1) Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills. It was first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906 and is the most common form of dementia.
2) The disease is characterized by beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles that build up in the brain, resulting in the loss of connections between neurons and death of brain cells. This leads to the symptoms of impaired memory, thinking, and behavior.
3) While the causes of Alzheimer's are not fully known, genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a role. Risk increases significantly with age, though early-onset Alzheimer's can occur much earlier. There is currently no cure for the disease.
Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
History
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Non pharmacological treatment
Drugs used in treatment of Alzheimer`s
Recent advances
Screening methods
Summary
References
Definition
Statistics of AD
A brief introduction
Signs and symptoms of AD
NMDA receptors
Classification
Causes
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
AD… The great unknown
Treatment Options
Future Trends
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently.
Symptoms: Amnesia; Dementia
Diseases or conditions caused: Dementia
Pathophysiology
Pathology
BPharm 2nd Semester
MPharm
Therapeutics
MBBS
Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
History
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Non pharmacological treatment
Drugs used in treatment of Alzheimer`s
Recent advances
Screening methods
Summary
References
Definition
Statistics of AD
A brief introduction
Signs and symptoms of AD
NMDA receptors
Classification
Causes
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
AD… The great unknown
Treatment Options
Future Trends
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently.
Symptoms: Amnesia; Dementia
Diseases or conditions caused: Dementia
Pathophysiology
Pathology
BPharm 2nd Semester
MPharm
Therapeutics
MBBS
The association of neuropsychiatric disorders with cerebrovascular disease has been recognized by clinicians for over 100 years. Disease of the vascular system contribute greatly to the sum total of psychiatric disability, chiefly in the elderly population, mainly as a result of stroke, cerebrovascular accidents & subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Circulating Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: Neurodegenerative Disorders ...QIAGEN
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder. Circulating miRNAs hold great promise in the discovery of non-invasive and novel biomarkers for AD diagnosis and prognosis. This slideshow presents the role of miRNAs in AD and details current progress in biomarker discovery. Various tools for pathway-focused and genome-wide miRNA expression profiling, miRNA functional studies and target identification are also included.
Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment.
The association of neuropsychiatric disorders with cerebrovascular disease has been recognized by clinicians for over 100 years. Disease of the vascular system contribute greatly to the sum total of psychiatric disability, chiefly in the elderly population, mainly as a result of stroke, cerebrovascular accidents & subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Circulating Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: Neurodegenerative Disorders ...QIAGEN
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder. Circulating miRNAs hold great promise in the discovery of non-invasive and novel biomarkers for AD diagnosis and prognosis. This slideshow presents the role of miRNAs in AD and details current progress in biomarker discovery. Various tools for pathway-focused and genome-wide miRNA expression profiling, miRNA functional studies and target identification are also included.
Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment.
SlideShare now has a player specifically designed for infographics. Upload your infographics now and see them take off! Need advice on creating infographics? This presentation includes tips for producing stand-out infographics. Read more about the new SlideShare infographics player here: http://wp.me/p24NNG-2ay
This infographic was designed by Column Five: http://columnfivemedia.com/
No need to wonder how the best on SlideShare do it. The Masters of SlideShare provides storytelling, design, customization and promotion tips from 13 experts of the form. Learn what it takes to master this type of content marketing yourself.
10 Ways to Win at SlideShare SEO & Presentation OptimizationOneupweb
Thank you, SlideShare, for teaching us that PowerPoint presentations don't have to be a total bore. But in order to tap SlideShare's 60 million global users, you must optimize. Here are 10 quick tips to make your next presentation highly engaging, shareable and well worth the effort.
For more content marketing tips: http://www.oneupweb.com/blog/
Are you new to SlideShare? Are you looking to fine tune your channel plan? Are you using SlideShare but are looking for ways to enhance what you're doing? How can you use SlideShare for content marketing tactics such as lead generation, calls-to-action to other pieces of your content, or thought leadership? Read more from the CMI team in their latest SlideShare presentation on SlideShare.
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
Not sure what to share on SlideShare?
SlideShares that inform, inspire and educate attract the most views. Beyond that, ideas for what you can upload are limitless. We’ve selected a few popular examples to get your creative juices flowing.
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
Turbocharge your online presence with SlideShare. We provide the best tips and tricks for succeeding on SlideShare. Get ideas for what to upload, tips for designing your deck and more.
the feathers of the disease and It is histology
For downloading the presentation, more presentations , infographics and blogs visit :
studyscienceblog.wordpress.com
A presentation about Alzheimer's disease, it's definition, it's etiology, its mechanism of development as well as actual treatment and developing treatments.
Alzheimer's disease is a causes a progressive loss of brain cells leading to memory loss. In this slide we will learn about its causes,symptoms, pathophysiology, treatment, medication and risk factors.
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with severe dementia. Due to the accumulation of Beta-Amyloid proteins acetyl-choline producing neurons are getting degenerated. Alzheimer's disease is one of the most devastating brain disorders of elderly humans. It is an under-treated and under-recognized disease that is becoming a major public health problem.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes atrophy of brain cells, leading it to cell death. it is degenerative and progressive illness. Increase in age with sedentary lifestyle and lack of brain storming activities are indirectly leading to mental disorders with cognitive disruptions like dementia and lading up into Alzheimer's, which makes life miserable of client due to dependency. It is essential to keep the elderly active physiologically as well as psychologically. Statistical data of several studies shows the rise in the cases of Alzheimer's disease, which is the highlighting point of concern. Due to increased digitalization and decreased socialization among the human species throughout globe is leading to increased in risk of getting cognitive deficits.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive condition, which means the symptoms develop gradually over many years and eventually become more severe. It affects multiple brain functions.
The first sign of Alzheimer's disease is usually minor memory problems.
For example, this could be forgetting about recent conversations or events, and forgetting the names of places and objects.
As the condition develops, memory problems become more severe and further symptoms can develop, such as:
confusion, disorientation and getting lost in familiar places
difficulty planning or making decisions
problems with speech and language
problems moving around without assistance or performing self-care tasks
personality changes, such as becoming aggressive, demanding and suspicious of others
hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there) and delusions (believing things that are untrue)
low mood or anxiety
Consequences of ptsd and memory processingHena Jawaid
The hypothesis of testing consequences of trauma on cellular level in brain ; either it deteriorates connectivity, dendritic extensions and synaptogenesis !
The details about biological , psychological and social etiological risk factors of psychosis. The underlying pathology and process of damage, graphical illustrations present.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
2. Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known as Senile Dementia
of the Alzheimer Type (SDAT) or simply Alzheimer’s is
the most common form of dementia. This incurable,
degenerative, terminal disease was first described by a
German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois
Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disease
of the brain that is characterized by impairment of
memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning,
planning, language, and perception.
Many scientists believe that Alzheimer's disease results
from an increase in the production or accumulation of a
specific protein (beta-amyloid protein) in the brain that
leads to nerve cell death.
3. Generally, it is diagnosed in people over
65 years of age, although the less-prevalent
early onset of Alzheimer’s can occur much
earlier.
In 2006, there were 26.6 million sufferers
worldwide.
Alzheimer’s is predicted to affect 1 in 85
people globally by 2050.
4.
5. 1) Early Stage
This is considered as a mild/early stage and the
duration period is 2-4 years.
Frequent recent memory loss, particularly of
recent conversations and events.
Repeated questions, some problems expressing
and understanding language.
Writing and using objects become difficult and
depression and apathy can occur.
Drastic personality changes may accompany
functional decline.
Need reminders for daily activities and
difficulties with sequencing impact driving early
in this stage.
6. 2) Second stage
This is considered as a middle/moderate stage and the duration
is 2-10 years.
Can no longer cover up problems.
Pervasive and persistent memory loss impacts life across settings.
Rambling speech, unusual reasoning, confusion about current
events, time, and place.
Potential to become lost in familiar settings, sleep disturbances,
and mood or behavioral symptoms accelerate.
Nearly 80% of patients exhibit emotional and behavioral problems
which are aggravated by stress and change.
Slowness, rigidity, tremors, and gait problems impact mobility
and coordination.
Need structure, reminders, and assistance with activities of daily
living.
7. 3) Moderate stage
Increased memory loss and confusion.
Problems recognizing family and friends.
Inability to learn new things.
Difficulty carrying out tasks that involve multiple
steps (such as getting dressed).
Problems coping with new situations.
Delusions and paranoia.
Impulsive behavior.
In moderate AD, damage occurs in areas of the
brain that control language, reasoning,
sensory processing, and conscious thought
8. 4) Last stage
This is considered as the severe stage and the
duration is 1-3 years.
Confused about past and present. Loss of recognition
of familiar people and places
Generally incapacitated with severe to total loss of
verbal skills.
Unable to care for self. Falls possible and immobility
likely.
Problems with swallowing, incontinence, and illness.
Extreme problems with mood, behavioral problems,
hallucinations, and delirium.
Patients need total support and care, and often die
from infections or pneumonia
9. Alzheimer's disease is usually diagnosed clinically
from the patient history, collateral history from
relatives, and clinical observations, based on the
presence of characteristic neurological and
neuropsychological features and the absence of
alternative conditions.
Advanced medical imaging with computed
tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), and with single photon emission computer
tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography
(PET) can be used to help exclude other cerebral
pathology or subtypes of dementia.
The diagnosis can be confirmed with very high
accuracy post-mortem when brain material is
available and can be examined histologically.
10. .
PET scan of the brain of a person with AD showing a loss
of function in the temporal lobe.
11. Neuropsychological tests such as the mini-mental state
examination (MMSE) are widely used to evaluate the
cognitive impairments needed for diagnosis. More
comprehensive test arrays are necessary for high reliability
of results, particularly in the earliest stages of the
disease.
Psychological tests for depression are employed, since
depression can either be concurrent with AD, an early sign
of cognitive impairment, or even the cause.
When available as a diagnostic tool, SPECT and PET
neuroimaging are used to confirm a diagnosis of
Alzheimer's in conjunction with evaluations involving
mental status examination. In a person already having
dementia, SPECT appears to be superior in differentiating
Alzheimer's disease from other possible causes, compared
with the usual attempts employing mental testing and
medical history analysis.
12. Scientists don’t yet fully understand what causes AD, but it
is clear that it develops because of a complex series of
events that take place in the brain over a long period of
time. It is likely that the causes include genetic,
environmental, and lifestyle factors.
Some drug therapies propose that AD is caused by reduced
synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Other cholinergic effects have also been proposed, for
example, initiation of large-scale aggregation of amyloid
leading to generalized neuroinflammation.
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a build-up of
proteins in the brain. Though this cannot be measured in a
living person, extensive autopsy studies have revealed this
phenomenon. The build-up manifests in two ways:
Plaques– deposits of the protein beta-amyloid that
accumulate in the spaces between nerve cells
Tangles – deposits of the protein tau that
accumulate inside of nerve cells
13. Microscopy image of a neurofibrillary tangle, conformed by
hyperphosphorylated tau protein.
14. Alzheimer's disease is characterised by loss of neurons and
synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical regions.
This loss results in gross atrophy of the affected regions,
including degeneration in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe,
and parts of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus.
Both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are clearly
visible by microscopy in brains of those afflicted by AD.
Plaques are dense, mostly insoluble deposits of amyloid – beta
peptides and cellular material outside and around neurons.
Tangles (neurofibrillary tangles) are aggregates of the
microtubule-associated protein tau which has become
hyperphosphorylated and accumulate inside the cells themselves.
Although many older individuals develop some plaques and
tangles as a consequence of ageing, the brains of AD patients
have a greater number of them in specific brain regions such as
the temporal lobe.
15. Alzheimer's disease has been identified as a protein misfolding disease
(proteopathy), caused by accumulation of abnormally folded A-beta and tau
proteins in the brain. Plaques are made up of small peptides, 39–43 amino acids in
length, called beta-amyloid (also written as A-beta or Aβ).
Beta-amyloid is a fragment from a larger protein called amyloid precursor protein
(APP), a transmembrane protein that penetrates through the neuron's membrane.
APP is critical to neuron growth, survival and post-injury repair. In Alzheimer's
disease, an unknown process causes APP to be divided into smaller fragments by
enzymes through proteolysis.
One of these fragments gives rise to fibrils of beta-amyloid, which form clumps that
deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as senile plaques.
AD is also considered a tauopathy due to abnormal aggregation of the tau protein.
Every neuron has a cytoskeleton, an internal support structure partly made up of
structures called microtubules.
These microtubules act like tracks, guiding nutrients and molecules from the body
of the cell to the ends of the axon and back. A protein called tau stabilizes the
microtubules when phosphorylated, and is therefore called a microtubule-
associated protein.
In AD, tau undergoes chemical changes, becoming hyperphosphorylated; it then
begins to pair with other threads, creating neurofibrillary tangles and disintegrating
the neuron's transport system.
16. Enzymes act on the APP (amyloid precursor protein) and
cut it into fragments. The beta-amyloid fragment is crucial
in the formation of senile plaques in AD.
17. Exactly how disturbances of production and aggregation of the
beta amyloid peptide gives rise to the pathology of AD is not
known. The amyloid hypothesis traditionally points to the
accumulation of beta amyloid peptides as the central event
triggering neuron degeneration. Accumulation of aggregated
amyloid fibrils, which are believed to be the toxic form of the
protein responsible for disrupting the cell's calcium ion
homeostasis, induces programmed cell death (apoptosis).It is
also known that Aβ selectively builds up in the mitochondria in
the cells of Alzheimer's-affected brains, and it also inhibits
certain enzyme functions and the utilization of glucose by
neurons.
Various inflammatory processes and cytokines may also have a
role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Inflammation is a
general marker of tissue damage in any disease, and may be
either secondary to tissue damage in AD or a marker of an
immunological response.
Alterations in the distribution of different neurotrophic factors
and in the expression of their receptors such as the brain derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been described in AD
18.
19. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) found on
chromosome 19 appears to be a predisposing
genetic risk factor for the late on-set of AD –
the most typical AD.
APOE helps carry cholesterol in the
bloodstream.
APOE comes in several different forms, or
alleles.
Three forms—APOE ε2, APOE ε3, and APOE ε4
—occur most frequently.
20.
21. Aricept Used to delay or slow the symptoms of AD
Donepezil • Loses its effect over time
• Used for mild, moderate and severe AD
• Does not prevent or cure AD
Celexa
Citalopram Used to reduce depression and anxiety
• May take 4 to 6 weeks to work
• Sometimes used to help people get to sleep
Depakote Used to treat severe aggression
Sodium Valproate • Also used to treat depression and anxiety
Exelon Used to delay or slow the symptoms of AD
Rivastigmine • Loses its effect over time
• Used for mild to moderate AD
• Can get in pill form or as a skin patch
• Does not prevent or cure AD
22. Namenda Used to delay or slow the symptoms of AD
Memantine • Loses its effect over time
• Used for moderate to severe AD
• Sometimes given with Aricept®, Exelon®
• Does not prevent or cure AD
Razadyne Used to prevent or slow the symptoms of
AD
Galantamine • Loses its effect over time
• Used for mild to moderate AD
• Can get in pill form or as a skin patch
• Does not prevent or cure AD
Zoloft Used to reduce depression and anxiety
Sertraline • May take 4 to 6 weeks to work
• Sometimes used to help people get to
sleep
Trileptal Used to treat severe aggression
Oxcarbazepine • Also used to treat depression and anxiety
Tegretol Used to treat severe aggression
Carbamazepine • Also used to treat depression and anxiety
Remeron Used to reduce depression and anxiety
Mirtazepine • May take 4 to 6 weeks to work
• Sometimes used to help people get to
sleep
23. Although there is currently no way to cure
Alzheimer's disease or stop its progression,
researchers are making encouraging advances in
Alzheimer's treatment, including medications and
non-drug approaches to improve symptom
management.
Mild/Moderate AD:
Cholinesterase inhibitors increase the levels of
acetylcholine in the brain, which plays a key role in
memory and learning. This kind of drug postpones the
worsening of symptoms for 6 to 12 months in about
half of the people who take it. Cholinesterase
inhibitors most commonly prescribed for mild to
moderate Alzheimer's disease include Aricept
(donezepil HCL), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Razadyne
(galantamine).
24. Moderate/Severe AD:
Namenda (memantine) regulates glutamate
in the brain, which plays a key role in
processing information. This drug is used to
treat moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease
and may delay the worsening of symptoms in
some people. It may allow patients to
maintain certain daily functions a little
longer than they would without the
medication.
25. Razadyne
Razadyne (galantamine HBr) is FDA-approved for mild and
moderate stages of the disease.
Razadyne is a cholinesterase inhibitor that prevents the
breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain. Acetylcholine
plays a key role in memory and learning; higher levels in
the brain help nerve cells communicate more efficiently.
Razadyne also stimulates nicotinic receptors to release
more acetylcholine in the brain.
26. Razadyne delays the worsening of
Alzheimer's symptoms for 6 to 12 months in
about half of the people who take it.
Razadyne is available in tablet and capsule
form, and is commonly started at 4 mg twice
a day. If it's well tolerated after 4 weeks, the
dosage may be increased to 8 mg twice a
day.
Razadyne also comes in an extended release,
once-a-day tablet.
Razadyne is available in generic form
(galantamine HBr).
27. Exelon (Rivastigmine)
Exelon is FDA approved for mild and moderate stages of
the disease; it is also approved for the treatment of
mild to moderate dementia due to Parkinson's disease.
Exelon is available as a capsule, liquid, and patch.
28. Exelon is a cholinesterase inhibitor that
prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine
and butyrylcholine in the brain by
blocking the activity of two different
enzymes. Acetylcholine and
butyrylcholine play a key role in memory
and learning.
When given orally, bioavailability is about
40% in the 3 mg dose. The compound can
cross the blood-brain barrier.
29. Aricept (Donepizel)
One of the most widely used drugs to treat
the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Aricept
is FDA-approved for mild, moderate, and
severe stages of the disease.
30. Aricept is available in tablet form or an
orally disintegrating tablet form, and is
commonly started at 5 mg a day.
Can cross the blood-brain barrier.
31. Namenda (Memantine)
Namenda is an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA)
antagonist that regulates the activity of
glutamate in the brain. Glutamate plays a
key role in memory and learning, but excess
glutamate can lead to the disruption of nerve
cell communication or nerve cell death.
32. Studies involving Namenda have shown that
the drug can slow the rate of decline in
thinking and the ability to perform daily
activities in individuals who have moderate
to severe Alzheimer's disease
A dysfunction of glutamatergic
neurotransmission is thought to be involved
in the etiology of AD.
Namenda is available in generic form
(memantine HCL).
33. A molecule designed by a Purdue University researcher to
stop the debilitating symptoms of Alzheimer's disease has
been shown in its first phase of clinical trials to be safe
and to reduce biomarkers for the disease.
The molecule, called a beta-secretase inhibitor, prevents
the first step in a chain of events that leads to amyloid
plaque formation in the brain. This plaque formation
creates fibrous clumps of toxic proteins that are believed
to cause the devastating symptoms of Alzheimer's.
Researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine have found
that a compound called NIC5-15, might be a safe and
effective treatment to stabilize cognitive performance in
patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. The
two investigators, Giulio Maria Pasinetti, M.D., Ph.D. , and
Hillel Grossman, M.D., presented Phase IIA preliminary
clinical findings at the Alzheimer's Association 2009
International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease (ICAD) in
Vienna on July 12.
34. NIC5-15's potential to preserve cognitive
performance will be further evaluated in a
Phase IIB clinical trial. Early evidence
suggests that NIC5-15 is a safe and tolerable
natural compound that may reduce the
progression of Alzheimer's disease-related
dementia by preventing the formation of
beta-amyloid plaque, a waxy substance that
accumulates between brain cells and impacts
cognitive function.
37. An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry by
Graham L. Patrick, pp. 589-590.
Abbott, Alison. Neuroscience: The plaque
plan. Nature (London, United Kingdom)
(2008), 456(7219), 161-164.
Bolognesi, Maria L.; Matera, Riccardo;
Minarini, Anna; Rosini, Michela; Melchiorre,
Carlo. Alzheimer's disease: new approaches
to drug discovery. Current Opinion in
Chemical Biology (2009), 13(3), 303-308.
38. What are the three stages of Alzheimer’s
Disease?
What are some of the diagnostic tools of
diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease?
What drugs are used to treat mild/moderate
Alzheimer’s Disease?
Which drug is most commonly used to treat
Alzheimer’s Disease?
Have current pharmaceutical agents been
successful in slowing the progress of
Alzheimer’s Disease?
Why is it important to develop ‘biomarkers’
for Alzheimer’s Disease?