An assessment of environmental impact of sugar mills
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The document analyzes the environmental impact of sugar mills in Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Water and soil samples were collected from 5 sugar mills and tested for parameters like electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonates, chloride, pH, and sodium absorption ratio. Testing found that levels of these parameters exceeded permissible limits, indicating pollution of water and soil resources from sugar mill effluents. The study concludes that effluents are degrading habitats and ecological balance in the area. It recommends stricter enforcement of environmental regulations to control pollution from sugar mills.
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The document provides information about the production process of sugar from sugarcane. It discusses that sugarcane is the primary raw material and needs to be processed immediately after harvesting. The processing involves crushing the sugarcane to extract juice, clarifying and concentrating the juice, crystallizing the sugar, centrifuging to separate molasses from the crystals, and finally drying the crystals before packaging. The overall production process aims to extract sugar from sugarcane in its pure form through various purification and separation steps.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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An assessment of environmental impact of sugar mills
- 1. An Assessment of Environmental Impact of Sugar Mills in District Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
- 3. RYK. AT A GLANCE
- 10. Saim- Nullah near Humza Sugar Mills
- 11. Disposal pond of Ettehad Sugar Mills
- 13. RESULTS 1. WATER ANALYSIS PARAMETERS: EC, Calcium, Magnesium, Available Na + , Bicarbonates, Available Na + , SAR, Chloride 2. SOIL ANALYSIS PARAMETERS: EC, pH, SAR
- 51. Figure 3: Showing monthly variation of sodium in water at JDW Sugar Mills (Pvt.) Limited
- 52. Figure 3: Showing monthly variation of sodium in water at JDW Sugar Mills (Pvt.) Limited
- 53. Figure 4: Showing Monthly variation of Bi-carbonate in water at JDW Sugar Mills.
- 54. EC at 6” EC at 12” EC at 18” EC at 24” EC at 30” EC at 36” EC at 48” Figure 15: Graph showing monthly depth wise (6” – 48”) EC comparison in soil samples taken from JDW Sugar Mills effluent sites. Depth wise Figure 15: Graph showing monthly depth wise (6” – 48”) EC comparison in soil samples taken from JDW Sugar Mills effluent sites.
- 55. Figure 5: Showing monthly variation of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) in water at JDW Sugar Mills.
- 56. Figure 6: Showing monthly variation of Chloride in water at JDW Sugar Mills.
- 57. Figure 7: Showing monthly variation of EC in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
- 58. Figure 8: Showing monthly variation of Ca++, Mg++ in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
- 59. Figure 9: Showing monthly variation of Chlorides in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
- 60. Figure 10: Showing Monthly variation of sodium in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
- 61. Figure 11: Showing monthly variation of SAR in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
- 62. Figure 12: Showing monthly variation of Bi-carbonates in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
- 63. Figure 13: Showing monthly variation of overall Parameters in water at United Sugar Mills.
- 64. Figure 14: Showing monthly variation of overall water Parameters at Ettehad Sugar Mills.
- 65. Figure 15: Graph showing monthly depth wise (6” – 48”) EC comparison in soil samples taken from JDW Sugar Mills effluent sites.
- 69. QUESTIONS ?