This paper investigates the impact of human capital development life expectancy and labor productivity , energy usage, and environmental factors carbon dioxide emissions on the per capita economic sustainable development in Malaysia. We employed the adjusted net savings per capita World Bank to represent the economically sustainable development path in Malaysia. With the assumptions of possible structural breaks along the years of between 1971, and 2013, the Zivot Andrews unit root test was performed on all of the variables concerned. Following the bounds test method, we proposed the auto regressive distributed lag ARDL model for the per capita sustainable development path in Malaysia based on the impact of human capital development and environmental factors. We found that life expectancy, carbon emissions and energy usage have mixed significant effects on adjusted net savings per capita in both the short run and long run in Malaysia. Faridah Pardi | Mohammad Yuzaimi Yasin | Sutina Junos "Assessing the Impact of Human Capital, Energy Consumption and Environment on Sustainable Development Model of Malaysia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33586.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/33586/assessing-the-impact-of-human-capital-energy-consumption-and-environment-on-sustainable-development-model-of-malaysia/faridah-pardi
Economic theories speculate that savings generate investment which in turn creates employment opportunities that give birth to demand, prices, profit and more production expansion. This expansion if properly utilized will lead to economic growth of a country. This paper attempts to investigate the causal relationship between domestic savings, domestic investment and economic growth in Nigeria. The study uses annual time series data from 1970-2015. Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, Johansen cointegration, fully modified least squares; Vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality test based on Toda-Yamamoto procedure were employed in this study. The results shows that all variables are integrated of order one and hence cointegrated. The study finds domestic investment as having positive and significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria in the long-run. The economic impacts of domestic saving and investment on economic growth in the short-run are found to be low, permanent and long lasting. The VECM model has identified a sizeable speed of adjustment by 68.78% for correcting disequilibrium annually for achieving long term equilibrium steady state position. The Granger causality test result shows statistical evidence of bidirectional causality between domestic investment and economic growth and bidirectional causality between domestic savings and domestic investment in the short-run. However, there is no short-run Granger causality between domestic savings and economic growth. The study recommends that promoting investment for higher economic growth is a better policy strategy for Nigeria. Enhancing investment growth through savings is also a policy option suitable for short-run to long-run as evidenced by this study.
Investment in Education Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The paper investigated the relationship between investment in education, entrepreneurship and economic growth in Nigeria using annual time-series data from 1981 to 2013. OLS methodology, Johansen Co-integration and Error correction technique were employed to analyze macroeconomic data sourced from CBN statistical bulletin. The OLS result shows through its 98% goodness of fit value that all variable except unemployment are positively related to the gross domestic product, proxy for economic growth in Nigeria. The Co-integration test and the Error-correction technique revealed that a long-run relationship exists between investment in education, entrepreneurship and economic growth in Nigeria. The study suggests that the government should take appropriate measures to adequately invest in the educational sector and also place more attention on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in order to ensure sustainable economic growth in Nigeria.
Economic theories speculate that savings generate investment which in turn creates employment opportunities that give birth to demand, prices, profit and more production expansion. This expansion if properly utilized will lead to economic growth of a country. This paper attempts to investigate the causal relationship between domestic savings, domestic investment and economic growth in Nigeria. The study uses annual time series data from 1970-2015. Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, Johansen cointegration, fully modified least squares; Vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality test based on Toda-Yamamoto procedure were employed in this study. The results shows that all variables are integrated of order one and hence cointegrated. The study finds domestic investment as having positive and significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria in the long-run. The economic impacts of domestic saving and investment on economic growth in the short-run are found to be low, permanent and long lasting. The VECM model has identified a sizeable speed of adjustment by 68.78% for correcting disequilibrium annually for achieving long term equilibrium steady state position. The Granger causality test result shows statistical evidence of bidirectional causality between domestic investment and economic growth and bidirectional causality between domestic savings and domestic investment in the short-run. However, there is no short-run Granger causality between domestic savings and economic growth. The study recommends that promoting investment for higher economic growth is a better policy strategy for Nigeria. Enhancing investment growth through savings is also a policy option suitable for short-run to long-run as evidenced by this study.
Investment in Education Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The paper investigated the relationship between investment in education, entrepreneurship and economic growth in Nigeria using annual time-series data from 1981 to 2013. OLS methodology, Johansen Co-integration and Error correction technique were employed to analyze macroeconomic data sourced from CBN statistical bulletin. The OLS result shows through its 98% goodness of fit value that all variable except unemployment are positively related to the gross domestic product, proxy for economic growth in Nigeria. The Co-integration test and the Error-correction technique revealed that a long-run relationship exists between investment in education, entrepreneurship and economic growth in Nigeria. The study suggests that the government should take appropriate measures to adequately invest in the educational sector and also place more attention on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in order to ensure sustainable economic growth in Nigeria.
Demographic profile of INDIA - Opportunity or ThreatVijeth Karthik
Demographic change in India is opening up new economic opportunities. As in many countries, declining infant and child mortality helped to spark lower fertility, effectively resulting in a temporary baby boom. As this cohort moves into working
ages, India finds itself with a potentially higher share of workers as compared with dependent. If working-age people can be productively employed, India’s economic growth stands to accelerate. Theoretical and empirical literature on the effect of demographics on labour supply, savings, and economic growth underpins this effort to understand and forecast economic growth in India. Policy choices can potentiate India’s realisation of economic benefits stemming from demographic change. Failure to take advantage of the opportunities inherent in demographic change can lead to economic stagnation.
An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship: Three level analysis for developing E...Dr.Nasir Ahmad
The study was intended to recommend guidelines for developing entrepreneurship
policy in Pakistan. For this purpose An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship was used as
theoretical frame work to analyze empirical research studies and available reports at
three different levels. At micro level, low literacy rate was found to be foremost
requirement for developing entrepreneurship. Lack of knowledge based economic
system was found to be the center of problem at meso level. At macro level, core of the
problem is that policy makers need to understand the spirit of entrepreneurship to plan
economic policy accordingly. It was recommended that efforts may be made to: raise
education level and entrepreneurial orientation of the people; reshaping to knowledge
based economic system; and entrepreneurship may be designated as major pillar of
economic policy
EFFICIENT RESOURCE USE: DOES HUMAN CAPITAL MATTER? THE CASE OF CASSAVA PRODUC...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Sustained growth in productivity is closely
associated with improvement in child nutrition, adult
health, and schooling. In other words, investment in
human capital is at a premium in rural development.
We examined the role of human capital (HC)on
farmer‟s resource use efficiency empirically (RUE).
Population sample covered 6 local government areas
in Oyo state from which 120 households were
selected using multistage sampling technique. An
index of human capital (HC) was developed using
principal component analysis. Controlling for other
covariates, the effect of human capital on resource
use efficiency (RUE) was estimated using the
frontier 4.1 package. Results showed that the mean
HC for the population was 40% and ranged from
11% to 71% maximum. RUE scores ranged from
18.56 percent to 94.42 percent with a mean of 65.18
percent. The result suggests potential increase in
cassava production by 54% through human capital
improvement.
Human Capital Development as a Recipe for Sustainable Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic growth. Thus, enhancing effective investment on education and health has been a tenet of growth and development strategies for most countries. The basic objective of this paper investigated the relationship between human capital (through education and effective health care services) and economic growth in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1981 to 2013. The paper employs OLS methodology with BLUE assumptions, wald test, breusch Godfrey and pairwise granger test was also used to argument the OLS methodology. The result shows that considering the magnitude 1% increase in RGDP (proxy Economic growth) is brought about by 46% increase in (EXPHLTH) expenditure on health, 107% increase in (GFCF) gross fixed capital formation, 92% increase in (TEXPEDU) total expenditure on education, 0.00091% increase in (TLBF) Total labour force. The estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.98 or 98% and it show that the independent variables explain about 80% of the variation in the dependent variable. The findings have a strong implication on educational and health policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational and health investment in order to accelerate growth which would engender economic growth.
Abstract: The paper examines the impact of public sectoral expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1981-2013. It was observed that the growth of government expenditure has not fully felt by the economy. The econometric methodology employed is the ARDL model and results show that while the impact of government expenditure on administration and debt servicing were positive on economic growth in the long and short run, expenditure on economic and social sectors has negative impact. We argue that this may not be unconnected with the high level of corruption prevalent in the public sector where funds that are meant for provision or maintenance of social-economic activities like agriculture, roads, transportations, schools and hospitals are diverted for personal use. The CUSUM and CUSUMSQ test show the model is stable as neither of them cross the 5% boundary. The paper recommended that government should increase expenditure to the social and economic sectors while debts or debt servicing should be reduced. Also, corruption so prevalent in the public sector must be minimized if cannot be eradicated.
Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic growth. Thus, enhancing effective investment on education and health has been a tenet of growth and development strategies for most countries. The basic objective of this paper investigated the relationship between human capital (through education and effective health care services) and economic growth in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1980 to 2012. The paper employs OLS methodology. The result shows that considering the magnitude, 1% increase in GDP is brought about by 22% increase in human capital. This postulates that an increase in allocation to education and health will lead to increase in GDP. The estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.80 or 80% and it show that the independent variables explain about 80% of the variation in the dependent variable. The findings have a strong implication on educational and health policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational and health investment in order to accelerate growth which would engender economic growth.
Incidence of poverty, budget cuts and under development in Nigeria calls for a rethink on the economic planning and
social policies if we really want to see sustainable economic development. This is informed by the increasing
widening gap that has developed overtime between the rich and the poor, and between rural areas and urban areas. It
seems that government‟s provisions are either not enough or failing, this study will want to take a deep look into the
system and provide an alternative way out to ensure and foster cooperation and sustainable economic development in
Nigeria. To do these, the study evaluates the impact of rural road constructions; unemployment and school enrolment
on Poverty Index and Gross Domestic Product. Secondary data was collected from reliable and authentic sources and
these were analyzed by multivariate regression. The result obtained show that Expenditure on Rural Roads (ERC) (β
= -4.177, t-statistic = -1.257; P>0.05), Unemployment Rate (UR) (β = -0.018, t-statistic = -0.035; P>0.05) and
School Enrolment (SE) (β = 0.086; t-statistic = 0.721; P>0.05) were insignificant independent predictors of Poverty
Index. - PI = 62.731-4.177ERC-0.018UR+0.086SE. Also Expenditure on Rural Roads (ERC) (β = -14.452, t-statistic
= -0,265; P>0.05) and Unemployment Rate (UR) (β = -11.644, t-statistic = -1.427; P>0.05) were insignificant
independent predictors of Gross Domestic Product while School Enrolment (SE) (β = 6.424; t-statistic = 3.275;
P<0.05) is a significant independent predictors of Gross Domestic Product. - GDP = -1005.852-14.452ERC11.644UR+6.424SE. These, show the need for Social investment when nearly all acclaimed variables have failed.
Examining the Impact of Export-Led Growth Strategy: Evidences From Nigeria (1...inventionjournals
The Nigerian economy had for decades been dependent on the fragile leg of crude oil exports. An emerging trend however suggests that in the last ten years the economy was growing without job creation and poverty reduction consequent upon fall in the international oil markets. Expectedly, attention of scholars had shifted towards the development of non-oil exports as a substitute for this quagmire. This study analyses Export-Led Growth Strategy in Nigeria using Annual Data between 1960 and 2015. The study adopted the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach on a modified Cobb Douglass Production Function in the analysis. The choice of ARDL is informed by many considerations: it can be used irrespective of whether the regressors are I(1) or I(0) or a mixture of both. Results of the findings revealed that oil exports are directly related to GDP while non-oil exports are not, and implacably non-oil exports do not impact on GDP. The study also revealed that there is a long run relationship between GDP and both components of exports (oil and nonoil) which can be used to determine the possible direction of GDP. And in case of distortion in the economy, equilibrium can be restored at 12 per cent growth rate per annum as one of the study revelations. The study among others recommends that government should diversify the economy to ensure maximum contributions from all facets of the same to enhance economic growth of the country.
Demographic profile of INDIA - Opportunity or ThreatVijeth Karthik
Demographic change in India is opening up new economic opportunities. As in many countries, declining infant and child mortality helped to spark lower fertility, effectively resulting in a temporary baby boom. As this cohort moves into working
ages, India finds itself with a potentially higher share of workers as compared with dependent. If working-age people can be productively employed, India’s economic growth stands to accelerate. Theoretical and empirical literature on the effect of demographics on labour supply, savings, and economic growth underpins this effort to understand and forecast economic growth in India. Policy choices can potentiate India’s realisation of economic benefits stemming from demographic change. Failure to take advantage of the opportunities inherent in demographic change can lead to economic stagnation.
An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship: Three level analysis for developing E...Dr.Nasir Ahmad
The study was intended to recommend guidelines for developing entrepreneurship
policy in Pakistan. For this purpose An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship was used as
theoretical frame work to analyze empirical research studies and available reports at
three different levels. At micro level, low literacy rate was found to be foremost
requirement for developing entrepreneurship. Lack of knowledge based economic
system was found to be the center of problem at meso level. At macro level, core of the
problem is that policy makers need to understand the spirit of entrepreneurship to plan
economic policy accordingly. It was recommended that efforts may be made to: raise
education level and entrepreneurial orientation of the people; reshaping to knowledge
based economic system; and entrepreneurship may be designated as major pillar of
economic policy
EFFICIENT RESOURCE USE: DOES HUMAN CAPITAL MATTER? THE CASE OF CASSAVA PRODUC...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Sustained growth in productivity is closely
associated with improvement in child nutrition, adult
health, and schooling. In other words, investment in
human capital is at a premium in rural development.
We examined the role of human capital (HC)on
farmer‟s resource use efficiency empirically (RUE).
Population sample covered 6 local government areas
in Oyo state from which 120 households were
selected using multistage sampling technique. An
index of human capital (HC) was developed using
principal component analysis. Controlling for other
covariates, the effect of human capital on resource
use efficiency (RUE) was estimated using the
frontier 4.1 package. Results showed that the mean
HC for the population was 40% and ranged from
11% to 71% maximum. RUE scores ranged from
18.56 percent to 94.42 percent with a mean of 65.18
percent. The result suggests potential increase in
cassava production by 54% through human capital
improvement.
Human Capital Development as a Recipe for Sustainable Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic growth. Thus, enhancing effective investment on education and health has been a tenet of growth and development strategies for most countries. The basic objective of this paper investigated the relationship between human capital (through education and effective health care services) and economic growth in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1981 to 2013. The paper employs OLS methodology with BLUE assumptions, wald test, breusch Godfrey and pairwise granger test was also used to argument the OLS methodology. The result shows that considering the magnitude 1% increase in RGDP (proxy Economic growth) is brought about by 46% increase in (EXPHLTH) expenditure on health, 107% increase in (GFCF) gross fixed capital formation, 92% increase in (TEXPEDU) total expenditure on education, 0.00091% increase in (TLBF) Total labour force. The estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.98 or 98% and it show that the independent variables explain about 80% of the variation in the dependent variable. The findings have a strong implication on educational and health policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational and health investment in order to accelerate growth which would engender economic growth.
Abstract: The paper examines the impact of public sectoral expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1981-2013. It was observed that the growth of government expenditure has not fully felt by the economy. The econometric methodology employed is the ARDL model and results show that while the impact of government expenditure on administration and debt servicing were positive on economic growth in the long and short run, expenditure on economic and social sectors has negative impact. We argue that this may not be unconnected with the high level of corruption prevalent in the public sector where funds that are meant for provision or maintenance of social-economic activities like agriculture, roads, transportations, schools and hospitals are diverted for personal use. The CUSUM and CUSUMSQ test show the model is stable as neither of them cross the 5% boundary. The paper recommended that government should increase expenditure to the social and economic sectors while debts or debt servicing should be reduced. Also, corruption so prevalent in the public sector must be minimized if cannot be eradicated.
Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic growth. Thus, enhancing effective investment on education and health has been a tenet of growth and development strategies for most countries. The basic objective of this paper investigated the relationship between human capital (through education and effective health care services) and economic growth in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1980 to 2012. The paper employs OLS methodology. The result shows that considering the magnitude, 1% increase in GDP is brought about by 22% increase in human capital. This postulates that an increase in allocation to education and health will lead to increase in GDP. The estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.80 or 80% and it show that the independent variables explain about 80% of the variation in the dependent variable. The findings have a strong implication on educational and health policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational and health investment in order to accelerate growth which would engender economic growth.
Incidence of poverty, budget cuts and under development in Nigeria calls for a rethink on the economic planning and
social policies if we really want to see sustainable economic development. This is informed by the increasing
widening gap that has developed overtime between the rich and the poor, and between rural areas and urban areas. It
seems that government‟s provisions are either not enough or failing, this study will want to take a deep look into the
system and provide an alternative way out to ensure and foster cooperation and sustainable economic development in
Nigeria. To do these, the study evaluates the impact of rural road constructions; unemployment and school enrolment
on Poverty Index and Gross Domestic Product. Secondary data was collected from reliable and authentic sources and
these were analyzed by multivariate regression. The result obtained show that Expenditure on Rural Roads (ERC) (β
= -4.177, t-statistic = -1.257; P>0.05), Unemployment Rate (UR) (β = -0.018, t-statistic = -0.035; P>0.05) and
School Enrolment (SE) (β = 0.086; t-statistic = 0.721; P>0.05) were insignificant independent predictors of Poverty
Index. - PI = 62.731-4.177ERC-0.018UR+0.086SE. Also Expenditure on Rural Roads (ERC) (β = -14.452, t-statistic
= -0,265; P>0.05) and Unemployment Rate (UR) (β = -11.644, t-statistic = -1.427; P>0.05) were insignificant
independent predictors of Gross Domestic Product while School Enrolment (SE) (β = 6.424; t-statistic = 3.275;
P<0.05) is a significant independent predictors of Gross Domestic Product. - GDP = -1005.852-14.452ERC11.644UR+6.424SE. These, show the need for Social investment when nearly all acclaimed variables have failed.
Examining the Impact of Export-Led Growth Strategy: Evidences From Nigeria (1...inventionjournals
The Nigerian economy had for decades been dependent on the fragile leg of crude oil exports. An emerging trend however suggests that in the last ten years the economy was growing without job creation and poverty reduction consequent upon fall in the international oil markets. Expectedly, attention of scholars had shifted towards the development of non-oil exports as a substitute for this quagmire. This study analyses Export-Led Growth Strategy in Nigeria using Annual Data between 1960 and 2015. The study adopted the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach on a modified Cobb Douglass Production Function in the analysis. The choice of ARDL is informed by many considerations: it can be used irrespective of whether the regressors are I(1) or I(0) or a mixture of both. Results of the findings revealed that oil exports are directly related to GDP while non-oil exports are not, and implacably non-oil exports do not impact on GDP. The study also revealed that there is a long run relationship between GDP and both components of exports (oil and nonoil) which can be used to determine the possible direction of GDP. And in case of distortion in the economy, equilibrium can be restored at 12 per cent growth rate per annum as one of the study revelations. The study among others recommends that government should diversify the economy to ensure maximum contributions from all facets of the same to enhance economic growth of the country.
The Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index is the most comprehensive global ranking of the competitiveness of individual nation-economies in the present and into the future
Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth in Nigeria “Endogenous Growth Approach”iosrjce
The paper adopts a simple endogenous growth model to evaluate the short and long-run impact of
Gross Fixed capital formation, human capital formation, savings and population growth rate on economic
growth in Nigeria. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag model indicates no short and long-run impact of these
variables on economic growth. Also using Pesaran Bound Test and Wald Coefficient Diagnostic Test, we found
no long-run impact of Gross Fixed capital formation, human capital formation, national saving, and population
growth rate on growth. Beside, the error term (et) is rightly signed but not significant and the speed of
adjustment towards equilibrium is very poor at 23.99percent. it is very clear that none of the independent
variables contributed greatly to the variations in the economic growth rate in both short-run and long run
because the impulse they emitted for the both periods fluctuated all through the periods under review with small
percentage impacts. For example the gross fixed capital formation produced 6.12 percent positive shocks for
the ten periods and -4.38 percent negative shocks on economic growth, while human capital formation produced
more negative shocks (-12.48)percent than positive (6.51) for the ten periods. Like-wise national savings and
population- emitted more negative impulse (-6.55, -7.72) than positive (5.89, 6.52) on growth respectively .we
recommend that government should provide an enabling environment that will encourage both domestic and
foreign investment and in addition human capital development through education and in-job training should be
encouraged
Fund Mobilization and Sustainable Economic Growth the Nigerian's Experienceijtsrd
This study examined the extent of relationship that exists between fund mobilization and economic growth in Nigeria from 1990 to 2019 using secondary data obtained from published works and CBN Statistical Bulletin. Bank Deposit BDEP , Gross Domestic Savings GDS and Gross Domestic Investments GDI were used to proxy fund mobilization, while Gross Domestic Product GDP , Per Capital Income PCI and Employment Rate EMR were also used to proxy Economic growth. The formulated hypotheses were regressed using Ordinary Least Square method. The result revealed that fund mobilization has significant relationship on GDP, but insignificant relationship on PCI and EMR. That means that fund mobilization increased the National Wealth GDP , without having any significant increase on people's standard of living PCI and EMR . Based on that result, attainment of a sustainable economic growth is a mere dream. The study advocates for citizenship advancement policy that will create more jobs which will enhance the standard of living of the populace. Again public goods and Education investment programs that can give the citizens equal opportunity to self development can serve as a bailout. Amakor, Ifeoma Chinelo | Eneh, Onyinye Maria-Regina "Fund Mobilization and Sustainable Economic Growth; the Nigerian's Experience" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47568.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/47568/fund-mobilization-and-sustainable-economic-growth-the-nigerian's-experience/amakor-ifeoma-chinelo
The study is on the effect of Net capital inflow on inclusive growth in Nigeria. This study seeks to deepen the understanding on how capital inflow creates opportunity for inclusive growth in Nigeria through increase in GDP per capita. The objective of the study were to : determine the effect of Net capital inflow , Net foreign direct investment and trade openness on inclusive growth in Nigeria. The study employed the time series data in its analysis. The period of analysis spanned through 1980-2015 and the dataset required for the analysis were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin and National bureau of statistics publications. The study conducted trend analysis, descriptive analysis. The data were also tested for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) analytical techniques, cointegration test and error correction mechanism. It was evident from the unit root test that the variables were fractionally integrated while the cointegration test reveals that long run relationship exists among the variables. The findings equally reveal that capital inflow exerts significant negative influence on GDP per capita. This could be attributed to the problem of managing external capital flows which has been sub-optimal in most developing economies including Nigeria. The implication of this finding is that the perceived benefits that are associated with capital inflows tend not to hold sway in Nigeria over the sampled period which may be attributed to institutional and governance failure. Owing to the findings, this study recommends for the adoption of investment friendly policies and ensure transparency and good governance, appropriate economic management practices capable of supporting reforms in the Nigerian financial system and guide international capital inflows to ensure that the associated economic turnarounds are people-centered.
Publication: RITES Journal July 2014
Organization: Rail India Technical and Economic Service (RITES)
Source: www.rites.com
Date: July 2014
Summary: RITES Ltd., Government of India Enterprise was established in 1974, under the aegis of Indian Railways. It publishes an annual journal and discusses topics of contemporary significance.
Note: Please visit www.compad.in for more information
Entrepreneurship A Key to Sustainable Development a Study of North Estern Reg...ijtsrd
Entrepreneurship is considered as a key to sustainable development where entrepreneurs serves as the employers of labour in most part of the country, the study take a brief analysis of the impact of entrepreneurship on sustainable development in north eastern region of Nigeria, a survey research method was adopted to secure the reliable result of the study, 1,667 sampled respondent were successfully participated in the exercise which was determined by taro yamani formula, the analysis was made with the help of statistical package of social science SPSS through which the simple regression analysis was the technique used. Entrepreneurship plays a vital role to make sustainable development possible in north eastern region of the country at 5 level of significant P 0.05 R2=0.782, about 78.2 effect of independent variable Entrepreneurship was explained in the dependent variable sustainable development which opined that there are much entrepreneurship activities in the region for sustainability of the residents as it promotes the strength of the small and medium scale enterprises and many individuals became self reliable and the core employers of labour, the study revealed that entrepreneurship plays an energetic role in the region Adamawa, Borno, Bauchi, Gombe Taraba and Yobe, through which many people were economically developed as a result of entrepreneurship activities. the study recommends that the residents of the region and the nation in general should embark into entrepreneurship to enable a sound sustainable development, Government should intensify the activities of microfinance institutions to enable the residents access their start up capital through, as some of them lag behind entrepreneurial opportunities as a result of capital shortages. Mukhtar Musa Yahaya | Naima Bashir Ado | Usman Muhammad Al-Mansur "Entrepreneurship: A Key to Sustainable Development a Study of North-Estern Region of Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59693.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/59693/entrepreneurship-a-key-to-sustainable-development-a-study-of-northestern-region-of-nigeria/mukhtar-musa-yahaya
Public Expenditure on Education; A Measure for Promoting Economic DevelopmentIOSR Journals
The rational utilization and allocation of public expenditure would result into an economic development of the country. It has been observed that allocation and utilization of expenditure in Pakistan have been very little towards development. The allocation of current expenditure such as debt servicing and defense has increased by a greater percentage every year as compared to education. Money borrowed by the economy over the years, if had been put to the development of projects, the economy would have seen much higher development and growth. The objective of the research lies in evaluating the public expenditure and its role in economic development by considering education as an indicator to social development in Pakistan.
How industrial Development matters for the well-being of the population.Christina Parmionova
There is strong evidence that citizens living
in developed industrialized countries enjoy far
more prosperous and healthy lives than those who reside in least developed countries (LDCs). The former benefit from high levels of education, better social security and health services, sophisticated
transport and communication networks, and access to information, knowledge, technology and
financial facilities required by businesses. This
report presents empirical evidence on the correlation between industrial development and other
dimensions of sustainable development, with
a view to improving the understanding of these
correlations among policy-makers at both national and international level. The report does not draw, however, draw on the causal analysis
of the variables under study
Similar to Assessing the Impact of Human Capital, Energy Consumption and Environment on Sustainable Development Model of Malaysia (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
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investment as mentioned earlier. ANS is measured by
‘adjusting’ the net value of national savings1, having
added with public education expenditure (to signify the
investment in human capital) followed by deducing the
depreciation in the capital (natural resources) and
environmental assets. A simple indicator as noted by
many, the positive value showed an economy moving at a
sustainable path while negative value possesses
otherwise, as when expressed as a fraction of gross
national income (GNI). Although the indicator is often
stated as a ‘weak’ sustainability indicator [4], despite
some drawbacks it is useful, comprehensive and publicly
comparable.
Sustainable Development in Malaysia
Malaysia is a medium-sized country strategically located
in the heart of the South-east Asia region. The country has
sustained rapid economic growth for more than half a
century since its independence. Contributed by fast
development and progress from the three main sectors –
agriculture, manufacturing and services industry, the
country continues to strive towards sustaining her
achievement. With challenging issues such as from the
environmental, social and economic aspects; it wouldbea
tough situation for policymakers to design appropriate
measures for achieving the targets. Hence, our aimforthis
study is to analyze the empirical impact of several factors
toward sustainable development pathin Malaysiawhichis
measured through the Adjusted Net Savings (ANS).
Malaysia has obtained positive ANS rates forty years ago
(which marked the start-up of successful development
plans) and continues to fluctuate throughout the period
(Figure 1). It is interesting to highlight that, while
economic growth usually is measured by the GDP or per
capita GDP2, studiesrelating totheindicatorformeasuring
sustainable development have also become popular in
recent years. In comparison, Malaysia’s per capita income
(GDP per capita) keeps on rising from 1971 until 2013 at
an average of US$5465.49 per year. Looking at the
sustainable development path for Malaysia, the ANS per
capita maintains at the average of US$825 per yearduring
the period, slightly lower and less volatile than what we’ve
seen from the GDP per capita. The uprising income per
capita certainly showed that Malaysia’s economic growth
is on a progressive trend, but it is quite different when we
compare with the trend of per capita economic
sustainability (ANS per capita). The trend of per capita
ANS in Malaysia showed a slightly plain but relatively
volatile with lower values than per capita GDP.
1 Net national savings refers to gross national savings minus
depreciation on fixed capital, while gross national savings
are gross national product/income plus net income abroad.
2
GDP per capita is a measure of average income per person
in a country. GDP per capita divides the GDP by the
population.
Figure 1: Per Capita Income and Sustainable
Development, Malaysia (1971-2013)
Source: WDI, World Bank (various years)
Due to this situation, we anticipatedsomefactorsthat may
influence the path of sustainable developmentin Malaysia.
Our hypothetical assumptionswere madeon thebasisthat
factors that have an impact on economic growth might
also have a possible impact on sustainability. The next
section provides brief literature on the sustainable
development concept and past studies regarding its
determinants. The section is followed by an explanationof
the research method employed in this study and the
analysis of the result in detail. Implications and
conclusions are presented in the last section.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The foundation of the sustainable development concept was
originated from the traditional economic growth model. The
initial model of economic growth was proposed by (Solow,
1956). National savings appeared in this model as one of the
elements that influence the economic growth ofan economy,
indicated by the increase in the level of production (GDP).
The growing concerns and debates about how GDP could
really address social and environmental issues have pursuit
some modifications to the economicgrowthmodel,suchasin
[5] by adding technological progress as the new factor. The
modified model also suggested the concept of
intergenerational equity which tries to answer the earlier
question on how to sustain economic growth. It was
suggested that there were possible ways to go beyond
economic growth, by including some factorsorvariablesthat
could sustain it. Hartwick’s ruleintroducedby[6]wasclosely
related to the founding of the sustainable development
concept in the 1980s. The Hartwick rule’s proposed that
through savings and investment principles,constantstreams
of consumption must be maintained to the ‘infinite’ future
from generations to another in order to keep the capital
‘intact’.
The conceptand main definition of sustainable development
came in the early 1980s from the [7]. The initial idea came
from the word ‘conservation’orrathersustainableutilization
– means that species and ecosystems must be utilized at
levels and renewable for the upcoming future. However, this
definition received critics by many, particularly from the
social and economicresearchers–duetoitsexceptionalfocus
on environmental issues rather than others. (Brundtland et
al., 1987) later corrected the term by introducing a
comprehensive definition of sustainable development. It
suggested a new development path for the whole planet to
follow, not just in terms of wealth accumulations, but alsofor
our next generations to inherit the wealth.
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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Measuring SD – Adjusted Net Savings
Since its conception in the 1980s, several attempts have
been made to measure sustainable development path.
These indicators have been discussed and tested formany
countries; with various economic backgrounds. Most of
the indicators, however, focused onlyoncertainaspects of
sustainability such as environmental effects but ignores
the externalities arisen from the measurement. Adjusted
net savings, introduced by the World Bank in the 1990s
overcome this problem by considering all the three
elements to SD – economic, social, and environmental
effects. This comprehensive indicator was initially
proposed by [8] which derived ‘genuine’ savings – to
include all the investment made to human capital, deduce
all the depletion in natural resources and environmental
assets. [9] and [10] proposed savings as a kind of
investment to link capital reserves with the future
generations on the condition that current level
consumption utility is maximized. Following this, studies
such as by [11] came out either to redefine or improve the
calculation of ANS. It had also further inspired authors
across nations to developed their own calculation forANS,
such as by [12], [13] and from Malaysia, [14]. The unique
characteristics of the ANS rate made it became popular
among researchers when makinga comparisonwith other
indicators because it clearly distinguishes between alevel
of ‘true’ output and consumption of a nation [15].
Studies on the determinants of ANS embarked on the
previous literature on economic growth and national
savings. ANS was basically an extended versionofsavings,
therefore researchers suggest that theoretically, any
factors that influence savingsmightalso haveanimpacton
sustainability. In [16], issuesofresourceabundance which
related with lower economic growth and less-
sustainability had been addressed. Similar results were
found in [17] which concluded that weak-resource
management and unreliable institutional policy have an
influence on the sustainable development path. A famous
factor that influences growthandsavings–thepopulation;
has appeared in the analyses conducted by [18] and [19]
where both studies analyzed the impact of the growing
population on ANS. [20] in his paper confirmed his
assumption that a growing population could influence the
savings rate.
In a more recent study, [21] analyzed several factors that
might have an effect on the ANS rate in the selected
developing country including Malaysia. While adopting a
number of countries with various level of income, it was
found that Human Development Index (HDI), share of
natural capital, population structure variables and
financial development have significant impact on
sustainable development path of these countries. The
studies have set some benchmarks for other studies to
follow the methodologies afterward. A study by [22]
examined someexogenousfactorstoANS- armedconflicts,
natural resources extraction and population growth.
These variables were found to have a negative impact on
sustainable development. A different approach to
understand factors relating topercapitasustainabilitywas
conducted by [23]. The study examined the dynamic
relationship between resource extraction, institutional
quality, and armed violence with per capita sustainability.
In summary, the above-listed literaturegenerallymade on
panel country analysis – that is observation was pooled
together in the model estimation process. For a country-
specific analysis, [24] and [25] each provided distinctive
studies on the comprehensive measurement ofANS and its
gap with economic growth, respectively. Due to the lack of
focus for a country-specific analysis, a study has been
conducted by [26] to analyze the determinants of ANS in
Malaysia. The study has found that inflation, financial
development, income growth and natural resources
extraction have significant impact on sustainable
development path (ANS rate) in Malaysia; both in short-
run and long-run.
METHODOLOGY
The present study is based on a country-specificanalysis–
Malaysia. Our target for this study is to diverge slightly
from the usual methodology which runs on panel
data/countries. Therefore, thisstudyis focusingona time-
series analysis in Malaysia. Most of the annual
macroeconomic data for Malaysia were sourced from the
World Development Indicators (WDI) report that is
publicly available at the World Bank online site, while
other local national estimates were obtained from the
Statistical Department of Malaysia. For specific data on
labor productivity, the series was obtained from ‘TED –
The Conference Board Total Economy Database’ for
output, labor and productivity (1950-2015). Due to some
limitations in data availability, our analysis covered a
range of 43 years of observation, from 1971 until 2013.
A. Dependent Variable – Per Capita ANS (ANSpc)
Our variable of concern will be the per capita Adjusted
Net Savings (denoted as ANSpc). ANS is considered as a
proxy to sustainability that links investment in physical
and human capital with the extraction of resources. We
followed the methodological term set earlier in [27]
which mentioned that the per capita approach would
decrease the issue of endogeneity. Moreover, since the
per capita value of ANS in Malaysia is highly skewed, we
took its log expression from their real values in constant
2010 US dollars.
B. Independent Variables
Human capital development variables
Life expectancy (LFEX)
Life expectancy at birth indicatesthenumberofyearsa new-
born infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at
the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
Data range for life expectancy in Malaysia is between 64
years until 75 years old, in both males and females during
the period of 1971 – 2013. We used life expectancy as the
proxy for human capital development since it is one of the
elements for measuring the Human Development Index
(HDI). (Source: WDI, World Bank)
Labor productivity (LPRD)
Labour productivity is defined as labor productivity per
person employed in 2014 US$. It measures the number of
goods and services produced byonehouroflaboremployed;
specifically, labor productivity measures the amount of real
gross domestic product (GDP) produced by an hour oflabor.
(Sourced from TED-The Conference Board Total Economy
Database).
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Environmental variables
Per capita energy use (ENGY)
Energy use refers to the use of primary energy before
transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to
indigenous production plus imports and stock changes,
minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft
engaged in international transport (kg of oil equivalent per
capita). (Source: WDI, World Bank)
Per capita carbon dioxide emissions (CRB)
Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the
burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They
include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of
solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. The CO2 emissions
data were recorded on a per capita basis, equivalent to
metric tons per capita. (Source: WDI, World Bank).
C. Model Specification
In measuring the impact of human capital variables and
environmental variables on the sustainable development
path, we took the base from the following model: -
From (Eq. 1), we hypothesized that adjusted net savings
per capita (LANSpc) is a functionoflifeexpectancy (LFEX),
labor productivity (LPRD), energy use per capita (ENGY)
and carbon dioxide emissions per capita (CRB). Next, the
model for economic sustainability (sustainable
development path) in Malaysia with the proposed
determinants can be further derived as: -
tεCRBβENGYβLPRDβLEXPββLANSpc t4t3t2t10 +++++=
(Eq. 1)
Whereby it is assumed that; 0,,, 4321 >ββββ
D. Estimation Method
We employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)
bounds testing procedure that was previously developed
by [28]. ARDL has some advantages over conventional
cointegration approaches such as(Engle& Granger,1987)
and from[29]. ARDL is applicable if variables are
integrated at levels and first difference, or even if they are
a mixture of both I(0) and I(1). ARDL can also be
considered as a more dynamic and able to provide better
results for small sample sizes than traditional techniques.
Following [28].ARDL approachforcointegrationinvolving
estimation to vector error correction (VEC) on the model
of economically sustainable development pathin Malaysia
and its determinants can be written as follows: -
∑ ∑ ∑∑ ∑
= = =
−−−
= =
−−
−−−−−
γ+λ+φ+∆ϖ+∆ϕ
+δ+δ+δ+δδ+=∆
p
0i
p
0i
p
0i
itiitiiti
p
1i
p
0i
itiiti
1t51t41t31t21t10t
CRBENGYLPRDLEXPLANSpc
CRBENGYLPRDLEXPLANSpccLANSpc
(Eq. 1)
Where δi is a long-run coefficient, c0 is the intercept and ∆
is the first difference of variable and p is the optimum lag
order.
The first step in the ARDL model is to conduct the Bounds
Test procedure by estimating Equation 3 using the
Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique in order to find
long-run cointegration among the variables through
conducting a test of significance on variables in the error
correction model. This is done through the F-statistic test.
The null hypothesis of no long-run cointegration among
the variables is H0: δ1=δ2=δ3=δ4 =δ5=0. On the other hand,
the alternative hypothesis of long-run cointegration is H1:
δ1≠δ2≠δ3≠ δ4≠δ5≠0. The F-statistics value that is greater
from the upper bound value would indicate that the null
hypothesis can be rejected and the smaller value than
lower bound critical values would indicate otherwise.
Unit Root Test
Before we proceed to model estimation, we firstly examined
the unit root properties for all the series involved in this
study. Analyzing time-series data without checking their
properties might result in spurious regression and is not
favorable. The first assumption of the series stationarity
without concerning structural breaks were conductedonthe
basis of conventional unit root tests, the Augmented Dickey-
Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) Tests. The results are
then presented in Table 1. The conventional unit root tests
showed us that most of the variables are stationary at their
first difference, except the variable Life Expectancy (LEXP)
which became stationary at its level’s data.
Considering structural changes may occurtomanyeconomic
time-series, an associated problem is the testing of the null
hypothesis of structural stability against the alternative of a
one-time structural break. If such structural changes are
present in the data generating process, but not allowed forin
the specification of an econometric model, results may be
biased towards the erroneous non-rejection of the non-
stationarity hypothesis.
In addition, conventional unitroottestssuchastheADForPP
test statistic were somehow tended to ignore any structural
breaks that might happen along with the serial data [30]. We
took careful measureonthisissuebyimplementingtheZivot-
Andrews (ZA) Test as developed by [31]. ZA test proposed a
variation to the PP original test in whichtheyassumethatthe
exact time of break is unknown.
Following Perron’s characterization of the form of a
structural break, Zivot and Andrews proceed with three
models to test for a unit root: (1) model A, which permits a
one-time change in the level of the series;(2)model B,which
allows for a one-time change in the slope of the trend
function and (3) model C, which combines one-timechanges
in the level and the slope of the trend functionoftheseries.A
suggestion from [32] proposed that if there is no upward
trend in data, the test power to reject the no-break null
hypothesis is reduced as the critical values increasewiththe
inclusion of a trend variable.
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TABLE 1: Unit Root Test Results (Model without Structural Breaks)
Variables
ADF PP
Decision
Level (yt) First Difference (∆yt) Level (yt) First Difference (∆yt)
LANSpc -1.562 (0) -6.245 (0) *** -1.561(3) -6.249 (2) *** I(1)
LEXP -7.210 (2) *** -2.690 (3) -20.461 (4) *** -2.376 (4) I(0)
LPROD -1.779 (0) -5.654(0) *** -1.720 (2) -5.669(2) *** I(1)
ENGY 0.606 (0) -6.4434 (0) *** 1.466 (7) -6.638(6) *** I(1)
1Number in () indicates lag order selection
2(***) indicates a 99% level of confidence
3The lag order selection in the ADF test is based on Schwarz Info Criterion (SIC)
4Spectral estimation method in the PP test is made default using Bartlett-Kernel and bandwidth selection are
automatically selected based on Newey-West bandwidth
5Both tests are conducted using the Eviews package ver. 9.0
In contrast, if the series exhibits a trend, then estimating the model without trend may fail to capture some important
characteristics of the data. Since all series in this study depicts an upward or downward trend, we estimate model C with the
inclusion of βt term. The result of the ZA unit root test with structural breaks is presented in Table 2.
From the ZA test, we found that all of the series are integrated of order (1) except one seriesthatistheLFEX(lifeexexpectancy).
We can clearly reject the null hypothesis of unit rootat its first differenced. While for theother series, we failed to rejectthenull
hypothesis when they were being observed at their level properties. The test had also identified endogenously the point of the
single most significant structural break in every time series, as stated in Table 2. Generally, there were time breaks indicating
some significant structural changes for the Malaysian economic time series in the years 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991 and 1997.
Bounds Tests for Cointegration
We took the first step of the ARDL analysis by testingthepresenceoflong-runrelationshipsamongthevariables,asdevelopedin
[33]. As mentioned before, the boundstestingapproachusestheF-statisticvaluetobecomparedwiththecriticalvaluesoutlined
by [28]. The first assumption of no structural breaks in the model leads us to the result of the F-test presented in Table 3. We
found that the F-statistical value is greater than the upper bound’s critical value of 5%, therefore the null hypothesis of no long-
run cointegration can be rejected.
In the next condition, we assumed structural breaks happened between the years 1986 and 1987 for our model of LANSpc.
Therefore, we additionally computed the dummy variables for our dependent variable – LANSpc for the years1986and1987;
as to indicate the influence of structural breaks or potential economic shocks.
The findings in Table 4 showed that the calculated F-statistic = 2.733 lies within the lower and upper bounds of critical values,
indicating that it is inconclusive whether we should or should not reject the null hypothesis of no cointegrating relationship. In
this case, the error-correction term (ECM) is a useful way of establishing cointegration, as mentioned in [34], [35].
TABLE 2: Zivot-Andrews (ZA) Unit Root Test Results (Model with structural breaks)
Variable
LEVEL 1ST DIFFERENCE
Decision
t-statistics Time break t-statistics Time break
LANSpc -3.809 [0] 1987 -7.302b [0] 1986 I(1)
LEXP -4.917c [4] 1995 -3.665 [3] 1989 I(0)
LPROD -3.638 [2] 1994 -6.617a [0] 1988 I(1)
ENGY -4.644 [0] 1991 -6.279c [1] 1991 I(1)
CRB -4.087 [0] 1991 -8.369 a [0] 1997 I(1)
i. the p-value is calculated from a standard t-distribution
ii. number in [] denotes lag order selection
iii. The critical values for the Zivot-Andrews Test are -5.57, -5.57 and -4.82 at 1%, 5% and 10% levels of significance
respectively.
a denotes statistical significance at 1%
b denotes statistical significance at 5%
c denotes statistical significance at 10%
TABLE 3: Bounds Test Results for Cointegration Analysis (Model without structural breaks)
Critical value F-statistics 4.151
k 4
Lower Bound Upper Bound
1% 3.967 5.455
5% 2.893 4.000**
10% 2.427 3.395
The decision of long-run cointegration YES
*Based on Narayan (2005) in Case II: Restricted intercept and no trend
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TABLE 4: Bounds Test Results for Cointegration Analysis (Model with Potential Structural Breaks – 1986 & 1987)
Critical value
F-statistics 2.733
k 4
Lower Bound Upper Bound
1% 3.967 5.455
5% 2.893 4.000
10% 2.427 3.395
The decision of long-run cointegration INCONCLUSIVE
*Based on Narayan (2005) in Case II: Restricted intercept and no trend
Next, we estimated the ARDL model based on the AIC (Akaike Info Criterion) method that is superiortoothersforthisrelatively
small and low-frequency data. The short-run and long-run impact of the hypothesized variables were analyzed within two
different conditions: (i) Models without structural breaks,and (ii) Models withstructuralbreaks.Thefindingswereexhibitedin
Table 5 and Table 6 respectively.From the results presented in Table 5, we found evidenceofthelong-runandshort-runimpact
of hypothesized variables towardspercapitasustainabledevelopmentinMalaysia.Duringtheperiodofanalysis,lifeexpectancy,
energy consumption and carbon emissions per capita have a significant impact on per capita sustainable development –
particularly for the long-run model. On the other hand, in the short-run model; only life expectancy, lagged 3 years of (t-3) of
energy use per capita and carbon emissions per capita have relatively low significant values against sustainability per capita in
Malaysia. The goodness of fitof the specification – the R squared andadjusted R-squaredvaluesremainssuperiorforthismodel
(94 percent and 92 percent, respectively). The error-correction term (ect-1) coefficient for this short-run elasticity represents
the speed of adjustment of the model’s convergence to return towards equilibrium. The value of (-) 0.32 we obtained from this
estimation showed a moderate speed of adjustment back to the long-run equilibrium.A highly significanterrorcorrectionterm
is likely to suggest the existence of a stable long-term relationship. The value of ECT alsoindicates that deviation fromthe long-
term LANSpc will be corrected by 32 percent in the following years.
In the condition of having structural breaks between1986and1987,theestimatedARDLmodelofshort-runandthelong-runco
integrating relationship between ANS per capita and its determinants–lifeexpectancy,laborproductivity,percapitaenergyuse
and per capita carbon emissions were presented in Table 6. In long-run, energy use and carbon dioxide emissions have a
moderate influence on per capita sustainability in Malaysia.Ontheotherhand,intheshortrun,lifeexpectancy,carbonemission,
structural breaks year dummy (1986 and 1987) have weak effects but significant towards per capita sustainable development.
The most significant variables are lagged 3 years of energy usage that have a strong positive impact on LANSpc. This may
indicate that a short-run increase in energy usage (which is less than five years) may stimulate economic growth that could
further enhance per capita sustainability in Malaysia. The dummy variables for the years 1986 and 1987 have further shown
their significant influence on the model in theshort-run.Moreover,thehighlysignificantvalueofect(-1)of(-)0.28indicatesthat
the long-run model will be adjusted to converge to the long-run model’s equilibrium by 28 percent in a year.
We further checked for the robustness of the model by employing several diagnostic tests such as Jarque-Bera (JB) normality
test, Breusch-Godfrey serial correlation LM test, and Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey Test for heteroscedasticity.All thetestsrevealed
that our estimated four models (without structural breaks and with structural breaks models) have the desired econometric
properties – that the model’s residuals are normally distributed, serially uncorrelated, and are homoscedastic.
TABLE 5: ARDL Estimation Results and Diagnostic Tests (Model without structural breaks)
Model 1: Long-run Elasticities Model 2: Short-run elasticities (ECM)
Regressor Coefficient Std. Error Regressor Coefficient Std. Error
LFEX 0.920 (1.852)* 0.491 ΔLFEX 0.292 (2.624)* 0.111386
LPRD -8.499 (-1.676) 0.106 ΔLPRD 0.122 (0.113) 1.079321
ENGY -0.002 (-2.19)** 0.038 ΔLPRDt-1 -1.88(-1.682) 1.120691
CRB 1.287 (0.451)*** 0.008 ΔENGY -0.00006 (-0.160) 0.000370
C 27.820 (20.307) 1.370 ΔENGYt-1 0.00037 (0.817) 0.000449
Model Criteria/Goodness-of-Fit: ΔENGYt-2 -0.00034 (-0.841) 0.000401
R-squared = 0.942; Adj. R-squared: 0.91520; ΔENGYt-3 0.0011 (3.174)*** 0.000346
Wald F-statistics=35.097***; DW-Statistics=1.864 ΔCRB 0.214 (1.986)* 0.107832
ect (-1) -0.321153 (-2.988)*** 0.107490
1. (*, **, ***) denotes significance at 10%, 5% and 1% level respectively.
2. The number in parenthesis indicates the t-ratio value
3. Estimated long-run coefficients using ARDL approach, ARDL (1,0,2,4,1) selected based on Akaike Info Criterion
(Dependent variable: LANSpc)
4. Error Correction Model (ECM) representation based on ARDL (1,0,2,4,1) selected based on the Akaike Info Criterion
(Dependent variable: LANSpc)
Diagnostic Tests (Numbers in parenthesis is χ2 probability value)
LM=0.3001 (0.22);
H0: There is no serial
correlation
LM: Serial Correlation (Breusch-Godfrey
Serial Correlation LM Test)
White Heteroscedasticity (F-statistic)
=1.266 (0.300, 0.156);
H0: There is no
heteroscedasticity
Heteroscedasticity: Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey
Test
JB=0.691(0.708);
H0: The residuals are
normally distributed
JB: Jarque-Bera Normality Test
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TABLE 6: ARDL Estimation Results and Diagnostic Tests (Model with Structural Breaks)
Model 1: Long-run Elasticities Model 2: Short-run elasticities (ECM)
Regressor Coefficient Std. Error Regressor Coefficient
Std.
Error
LFEX 0.839 (1.542) 0.544 ΔLFEX 0.235 (2054) * 0.1145
LPRD -8.228 (-1428) 5.762 ΔLPRD 0.578 (0517) 1.120
ENGY -0.002 (2.003) * 0.001 ΔLPRDt-1 -1.429(-1.228) 1.164
CRB 1.385 (2.486) ** 0.557 ΔENGY -0.00003 (-0.071) 0.0004
DUM86 0.404 (0.507) 0.796 ΔENGYt-1 0.000165 (0.359) 0.0005
DUM87 1.137 (1.297) 0.877 ΔENGYt-2 -0.000254 (-0.635) 0.0004
C 29.695 (1.245) 23.777 ΔENGYt-3 0.001041 (2.992) *** 0.00035
Model Criteria/Goodness-of-Fit: ΔCRB 0.190 (1.720) * 0.1070
R-squared = 0.948256; Adj. R-squared: 0.918072; ΔDUM86 0.1131 (0.563) * 0.201
Wald F-statistics=31.41594*** ΔDUM87 0.319 (1.720) * 0.185
DW-Statistics=2.022014 ect (-1) -0.2802 (-2.441) ** 01148
1. (*, **, ***) denotes significance at 10%, 5% and 1% level respectively.
2. The number in parenthesis indicates the t-ratio value
3. Estimated long-run coefficients using ARDL approach, ARDL (1,0,2,4,1) selected based on Akaike Info Criterion
(Dependent variable: LANSpc)
4. Error Correction Model (ECM) representation based on ARDL (1,0,2,4,1) selected based on the Akaike Info
Criterion (Dependent variable: LANSpc)
Diagnostic Tests (Numbers in parenthesis is χ2 probability value)
LM=0.7924 (0.7292);
H0: There is no serial
correlation
LM: Serial Correlation (Breusch-
Godfrey Serial Correlation LM
Test)
White Heteroscedasticity (F-statistic)
=0.553326 (0.7966, 0.9961);
H0: There is no
heteroscedasticity
Heteroscedasticity: Breusch-
Pagan-Godfrey Test
JB=0.2325 (0.9603);
H0: The residuals are
normally distributed
JB: Jarque-Bera Normality Test
To finalize all the procedures involved in the estimation, we
examined all of the model’s stability using the CUSUM
(cumulative sum) and CUSUMSQ (CUSUM squared) tests
respectively. In general, these testscanbeuseful tocheck the
constancy of coefficients in the model. For both the upper
and lower panel, although the series appears to be trending
upwards and downward after the crisis period, the
cumulative sum statistics lie within the 5% confidence
interval bands. Therefore, it is clearly showed that there is
no structural instability in the residuals of the model for
LANSpc in both situations of no structural breaks and with
structural breaks.
Figure 2: CUSUM and CUSUMSQ Test for Parameter
Stability in Model without Structural Breaks.
Figure 3: CUSUM and CUSUMSQ Test for Parameter
Stability in Model with Structural Breaks.
CONCLUSION
In this study, we assumed several variables as proxies to
human capital development and the environment to analyze
their impact on per capita sustainable development in
Malaysia. The human capital development variables are life
expectancy and labor productivity, while energy use
(consumption) percapitaandcarbon(dioxide)emissionsper
capita were employed as environmental variables. Our
variable of concern to indicate per capita sustainable
development is the AdjustedNetSavingspercapita(LANSpc)
for Malaysia during the period of 43 years, from 1971 until
2013. In addition to conventional unit root test (ADF and PP
Test) for time series analysis, we also presumed structural
breaks to the series in avoiding erroneous rejection of non-
stationarity; using the Zivot-Andrews (ZA) unit root test.
With the mixture order of integration between in levels and
in their first difference in all of the tests, we estimated the
hypothesized model of LANSpc using the Autoregressive
Distributed Lag (ARDL) – bound testing approach. The
analysis covered both cases – the model without structural
breaks and the model with structural breaks.
In the case of modelwithoutconcerningstructuralbreaks,we
found the existence of long-run cointegration among the
variables prior to the ARDL estimation. Life expectancy
(LFEX), as a proxy to human capital development, has a
significant positive impact on LANSpc in both the short-run
and long run. The finding is generally acceptable since a
major indicator for human capital development, the Human
Development Index (HDI) has already been associated with
sustainability. Another variable of proxy to human capital
development,labor productivity (LPRD), however,showsno
significant impact in both periods towards sustainable
development. This is quite contrary to previous literature on
8. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33586 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 6 | September-October 2020 Page 1281
economic growth relative to sustainability where basically,
productivity is found to be correlated with growth. As for the
environmental variables, energy use per capita has a
significant negative influence on sustainability in the long-
run, and no impact from it in the short run. This condition
generally implies the basic rule of sustainable development,
whereby prolong reduction of natural capital assets (such as
energy) would deter the pathto sustainability.Wealsofound
anothercontradictingresultfromthepreviousgrowthmodel,
that carbon (dioxide) emissions per capita have a strong
positive impact on LANSpc for the long-run model and a
significant positive impact in the short-run. Despite its
unfavorable impact on climate change and the global
environment, carbon dioxide (CO2) is indisputably essential
for life, as all life is carbon-based and the primary source of
this carbon is the CO2 in the global atmosphere. Supposed a
steep decline in CO2 concentrations were to take place in the
future, and continues for many decades or centuries, it may
eventually fall into levels insufficient to support plant life.
Consistently, the most “dangerous” change in climate in long
term would be to one that would not support sufficient food
production to feed the increasing world’s population. The
findings of a robust cointegrating relationship between
carbon emissions per capita, energy use per capita, life
expectancy, and the dependent variable - Adjusted Net
Savings per capita; suggest that any change in the former
variables would be closely related to later, that is
sustainability path in Malaysia.
For the second case of the model with structural breaks, the
ZA test results revealed that the variables were having a
mixture order of integration, which is between I(0) and I(1).
This condition has further assured the compatibility of the
variables to be estimated usingtheARDLmodel.However,an
interesting finding is obtained from the F-statistics bounds
test for long-run cointegration that the value lies in between
the lower and upper bound of critical values (Narayan &
Saud, 2005). The inconclusive decision on whether there
exists a cointegrating relationship is further examined from
the error correction term value in the short-run elasticity
model followed after that. The ect (-1)valuethatweobtained
has, fortunately, showed the evidence of the cointegrating
relationship among the variables. The results in both the
short-run and long-run model revealed a small difference
from what we found in the former case model. With the
assumption of structural breaks between 1986 and 1987, in
the short-run; only energy use (lagged 3 years) has a strong
significant positive impact onper capita sustainability, while
other variables such as life expectancy, carbon dioxide
emission and year dummies have a weak significant impact.
Per capita carbon dioxide emissions, on the other hand,
showed a moderate positivesignificant impact, similartothe
findings from the model without structural breaks. The
strong significant ect (-1) value that is negative 0.28 has
proven that a cointegrating relationship does exist between
the variables. It shows that almost 28 percent of divergence
from equilibrium is adjusted back to converge in the short-
run by the long-run model. Further diagnostic tests on the
residuals have also exhibited that the model is free from
serialcorrelationandheteroscedasticityproblem.Inaddition,
the residuals are also normally distributed, indicating that
there is minimal disturbance of white noise in the residuals.
For parameter stability, the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ test
showed a stable estimation whereby the sum of squares
calculated lies in between the lower and upper boundaryofa
5% level of significance.
As a country that progressively moves toward achieving its
latest vision of TN50 (National Transformation 2050) in
order to form a caliber nation-state as well as with par
excellent mind-set,Malaysiahastotakecautiousactionsinits
development policies. In such, environmental policy should
be designed ameliorable and more effective to ensure
intergenerational equity will be consigned to posterity.
Human capital development is important to economic
growth, must also be ensured to ascertain the sustainability
path. As found in literature, longevity or long-life expectancy
means a high development of human capital and thus, leads
to sustainable development.
Acknowledgment
We are deeply grateful and indebted to the Department of
Statistics (Malaysia), Universiti Teknologi MARA, family
and friends, department colleagues, and anyone who had
helped us with the greatest support and advice towards
completing this paper.
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