2. The Filipino American Hostilities
• The American insistence on the evacuation by Aguinaldo’s
army of the strategic points along the Manila Bay area, the
refusal of the American military authorities to allow the
Filipino, soldiers to enter the city after its surrender, and the
American limitation of the areas to be occupied by the
Filipino troops after the mock battle of Manila, led
progressively to the deterioration of Filipino-American
relations.
3. The misunderstanding that followed these
incidents climaxed in the signing of the Treaty of
Paris without consultation with Filipinos.
•However, were made by mixed commission of Filipino and
American to relax the tension between the two peoples, but
the American members of the commission tried to prolong
the session without trying to improve the situation because
they were waiting for the American reinforcement which
were then on their way to Manila.
4. • February 4, 1899, an American sentry shot a Filipino
soldier resulting in the outbreak of the Filipino-American
hostilities. The Filipino fought at a disadvantage, for they
had no sufficient arms with the enemy. But it took the
Americans almost three years to conquer the Filipinos.
5. American Apostasy
American who first approached Aguinaldo in Hong Kong
and in Singapore to persuade him to cooperate with
Commodore Dewey in wrestling the power from the
Spaniards.
• While it may not be true that Dewey promise Aguinaldo
American recognition of Philippine independence, yet it
is, nevertheless, true that there was an informal alliance
between Dewy and Aguinaldo- an alliance to fight a
common enemy, the Spaniards.
6. • Such as American action showed that they used Aguinaldo
merely as a tool for their own selfish purpose. More
significantly, their attitude towards Aguinaldo showed
that they came to the Philippines no as friends, but an
enemy masking as a friend.
• December 1898 – the Treaty of Paris was signed without
even consulting the Filipino people and their
representatives, the Filipino-American alliance that was
forged under the pressure of necessity gave way to mutual
hostility.
9. • Tension-Aguinaldo, however, tried
• his best to relax the Filipino-American tension. He knew that an armed
conflict with the Americans would necessitate more and bitter sacrifices on
the part of the people and that not having sufficient arms and ammunition,
the Filipino, troops would be a terrible disadvantage. Consequently, he
wrote Otis on January 9 notifying him of the appointment of Florentino
Torres, Ambrosio Flores, and Manue.
• Arguelles to meet with the same number of American commissioners.
• The purpose of the meeting of the commissioners was to work out a plan for
the "adjustment of the conflicting political interests" of both parties. On the
same day, Otis appointed General R. P. Hughes, Colonel James F. Smith,
and Lieutenant-Colonel E. H. Crowder 10 meet with the Filipino
commission. The conference began on January 9 and continued
intermittently up to January 29. All through the series of conferences, the
American panel tried to fool the Filipino panel into believing that they (the
Americans) were ready to hear and to consider Filipino aspirations. In
reality, however, they wanted the conference to continue indefinitely
pending the arrival of American reinforcements from the United States. The
situation, therefore, was this: since the American volunteers in Manila were
not enough to
11. • Incident-Incident followed incident which inevitably led to the
outbreak of hostilities. On February 1, a group of American engineers
was arrested by the Filipino troops. The following day, Otis filed a
protest with Aguinaldo. The latter replied that the five Americans
were not arrested but merely detained. Aguinaldo further pointed out
that the Americans were found well within the Filipino lines and that
they were detained in accordance with the decree of October 10, 1898
prohibiting foreigners from approaching the Filipino defensive
works.
• On the same day, February 2, General Arthur MacArthur. protested
the presence of Colonel Luciano San Miguel's soldiers within his
territory. San Miguel, wanting to avoid any conflict with the
Americans, ordered his men to withdraw from the American side.
• The tension seemed to have been relaxed a little when on the night of
February 4, an incident occurred which led to the outbreak of the
Filipino-American hostilities.
• At about eight in the evening of February 4, Private Willie W.
• Grayson, with two other members of his patrol, advanced ahead of
the village in San Juan to ascertain whether there were Filipino
• soldiers in the vicinity. Suddenly, four armed men appeared before
Grayson. He said later, recounting the event:
12. The language barrier among Americans
and Filipinos
• I yelled "Halt!"..the man moved. I challenged with another
• "Halt!" Then he immediately shouted "Halto!" to me. Well
I thought the best thing to do was to shoot him. He
dropped......We retreated to where our six other fellows
were and I said, "Line up fellows; the enemies are in here
all through these yards." We then retreated to the pipe
line and got behind the water work main and stayed there.
all night. It was some minutes after our second shots
before Filipinos began firing.
• The following day, MacArthur, without attempting to find
out the cause of the firing, issued his order to advance
against the Filipino troops. The Filipino-American armed
clash was on.
15. Victories-With swift strokes, the American army knifed
through Pasig and other towns south of Manila. In the
north, General MacArthur pushed ahead with his columns,
bombarding the Filipino positions with accuracy. In the
battle of La Loma, near the Chinese cemetery, Major Jose
Torres Bugallon, one of the bravest officers, fell mortally
wounded. With La Loma secure in his hands, MacArthur
proceeded towards Kalookan, where General Antonio Luna
was waiting for him. In the fierce battle that followed,
American superiority in arms once more proved victorious.
Undaunted by his defeat, Luna prepared a plan for the
recapture of Manila. On February 22, he marched against
the city, burning the houses in the suburbs to create
confusion in the ranks of the enemy. Two days later, Luna's
forces reached Azcarraga, but the Americans fought back
and repulsed him with heavy losses. Luna then retreated to
Polo where he established his headquarters.
16. The Drive to the North-In
• North-In late February and early March, American reinforcements arrived
from the United States, General Otis then began his intensive drive to the
north and ordered General Henry
• W. Lawton to take the offensive in the south. Polo was taken, followed by
the town along the Manila-Dagupan Railway, until on March 30, the
American army was knocking at the gates of Malolos. Meanwhile, the
Aguinaldo government had evacuated Malolos and established its
headquarters in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
• MacArthur wanted to pursue Aguinaldo, but Otis ordered him to take a
rest in Malolos. Meantime, General Lawton moved swiftly to the south,
capturing Zapote, Bacoor, and Dasmariñas, all in Cavite.
• On the other hand, General Wheaton, aided by gunboats, successively
captured Las Piñas and Parañaque, in Morong, and Santa Cruz, Paete, and
other towns of Laguna. But the Americans were not always victorious. On
March 25, Filipino made a good account of themselves When they repulsed
General Wheaton at Polo and killed Colonel Egbert.
• In Quingua (Plaridel), on April 23, the American cavalry under Major Bell
suffered a defeat in the hands of General Gregorio del Pilar.
17.
18. • In this battle, the Americans suffered heavy casualties, including
• Colonel Storsenberg who was killed in battle, On December 18, 1899, the
Filipinos under General Licerio Geronimo routed the Americans under
General Lawton, who was killed in the battle of San Mateo. But these
Filipino victories, however, were not sufficient to turn the tide against the
Americans. The Filipino troops were poorly trained, poorly armed, poorly
fed, and had no discipline.
• After resting his men in Malolos, MacArthur now decided to march against
Kalumpit. The Filipinos, under General Luna, were in a good position to
give battle to the enemy, for the Americans had to cross creeks and rivers to
dislodge the Filipino defenders. Important to the Filipinos was the Bagbag
River which afforded them good protection against the enemy. MacArthur
decided to encircle the Filipino defenders of Kalumpit by sending his
subordinate officers to Quingua and Pulilan, while he confronted Luna
directly. At the precise moment when the enemy was about to launch his
attack, General Luna, irked by the insubordination of General Tomas
Mascardo, left Kalumpit with his artillery, cavalry, and foot soldiers to punish
Mascardo who was then in Pampanga. General Gregorio del Pilar was left
to defend the Filipino lines, but American superiority in strategy and arms
proved too much for the "boy general" When Luna returned to Kalumpit
before nightfall, the Americans had already succeeded in penetrating the
Filipino defensive lines. Thus, the battle of Bagbag was lost and with it the
other battles that followed.
20. • as President of the Cabinet, was the most powerful man
behind Aguinaldo. When the United States, through the
Schurman Commission, announced the policy of the
American Government of extending its sovereignty over
the Philippines, Mabini urged the Filipinos to continue the
bitter struggle for independence. In a manifesto dated at
San Isidro, April 15, 1899, he said:
• And since war is the last resource that is left to us for the
salvation of our country and our own national honor, let
us fight while a grain of strength is left us; let us acquit
ourselves like men, even though the lot of the present
generation is conflict and sacrifice. It matters not whether
we die in the midst or at the end of our most painful day's
work; the generations to come, praying over our tombs,
will shed for us tears of love and gratitude, and not of
bitter reproach.
21. On May 5, Secretary of State John Hay cabled the Schurman
Commission authorizing it to offer autonomy to the Filipinos. Mabini
stodd for independence under the protection of the United States,
but the prominent members of the Malolos Government, like
Paterno and Buencamino, wavered and wanted to accept the
American offer of autonomy. Believing more in autonomy than in
independence under the circumstances, the influential members of
the Filipino Assembly (formerly Congress) passed a resolution asking
Aguinaldo to repudiate Mabini's independence stand and to relieve
him as President of the Cabinet. Under this pressure, Aguinaldo, on
May 7, 1899, Wrote Mabini notifying him of the formation of a new
Cabinet under Paterno. The following day, Mabini answered
Aguinaldo congratulating him on his
"wise political measure." With Mabini's resignation, the executive
arm of the government was reorganized. Seven departments wore
created: foreign affairs, treasury, interior, war and navy,
communications and public works, public instruction, and
agriculture, industry and commerce. The new Cabinet under Paterno
was composed of:
24. McKinley's "Benevolent
Assimilation" Proclamation-Before
Before the conclusion of the Treaty of Paris, President McKinley
pretended not to know what to with the Philippines.
- Actually, there were American vested interest who pressured
him into taking the Philippines from Spain:
The American economic interest who were thinking of
expanding American business in the Orient; the naval and
military interests who wanted the Philippine the first line of
American defense; and the religious interest who wanted the
Philippines as a base of operations for American Protestant
missionaries.
25. -With the Treaty if Paris conclude to the satisfaction of the
American vested interest, McKinley issued his so-called
“Benevolent Assimilation” Proclamation on December 21,
1898.
This so-called proclamation was the first official
indication of American policy regarding the Philippines. It
expressly indicated the intention of the United States to
stay in the Philippines by exercising the right of sovereignty
over the Filipinos. In other words, the United Sates would
assume control and disposition of the government of the
Philippines.
26. • William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14,
1901) was an American politician who served as the
25th President of the United States from 1897 until his
assassination in 1901. A member of the Republican Party,
he led a realignment that made Republicans largely
dominant in the industrial states and nation wide for
decades. He presided over victory in the Spanish–
American War of 1898; gained control of Hawaii, Puerto
Rico, the Philippines and Cuba; restored prosperity after a
deep depression; rejected the inflationary monetary
policy of free silver, keeping the nation on the gold
standard; and raised protective tariffs.
28. ASSASSINATION OF LUNA
• Of all the Filipino soldiers of the period Atonio Luna was
the best prepared to fight the American enemy.
• He was educated in Europe and studied a little military
science and tactics. But nature endowed him with an unruly
temper that made men fear and hate him.
• In several instances during hostilities, Luna showed his
terrible temper. He ordered those houses occupied by the
American be burned. At another time, he ordered the
shooting of civilians who violated military rules.
29. • He slapped Felipe Buencamino, Sr. and accused his son,
Joaquin, of cowardice. Even Mabini, peaceful man that he
was, complained against Luna and even suggested to
Aguinaldo that the tempestuous general be replaced.
• Early in June1899 – when Luna was at Bayambang,
Pangasinan, preparing the defenses for the expected battle
with enemy, he received a telegram asking a him t see
Aguinaldo at his headquarters in Kabanatuan.
30. AMERICAN CONQUEST OF THE
VISAYAS
- Meanwhile, Otis instructed General Miller to attack Iloilo.
Miller demanded of the city, but the Filipino patriots,
headed by General Martin Delgado, refused and instead
decided to fight.
- On February 20, Jaro fell into the hands of the American;
Sta. Barbara fell on the 14th, Oton on the 19th and
Mandurriao on 20th.
31. - Miller sent and American warship to Cebu to demand its
surrender, On February 22, Cebu surrendered to American,
and Lt. Col. Thomas H. Hamer was designated military
governor of the province.
- The occupation in Cebu was, however , not peaceful as it
seemed. The guerrilla leaders , Acardio Maxilom and
Leandro Fullon’ threatened with death all those who
collaborated and would collaborate with the enemy.
32. THE NEGROS CONSTITUTION
- The American occupation of Negros was easy, for the
Negrenses sympathized with the American and the
consequently raised the American flag when Iloilo was
taken.
- A committee composed of prominent Negrenses arrived in
Manila on February 21 to ask Otis to allow them to arm a
battalion for the maintenance of peace and order in the
island.
33. - March 1, Otis issued an order providing for the creation of
a military district composed of Panay, Cebu, and Negros to
be known as the Visayan Military District.
- The so-called “Negros Constitution” was submitted to the
President of the United States on July 20. Naturally,
President McKinley did not take it seriously.
- Nevertheless, the constitutions become the basis “
administer its civil matters” under which the “ people may
enjoy the largest measure of civil compatible with
prevailing conditions and which shall conform to their
desire.
34. The Bates Treaty
The Americans were very diplomatic and cheerful in dealing with the
Muslims.
General John C. Bates – is appointed by the Americans to
negotiate a treaty with the Sultan by which the Muslims and the
Americans could co exist peacefully.
-NO attempt on the part of the Americans to conquer the Muslims,
for they knew that they would have a big fight on their hands if they
made such an attempt.
• The Sultan, knowing his traditional rights and powers, claimed,
that the Americans should not be allowed to occupy any point
in Jolo except the town of Jolo and that the Sultan should
continue to collect duties at points not occupied by the
Americans.
35. August 20 - The Bates Treaty was signed in the presence of General
Bates, representing the United States, and the Sultan, Raja Muda, Datu
Attik, Datu Calbi, and Datu Joakanain, representing Jolo.
Provided that:
• "The sovereignty of the United States over the whole archipelago of Jolo and
its dependencies is declared and acknowledged,
• "rights and dignities of His Highness the Sultan and his datus shall be fully
respected,"
• The Muslims “shall not be interpreted with on account of their religion,” and
that no one shall be persecuted on account of his religious beliefs.
• the "domestic products of the archipelago of Jolo, when carried on by the
Sultan and his people within any part of the Philippines Islands, and when
conducted under the American flag, shall be free, unlimited, and undutiable."
The American Government agreed to pay the Sultan and his leading men
monthly salaries in Mexican dollars.
The Americans succeeded in neutralizing the Muslims in their drive to pacify
the Christian Filipino.
36. Aguinaldo Flees to the Mountains
• With the assassination of Luna, the bulk of the Filipino
troops became demoralized. Not long after the bloody
incident, many army officers surrendered to the enemy,
thus making it difficult for Aguinaldo to maintain his army
intact.
• General Otis taking advantage of the confusion in the
Filipino ranks, decided to trap Aguinaldo in Angeles,
Pampanga, he sent battle-seasoned troops to Lingayen Gulf
to cut off Aguinaldo’s retreat and ordered MacArthur to
force Aguinaldo to move north into the waiting arms of the
American forces.
37. October 12- The American Offensive began.
Aguinaldo was determined not to be captured and marched
through valleys, fields, rivers, and hillsides day and night. He moved
his capital to Tarlac
When the enemy advanced, he moved his capital to Bayombong,
Nueva Vizcaya, and then to Bayambang Pangasinan .
With the American forces fanning out in all directions to trap him,
Aguinaldo decided to flee to the north. With his wife, son, mother,
sister, and some members of the Cabinet, he boarded the train on
the night of November 13 bound for Calasiao
Christmas Day, 1899 – Aguinaldo decided to surrender the women
to the American Army after realizing the disadvantage of having
women with them. And continued his march in Tierra Virgen,
Cagayan.
September 6, 1900- They reached Palanan, Isabela. It was a place
difficult to approach, for the terrain was mountainous and all points
leading to the town were guarded by Aguinaldo’s loyal men.
38. The Battle of Pasong Tirad
In Aguinaldo’s flight to the north, his rear guard commander,
General Gregorio del Pilar noted the advantageous terrain of
Pasong Tirad. Del Pilar suggested that in order to halt the
Americans temporarily and give Aguinaldo, sufficient time to widen
the distance between him and the pursuing enemy, he would stay
behind and make a last stand at the Pass.
Pasong Tirad
- was 4,500 feet high and commanded a good view for miles
around. The trail leading to it was so narrow that only one man a time
could clamber up the hill.
- Del Pilar ordered his sixty men to build trenches on both
shoulders of the Pass where they could see the movement of the
enemy below.
39. December 1, 1899 at ten o'clock on the night - Aguinaldo received del
Pilar’s report that the Americans had arrived at the town of Concepcion.
In the morning of December 2 – The Americans under Major March,
proceeded with his men, about 300 strong against Pasong Tirad. Through
Januario Galut, a Christian Igorot, the Americans found a secret trail to the
top and using it to advantage surprised del Pilar and his men.
- 11:30 in the morning, the Filipino defenders were overcome by the enemy.
- Del Pilar wounded in the shoulder, ordered his remaining men to escape,
then he strove to escape by a narrow trail, but as he mounted his white horse, a
Krag rifle rang out through the midday air and felled him with a bullet that
passed through the neck. The Americans rushed headlong and captured the
soldier holding the reins of del Pilar’s horse. Then they looted the dead body for
souvenirs.
- Del Pilar’s body was left by the roadside for two days until its odor forced
some Igorots to cover it with dirt.
40. On his diary, which Major March found, del Pilar had written:
The General [Aguinaldo] has given me the pick of all the men
that can be spared and ordered me to defend the Pass. I realize
what a terrible task has been given me. And yet I feel that this is
the most glorious moment of my life. What I do is done for my
beloved country. No sacrifice can be too great.
The afternoon of the battle, Aguinaldo received the fatal news All
the members of the Aguinaldo party, said one of the soldiers in
his diary, “shed bitter tears and all wanted to fight the
Americans.”
41. The Capture of Aguinaldo
• Many Filipino soldiers and officers found it convenient to surrender
to the enemy. At the same time, the Americans conducted an
intensive campaign of propaganda to win over the Filipinos to their
side.
• The Americans used the members of the Filipino middle and upper
classes, tired of carnage and disturbance and wanting to continue
their exalted position under the American regime, appealed to the
guerillas to give up their arms and live peacefully under the
blessings of America.
• Cayetano Arellano
• Pedro A. Paterno
• Felipe Buencamino
• Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera
• Benito Legarda
• Gregorio Araneta
• and others-to campaign for peaceful existence under the Americans.
42. While the American peace offensives were going on,
• Colonel Frederick Funston, stationed in Nueva Ecija, was
planning the capture of Aguinaldo. His men had earlier accepted
the surrender of Cecilio Segismundo, Aguinaldo's messenger,
and had decoded some letters of Aguinaldo to his field generals.
• Knowing that the road to Palanan was fraught with danger,
Funston employed some Macabebes and two former officers in
the Filipino army, Lazaro Segovia and Hilario Tal Placido, to
help, put his plari into execution.
• With the reluctant blessing of General MacArthur, Funston
and his co-conspirators sailed to Palanan on the American
warship Vicksburg.
• Funston ordered the forging of the signature of General
Urbano Lacuna, to whom Aguinaldo wrote an order to send
reinforcements to Palanan, and made it appear that Lacuna was
sending the needed reinforcements to Aguinaldo.
43. March 23, 1901 Funston and his American companions, pretending to be
captives of the Macabebes, arrived at Palanan.
• Aguinaldo and his men met the Filipinos joyfully and even gave them food
and shelter. Without any warning, the Macabebes turned against their
countrymen, and Tal Placido grabbed Aguinaldo from behind. The firing,
however, unnerved Tal Placido, who promptly fell on his stomach. Segovia
began firing like a mad man, and Colonel Simeon Villa, fearing for
Aguinaldo's life, shielded him from the bullets.
• Aguinaldo wanted to fight back who had whipped his pistol, but Dr.
Santiago Barcelona held him by the arms, saying: "My General, you owe it
to our people to live and continue fighting for freedom.”
• Funston and his American Soldier entered the room and arrested Aguinaldo
in the name of the Unite States Government.
On April 1 , Aguinaldo brought to Manila and he took his oath of allegiance
to the United States. In a proclamation he issued on April 19, he appealed to
all Filipinos to accept the “sovereignty of the United States”
44. Barbarous Acts
War has always been uncivilized, and although ager its
weapons have vastly improved with the advance of science,
in techniques have not changed radically from those of less
civilized. In almost all cases, brutality as an instrument to
weaken an enemy resistance is practiced on both sides of
the fence.
The Filipino-American war was not an exception. The
sources for a knowledge of these brutalities came from
Filipino participants and eyewitnesses and from the
Americans themselves who, in a moment of moral agony,
and particular of American brutalities in letters to their
parents and friends and in testimonies before American
investigating bodies.
45. • One such article appeared in Philadelphia, January 2, 1902,
alleging that the American soldiers and their stooges, the Macabebe
scouts, used the “water cure” almost invariably to loosen the tongues
force them of the hapless Filipinos in order to reveal the movements,
weapons, size, and methods of the guerrillas. The “cure” consisted in
forcing a man to lie flat on his back, his mouth forced open by a stick
or bayonet and, in some instances, a cartridge case. Then water,
usually salty or dirty, was poured into his mouth until his stomach was
distended. The water was then disgorged from the stomach by making
a chair of it for the soldiers to sit on. The process was repeated until
the victim shouted, “Hold, enough!”
• “Rope Cure” in which a long piece of rope was wrapped around
the neck and torso of the victim. A stick was placed between the coils
of rope and slowly twisted to give the effect of a garrote. Sometimes,
beating up a victim was resorted to until he became blue in the face.
Two American officers, Lt. Alva Perkins and Capt. George
Brandle, were charged with and tried for “wilfully and cruelly causing
six Filipinos to be hung by the neck for a period of ten seconds, causing
them to suffer bodily pains.” They were found guilty and reprimanded
for their sadistic efforts.
46. • The American soldiers turned arsonists burning whole towns in
order to force the guerrillas to the open.
One such infamous case of extreme barbarity occurred in the town of
Balangiga, Samar, in 1901-1902. American soldiers were
attacked by Filipinos in their employ.
The news of the guerrilla attack gave rise to pained cries throughout
the United States and so President Theodore Roosevelt gave
orders to pacify Samar. Assigned to the task was General “Jake”
Smith :
“I want no prisoners,” he said firmly. “I wish you to kill and
burn; the more you burn and kill the better it will please
me.” Forthwith he ordered that Samar be transformed into “a
howling wilderness.” Orders were also issued to shoot down
anybody capable of carrying arms. By “capable of carrying
arms,” General Smith meant to include even boys ten years old, for
the latter could carry rifles and swing bolos. In six months, Balangiga
became “a howling wilderness.”
47. Another author, an American, said of American brutalities:
- Lieutenant Bissell Thomas of the 35th Infantry was convicted
of striking prisoners, one of whom was lying on the ground and
bleeding from the mouth. The officer was reprimanded and fined
three hundred dollars.
Just before Mr. Root took office, Robert Collins of the
Associated Press was permitted to cable: “There has been,
according to Otis himself and the personal knowledge of everyone
here, a perfect orgy of looting and wanton destruction of property.”
- Private Jones of the 11th Cavalry wrote that his troop, upon
encountering a wedding party, fired into the throng, killing the bride
and two men, and wounding another woman and two children.
- A captain and lieutenant of the 27th Regiment were tried for
hanging six Filipinos by their necks for ten seconds, “causing them to
suffer great, bodily pain.” After the words were changed to “mental
anguish,” the officers were found guilty and sentenced to reprimands.
48. - In April the mayors of San Miguel and San Nicolas were
beaten to death by rattan rods. The episode leaked out when
two officers of the American regiment reported it to the
governor and to General Young. And in its July 26 issue the
New York World carried the story:
“…our soldiers here and there resort to horrible measures with
the natives. Captains and lieutenants are sometimes judges,
sheriffs and executioners…. ‘I don’t want any more prisoners
sent into Manila, was the verbal order from the Governor-
General three months ago. … It is now the custom to avenge
the death of an American soldier by burning to the ground all
the houses, and killing right and left the Natives who are only
‘suspects.”
49. Brutality, however, was not an American monopoly. The
Filipinos, too, fighting with their back to the wall to preserve
what was legitimately their own, equalled and, in some cases,
exceeded the American sergeant’s penchant for blood. Said the
Filipino author already mentioned:
The guerrillas, In violation of Aguinaldo’s orders and
circulars, treated captured Americans with barbaric cruelty.
Noses and ears were lopped off and the bleeding wounds
seasoned with salt. In some cases, American prisoners were
buried alive. Kicking, slapping, spitting at the faces of
American prisoners were common, the hatred of the
Americans being such that the guerrillas forgot or
conveniently forgot Aguinaldo’s injunctions regarding the
good treatment to be accorded the prisoners.
50. End of the Resistance
Though thousands of Filipino soldiers surrendered as a result of
the American peace propaganda and their brutal treatment of
captured guerrillas, some military commanders refused to lay
down their arms.
General Miguel Malvar took over the leadership of the Filipino
Government or what remained of it and harassed the
Americans by his guerrilla tactics.
In Samar, General Vicente Lukban resorted to ambushing
American soldiers and withdrawing after killing and wounding
them. Angered at this tactic, General Jacob Smith ordered the
massacre of all men and children below ten years, with the
result that the province became a “howling wilderness.”
51. - The relentless campaign of the Americans led to the capture of
Lukban on February 27, 1902. With his capture the resistance in
Samar collapsed.
-Two months later, on April 16, General Malvar of Batangas
surrendered to the enemy. The resistance movement now completely
collapsed.
Some patriotic Filipinos, led by Macario Sakay, continued the
resistance and even established a Tagalog “Republic” with
headquarters in the Sierra Madre near Manila, but his
resistance was not serious enough to endanger the American rule.
The capture of Aguinaldo ended an era and, at the same time,
opened another. Behind him, Aguinaldo left the ashes of a past that
became embedded in the memory as the fanatical struggle of an
enslaved people to win freedom and independence through blood and
tears.
52. Balangiga Massacre
Partof the Philippine–AmericanWar
Members of Company C, 9th US Infantry Regiment
posing with Mayor Valeriano Abanador and another
town official
53.
54.
55. Balangiga Massacre
• The Balangiga massacre was a surprise attack by Filipino
residents on a U.S. occupying unit during the Philippine-
American War, resulting in the deaths of 54 American
soldiers. It occurred in Balangiga, Samar, Philippines, in
1901. The incident is alternatively referred to as the
Balangiga Encounter or Balangiga Incident. Some
historians argue that the term "Balangiga Massacre"
should also encompass the subsequent American
retaliation known as the March across Samar, which
resulted in the deaths of approximately 2,000 Filipino
civilians and the destruction of over 200 homes.
