The Philippine-American War began in 1899 following the transfer of sovereignty over the Philippines from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish-American War. Fighting erupted between U.S. forces and Filipino revolutionaries led by Emilio Aguinaldo, who had proclaimed independence but did not recognize U.S. control. The war lasted over three years as the U.S. pursued Aguinaldo and defeated his forces. Aguinaldo was captured in 1901, acknowledging U.S. sovereignty and effectively ending the war, though resistance continued in some areas for over a decade.

1. PHILIPPINE -
AMERICAN WAR

2. JUNE 12, 1898
• The proclamation of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo in
Kawit, Cavite, however did not receive any
recognition from United State nor Spain, since it
lacked territory and sovereignty
PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR

3. AUGUST 1898
• The Philippine Revolution ended, the Philippine-
American War took place the following year
• The Philippine was colonized by America for the
next 50 years.
PHILIPPINE – AMERICAN WAR

4. • Signed by representatives of Spain and the United
States in December
• Transferred Philippine sovereignty from Spain to the
United States.
• Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for
20 million dollars.
TREATY OF PARIS

5. But the leaders of the Philippine Republic, who were in
actual control of the entire archipelago except Manila,
did not recognize U.S. sovereignty over the islands. The
United States, meanwhile, rejected Filipino claims of
independence.
TREATY OF PARIS

6. • February 4, 1899 - shooting erupted on the outskirts
of Manila.
• Led 59 Americans and approximately 3,000
Filipinos dead
• Aguinaldo issued a proclamation of war against the
United States.
Start of Philippine - American War

7. • February 6, 1899 - the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty
that concluded the Spanish-American War by a
single vote. U.S. reinforcements were immediately
sent to the Philippines.
Start of Philippine - American War

8. • Antonio Luna, the ablest commander among the Filipinos,
was given charge of their military operations
• His patriotism led to the jealousy and distrust of
Aguinaldo.
• “To compromise with the enemy is to have a new era of
slavery and suffering!”
ANTONIO LUNA

9. • On June 4, 1899, Luna was directing the establishment of a
guerilla base in the Mountain Province from his
headquarters in Bayambang, Pangasinan Province, when
he received a telegram summoning him to a conference
with President Emilio Aguinaldo in Cabanatuan,
• June 5, 1899 - General Antonio Luna was killed in the
plaza of a rectory in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija. Luna was to
attend a council of war called by General Emilio
Aguinaldo.
ANTONIO LUNA

10. • Aguinaldo retreated from one provincial capital to
another as the American military pursued him and
engaged his revolutionary army in battle.
• March 31 the rebel capital of Malolos was captured
by U.S. forces.
DEFEAT OF AGUINALDO

11. • In March 1900 U.S. Pres. William McKinley
convened the Second Philippine Commission to
create a civil government for the Philippines (the
existence of Aguinaldo’s Philippine Republic was
conveniently ignored).

12. • On April 7 McKinley instructed commission
chairman William Howard Taft to “bear in mind that
the government which they are establishing is
designed not for our satisfaction, or for the
expression of our theoretical views, but for the
happiness, peace, and prosperity of the people of the
Philippine Islands.” While nothing explicit was said
about independence, these instructions were later
often cited as supporting such a goal.

13. MARCH 23, 1901
• Emilio Aguinaldo was capture by U.S force in the
mountain regions of Palanan, Isabela.
• Issued a statement acknowledging and accepting
sovereignty of United States over the Philippines.
PHILIPPINE – AMERICAN WAR

14. It took the United States Army three years to suppress
the Revolution in the Philippines, much longer than
American commanders in the field had expected and at
great cost on lives and resources. It took even longer
(until 1913) to establish peace and order in Mindanao
and Sulu. Samar and Batangas proved the most
tenacious in their resistance to American rule.
PHILIPPINE – AMERICAN WAR