This paper develops an econometric model of development in India using artificial neural networks. The model has two sub-models: 1) an economic model relating GDP to agriculture, industry, services and HDI and 2) a human development model relating HDI to education index, health index and GDP. The models are implemented using neural network tools in MATLAB. Validation results show coefficients above 0.99, indicating the models successfully capture the relationships between economic and human development indicators in India. The models can be used to estimate the impact of changes in economic sectors on GDP and HDI to inform policy planning.
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR RURAL EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN INDIACSCJournals
The economic divide between urban and rural sectors coupled with the unbalanced growth within the rural economy, is a major hurdle in the growth of Indian Economy. The existing government-run employment schemes are subsidized credit based schemes, which are good for any feasible project. However, with the kind of educational and economical background of rural population, there is a need to go a step backward and show them a way to mobilize what they have in terms of possible resources. This paper takes an inductive approach to explore and arrive at a conceptual framework for generating income in the rural economy. The framework is based on the analysis of primary data collected through focused group discussions. Unlike government run employment schemes, the proposed framework incorporates the efforts and social intentions of different segments of society and integrates social intent with profitability thereby, ensuring better sustainability and commitment to the cause.
One of the most pressing problems facing the Kenyan economy is the high rates of unemployment,
which has been erratic over the past few years. To examine the existing relationship between unemployment and
economic growth, this paper employed Johansen Cointegration, error correction mechanism (ECM),
Finding a recipe that unlocks rapid growth and job creation should be the priority of emerging economies. Several theories of growth, employment and wage determination were efficient for certain economies at different periods, but not for other emerging economies like Nigeria. This study presents the Labour-Entrepreneurship Substitution mechanism as an idealistic model of growth, employment and wage determination. It is uniquely designed to accumulate capital, substitute labour for entrepreneurship as prospective supply of labour grows beyond its initial level, boost employment and output via new investments. Error correction mechanism of Autoregressive least square technique was used to measure the influence of labour-entrepreneurship substitution rate on the ‘new investment’, and the t-statistics, adopting Benferron’s multiple comparison adjusted probabilities was further used to measure the significance of the ‘new investment’ in determining gross domestic product in Nigeria. The labour-entrepreneurship substitution rate showed significant and positive impact on the new investment as the new investment also showed significant and positive impact on economic growth in Nigeria. Emerging and developed countries should develop the labour-entrepreneurship substitution as this will increase investment and output while creating full employment in the country.
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR RURAL EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN INDIACSCJournals
The economic divide between urban and rural sectors coupled with the unbalanced growth within the rural economy, is a major hurdle in the growth of Indian Economy. The existing government-run employment schemes are subsidized credit based schemes, which are good for any feasible project. However, with the kind of educational and economical background of rural population, there is a need to go a step backward and show them a way to mobilize what they have in terms of possible resources. This paper takes an inductive approach to explore and arrive at a conceptual framework for generating income in the rural economy. The framework is based on the analysis of primary data collected through focused group discussions. Unlike government run employment schemes, the proposed framework incorporates the efforts and social intentions of different segments of society and integrates social intent with profitability thereby, ensuring better sustainability and commitment to the cause.
One of the most pressing problems facing the Kenyan economy is the high rates of unemployment,
which has been erratic over the past few years. To examine the existing relationship between unemployment and
economic growth, this paper employed Johansen Cointegration, error correction mechanism (ECM),
Finding a recipe that unlocks rapid growth and job creation should be the priority of emerging economies. Several theories of growth, employment and wage determination were efficient for certain economies at different periods, but not for other emerging economies like Nigeria. This study presents the Labour-Entrepreneurship Substitution mechanism as an idealistic model of growth, employment and wage determination. It is uniquely designed to accumulate capital, substitute labour for entrepreneurship as prospective supply of labour grows beyond its initial level, boost employment and output via new investments. Error correction mechanism of Autoregressive least square technique was used to measure the influence of labour-entrepreneurship substitution rate on the ‘new investment’, and the t-statistics, adopting Benferron’s multiple comparison adjusted probabilities was further used to measure the significance of the ‘new investment’ in determining gross domestic product in Nigeria. The labour-entrepreneurship substitution rate showed significant and positive impact on the new investment as the new investment also showed significant and positive impact on economic growth in Nigeria. Emerging and developed countries should develop the labour-entrepreneurship substitution as this will increase investment and output while creating full employment in the country.
Effect of Small and Medium Enterprises on Employment Generation in Nigeriaijtsrd
Employing the regression model, this study examines the effect of small and medium enterprises on employment generation in Nigeria. The findings revealed that small and medium enterprise development and per capita income are statistically significant in explaining employment generation in Nigeria while commercial bank credits to SMEs, infrastructure, foreign aids and human capital development are statistically insignificant in explaining employment generation in Nigeria. The study recommends among others that the government should adopt high import tariff and low import quotas to encourage our local industries grow and create adequate employment thereby reducing dependence on imported goods. Edoko, Tonna David | Agbasi, Obianuju Emmanuela | Ezeanolue Uju Scholastica"Effect of Small and Medium Enterprises on Employment Generation in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14448.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-administration/14448/effect-of-small-and-medium-enterprises-on-employment-generation-in-nigeria/edoko-tonna-david
Human Resources and Economic DevelopmentAyesha Arshad
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RESOURCES & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS OF HUMAN RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF HR DEVELOPMENT
COMPONENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL/ NON-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
CONSEQUENCES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: TRANSFORMATION OF THE GROWTH CONCEPTIJMIT JOURNAL
The digital economy is transforming the traditional concepts of economic growth.The recent reversal trend
in GDP growth of ICT leaders can be attributed to effective utilization of soft innovation resources in
Finland and adherence to traditional resources in Singapore.Confronting a productivity decline in the
digital economy, global information and communication technology (ICT) leaders are transforming
business models into those with uncaptured GDP creation. This can be attributed tothe harnessing soft
innovation resourcesagainst a productivity decline. This in turn activates a self-propagating function and
induces supra-functionality beyond economic value corresponding to a shift in people’s preferences. It also
contributes to removingstructural impediments in GDP growth.Empirical analyses utilizing the
development trajectories of 500 global ICT firms and also world ICT leadersFinland and Singapore
demonstratedthese hypothetical views andprovided an insightful suggestion as to overcome aproductivity
decline in the digital economy.
Nehru's economic policies and the challenges of globalizationDayamani Surya
Nehru's economic policies failed because he could not build institutions and organizational structures to implement his vision or policies or to mobilize the people behind them; he created no social instruments and this led to a general weakness in execution of his policies and ideas, and was a major reason for the shortcomings in the implementation of the land reforms, the execution of the Community Development programme and the management of the public sector.
A critical flaw of Nehru’s strategy of consolidation of the Indian nation, economic development and social transformation flowed from his non-adherence to the Gandhian strategy of non-violent struggle in one crucial aspect and its emphasis on the mobilization of the people.
A New Methodology for Assessing the Minimum Need of Bedrooms Number and Size ...drboon
When comparing dwellings size and percentages in most of the current housing developments in Iraq with household’s size and distribution, they rarely match. That may lead to reducing the accessibility of families to satisfy their housing need. Since there is no up-to-date practical local methodology or criterion available for assessing minimum need of bedrooms number and size for dwellings and their percentages, this research established one.
This research suggested a methodology to classify families of a community to subgroups by their children’s number and gender, calculate their percentages and allocating the appropriate size of dwellings. The research results show that the methodology can determine the various required types and percentages of dwellings that can match minimum need of low income families. It also shows that greater diversification of dwelling units size is essential in local residential developments which differs from what is implemented in the majority of these developments. The research recommends extending studies to assess the need for other local governorates of bigger average family size and assess the future required bedrooms extension for originating and growing families to reduce their movements.
Proposed solution which can convey how the nature of work is changing and what your country / sector governments can do to prepare and support their workforces
Emergence of india as an economic super powerKavya B.S
Four important strategies for our Economy to prosper is that of:
1) Inclusive growth
2) Environmental concern
3) Investment in innovation
4)Curbing of Black Money
thus explaining each of them.
Open Data Analytical Model for Human Development Index to Support Government ...Andry Alamsyah
The transparency nature of Open Data is beneficial for citizens to evaluate government work performance. In Indonesia, each government bodies or ministry have their own standard operation procedure on data treatment resulting in incoherent information between agent and likely to miss valuable insight. Therefore, our motivation is to show the advantage of Open Data movement to support unified government decision making. We use dataset from data.go.id which publish official data from each government bodies. The idea is by using those official but limited data, we can find important pattern. The case study is on Human Development Index value prediction and its clustered nature. We explore the data pattern using two important data analytics methods classification and clustering procedure. Data analytics is the collection of activities to reveal unknown data pattern. Specifically, we use Artificial Neural Network classification and K-means clustering. The classification objective is to categorize different level of Human Development Index of cities or region in Indonesia based on Gross Domestic Product, Number of Population in Poverty, Number of Internet User, Number of Labors and Number of Population indicators data. We determined which city belongs to four categories of Human Development stated by UNDP standard. The clustering objective is to find the group characteristics between Human Development Index and Gross Domestic Product.
An Application of Logit Regression on Socio Economic Indicators in Gujaratijtsrd
The use of real time evaluation technologies to think about human behavior in a social setting is known as social experiences. This can be refined by examining a social gathering of individuals, reviewing a subset of data insights, and assessing a large amount of data relating to people and their behavior in a quantitative manner. In this study researcher examined Socio Economics indicators like Education, Health and Employment in Gujarat he also used Logit Regression as a statistical tool. It will be found that the most of the Sub Indicators are positively impact on Logit Regression model. Dr. Mahesh Vaghela "An Application of Logit Regression on Socio Economic Indicators in Gujarat" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42573.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/42573/an-application-of-logit-regression-on-socio-economic-indicators-in-gujarat/dr-mahesh-vaghela
Effect of Small and Medium Enterprises on Employment Generation in Nigeriaijtsrd
Employing the regression model, this study examines the effect of small and medium enterprises on employment generation in Nigeria. The findings revealed that small and medium enterprise development and per capita income are statistically significant in explaining employment generation in Nigeria while commercial bank credits to SMEs, infrastructure, foreign aids and human capital development are statistically insignificant in explaining employment generation in Nigeria. The study recommends among others that the government should adopt high import tariff and low import quotas to encourage our local industries grow and create adequate employment thereby reducing dependence on imported goods. Edoko, Tonna David | Agbasi, Obianuju Emmanuela | Ezeanolue Uju Scholastica"Effect of Small and Medium Enterprises on Employment Generation in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14448.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-administration/14448/effect-of-small-and-medium-enterprises-on-employment-generation-in-nigeria/edoko-tonna-david
Human Resources and Economic DevelopmentAyesha Arshad
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RESOURCES & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS OF HUMAN RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF HR DEVELOPMENT
COMPONENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL/ NON-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
CONSEQUENCES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: TRANSFORMATION OF THE GROWTH CONCEPTIJMIT JOURNAL
The digital economy is transforming the traditional concepts of economic growth.The recent reversal trend
in GDP growth of ICT leaders can be attributed to effective utilization of soft innovation resources in
Finland and adherence to traditional resources in Singapore.Confronting a productivity decline in the
digital economy, global information and communication technology (ICT) leaders are transforming
business models into those with uncaptured GDP creation. This can be attributed tothe harnessing soft
innovation resourcesagainst a productivity decline. This in turn activates a self-propagating function and
induces supra-functionality beyond economic value corresponding to a shift in people’s preferences. It also
contributes to removingstructural impediments in GDP growth.Empirical analyses utilizing the
development trajectories of 500 global ICT firms and also world ICT leadersFinland and Singapore
demonstratedthese hypothetical views andprovided an insightful suggestion as to overcome aproductivity
decline in the digital economy.
Nehru's economic policies and the challenges of globalizationDayamani Surya
Nehru's economic policies failed because he could not build institutions and organizational structures to implement his vision or policies or to mobilize the people behind them; he created no social instruments and this led to a general weakness in execution of his policies and ideas, and was a major reason for the shortcomings in the implementation of the land reforms, the execution of the Community Development programme and the management of the public sector.
A critical flaw of Nehru’s strategy of consolidation of the Indian nation, economic development and social transformation flowed from his non-adherence to the Gandhian strategy of non-violent struggle in one crucial aspect and its emphasis on the mobilization of the people.
A New Methodology for Assessing the Minimum Need of Bedrooms Number and Size ...drboon
When comparing dwellings size and percentages in most of the current housing developments in Iraq with household’s size and distribution, they rarely match. That may lead to reducing the accessibility of families to satisfy their housing need. Since there is no up-to-date practical local methodology or criterion available for assessing minimum need of bedrooms number and size for dwellings and their percentages, this research established one.
This research suggested a methodology to classify families of a community to subgroups by their children’s number and gender, calculate their percentages and allocating the appropriate size of dwellings. The research results show that the methodology can determine the various required types and percentages of dwellings that can match minimum need of low income families. It also shows that greater diversification of dwelling units size is essential in local residential developments which differs from what is implemented in the majority of these developments. The research recommends extending studies to assess the need for other local governorates of bigger average family size and assess the future required bedrooms extension for originating and growing families to reduce their movements.
Proposed solution which can convey how the nature of work is changing and what your country / sector governments can do to prepare and support their workforces
Emergence of india as an economic super powerKavya B.S
Four important strategies for our Economy to prosper is that of:
1) Inclusive growth
2) Environmental concern
3) Investment in innovation
4)Curbing of Black Money
thus explaining each of them.
Open Data Analytical Model for Human Development Index to Support Government ...Andry Alamsyah
The transparency nature of Open Data is beneficial for citizens to evaluate government work performance. In Indonesia, each government bodies or ministry have their own standard operation procedure on data treatment resulting in incoherent information between agent and likely to miss valuable insight. Therefore, our motivation is to show the advantage of Open Data movement to support unified government decision making. We use dataset from data.go.id which publish official data from each government bodies. The idea is by using those official but limited data, we can find important pattern. The case study is on Human Development Index value prediction and its clustered nature. We explore the data pattern using two important data analytics methods classification and clustering procedure. Data analytics is the collection of activities to reveal unknown data pattern. Specifically, we use Artificial Neural Network classification and K-means clustering. The classification objective is to categorize different level of Human Development Index of cities or region in Indonesia based on Gross Domestic Product, Number of Population in Poverty, Number of Internet User, Number of Labors and Number of Population indicators data. We determined which city belongs to four categories of Human Development stated by UNDP standard. The clustering objective is to find the group characteristics between Human Development Index and Gross Domestic Product.
An Application of Logit Regression on Socio Economic Indicators in Gujaratijtsrd
The use of real time evaluation technologies to think about human behavior in a social setting is known as social experiences. This can be refined by examining a social gathering of individuals, reviewing a subset of data insights, and assessing a large amount of data relating to people and their behavior in a quantitative manner. In this study researcher examined Socio Economics indicators like Education, Health and Employment in Gujarat he also used Logit Regression as a statistical tool. It will be found that the most of the Sub Indicators are positively impact on Logit Regression model. Dr. Mahesh Vaghela "An Application of Logit Regression on Socio Economic Indicators in Gujarat" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42573.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/42573/an-application-of-logit-regression-on-socio-economic-indicators-in-gujarat/dr-mahesh-vaghela
An Application of Tobit Regression on Socio Economic Indicators in Gujaratijtsrd
The use of factual estimation frameworks to consider human behavior in a social environment is known as social insights. In this study researcher examined. Socio Economics indicators like Education, Health and Employment in Gujarat he also used Tobit Regression as a statistical tool. It will be found that the most of the Sub Indicators are positively impact on Tobit Regression model. Dr. Mahesh Vaghela "An Application of Tobit Regression on Socio Economic Indicators in Gujarat" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46309.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/statistics/46309/an-application-of-tobit-regression-on-socio-economic-indicators-in-gujarat/dr-mahesh-vaghela
The economic development process that occurs in the Subosukawonosraten area causes disparities in
economic growth, poverty, and education levels between districts/cities. These disparities result in inequality in
the human development index (HDI). The aim of this study is to examine the impact of economic growth, poverty,
and education on the H
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON SOCIAL SECTORS IN INDIA FROM 20...IAEME Publication
This paper is to analysis of public expenditure on Social Sector in India from 2001- 2002 to 2017-2018. The term ‘public expenditure’ is a compound of the two words ‘public’ and ‘expenditure’ of which the public represents government and expenditure signifies expenses of money. According to the two words, public expenditure embraces the pecuniary resources of a government-Central, State and local. The role of public policy is supported on the premise that expansion of health care, education and social security can directly improve the quality of life, increase productivity of workforce, lead to higher growth and reduce poverty. The objectives of the study is To Analyse the Growth and Trend of the various Components of the Social Sector Expenditure and To Identify the Determinants of the various Components of the Social Sector Expenditure. The study relies completely on Secondary data regarding the public expenditure on social service sectors in India. Data on public health expenditure have been collected from various budget documents of both India for 17 years from 2001-2002 to 2017- 2018.
Assessing the Impact of Human Capital, Energy Consumption and Environment on ...ijtsrd
This paper investigates the impact of human capital development life expectancy and labor productivity , energy usage, and environmental factors carbon dioxide emissions on the per capita economic sustainable development in Malaysia. We employed the adjusted net savings per capita World Bank to represent the economically sustainable development path in Malaysia. With the assumptions of possible structural breaks along the years of between 1971, and 2013, the Zivot Andrews unit root test was performed on all of the variables concerned. Following the bounds test method, we proposed the auto regressive distributed lag ARDL model for the per capita sustainable development path in Malaysia based on the impact of human capital development and environmental factors. We found that life expectancy, carbon emissions and energy usage have mixed significant effects on adjusted net savings per capita in both the short run and long run in Malaysia. Faridah Pardi | Mohammad Yuzaimi Yasin | Sutina Junos "Assessing the Impact of Human Capital, Energy Consumption and Environment on Sustainable Development Model of Malaysia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33586.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/33586/assessing-the-impact-of-human-capital-energy-consumption-and-environment-on-sustainable-development-model-of-malaysia/faridah-pardi
Institute for Competitiveness, India is the Indian knot in the global network of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness at Harvard Business School. Institute for Competitiveness, India is an international initiative centered in India, dedicated to enlarging and purposeful disseminating of the body of research and knowledge on competition and strategy, as pioneered over the last 25 years by Professor Michael Porter of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness at Harvard Business School. Institute for Competitiveness, India conducts & supports indigenous research; offers academic & executive courses; provides advisory services to the Corporate & the Governments and organises events. The institute studies competition and its implications for company strategy; the competitiveness of nations, regions & cities and thus generate guidelines for businesses and those in governance; and suggests & provides solutions for socio-economic problems.
SMART CITIES CHALLENGES IN INDIA -CASE STUDY OF CHENNAI CITYDr. C.VIJAI
The current study is based on smart city initiatives led by Honourable
Prime Minister Narendra Modi Government; to enhance the life quality
of Indian citizen and residents which has been gaining increasing
importance in the agendas of policymakers. This paper provides with a
comprehensive understanding of the notion of sc through the
elaboration of natural resources and energy, transport and mobility,
buildings, living, government, and economy and people. Results reveal
that a lot of strategies are yet to be decided by the government since
the concept of smart cities is very new in India and there are lot of
challenges that would be faced by the government during the
implementation stage of the smart city project. This paper focuses on
the concept of smart city as the Government of India launched the
smart city project for developing 100 smart cities in the country and
also concentrates on the challenges as well as the key areas for
development of smart cities in India along with the case study of
Chennai.
GAMIFICATION AND RESOURCE POOLING FOR IMPROVING OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND EF...IAEME Publication
The authors of this article attempted combining the two methodologies of
gamification and resource pooling with a view to derive the maximum productivity from
the organization drawing certain significant commonalities. Another biggest motive
behind the authors for combining these two techniques is the fact that eCommerce is a
business vertical or a market place where people from all walks of life participate in
online purchases.
FORECASTING MACROECONOMICAL INDICES WITH MACHINE LEARNING: IMPARTIAL ANALYSIS...ijscai
The importance of economic freedom has often been stressed by supporters of liberalism, but can its actual
effect be observed in a data driven, objective way? To analyze this relation the Economic Freedom of the
World (EFW) index and the Human Development Index (HDI) were examined with modern machine learning algorithms and a wide-ranging approach. Considering the EFW index’s preference of a liberalistic
oriented economic policy, an objective recommendation for creating an economic policy that improves
people’s everyday lives might be derived by the analysis results. It was found that these more advanced
algorithms achieve a considerably stronger correlation between both indices than pure statistical means
yet leave a small room for interpretation towards a counter-liberalistic implementation of demand-driven
economic policy.
Forecasting Macroeconomical Indices with Machine Learning : Impartial Analysi...IJSCAI Journal
The importance of economic freedom has often been stressed by supporters of liberalism, but can its actual
effect be observed in a data driven, objective way? To analyze this relation the Economic Freedom of the
World (EFW) index and the Human Development Index (HDI) were examined with modern machine learning algorithms and a wide-ranging approach. Considering the EFW index’s preference of a liberalistic
oriented economic policy, an objective recommendation for creating an economic policy that improves
people’s everyday lives might be derived by the analysis results. It was found that these more advanced
algorithms achieve a considerably stronger correlation between both indices than pure statistical means
yet leave a small room for interpretation towards a counter-liberalistic implementation of demand-driven
economic policy.
FORECASTING MACROECONOMICAL INDICES WITH MACHINE LEARNING: IMPARTIAL ANALYSIS...ijscai
The importance of economic freedom has often been stressed by supporters of liberalism, but can its actual effect be observed in a data driven, objective way? To analyze this relation the Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) index and the Human Development Index (HDI) were examined with modern machine learning algorithms and a wide-ranging approach. Considering the EFW index’s preference of a liberalistic oriented economic policy, an objective recommendation for creating an economic policy that improves people’s everyday lives might be derived by the analysis results. It was found that these more advanced algorithms achieve a considerably stronger correlation between both indices than pure statistical means yet leave a small room for interpretation towards a counter-liberalistic implementation of demand-driven economic policy.
FORECASTING MACROECONOMICAL INDICES WITH MACHINE LEARNING: IMPARTIAL ANALYSIS...ijscai
The importance of economic freedom has often been stressed by supporters of liberalism, but can its actual
effect be observed in a data driven, objective way? To analyze this relation the Economic Freedom of the
World (EFW) index and the Human Development Index (HDI) were examined with modern machine learning algorithms and a wide-ranging approach. Considering the EFW index’s preference of a liberalistic
oriented economic policy, an objective recommendation for creating an economic policy that improves
people’s everyday lives might be derived by the analysis results. It was found that these more advanced
algorithms achieve a considerably stronger correlation between both indices than pure statistical means
yet leave a small room for interpretation towards a counter-liberalistic implementation of demand-driven
economic policy.
Demographic profile of INDIA - Opportunity or ThreatVijeth Karthik
Demographic change in India is opening up new economic opportunities. As in many countries, declining infant and child mortality helped to spark lower fertility, effectively resulting in a temporary baby boom. As this cohort moves into working
ages, India finds itself with a potentially higher share of workers as compared with dependent. If working-age people can be productively employed, India’s economic growth stands to accelerate. Theoretical and empirical literature on the effect of demographics on labour supply, savings, and economic growth underpins this effort to understand and forecast economic growth in India. Policy choices can potentiate India’s realisation of economic benefits stemming from demographic change. Failure to take advantage of the opportunities inherent in demographic change can lead to economic stagnation.
e terms economic development & economic growth are often understood as referring to the economic progress of a country. These are taken as pointers of higher standard of living and better quality of life. However, the perception of economist in this regard is quite different.
Similar to An Econometric Modeling of Development Process using Artificial Neural Network: A case study of India (20)
Predictive Data Mining with Normalized Adaptive Training Method for Neural Ne...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Predictive data mining is an upcoming and fast-growing field and offers a competitive edge for the benefit of organization. In recent decades, researchers have developed new techniques and intelligent algorithms for predictive data mining. In this research paper, we have proposed a novel training algorithm for optimizing neural networks for prediction purpose and to utilize it for the development of prediction models. Models developed in MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox have been tested for insurance datasets taken from a live data warehouse. A comparative study of the proposed algorithm with other popular first and second order algorithms has been presented to judge the predictive accuracy of the suggested technique. Various graphs have been presented to analyse the convergence behaviour of different algorithms towards point of minimum error.
The development of the Islamic Heritage in Southeast Asia tradition and futur...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This research explores the historical development of Islamic architecture in Southeast Asia from the first idea to design a mosque by the Prophet Mohammad until the development at these days with the various purism passages And as developed up these days with the passages of the development of the traditional type to the postmodern, finally to modern Southeast Asia. The Islamic architecture has been developed in six traditional typologies of types of mosques is renowned throughout the world. Southeast Asia mosques are divided into various types according to the regional culture as Arabic type, Turkish type, the Iranian type, the Indian type, the Chinese type and South East Asian type. This research describes the main characteristics of these types. The main purpose of this research is to draw a correlation between the descriptions of the mosques in Malaysia as presented in the traditional typology that contains in its features in main types, relations in common throughout the Islamic world, however, distinguishes itself with the architectural form according to the local tradition.
An Iot Based Smart Manifold Attendance SystemIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Attendance has been an age old procedure employed in different disciplines of educational institutions. While attendance systems have witnessed growth right from manual techniques to biometrics, plight of taking attendance is undeniable. In fingerprint based attendance monitoring, if fingers get roughed / scratched, it leads to misreading. Also for face recognition, students will have to make a queue and each one will have to wait until their face gets recognised. Our proposed system is employing “manifold attendance” that means employing passive attendance, where at a time, the attendance of multiple people can get captured. We have eliminated the need of queue system / paper-pen system of attendance, and just with a single click the attendance is not only captured, but monitored as well, that too without any human intervention. In the proposed system, creation of database and face detection is done by using the concepts of bounding box, whereas for face recognition we employ histogram equalization and matching technique.
A Novel Approach To Detect Trustworthy Nodes Using Audit Based Scheme For WSNIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In multi-hop ad hoc networks there exists a problem of identifying and isolating misbehaving nodes which refuses to forward packets. Audit-based Misbehavior Detection (AMD) is a comprehensive system that effectively and efficiently isolates both continuous and selective packet droppers. The AMD system integrates reputation management, trustworthy route discovery, and identification of misbehaving nodes based on behavioral audits. Compared to previous methods, AMD evaluates node behavior on a per-packet basis, without employing energy-expensive overhearing techniques or intensive acknowledgment schemes. Moreover, AMD can detect selective dropping attacks even if end-to-end traffic is encrypted and can be applied to multichannel networks or networks consisting of nodes with directional antennas. This work implements the AMD approach by considering the rushing attack. The analysis of the results confirms that AMD based method with rushing attack performs better as compared to the non rushing attack.
Human Resource Competencies: An Empirical AssessmentIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Human beings are the essential part of the process. Today, technology and machines are taking over the human resource, as claimed by many people; but technology and machines can never replace human resource entirely. Humans are required for operating and maintaining these machines. Human resource is extremely important for developing or bringing about new and required changes to these machines and technologies. The study of the history and the current Human Resource Management trends points out some important facts
Prospects and Problems of Non-Governmental Organizations in Poverty Alleviati...IJERDJOURNAL
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Regional Rainfall Frequency Analysis By L-Moments Approach For Madina Region,...IJERDJOURNAL
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An Econometric Modeling of Development Process using Artificial Neural Network: A case study of India
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 13, Issue 1 (January 2017), PP.44-48
44
An Econometric Modeling of Development Process using
Artificial Neural Network: A case study of India
Ashok K Sinha
Director, UST Software India Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi, India
Email id: ak_sinha@ust.net
Abstract: In developing nations GDP is not considered an adequate proxy of development. The per capita
income, the quality of life , level of education are considered more relevant parameters of overall development.
Economists, planners and researchers have been deliberating on this issue until in 1990 UNDP published
Human Development Index [HDI] for all nations in its HDR report [6]. Although there have been several
studies in this regard, however a machine learning based econometric model is not yet available which can
establish the inter-relationship amongst these two variables in a quantified manner. This paper is an attempt in
this direction to develop a model using machine learning approach .The model is implemented using Neural
Network toolbox on MATLAB platform[10] with statistical data available from Planning Commission ,India
and HDR report of UNDP. The model implementation result is found to be satisfactory. The methodology
shown in this paper will be useful in preparing economic planning of India and other developing countries.
Keyword: GDP ,EI, HI,HDI,HDR, ANN
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years there has been a growing concern amongst economists, planners and researchers for
modeling the development process of a nation. The scene is different for developing nations as compared to that
of the developed nation. The problem of developing nation is that they resort to developmental planning as a
means to eliminate poverty and thereby raise their standard of living .For them the economic growth expressed
in GDP is not a sufficient parameter for development planning; instead they target to develop human
capabilities, opportunities and make them knowledgeable as well .In respect of developed nations the human
factors have reached to a level which is less sensitive to economic growth .In Indian context this issue can be
better explained by splitting the total development into the economic development and the human development.
In an attempt to develop computational models for economic development, first classify Indian economic
sectors into three sub-sectors :
(a)Agriculture Sector : This includes the Agriculture core sector ,Livestock ,Forestry , Fisheries and related.
(b)Industry Sector : This includes Manufacturing , Energy ,Water Supply and Construction .
(c)Service Sector : This comprises of services in Trade, Hotels, Transport ,Communication ,Real Estate and
Financial.
The economic development in India is measured in terms of GDP which include the total value of finished
goods and services at market prices produced for final use in the country .Planning Commission India compiles
data on sector-wise GDP growth as shown in Figure 1. Several researchers have attempted to model the
Figure 1 .[% Growth in GDP and share of other sectors at factors cost]
Figure 1[Data From Planning Commission of India]
Economists and researchers have attempted to model the trend of GDP growth over time. Virmani [ 1 ] in his
paper has presented the trend of GDP growth in India in different phases over the years from 1952 to 2003 and
shown that a strong correlation exists between the GDP growth and the rainfall. It says that about 45% of GDP
variation is explained by the fluctuation in rainfall .In this study different breakpoints have been identified
.However this study does not include the influence of economic sectors on GDP growth. Gordon [ 2] has
2. An Econometric Modeling of Development Process using Artificial Neural….
45
developed a model of GDP growth in USA and established that the GDP is dependent heavily on unemployment
rate in the labor market. This model may not be applicable in Indian context .Basu and Annmie [ 3 ] in their
study have made attempt to analyze and understand the group of forces that have influenced the growth of
Indian economy .This study too does not present any econometric analysis of national economy for estimating
GDP growth . In the background of these studies the proposed work is an attempt to develop an input-output
model of economic development process in India.
The essential purpose of economic activity is the promotion of human development .well-being in a
sustainable manner .The decision- making on developmental planning based on GDP were in practice in India
and other countries till 1980 .By this time economists and planners realized the need for defining a new index
called human development index(HDI) which could very well explain the quality of human lives in general.
Sen[4] and Haq [5 ] developed the concept of human development index to include the quality of life as an
important parameter in the planning process for developing countries .Human development is about improving
the standard of human lives by not only enhancing income but also providing opportunities and capabilities for
leading a descent , longer and healthier life while being knowledgeable as well. Realizing the deficiencies of
GDP in explaining the overall development UNDP launched Human Development Report (HDR) for all nations
in 1990 [6] .The HDI is computed on the basis of per capita income, educational index(EI) , and health index
(HI) .The normalized composite index is called Human Development Index .In India HDI is of vital
importance in developmental planning process since a large portion of the population is living below the poverty
line and income inequalities are rising by the day. The data on HDI collected from HDR report of UNDP are
plotted from 1980 to 2015 as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 [ EI,HI and HDI from HDR report of UNDP ]
Several researchers have attempted to establish the relationship between GDP and HDI and resolve the
dichotomy of using either of the index as proxy for national development. Khodarbakshi [7 ] in his paper has
described the importance of a more comprehensive indicator of human development in India. The author has
evaluated relationship and mutual effects of each of the constituents of HDI and concluded that per capita gross
domestic product in Indian economy has little effect on other indicators of HDI. The research, however ,has not
presented any quantitative analysis to support the result. Deb [ 8 ] in his paper has highlighted the limitations of
GDP in reflecting the quality of life and human progress. The research suggest similarity between the ranking of
HDI and per capita GDP which is found valid when compared with aggregate data of all countries, but it varies
with different countries of different income groups. The research has not explored to develop any quantitative
model with comprehensive range of input parameters to study their effects on HDI and GDP and find the
correlation between the two. On the one hand, the economic development measured in GDP influences the
human development index, on the other hand improvement in the quality of human life contribute to growth of
GDP. For developing nation both economic development and human development are important.
II. PROPOSED MODEL
In the background of these studies and research , the objective of this paper is to develop an artificial neural
network [9] based econometric model of national development in India. The model comprises of two sub-
models :
(a) Economic Model : This relates the model output GDP with input vector comprising of agriculture
,industry ,service and HDI
(b) Human Development Model : This relates the output HDI with input vector comprising of
education index, health index and GDP .The model architecture is shown in Figure 3. This model concept is new
as no such attempt has been made by researchers to develop an econometric model of developing nation like
3. An Econometric Modeling of Development Process using Artificial Neural….
46
India, using machine learning approach based on Artificial Neural Network [9] architecture The feature is that
the inter-relationship between GDP and HDI as
Figure 3. [Model of development process]
shown in Figure 3 and validated using time series data available from Planning Commission and HDR report of
UNDP .The model implementation is done using ANN software tools on MATLAB platform[10].
III. MODEL ARCHITECTURE.
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is derived from biological network of neurons in human body[9].
ANN comprises of three layers as shown in Figure 4.The neural network model used in the study is the
multilayer perceptron (MLP) known as a supervised network. This network requires a desired output for
machine learning, achieved by creating a model that correctly relates the input to the output using past data so
that the model can then be used to produce the output when the desired output is unknown. This uses three-layer
architecture: input layer, hidden layer, and output layer.
Xi‟s are the outputs of input layer neurons and b is the bias
Wij‟s are the weights between input layer i and hidden layer j.
Vk‟s are the weights between hidden layers k and the output layers.
At each of the hidden layer neurons the
n
net input is Zj=∑i=1 Wij Xi + bj [ 1]
The activation function is chosen to be sigmoid function as given below. The output of hidden layer
Ho = /(1+ e∑-kZ
j ) , k is a constant [ 2]
IV. MODEL FORMULATION
(a) Economic Development Model:
Hypothesis of this model is that the GDP output in year is a non linear function of input vector of
economic sectors and HDI .
GDP=f [AG ,ID, SV, HDI] [ 3]
Where GDP is the value of Gross Domestic Product at current prices
AG is the value of agriculture at current prices
ID is the value of Industries at current prices
SV is the value of services at current prices
4. An Econometric Modeling of Development Process using Artificial Neural….
47
HDI is the Human Development Index .
The model architecture is represented by Artificial Neural Network (figure 4.) where
Input X = [AG ID SV HDI] T
[4]
Output Y = GDP [5]
(b) Human Development Model:
Hypothesis of this model is that the HDI is a non-linear function of input vector comprising of
educational index EI, the health index HI and the GDP .
HDI = f [EI , HI, GDP] [6]
HDI is the human development index .
EI is the educational index as defined by UNDO in its HDR report
HI is the health index defined by UNDP
GDP is the Gross Domestic Product .
The model architecture is represented by ANN in Figure 4. Where
Input X = [ EI HI GDP]T
[7]
Output Y = HDI [8]
(c) Model Implementation Scheme : Artificial Neural Network based machine learning algorithm [ 11] is
used for calibrating the model in this paper. The ANN algorithm is executed with time-series data set on input
and output variables by using NN toolbox on MATLAB platform [10].Whole data set for each model is divided
into three parts viz., 70% for training ,15% for validation and 15% for testing .
The model computes the weighting coefficients which establishes relationship with input and output
variables in the model. The result expressed in the R coefficient is the degree of correlation between the inputs
and output. „1‟ is the best correlation and „0‟ means random correlation.
V. Data
Data on different variables and HDR report published annually by UNDP. Statistical data on percent
growth in Agriculture ,industry ,Service sector and GDP in India have been collected from Planning
Commission of India[ 12] .Time-series data from 1980 to 2014-15 are shown in Figure1.These data are used
for development of Economic Model . For another model on Human Development data on educational index
,Health index and Human Development index are collected from HDR report compiled annually by UNDP.
Data are plotted over the years from 1980 to 2015 as shown in Figure 2.
VI. Result
Both economic model and human development model are based on Artificial Neural Network
architecture .The machine learning approach is used for training ,validating and testing the model with the input-
output data set on MATLAB platform ,a software package suitable for computational applications[11] .The
result of the economic model is shown in Figure 5.The coefficient of model fitting is 0.99634 which is quite
satisfactory in such real life applications of statistical data. The result validates the model hypothesis in this
work.
As regards the other model on human development similar approach has been used to train, validate
and test the model with the input-output data set taken from Figure 2.The coefficient of model fitting in this case
is 1, which indicates a perfect fit of the model [Figure. 6]. Assuming that in the next year some variation in the
agriculture sector, industry or services take place the paper examines the effect on GDP growth as well as on
HDI .The following cases have been examined by using the model.
Figure 5 [ Validation Result of Economic Model]
5. An Econometric Modeling of Development Process using Artificial Neural….
48
Case 1: With 10% increase in growth rate in agriculture ,industry and service sectors with no change in HDI
,there would be 4% increase in growth rate of GDP
Case 2: With 5% fall in growth of all sectors in case 1 , 2% fall is expected in growth rate of GDP .HDI level
being same
Case 3: With 20% fall in Agriculture growth rate , and no change in growth rate of other sectors ,GDP growth
rate will fall by 5 percent.
Figure 6 [Validation Result of Human Development Model]
VII. CONCLUSION
The model development in this paper establishes the inter-relationship between GDP growth and HDI
of India . The validation results of both the models are very satisfactory the coefficient of model fitting is more
than 0.99 The implementation of the model validates the hypothesis that the quality of life indicated by
educational index(EI) and the state of health by health index( HI ) influence the GDP growth in India .Similarly
the GDP ,EI and HI influence the overall human development index(HDI) in India .The model can be used for
estimating the sensitivity of growth of economic sectors on GDP and HDI .The result will help the economists
and planners for policy planning and decision making in India and in other developing nations as well.
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