational culture) and the other one submitted to leaders (measuring leader’s values and the formal aspect of organizational functioning). All the questions contained in the two questionnaires are measured on four dimension, decision-making and behavior, people versus task orientation, innovativeness and risk-taking, and open versus closed system. The results that obtained will show the correlation between organizational culture, Leader's values, and the formal aspect of the organizational functioning, and from that, we can see the organization's level of alignment.
Exploring the Relationship between HR Practices and Employee Retention: A Stu...AI Publications
This academic article investigates the relationship between HR practices and employee retention within the tech industry. The study aims to analyze how specific HR practices impact employee retention and provide insights into effective strategies for organizations. The research sample includes 338 administrative staff members from various tech companies. The study employs a quantitative approach, conducting reliability analysis and regression analysis using SPSS to analyze the collected data.
This summary examines the role of human resource development (HRD) practices in fostering organizational citizenship behavior, with affective organizational commitment serving as a mediator. The study utilized surveys from employees at two public universities in Saudi Arabia. Results from structural equation modeling found significant relationships between HRD practices and affective commitment, HRD practices and citizenship behavior, and affective commitment and citizenship behavior. The findings suggest HRD practices are important for enhancing affective commitment and citizenship behavior among employees, and higher commitment also leads to greater citizenship. Affective commitment was found to partially mediate the relationship between HRD practices and organizational citizenship behavior.
The document discusses a study examining the influence of corporate culture dimensions on organizational commitment among employees in the Malaysian semiconductor industry. It presents four hypotheses: that communication, training and development, reward and recognition, and teamwork will each positively influence organizational commitment. The study involved a survey of 377 employees across six major semiconductor firms in Malaysia. The results provide empirical evidence on the relationship between aspects of corporate culture and organizational commitment in this context.
This document summarizes a research article that examines how contextual factors impact talent management. It argues that talent management cannot be fully understood without considering the organizational and environmental context. While research has increasingly recognized the importance of context, most empirical studies do not explicitly analyze how contextual dynamics influence talent management strategies and outcomes. The special issue aims to address this gap by presenting four articles that shed light on how internal and external contextual factors shape the conceptualization and implementation of talent management in different settings. A better understanding of context is important for building more rigorous and practically relevant talent management research.
This document examines the effects of employee empowerment, teamwork, and employee training on organizational commitment in Malaysian higher education. It reviews literature on organizational commitment and identifies it as an important factor for organizational effectiveness. Committed employees can lead to beneficial outcomes for organizations. The study aims to address gaps in limited existing data on organizational commitment in the education sector. It analyzes data collected from an online survey of 242 employees at public universities in northern Malaysia. The findings indicate that employee empowerment and teamwork have significant positive effects on organizational commitment. Employee training is also found to significantly positively impact organizational commitment. These findings can provide suggestions for improving commitment among employees in higher education through empowerment, training, and teamwork.
360 Degree Appraisal and Employee Commitmentijtsrd
The paper examined the relationship between 360 degree appraisal and employee commitment. Employee commitment is simply a relationship between employees and organization. The 360 degree performance appraisal as evident from existing literature is one of the appraisal system that has in the recent years gained significant popularity. The paper concludes that paper concludes that employees become committed to an organisation when leaders tend to exhibit behaviours that are geared towards developing them other than largely focusing on pay and promotion. Findings studies suggests that this traditional appraisal system tends to overlook a number of employee traits due to its standardised nature. The paper recommends that performance appraisal systems should be designed in such a way that they create perceptions of fair treatment relative to other employees as well as the employee”˜s own expectations. Victor Barinua | Ezeogu, Sylvia Onyekachukwu "360 Degree Appraisal and Employee Commitment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50287.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/50287/360-degree-appraisal-and-employee-commitment/victor-barinua
This article examines how the leadership styles of union representatives and immediate supervisors can influence workers' commitment to both their union and organization. The researchers hypothesize that transformational leadership from both union representatives and supervisors will positively influence workers' perception of the workplace relations climate, while laissez-faire leadership will negatively influence it. A positive workplace relations climate is then expected to lead to dual commitment among workers to both their union and organization. The study aims to contribute to understanding how relational factors like leadership styles can shape workplace relations climate and dual commitment, beyond traditional structural explanations. It is based on a survey of 834 unionized workers in the Canadian aerospace industry.
Organizational Alignmemt Case Study of Ministry Of Justice of Cape Verdeinventionjournals
This research has the purpose to investigate the organizational alignment through organizational culture, leader’s values, and the formal structures in the organization. The study was conducted in the Ministry of Justice in Cape Verde, and the instrument used to investigate organizational alignment is VOX Organizationis. Vox Organizationis is an instrument that provides a starting point for a holistic vision of the organization, and it enables exploration of the alignment level between organizational culture, leader’s values, organizational structure as well as organizational strategy. The instrument includes two types of questionnaires, one that is submitted to employees (measuring the organizational culture) and the other one submitted to leaders (measuring leader’s values and the formal aspect of organizational functioning). All the questions contained in the two questionnaires are measured on four dimension, decision-making and behavior, people versus task orientation, innovativeness and risk-taking, and open versus closed system. The results that obtained will show the correlation between organizational culture, Leader's values, and the formal aspect of the organizational functioning, and from that, we can see the organization's level of alignment.
Exploring the Relationship between HR Practices and Employee Retention: A Stu...AI Publications
This academic article investigates the relationship between HR practices and employee retention within the tech industry. The study aims to analyze how specific HR practices impact employee retention and provide insights into effective strategies for organizations. The research sample includes 338 administrative staff members from various tech companies. The study employs a quantitative approach, conducting reliability analysis and regression analysis using SPSS to analyze the collected data.
This summary examines the role of human resource development (HRD) practices in fostering organizational citizenship behavior, with affective organizational commitment serving as a mediator. The study utilized surveys from employees at two public universities in Saudi Arabia. Results from structural equation modeling found significant relationships between HRD practices and affective commitment, HRD practices and citizenship behavior, and affective commitment and citizenship behavior. The findings suggest HRD practices are important for enhancing affective commitment and citizenship behavior among employees, and higher commitment also leads to greater citizenship. Affective commitment was found to partially mediate the relationship between HRD practices and organizational citizenship behavior.
The document discusses a study examining the influence of corporate culture dimensions on organizational commitment among employees in the Malaysian semiconductor industry. It presents four hypotheses: that communication, training and development, reward and recognition, and teamwork will each positively influence organizational commitment. The study involved a survey of 377 employees across six major semiconductor firms in Malaysia. The results provide empirical evidence on the relationship between aspects of corporate culture and organizational commitment in this context.
This document summarizes a research article that examines how contextual factors impact talent management. It argues that talent management cannot be fully understood without considering the organizational and environmental context. While research has increasingly recognized the importance of context, most empirical studies do not explicitly analyze how contextual dynamics influence talent management strategies and outcomes. The special issue aims to address this gap by presenting four articles that shed light on how internal and external contextual factors shape the conceptualization and implementation of talent management in different settings. A better understanding of context is important for building more rigorous and practically relevant talent management research.
This document examines the effects of employee empowerment, teamwork, and employee training on organizational commitment in Malaysian higher education. It reviews literature on organizational commitment and identifies it as an important factor for organizational effectiveness. Committed employees can lead to beneficial outcomes for organizations. The study aims to address gaps in limited existing data on organizational commitment in the education sector. It analyzes data collected from an online survey of 242 employees at public universities in northern Malaysia. The findings indicate that employee empowerment and teamwork have significant positive effects on organizational commitment. Employee training is also found to significantly positively impact organizational commitment. These findings can provide suggestions for improving commitment among employees in higher education through empowerment, training, and teamwork.
360 Degree Appraisal and Employee Commitmentijtsrd
The paper examined the relationship between 360 degree appraisal and employee commitment. Employee commitment is simply a relationship between employees and organization. The 360 degree performance appraisal as evident from existing literature is one of the appraisal system that has in the recent years gained significant popularity. The paper concludes that paper concludes that employees become committed to an organisation when leaders tend to exhibit behaviours that are geared towards developing them other than largely focusing on pay and promotion. Findings studies suggests that this traditional appraisal system tends to overlook a number of employee traits due to its standardised nature. The paper recommends that performance appraisal systems should be designed in such a way that they create perceptions of fair treatment relative to other employees as well as the employee”˜s own expectations. Victor Barinua | Ezeogu, Sylvia Onyekachukwu "360 Degree Appraisal and Employee Commitment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50287.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/50287/360-degree-appraisal-and-employee-commitment/victor-barinua
Workers are the maximum precious method of an association. Their importance to institutions requires not most effective the want to draw the trendy bents but additionally the need to preserve them for a long term. This paper specializes in reviewing the findings of former research carried out with the aid of colourful experimenters with the quit to identify determinants factors of hand retention. This exploration almost looked at the subsequent broad factors improvement openings, reimbursement, work- lifestyles balance, operation/ management, work terrain, social aid, autonomy, training and improvement.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
MS Proposal for Finance in Management SciencesNoumanSheikh16
This document outlines the agenda and methodology for a study on high performance work practices (HPWPs) in Pakistan. The main objectives are to identify the integrated and isolated impacts of HPWPs on employee outcomes, explore the moderating roles of work autonomy and employee trust, compare HPWPs between Pakistan and Western countries, and extend the literature. The methodology will use survey data from over 3,000 employees in 400 organizations in Pakistan. Hypotheses are proposed regarding relationships between HPWPs, employee outcomes, and potential moderators. Variables will be measured at both the individual and organizational level using standardized scales.
Albrecht, S., Breidahl, E. and Marty, A. (2018).pdfliennguyen10296
This study examines the relationships between organizational resources, organizational engagement climate, job resources, and employee engagement. The researchers tested a model where six organizational resources (leadership, vision/goals, organizational support, HR practices, communication, and rewards/recognition) would positively relate to organizational engagement climate. Organizational engagement climate and some organizational resources would then positively relate to both job resources and employee engagement. The model was supported, with organizational resources relating to engagement climate, and both climate and resources relating to job resources and engagement. This suggests organizational factors beyond just job resources can influence employee engagement.
Human Resource Practices and their Impact on Employee Commitment in the Catho...ijtsrd
This paper examines the impact of Human Resource Practices on Employee Commitment among teachers of the Catholic Education agency in the Diocese of Buea. Among the human resource practices considered were compensation, recognition, training, and working conditions. With a total of 1000 employees, 278 employees participated in the research. Questionnaires were used to collect the data based on convenience sampling. A survey research design was utilized in the research. The findings revealed that there was a positive relationship between the aforementioned practices and employee commitment. Conclusions, recommendations and indications for future research are discussed in the paper. Kengnjoh Michael Mbuwir "Human Resource Practices and their Impact on Employee Commitment in the Catholic Education Agency, Diocese of Buea, SWR Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57515.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/57515/human-resource-practices-and-their-impact-on-employee-commitment-in-the-catholic-education-agency-diocese-of-buea-swr-cameroon/kengnjoh-michael-mbuwir
This document discusses a study that investigated whether employee understanding of strategic objectives can impact organizational culture and performance. The study used structural equation modeling on data from 430 healthcare professionals in the US. The results showed that greater employee understanding of strategic objectives was positively associated with the development of a "serving culture" within organizations. This serving culture then had a mediating effect and was positively associated with organizational performance. The study suggests that for organizations to achieve strategic objectives and improve performance, it is not enough to just define objectives - organizations must also ensure employees clearly understand the meaning and significance of the strategic objectives.
Promoting Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Through High .docxbriancrawford30935
Promoting Organizational Citizenship Behaviour
Through High Involvement Human Resource
Practices: An Attempt to Reduce Turnover Intention
Yu Ghee Wee
Mohamed Dahlan Bin Ibrahim
Faculty of Entrepreneurship and
Business
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
[email protected];
[email protected]
Kamarul Zaman Ahmad
College of Business Administration
Abu Dhabi University
Abu Dhabi
United Arab Emirates
[email protected]
Yap Sheau Fen
Department of Marketing, School of
Business
Monash University, Selangor,
Malaysia
[email protected]
Abstract— This study examines the possibility of inducing
organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) through human
resource (HR) philosophy and high involvement HR practices
administered at the workplace. Leader-member exchange (LMX)
is posited to be a potential mediator. Data was collected from
hotel frontline employees and analyzed through structural
equation modeling. Findings show that HR philosophy drives the
formulation of the bundles of high involvement human resource
practices and such philosophy contributes to employees’
willingness in exhibiting citizenship behavior directed at
individuals (OCBI) as well as organizations (OCBO) as a whole.
High involvement HR practices, however, do not elicit OCB but
are significantly related to LMX, a new theoretical insight which
should invite future research. Although exchanges between
supervisors and subordinates are proven to have influences on
employees’ willingness in performing OCB, LMX does not
mediate the relationship between high involvement HR practices
and OCB. Overall, hotel frontline employees participated in this
study exhibit more of OCBO as a whole, rather than OCBI; and
such behavior reduce their intention to leave. Both theoretical
and practical implications as well as avenues for future research
are discussed.
Keywords - Organizational citizenship behavior, human resource
philosophy, human resource practices, leader-member exchange.
I. INTRODUCTION
For decades, researchers have concluded that HR practices
have a major impact on employee productivity and
commitment (Huselid, 1995; Huselid et al., 1997; Pfeffer,
1998; Pfeffer and Veiga, 1999; Vandenberg et al., 1999;
Wright et al., 2005). This essential role of HR practices are
further affirmed when scholars introduced the concept of
―high performance work systems‖, also called ―high
involvement work practices‖ (Walton, 1985; Womack et al.,
1990; Lawler et al., 1995; Wood, 1999) -- a belief that
employees are organizational asset rather than simply an
expense to be incurred (Wood and Wall, 2002). Although
conceptually supported and empirically tested on various
measurement scales and differing dimensions, none of the
studies have firmly reported any significant relationship
between bundles of high involvement HR practices and OCB.
Organ (1988:4) defined OCB as ―individual behavior t.
This document provides an introduction and literature review for a comparative study of employer provided training and organizational performance in the UK and Bangladesh. It discusses relevant theories like human capital theory and Hofstede's cultural dimensions model. For the UK context, it summarizes studies finding mixed results on the relationship between human resource management practices like training and organizational performance. Cultural dimensions show some differences between the UK and Bangladesh that could impact work attitudes and performance.
Vovwe Caleb MUOGHEREH K1161172 Human Resource Management Theory and PracticeVovwe Muoghereh
This document discusses two models of human resource management - the People and Performance Model and the Performance Management Model. The People and Performance Model examines how factors like ability, motivation and opportunity can impact employee performance. It also identifies HR practices that support these factors. The Performance Management Model focuses on aligning employee goals with organizational objectives and using feedback to shape behavior. Both models aim to improve organizational performance through effective people management, but implementing the right practices can be complex due to various internal and external factors. Line managers also play an important role in the successful adoption of HR strategies.
This document discusses a proposed model investigating the effects of psychological safety and social agile practices on team performance in agile information systems development (AISD). The model suggests that social agile practices positively influence psychological safety, which in turn positively impacts transparency, communication, and productivity in AISD teams. The model is based on a literature review and evaluated through case studies of AISD teams in insurance and software companies. Results from the case studies provide preliminary support for the model and its propositions.
A Coalesced Framework Of Talent Management And Employee Performance For Fu...Sean Flores
This document provides a conceptual framework that demonstrates the relationship between talent management and employee performance. It summarizes that:
1) Talent management involves identifying key positions, developing high-potential employees, and using differentiated human resources practices to recruit, manage, and retain talented staff based on performance.
2) While talent management has gained attention, the literature lacks clarity on how it connects to and influences different dimensions of employee performance.
3) The paper aims to address these gaps by developing a conceptual framework showing the mechanisms through which talent management leads to various aspects of employee performance. This will help improve theory, research, and organizational practices.
A study on impact of job characteristics on key attitudesAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the impact of job characteristics on the attitudes of faculty members at professional educational institutes. The study examined how factors like promotional opportunities, task variety, pay satisfaction, and professional development related to faculty commitment levels and job satisfaction. A survey of 251 faculty members found that promotional opportunities, task variety, pay, and participation in decision making were positively associated with higher job satisfaction and affective commitment, while participation related to increased normative commitment. The document provides context on factors that influence organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and their relationship to job characteristics.
A study on impact of job characteristics on key attitudesAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that examines the impact of job characteristics like promotional opportunities, task variety, pay satisfaction, and professional development on the job satisfaction and organizational commitment of faculty members at professional educational institutes. It reviews literature on job characteristics, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and the relationship between these factors. The study aims to understand how job characteristics influence the job attitudes of faculty members.
Employees’ attitudes and efficiency of human resourceAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study examining the relationship between employee attitudes and the efficiency of human resource management (HRM) practices in Nigeria. The study surveyed 1,940 employees across several food and beverage companies in Nigeria. The results indicated that employee attitudes like commitment, trust, employment relations, well-being, absence, and self-motivation were significantly related to the efficiency of HRM practices. Specifically, higher levels of these positive employee attitudes were linked to greater efficiency in how companies implemented practices like recruitment, training, performance evaluation, and compensation. The findings suggest HRM practices work best when they help foster beneficial attitudes among employees.
Strong work ethics have the capacity to influence workforce commitment thereby ensuring
organizational competitiveness and high organizational performance. Unfortunately, many core work values
and guidelines are in most cases ignored and they go unmonitored in many organizations. As a result, this
affects the morale, performance and level of commitment of individual employees in organizations
This document discusses a study examining the links between e-HRM (electronic human resource management) and perceived labor productivity in commercial banks in Pakistan. The study uses a survey to assess the direct and indirect relationships between e-HRM practices, perceived HR service quality, and perceived labor productivity. The authors develop hypotheses that e-HRM practices will have a direct, positive effect on perceived labor productivity, and that the relationship will also be indirectly mediated by perceived HR service quality. The study aims to contribute new empirical evidence on how e-HRM can improve key organizational outcomes like productivity.
This study examined the relationship between HRM practices and organizational commitment among software professionals in India. The results showed that HRM practices such as an employee-friendly work environment, career development opportunities, development-oriented performance appraisals, and comprehensive training had a significant positive relationship with organizational commitment. These four HRM practices explained 41.3% of the variation in organizational commitment. The study emphasizes the role of HRM practices in enhancing organizational commitment among software professionals.
Cara Menulis Angka Dengan Kata Dalam Bahasa Inggris LMichele Thomas
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting requests for paper writing help on the HelpWriting.net site. It is a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a request form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism. The process aims to ensure high-quality, original content that meets the customer's needs.
Critical Essay Short Persuasive Text ExamplesMichele Thomas
The document discusses the history of ballet dance, beginning with its origins in 15th century Italian Renaissance stage performances incorporating song and costumes. It later evolved in the 1700s under Jean Geogores Noverre to become more dramatic narratives. Today the same traditions and techniques are used, with a typical ballet class consisting of a warmup, center work, exercises at the barre, jumping and turning combinations, and concluding with a reverence. Safety is essential during classes.
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Workers are the maximum precious method of an association. Their importance to institutions requires not most effective the want to draw the trendy bents but additionally the need to preserve them for a long term. This paper specializes in reviewing the findings of former research carried out with the aid of colourful experimenters with the quit to identify determinants factors of hand retention. This exploration almost looked at the subsequent broad factors improvement openings, reimbursement, work- lifestyles balance, operation/ management, work terrain, social aid, autonomy, training and improvement.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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This document outlines the agenda and methodology for a study on high performance work practices (HPWPs) in Pakistan. The main objectives are to identify the integrated and isolated impacts of HPWPs on employee outcomes, explore the moderating roles of work autonomy and employee trust, compare HPWPs between Pakistan and Western countries, and extend the literature. The methodology will use survey data from over 3,000 employees in 400 organizations in Pakistan. Hypotheses are proposed regarding relationships between HPWPs, employee outcomes, and potential moderators. Variables will be measured at both the individual and organizational level using standardized scales.
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This study examines the relationships between organizational resources, organizational engagement climate, job resources, and employee engagement. The researchers tested a model where six organizational resources (leadership, vision/goals, organizational support, HR practices, communication, and rewards/recognition) would positively relate to organizational engagement climate. Organizational engagement climate and some organizational resources would then positively relate to both job resources and employee engagement. The model was supported, with organizational resources relating to engagement climate, and both climate and resources relating to job resources and engagement. This suggests organizational factors beyond just job resources can influence employee engagement.
Human Resource Practices and their Impact on Employee Commitment in the Catho...ijtsrd
This paper examines the impact of Human Resource Practices on Employee Commitment among teachers of the Catholic Education agency in the Diocese of Buea. Among the human resource practices considered were compensation, recognition, training, and working conditions. With a total of 1000 employees, 278 employees participated in the research. Questionnaires were used to collect the data based on convenience sampling. A survey research design was utilized in the research. The findings revealed that there was a positive relationship between the aforementioned practices and employee commitment. Conclusions, recommendations and indications for future research are discussed in the paper. Kengnjoh Michael Mbuwir "Human Resource Practices and their Impact on Employee Commitment in the Catholic Education Agency, Diocese of Buea, SWR Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57515.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/57515/human-resource-practices-and-their-impact-on-employee-commitment-in-the-catholic-education-agency-diocese-of-buea-swr-cameroon/kengnjoh-michael-mbuwir
This document discusses a study that investigated whether employee understanding of strategic objectives can impact organizational culture and performance. The study used structural equation modeling on data from 430 healthcare professionals in the US. The results showed that greater employee understanding of strategic objectives was positively associated with the development of a "serving culture" within organizations. This serving culture then had a mediating effect and was positively associated with organizational performance. The study suggests that for organizations to achieve strategic objectives and improve performance, it is not enough to just define objectives - organizations must also ensure employees clearly understand the meaning and significance of the strategic objectives.
Promoting Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Through High .docxbriancrawford30935
Promoting Organizational Citizenship Behaviour
Through High Involvement Human Resource
Practices: An Attempt to Reduce Turnover Intention
Yu Ghee Wee
Mohamed Dahlan Bin Ibrahim
Faculty of Entrepreneurship and
Business
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
[email protected];
[email protected]
Kamarul Zaman Ahmad
College of Business Administration
Abu Dhabi University
Abu Dhabi
United Arab Emirates
[email protected]
Yap Sheau Fen
Department of Marketing, School of
Business
Monash University, Selangor,
Malaysia
[email protected]
Abstract— This study examines the possibility of inducing
organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) through human
resource (HR) philosophy and high involvement HR practices
administered at the workplace. Leader-member exchange (LMX)
is posited to be a potential mediator. Data was collected from
hotel frontline employees and analyzed through structural
equation modeling. Findings show that HR philosophy drives the
formulation of the bundles of high involvement human resource
practices and such philosophy contributes to employees’
willingness in exhibiting citizenship behavior directed at
individuals (OCBI) as well as organizations (OCBO) as a whole.
High involvement HR practices, however, do not elicit OCB but
are significantly related to LMX, a new theoretical insight which
should invite future research. Although exchanges between
supervisors and subordinates are proven to have influences on
employees’ willingness in performing OCB, LMX does not
mediate the relationship between high involvement HR practices
and OCB. Overall, hotel frontline employees participated in this
study exhibit more of OCBO as a whole, rather than OCBI; and
such behavior reduce their intention to leave. Both theoretical
and practical implications as well as avenues for future research
are discussed.
Keywords - Organizational citizenship behavior, human resource
philosophy, human resource practices, leader-member exchange.
I. INTRODUCTION
For decades, researchers have concluded that HR practices
have a major impact on employee productivity and
commitment (Huselid, 1995; Huselid et al., 1997; Pfeffer,
1998; Pfeffer and Veiga, 1999; Vandenberg et al., 1999;
Wright et al., 2005). This essential role of HR practices are
further affirmed when scholars introduced the concept of
―high performance work systems‖, also called ―high
involvement work practices‖ (Walton, 1985; Womack et al.,
1990; Lawler et al., 1995; Wood, 1999) -- a belief that
employees are organizational asset rather than simply an
expense to be incurred (Wood and Wall, 2002). Although
conceptually supported and empirically tested on various
measurement scales and differing dimensions, none of the
studies have firmly reported any significant relationship
between bundles of high involvement HR practices and OCB.
Organ (1988:4) defined OCB as ―individual behavior t.
This document provides an introduction and literature review for a comparative study of employer provided training and organizational performance in the UK and Bangladesh. It discusses relevant theories like human capital theory and Hofstede's cultural dimensions model. For the UK context, it summarizes studies finding mixed results on the relationship between human resource management practices like training and organizational performance. Cultural dimensions show some differences between the UK and Bangladesh that could impact work attitudes and performance.
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This document discusses two models of human resource management - the People and Performance Model and the Performance Management Model. The People and Performance Model examines how factors like ability, motivation and opportunity can impact employee performance. It also identifies HR practices that support these factors. The Performance Management Model focuses on aligning employee goals with organizational objectives and using feedback to shape behavior. Both models aim to improve organizational performance through effective people management, but implementing the right practices can be complex due to various internal and external factors. Line managers also play an important role in the successful adoption of HR strategies.
This document discusses a proposed model investigating the effects of psychological safety and social agile practices on team performance in agile information systems development (AISD). The model suggests that social agile practices positively influence psychological safety, which in turn positively impacts transparency, communication, and productivity in AISD teams. The model is based on a literature review and evaluated through case studies of AISD teams in insurance and software companies. Results from the case studies provide preliminary support for the model and its propositions.
A Coalesced Framework Of Talent Management And Employee Performance For Fu...Sean Flores
This document provides a conceptual framework that demonstrates the relationship between talent management and employee performance. It summarizes that:
1) Talent management involves identifying key positions, developing high-potential employees, and using differentiated human resources practices to recruit, manage, and retain talented staff based on performance.
2) While talent management has gained attention, the literature lacks clarity on how it connects to and influences different dimensions of employee performance.
3) The paper aims to address these gaps by developing a conceptual framework showing the mechanisms through which talent management leads to various aspects of employee performance. This will help improve theory, research, and organizational practices.
A study on impact of job characteristics on key attitudesAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the impact of job characteristics on the attitudes of faculty members at professional educational institutes. The study examined how factors like promotional opportunities, task variety, pay satisfaction, and professional development related to faculty commitment levels and job satisfaction. A survey of 251 faculty members found that promotional opportunities, task variety, pay, and participation in decision making were positively associated with higher job satisfaction and affective commitment, while participation related to increased normative commitment. The document provides context on factors that influence organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and their relationship to job characteristics.
A study on impact of job characteristics on key attitudesAlexander Decker
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An Employee Engagement Instrument And Framework Building On Existing Research
1. ISSN 2039-2117 (online)
ISSN 2039-9340 (print)
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy
Vol 5 No 20
September 2014
485
An Employee Engagement Instrument and Framework Building on Existing Research
Hester Nienaber
Nico Martins
University of South Africa (Unisa)
Email: nienah@unisa.ac.za and martin@unisa.ac.za
Doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p485
Abstract
Employee engagement is important as it contributes to an organisation’s competitive advantage and improved performance.
Despite heightened attention different conceptualisations, measures and explanations of ‘engagement’ exist. Research findings
in connection with ‘engagement’ are not unanimous, leaving room for further investigation. Areas of concern include the
conceptualisation of the concept and validity of widely used instruments measuring engagement, while cultural differences may
influence understanding of items and subsequently impact validity of the measurement instrument. Thus, this study developed
an employee engagement instrument and framework, building on existing literature, in particular, Macey and Schneider,
measuring engagement concurrently at the organisational and individual levels. This research focusses on the first phase of the
development of a new instrument, namely construct validity. Measuring employee engagement at both the individual and
organisational levels simultaneously can assist organisations in leveraging their competitive advantage, and improve
organisational performance. The researchers conducted an in-depth literature review, thus this research is qualitative,
descriptive and conceptual in nature. The proposed engagement framework consists of seven dimensions, each comprising a
number of items representing the individual and organisational levels. This framework provides conceptual clarification on
employee engagement at the individual, team and organisational levels and, together with the instrument, a basis to leverage
competitive advantage. The value of this original research stems from integrating employee engagement at the individual and
organisational levels. Furthermore, a clearly defined, theoretical employee engagement measurement framework and
instrument for the South African context were developed. Subsequent studies will be undertaken to validate this framework.
Keywords: competitive advantage; employee engagement; work engagement; measurement instrument; organisational performance
1. Introduction
Employee engagement, whether at the organisational or the individual level, has recently received heightened attention in
the literature. This intensified attention stems from the role employee engagement plays in sustaining competitive
advantage, which could lead to improved business results and successful organisational performance (Attridge, 2009;
Barnes & Collier, 2013; Fearon, McLaughlin & Morris, 2013; Gruman & Saks, 2011; Jeung, 2011; Klassen, Aldhafri,
Mansfield, Purwanto, Siu, Wong & Woods-McConney, 2012; Lewis, 2011; Lockwood, 2007; Mills, Culbertson & Fullagar,
2012; Sustainable employee engagement, 2013; Van Rooy, Whitman, Hart & Caleo, 2011). Engagement, which is a
complex concept (Lockwood, 2007), has been described as “slippery” (Schaufeli & Salanova, 2011) and different reasons
are advanced for the elusiveness of the concept. On the one hand, it is argued that employee engagement and work
engagement – which are two different concepts (Kahn, 1990; Saks, 2006) – are treated as the same by most researchers
and practitioners (Schaufeli & Salanova, 2011). According to Schaufeli and Salanova (2011), employee engagement is a
broader concept than work engagement, which may include the employee’s professional or occupational role and his or
her relationship with the organisation, while work engagement refers to the (individual) employee’s work. On the other
hand, it is argued that the construct itself and its measurement are not well developed (Christian, Garza & Slaughter,
2011; Frese, 2008; Hirschfeld & Thomas, 2008; Jeung, 2011; Macey & Schneider, 2008; Masson, Royal, Agnew & Fine,
2008; Robertson & Cooper, 2010; Schaufeli & Salanova, 2011; Seppälä et al., 2009; Simpson, 2009; Van Rooy et al.,
2011; Viljevac, Cooper-Thomas & Saks, 2012). This is evidenced in the different definitions proposed in the literature
(Christian et al., 2011; Endres & Mancheno-Smoak, 2008; Gruman & Saks, 2011; Juniper, 2012; Kahn, 1990; Lewis,
2011; Saks, 2006) as well as the interchangeable use of psychological states, traits and behaviours and their
antecedents and outcomes (Macey & Schneider, 2008) which result in different measures of the construct, and divergent
outcomes of studies aiming at validating employee engagement instruments (Klassen et al., 2012; Viljevac et al., 2012).
In addition, different theories such as the exchange theory (Saks, 2006) and motivation theories (Christian et al., 2011;
2. ISSN 2039-2117 (online)
ISSN 2039-9340 (print)
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy
Vol 5 No 20
September 2014
486
Kahn, 1990; Meyer & Gagné, 2008; Salanova, Agut & Peiro, 2005) are also used to explain engagement. All of these
different treatments of engagement result in different outcomes which are not coherent, underscoring the point made by
Viljevac et al. (2012) that the use of different descriptions and measures results in findings which will be specific to each
of these, thus limiting generalisability across studies, which will both slow theoretical progress and reduce the ability of
science to contribute to practice.
It stands to reason that the different treatments of engagement, whether at the organisational or individual levels,
hamper the shaping of competitive advantage to the detriment of organisational performance. The notion of competitive
advantage, first used by Alderson (1964), in essence means that an organisation attracts customers on the basis of
superior value offered in comparison to competitors. Hence, competitive advantage is described as valuable, rare,
inimitable and non-substitutable and associated with the “resource-based view of the firm” (Barney, 1991). As such,
competitive advantage arises from something that an organisation’s competition cannot do, or from doing something
better than the organisation’s competition (Alderson, 1964; Barney, 1991; David, 2013). In order to be persistent,
competitive advantage should be embedded in the organisation.
More recent research (Nienaber, Cant & Strydom, 2002; OrdóĖez de Pablo & Lytras, 2008) has shown that
competitive advantage consists of three dimensions, namely: (i) the arena where the organisation chooses to compete;
(ii) customer value (customer capital); and (iii) access to the required resources, including employees (talent or human
capital), processes and systems (structural capital), and assets to provide customer value in the chosen arena.
Employees are the most important of these dimensions, specifically in terms of their knowledge, skills, experience,
attitudes and behaviours, which are open to change owing to changes in the workplace (Endres & Mancheno-Smoak,
2008; Fawcett, Rhoads & Burnah, 2004; Frese, 2008; Holbeche, 2009; Laszlo & Laszlo, 2002; Masson et al., 2008;
OrdóĖez de Pablo & Lytras, 2008; Owen, 1813; Pfeffer, 2010; Piersol, 2007; Van Rooy et al., 2011).
This short account of competitive advantage shows its centrality to the organisation’s success from a strategic
management perspective. Hence, an understanding of the connection between an individual’s job and organisational
strategy is a requirement for success (Cheese, Thomas & Craig, 2008; Fawcett et al., 2004; Lockwood, 2007) as it drives
employee engagement (Lewis & Heckman, 2006; Lockwood, 2007), which facilitates organisational performance (Crook,
Todd, Combs, Woehr & Ketchen, 2011; Harter, Schmidt & Hayes, 2002; Heskett, Jones, Loveman, Sasser & Schlesinger,
1994; Lockwood, 2007; Piersol, 2007).
The ambiguity associated with the concept of engagement jeopardises achieving a competitive advantage and
thus organisational performance as expressed in business results. Given the importance of engagement, the researchers
set out to develop an employee engagement measuring instrument, reflecting engagement at both the organisational and
individual levels, for the South African context by drawing on the framework of Macey and Schneider (2008) – as adapted
– and considering the comments on the framework.
2. Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study on which this article is based was to develop an engagement measurement framework and
instrument by building on the framework proposed by Macey and Schneider (2008), tailoring it for the South African
context and drawing on the existing theory of employee engagement.
3. Current theoretical Perspectives
According to Van Rooy et al. (2011), research on engagement is in a stage of relative infancy and more research is
needed to understand its antecedents, process mechanisms and outcomes. Frese (2008) mentions that a number of
authors have contributed to this concept under different labels, which calls for clarification; while Saks (2008) suggests
that the current theories and measurement instruments need further development, refinement and integration. This view
is supported by Fearon, et al. (2013), Klassen et al., 2012; Robertson and Cooper (2010), Seppäla et al. (2009) and
Viljavec et al. (2012). Authors seem unanimous in the view that engagement is a multidimensional, multilevel construct
(Cheese et al., 2008; Christian et al., 2011; Frese, 2008; Gruman & Saks, 2011; Harter et al., 2002; Kahn, 1990;
Lockwood, 2007; Macey & Schneider, 2008; Masson et al., 2008; May, Gilson & Harter, 2004; Mills et al., 2012; Parker &
Griffin, 2011; Robertson & Cooper, 2010; Saks, 2006, 2008; Schaufeli, Salanova, González-Romá & Bakker, 2002, 2006;
Seppäla et al., 2009; Van Rooy et al., 2011). It is, therefore, a complex construct. It further appears that authors disagree
on the exact dimensions and/or terminology to identify these dimensions (Dalal, Brummel, Wee & Thomas, 2008; Frese,
2008; Griffin, Parker & Neal, 2008; Hirschfeld & Thomas, 2008; Juniper, 2012; Macey & Schneider, 2008; Robertson &
Cooper, 2010; Saks, 2008; Schaufeli & Salanova, 2011) and whether positive (psychological) states and behaviour are
3. ISSN 2039-2117 (online)
ISSN 2039-9340 (print)
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
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Vol 5 No 20
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consequences of engagement or an unsatisfactory situation, which a person with certain traits might want to improve
(Frese, 2008; Masson et al., 2008; Parker & Griffin, 2011). Authors also seem unanimous that tenets of engagement
(partially) overlap with other constructs which are employee focused (Employee Outlook, 2012; Endres & Mancheno-
Smoak, 2008; Frese, 2008; Juniper, 2012; Kahn, 1990; Masson et al., 2008; Newman & Harrison, 2008; Parker & Griffin,
2011; Robertson & Cooper, 2010), thus threatening discriminant validity (Saks, 2008; Harter & Schmidt, 2008; Newman &
Harrison, 2008). However, the study conducted by Christian et al. (2011) indicated discriminant validity in the case of the
Macey and Schneider (2008) framework.
Frese (2008) does not differentiate between engagement, personal initiative, proactivity, taking charge and voice,
because these are very similar concepts. However, he is of the opinion that it is necessary to develop active performance
concepts (proactive personality and personal initiative behaviour), of which engagement is one, and the function of
positive affectivity (for engagement) given the changing nature of the world of work.
Masson et al. (2008) point out that the engagement concepts used by consultants encompass, in some
combination, affective commitment (pride in the organisation; willingness to recommend the organisation as an
employer), continuance commitment (intention to remain with the organisation) and discretionary effort (feeling inspired
by the organisation; being willing to go above and beyond formal role requirements), linking engagement to the
organisational level; whereas the academic literature generally refers to engagement at the work level (though Saks 2006
covers both).
Despite these differences a number of instruments measuring engagement are available (Attridge, 2009; Bakker,
Schaufeli, Leiter & Taris, 2008; Barnes & Collier, 2013; Christian et al., 2011; Jeung, 2011; Masson et al., 2008; Simpson,
2009; Van Rooy et al., 2011), whether provided by academics (May et al., 2004; Schaufeli et al., 2002) or practitioners
(such as Gallup Blessing White, Hewitt, Sirota, Valtera, Watson Wyatt Worldwide & Towers Watson mentioned in Attridge
2009). Some of the instruments provided by academics focus on (psychological) state engagement (as proposed by
Kahn 1990 and disclosed by authors such as Rothman & Rothman, 2010) like the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale
(UWES); while others (such as Gallup and those proposed by Saks 2006 and Harter et al., 2002) are used by
practitioners and focus on the organisational level. According to Attridge (2009), most of these instruments measure
engagement at the individual level. Nevertheless, Van Rooy et al. (2011) point out that these measures fall short of
identifying actionable insights and solutions. This point is implicitly supported by Masson et al. (2008). Hence, they
suggest that engagement measurement instruments should account for a variety of factors, phrased in a meaningful way
that can be understood and acted upon (Van Rooy et al., 2011). This is congruent with the view of Aguinis and Edwards
(2014) that research should be rigorous (valid) as well as relevant for practice of management. Moreover, instruments
should be reliable and valid (Masson et al., 2008) to be useful. Rothmann and Rothmann (2010) point out that the
reliability of the UWES was less than optimal in their research and more research is needed to develop an instrument that
is reliable but also measures the physical, emotional and cognitive components of engagement. Viljavec et al. (2012)
used the UWES and the May et al. (2004) scales – the two most often used engagement scales measuring engagement
on the individual (work) level in the academic literature – and found that although the UWES demonstrated higher validity
than the May et al. (2004) measure, neither measure should be considered an adequate measure of work engagement,
which is consistent with information provided in previous paragraphs. This finding is not surprising, given that Aguines
and Edwards (2014) point out that studies using multiple indicators typically fail to report reliability estimates. These
points further underscore that the construct of engagement is not properly conceptualised, hence it cannot be
appropriately operationalised. Authors in the field have therefore called for further research.
4. Research Design
4.1 Research approach
The researchers in the current study relied on an in-depth literature study, aiming at understanding the phenomenon of
employee engagement. This research was descriptive and conceptual in nature. A realist interpretive style was used
because the researchers believe that employee engagement is real and exists separate from people’s thoughts about it.
Furthermore, employee engagement is accessible to those who investigate the phenomenon. However, knowledge about
employee engagement is not necessarily an accurate reflection of reality as it is possible for people to know more or less
objectively (Fisher, 2010). This study thus focused on ”Step 1: Item generation” of the scale development process as
portrayed by Hinkin (1998) in Figure 1, which is in line with the guidance provided by Edwards (2001; 2011) and Edwards
and Bagozzi (2000).
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ISSN 2039-9340 (print)
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy
Vol 5 No 20
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488
Figure 1: Scale development process (Hinkin,1998)
4.2 Research method
The research strategy comprised an in-depth literature review, which is described as a synthesis review (Kirkevold, 1997;
Richards & Morse, 2013). During this type of review, isolated information is integrated into a more comprehensive and
internally consistent whole. It thus facilitates the integration of separate studies with different focuses and uses a variety
of methodologies to provide a comprehensive account of the phenomenon being reviewed. This type of review is a
powerful knowledge-development tool as it enables knowledge to be accumulated that goes beyond merely evaluating
the strength and weaknesses of existing knowledge to create a whole new and more informative understanding of the
phenomenon studied (Kirkevold, 1997; Richards & Morse, 2013).
4.3 Targeted body of literature
Initially, literature pertaining to employee engagement (at both the organisational and the individual levels) was targeted.
Because the research was conceptual in nature, the first interest was in conceptual articles relating to employee
engagement. Thereafter, literature pertaining to the measurement of constructs encapsulated by employee engagement
was targeted.
4.4 Data gathering
The researchers set the study within business research, with an emphasis on organisational psychology. Hence,
business and organisational psychology databases were searched for articles (in English) pertaining to employee
engagement at both the individual and organisational levels, whether conceptual or empirical. The databases searched
were Proquest, EbscoHost, Emerald and SABINET, the leading databases in the field of business (including
organisational psychology). In addition, sources from the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development (CIPD) were
consulted. The search yielded a total of 921 possible articles, of which 53 met the inclusion criteria for the construct
“engagement” at the individual, unit and/or organisational levels and/or its measurement and/or validation of engagement
measuring instruments. A further 170 textbooks and 76 dissertations/theses were yielded.
Macey and Schneider (2008:6) maintain that leadership has a direct effect on trust and an indirect effect, through
trust, on behavioural engagement. An illustration of the (adapted) engagement framework proposed by Macy and
Schneider (2008) is shown in Figure 2 below.
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(Adapted from Macey and Schneider, 2008:6)
Figure 2: Engagement framework
Figure 2 warrants a few observations. The framework consists of seven components representing the individual,
team/department and organisational levels. The individual level involves the components (psychological) trait, state and
behavioural engagement; the team/departmental level comprises the components work, leadership and trust; and the
organisational level has the components organisational vision, mission, goals, purpose, strategy and competitive
advantage to achieve organisational goals. It should be noted that each component of the framework of engagement
consists of a number of constructs which share similar item content with measures of other constructs. Nevertheless,
Figure 2 is useful from a theoretical perspective, which has practical utility, as it illustrates the antecedents (trait
engagement, work characteristics, leadership, trust and organisational vision, mission, goals, strategy and competitive
advantage) as well as consequences (behavioural engagement) of engagement that influence organisational
performance. Antecedents influence engagement, which in turn have an impact on consequences and thus
organisational performance.
The phrasing of the measurement items (see Aguinis & Edwards, 2014; Klassen et al., 2012; Mason et al., 2008;
van Rooy et al., 2011), suggested by available measurement items, may pose a challenge to typically South African
respondents due to differences in language and idiomatic expressions. Moreover, measurement instruments developed
among populations of workers in Westernised countries are difficult to apply to populations in low-income countries as
they fail to take into account certain dimensions of the construct that may be specific to a country, continent or culture –
(such as the value of work, social organisation and religion), thereby compromising their validity (Faye, Fournier, Diop,
Philibert, Morestin & Dumont, 2013; Klassen et al., 2012). The available instruments measuring some or other dimension
of engagement all consist of numerous items, illuminated in Table 1, which will thus be impractical to use in the South
African context. Hence, the researchers reverted to designing, and will subsequently validate, the measuring instrument –
which, if not carefully constructed, may also be cumbersome and produce the same type of outcome as previously
constructed instruments. Nevertheless, this designed measuring instrument would provide for dimensions of engagement
and engagement facets. These facets are considered to be interwoven with the construct “engagement”. Because these
facets are not empirically distinct, they cannot be separated. Consequently, there is no possibility “of differential impacts
on engagement” that can be studied (Saunders & Thornhill, 2004).
Macey and Schneider (2008) clarified each of the elements of their proposed engagement framework. In so doing,
they arrived at several propositions relating to the relationship between engagement and the elements constituting the
framework, which relate to both the individual (job/work) and the organisation, indicating that the individual (job/work) and
organisation exist in relation to each other. This idea is also consistent with our conception of competitive advantage as
set out in the previous section. These propositions are portrayed in Table 2.
4.5 Organisational level
The researchers in this study added the organisational level because the organisational level of measurement includes
aspects of engagement that cannot be captured by (merely) aggregating individual/unit measures (Pugh & Dietz, 2008).
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Employees who are engaged at the organisational level know what their organisation does, can articulate its competitive
advantage accurately and care passionately about its customers (Dyer, 2009). Thus, the vision, mission, goals, values
and principles which set the direction of the organisation; the strategy to achieve the goals; and competitive advantage,
the foundation of strategy, are included. These aspects are generally measured by items such as “communicate to
employees what the organisation's goals are” and how to achieve them.
The exposition of engagement provided by Macey and Schneider (2008) shows that engagement should be
considered at both the individual and the organisational levels, as the organisational level influences engagement at the
unit and individual levels.
5. Results
The engagement instrument was constructed with due regard to existing instruments measuring the dimensions
comprising the construct. Table 1 gives examples of research done from 1990 to 2013 focusing on engagement at both
the organisational and individual levels. The summary in Table 1 highlights the different purposes of measuring
engagement, the dimensions used, the method/analysis and the key findings. It is clear from this summary that the
purposes of measurement vary greatly, although most studies focus on some aspect(s) of engagement, and that different
constructs are applied when measuring engagement. Different dimensions are measured and the key findings differ due
to the methods applied to analyse the data as well as the different contexts in which the assessments were done. In a
number of instances structural equation modelling was used to confirm the theoretical models developed. An interesting
observation is that in most instances, existing questionnaires or measuring instruments were combined to measure
employee engagement.
Table 1: Examples of selected studies focusing on ‘engagement’ 1990–2013
Author(s)
Purpose of the study/
Measuring Instrument
Dimensions Method/Analysis Key Findings*
Conceptual papers
Kahn,
1990
To conceptualise
personal engagement by
exploring the working
conditions in which
people personally engage
and disengage
• Meaningfulness
- task characteristics
- role characteristics
- work interactions
• Psychological safety
- interpersonal relationships
- group and intergroup dynamics
- management style and process
- organisational norms
• Psychological vailability
- physical energy
- emotional energy
- insecurity
- outside life
In-depth
interviews;
grounded theory
Three psychological conditions
(meaningfulness, safety and availability) are
identified. These concepts help to explain the
variance between people bringing to and
leaving out aspects of themselves in their
work role performances.
Macey &
Schneider,
2008
Developed a theoretical
framework
• Trait engagement (positive views of life and
work), proactive personality, autotelic
personality trait, positive effect,
conscientiousness
• State engagement (feelings of energy,
absorption), satisfaction (affective),
involvement, commitment, empowerment
• Behavioural engagement (extra-role behaviour),
organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB),
proactive/personal initiative, role expansion,
adaptive
• Trust
• Transformational leadership
• Work attributes (variety, challenge, autonomy)
Developed a
theoretical
framework
They offer propositions about the effects of
job attributes and leadership as main effects
on state and behavioural engagement and as
moderators of the relationships among the
three facets of engagement.
They conclude with thoughts about the
measurement of the three facets of
engagement and potential antecedents,
especially measurement via employee
surveys.
Developing and validating engagement measurement instruments
Schaufeli
et al.,
2002,
2006
UWES identified three
sub-dimensions of
engagement: vigour,
dedication, absorption;
characteristics of
17 item scale
• Vigour (6),
• Dedication (5),
• Absorption (6)
• Nine item scale
Confirmatory
factor analysis;
Multiple-
group
confirmatory
Confirmed UWES (17 and nine item scales)
validity and reliability as a representative
instrument of
engagement in multinational cultural contexts
and samples
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Author(s)
Purpose of the study/
Measuring Instrument
Dimensions Method/Analysis Key Findings*
engagement are more
persistent and pervasive
affective-cognitive
psychological state’
• Vigour (3),
• Dedication (3),
• Absorption (3)
factor analysis
May et al.,
2004
To test Kahn’s (1990)
conceptualisation of
engagement by
examining the
determinants and
mediating effects of three
psychological conditions
(meaningfulness, safety
and availability) on
engagement at work
• Psychological engagement (13)
• Psychological meaningfulness (6)
• Psychological safety (3)
• Psychological availability (5)
• Job enrichment (15)
• Work role fit (4)
• Rewarding co-worker relations (10)
• Supportive supervision relations (10)
• Co-worker norm adherence (3)
• Resources (8)
• Self-consciousness (3)
• Outside activities (11)
Questionnaire;
path analysis
Among the three psychological conditions,
meaningfulness displays the strongest
relation to engagement. The relationships of
job enrichment and work role fit to
engagement are partially mediated by
psychological safety.
Model developed: Path-analytic framework of
engagement.
Barnes &
Collier,
2013
To contribute to the
developing literature on
work engagement by
studying antecedents,
outcomes and
measurement,
specifically in a services
environment
Use existing measures to construct a 42 item
instrument:
• Work engagement
• Service climate (5)
• Job satisfaction (4)
• Affective commitment
• Adaptability (5)
• Career commitment (6)
Questionnaire;
Structural
equation
modelling
Empirical evidence that service climate, job
satisfaction and affective commitment
influence work engagement;
Work engagement is conceptualised as a
multidimensional higher order construct that
exhibits a superior fit compared to a simple
first order conceptualization
Validating engagement measurement instruments
Storm &
Rothman,
2003
Self-report questionnaire
to
assess work engagement
(UWES)
• Work engagement scale – UWES (24 items
consisting of vigour, dedication and absorption)
Structural
equation
modelling
Structural equation modelling confirms a
three-factor model of work engagement
consisting of vigour, dedication and
absorption.
Balducci,
Fraccaroli
&
Schaufeli,
2010
Validating the nine-factor
UWES (Italian)
• Vigour
• Dedication
• Absorption
Multiple-group
confirmatory
factor analyses
The Italian version of the UWES-9 behaves
consistently with its original Dutch version
Christian
et al.,
2011
To test the model of
Macey and Schneider
(2008)
• Autonomy
• Task variety
• Task significance
• Feedback
• Transformational leadership
• Conscientiousness
• Positive affect
• Work engagement
• Task performance
• Contextual performance
Meta-analytic
path modelling
(The data
suggest that
Macey and
Schneider’s
[2008] assertion
appears to have
merit: rather than
being merely a
blend of “old
wines”,
engagement also
has
characteristics of
“new wines”.)
The path model suggests that task variety
and task significance appear to be related to
engagement.
They found tentative evidence that leadership
is related to work engagement and work
engagement is related to job performance.
Mills et al.,
2012
Validating UWES 17- and
nine item scale
• Vigour
• Dedication
• Absorption
Exploratory factor
analysis;
confirmatory
factor analysis
Supports a multifactorial conceptualisation of
the construct
Viljavec et
al., 2012
Investigated validity of
UWES and May et al.
2004 scale measuring
engagement
UWES
(vigour, dedication and absorption)
May et al. 2004
(cognitive, emotional and physical)
Questionnaire;
Confirmatory
factor analysis
and structural
equation
modelling
Some evidence for convergent, discriminant
and predictive validity was found for both
scales, although neither showed discriminant
validity with regard to job satisfaction. Overall,
the three factors of the UWES performed
slightly better across analyses than the three
factors from the May, Gilson and Harter
(2004) measure.
Studies testing engagement and related concepts
Laschinger
& Leiter,
To test a theoretical
model of professional
• Strong leadership (4)
• RN/MD collaboration (9)
Questionnaire;
structural
Burnout partially mediates the relationship
between work-life factors and adverse
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Author(s)
Purpose of the study/
Measuring Instrument
Dimensions Method/Analysis Key Findings*
2006 nurses’ work
environments linking
conditions for
professional nursing
practice to
burnout/engagement and
nurses’ reports of
adverse patient events
• Policy involvement (3)
• Staffing adequacy (4)
• Nursing model of care (8)
• Emotional exhaustion (9)
• Depersonalisation (5)
• Personal accomplishment (8)
• Adverse events (multi-analysis question)
equation
modelling
events. A work environment with higher
support for professional practice results in
higher engagement and ultimately safer
patient care.
Salanova
et al.,
2005
To test the mediating role
of service climate
between the antecedents
(organisational resources
and work engagement)
and employee
performance and
customer loyalty
• Organisational resources (training, autonomy,
technology) (11)
• Service climate (4)
• Work engagement – UWES (vigour, dedication,
absorption) (17)
• Employee performance (6)
• Customer loyalty (3)
Structural
equation
modelling
A full mediation model in which organisational
resources and work engagement predict
service climate, which in turn predicts
employee performance and customer loyalty,
is supported.
Hakanen
et al.,
2006
To test a model with two
parallel processes of
work-related well-being
among teachers: an
energetic process and a
motivational process
• Work engagement – UWES (vigour, dedication,
absorption) (17)
• Burnout and ill health (10)
• Job demands and resources – eight dimensions
(20)
• Organisational commitment (2)
Questionnaire;
structural
equation
modelling
Burnout mediates the effect of high job
demands on ill health, work engagement
mediates the effects of job resources on
organisational commitment and burnout
mediates the effects of a lack of resources on
low work engagement.
Llorens et
al., 2006
To simultaneously test
the job–demands–
resource model in two
countries by using
different occupational
samples
• Work engagement – UWES (vigour, dedication,
absorption) (17)
• Quantitative overload (3)
• Emotional overload (3)
• Job control (5)
• Social support (5)
• Performance feedback (3)
• Organisational commitment (4)
• Burnout (9)
Based on Spanish questionnaire
Questionnaire;
structural
equation
modelling
The hypothesis is partially supported: burnout
partially mediates the effect of job demands
on organisational commitment and work
engagement partially mediates the effect of
job resources on organisational commitment.
Hallberg et
al., 2007
To examine the effects of
type A behaviour patterns
on burnout and work
engagement
• Autonomy
• Workload
• Achievement striving
• Irritability/Impatience
• Work engagement – UWES (9)
• Emotional exhaustion – burnout
• Cynicism – burnout
Questionnaire,
hierarchical
regression
analysis
Type A behaviour and work engagement
share only 13% of common variance; no
significant interactions between type A and
workload.
Note: * may be influenced by type/kind of sample (e.g. probability vs non-probability like convenience); ( ) No of items if available
Adapted from Simpson (2009)
The researchers in this study started with a pool of 91 items that had to be measured, as reflected by the existing theory
and after investigating other research as indicated in Table 1. The process that was followed to select the items was as
follows:
• List all possible items, as per theoretical research, per proposition.
• Categorise items according to dimensions and sub-dimensions.
• Select only items which adhere to the criteria of item construction, such as:
ƒ those that reflected the purpose of the questionnaire and the constructs of interest
ƒ those that were seemingly redundant – to ensure that the content, which is common to the items of each
dimension, will summate across items
ƒ in the item pool, a larger number than intended was used in the final questionnaire (to reduce possible poor
internal consistency) that were not exceptionally lengthy
ƒ those that had appropriate reading difficulty levels to ensure that participants from all language groups and
education levels would understand them
ƒ those that were clear and concise with no problematic wording
ƒ those that had appropriate grammatical structures and word choices
(DeVellis, 2003)
After discussions with various experts in the field of Industrial and Organisational Psychology and the field of
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Human Resources, items were (where needed) rephrased or added (or overlapping items were deleted), leaving a pool of
82 items.
The instrument consisted of two sections, namely a section collecting biographical/demographic information
(qualifications, experience and tenure) and a section soliciting responses, using a five-point Likert scale, on statements
about engagement at the individual level (50 statements), team/departmental level (12 statements) and organisational
level (10 statements).
Table 2 gives an overview of the propositions, dimensions, dimension definitions, sub-dimensions, examples of
typical items and the level of engagement measured. As shown in Table 2, it appears as if some items may be used to
measure more than one proposition. However, this will be clarified by factor analysis and item analysis when validating
the instrument.
Table 2: Proposed propositions, dimensions, items and levels of engagement
Proposition Dimension/Sub-dimension Typical Items Levels of engagement
Proposition 1: Satisfaction
This dimension measures aspects such as
the energy at work, if the work is inspiring
and enjoyable.
Dimension: Satisfaction Individual level
Sub-dimension: Feeling of energy • At my work I feel bursting with energy.
Sub-dimension: Enthusiasm • I feel enthusiastic about my work.
Proposition 2: Organisational
commitment
Consisting of 3 sub-dimensions this
construct measures energy to support the
organisation, feeling pride to be a member
of the organisation and personal
identification with the organisation.
Dimension: Organisational
commitment
Individual level
Sub-dimension: Energy to support
the organisation
• I feel committed to the organisation.
Sub-dimension: Feel pride as an
organisational member
• Our brand is well known in the market.
Sub-dimension: Personal
identification with the organisation
• I am excited by our vision and mission.
Proposition 3: Job involvement
Focuses on task engagement and job
commitment.
Dimension: Job involvement Individual level
Sub-dimension: Task engagement • My job role is clearly defined.
Sub-dimension: Job commitment • I enjoy my work.
Proposition 4: Feelings of empowerment
The dimension focuses on the necessary
knowledge and skills needed as well as the
work environment.
Dimension: Feelings of
empowerment
• I have the necessary knowledge to do
my job.
• I have the necessary skills to do my job.
Individual level
Proposition 5: Job and work settings
The focus of this dimension is feelings of
persistence, vigour, energy and dedication.
Dimension: Job and work setting
(feelings of persistence, vigour,
energy, dedication, etc)
• My job is meaningful to me.
• I feel my work provides for work-life
balance.
Individual level
Proposition 6: Feelings regarding
involvement
The concepts of self-esteem, self-efficiency
and self-identity are measured.
Dimension: Feelings regarding
involvement
• My role makes good use of my skills
and abilities.
• In our organisation individual employees
accept accountability for their
performance.
Organisational level
Proposition 7: Engagement behaviours
Innovative behaviours and initiative are
measured.
Dimension: Engagement behaviours • The organisation has a stimulating
environment.
• Initiative is encouraged in the
organisation.
Organisational level
Proposition 8: Engagement behaviour
actions
This dimension focuses on behaviours
related to work engagement
Dimension: Engagement behaviour
actions
• I get carried away when I am working.
• When I get up in the morning, I feel like
going to work.
Individual level
Proposition 9: Role expansion
behaviours
The focus of this dimension is on aspects
such as job related opportunities and
challenges
Dimension: Role expansion
behaviours
• At my job, I always persevere even
when things do not go well.
• I feel our service to our customers
usually exceeds their expectations.
Individual level
Proposition 10: Behavioural engagement
The focus in this dimension is on teamwork.
Dimension: Behaviour engagement • In my team we will finalise a task even if
we experience difficulties.
• In my team we adapt to changes.
Organisational/team level
Proposition 11: Engagement as a
disposition
The concepts of conscientiousness,
proactive personality and autotelic
personality are measured.
Dimension: Engagement as a
disposition
Organisational/team and
individual levels
Sub-dimension:
Conscientiousness
• My team conducts their work in an
orderly manner.
Sub-Dimension: The proactive
personality
• Mistakes are viewed as a learning
opportunity in our organisation.
Sub-dimension: Autotelic personality • I am often so consumed in my job I lose
track of time.
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Proposition Dimension/Sub-dimension Typical Items Levels of engagement
Proposition 12: Engagement outputs
Productivity, customer satisfaction,
revenues and leadership are included in this
dimension.
Dimension: Engagement outputs • We identify the opportunities for our
customers.
• My immediate manager inspires people
in my team.
Organisational level
Proposition 13: Feelings of trust
Trust between managers, subordinates and
colleagues are measured.
Dimension: Feelings of trust • I trust my immediate manager.
• I trust my colleagues.
Individual level
Proposition 14: Personal and
environment fit issues on engagement
Team goal achievement is measured, as
well as organisational conditions,
organisational strategy and performance
measurement.
Dimension: Personal and
environment fit issues on
engagement
Team/organisational level
Sub-dimension: Goal achievement • My team continuously strives to improve
performance in line with our business
objectives.
Sub-dimension: Organisational
conditions
• In my organisation managers accept
responsibility for their business units.
6. Conclusion and Implications
The main research objective of this study was to develop a measurement instrument to measure employee engagement
concurrently at both the individual level and organisational level, tailored for the South African context. Most engagement
measurement instruments are designed to measure engagement at either the individual level (Kahn, 1990; Rothman &
Rothman, 2010; Schaufeli & Salanova, 2011) or the organisational level (Q12 of Gallup). Furthermore, there is no
consensus in the literature on the dimensions comprising engagement, nor on the labels identifying these dimensions
(Dalal et al., 2008; Frese, 2008; Griffin et al., 2008; Hirschfeld & Thomas, 2008; Macey & Schneider, 2008; Masson et al.,
2008; Schaufeli & Salanova, 2011; Simpson, 2009; Van Rooy et al., 2011). The engagement measurement instrument
reflects the different levels of engagement as well as a variety of dimensions as indicated in the (adapted) Macey and
Schneider (2008) framework.
The researchers concluded that engagement is indeed a complex construct. It is recommended that this instrument
be validated to ensure its reliability and factorial validity for the South African context and to determine whether it covers,
in its current form, acceptable psychometric properties that can be used to measure the core components of employee
engagement. It is envisaged that the proposed measuring instrument will be revised and adapted more than once before
it will cover most of the core components of employee engagement.
A possible limitation is that only sources in English were consulted.
It is suggested that future research be conducted to test the measuring instrument for reliability and validity in
various South African environments and that the theoretical model should also be tested by means of structural equation
modelling to determine the relationships between dimensions. These represent steps 2 to 6 of the scale development
process of Hinkin (1998) as portrayed in Figure1.
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