ALUMINUM
THE 13TH ELEMENT IN THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
*WHAT IS ALUMINUM?
- Aluminum derives its name from alum. The Latin name for alum is 'alumen' meaning bitter salt. Note on Naming: Sir Humphry Davy proposed the name aluminum for the element, however, the name aluminium was adopted to conform with the "ium" ending of most elements. This spelling is in use in most countries.
Aluminium was also the spelling in the U.S. until 1925, when the American Chemical Society officially decided to use the name aluminum instead.
*WHO DISCOVERED ALUMINUM?
-Hans Christian Oersted
*FACTS ABOUT OERSTED
-Hans Christian Oersted launched a new epoch in science when he discovered that electricity and magnetism are linked.
He showed by experiment that an electric current flowing through a wire could move a nearby magnet.
The discovery of electromagnetism set the stage for the eventual development of our modern technology-based world.
Oersted also discovered the chemical compound piperine and achieved the first isolation of the element aluminum.
ALUMINUM BASIC FACTS:
Symbol: Al Atomic Number: 13 Atomic Weight:26.981539 Element Classification Basic Metal CAS Number: 7429-90-5
Aluminum Periodic Table Location
Group: 13 Period: 3 Block: p
ALUMINUM PHYSICAL DATA
State at room temperature (300 K): Solid Appearance: soft, light, silvery white metal Density: 2.6989 g/cc Density at Melting Point: 2.375 g/cc Specific Gravity: 7.874 (20 °C) Melting Point: 933.47 K, 660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F
Boiling Point: 2792 K, 2519 °C, 4566 °F Critical Point: 8550 K Heat of Fusion: 10.67 kJ/mol Heat of Vaporization: 293.72 kJ/mol Molar Heat Capacity: 25.1 J/mol·K Specific Heat: 24.200 J/g·K (at 20 °C)
*Uses and properties
-Image explanation
Aircraft fuselages and aluminium foil are just two of the many and varied uses of this element.
-Appearance
Aluminium is a silvery-white, lightweight metal. It is soft and malleable.malleable.
Use of alumina ceramic coatings
Calcined and fused aluminas in ceramic tiles are used to confer both resistance to abrasion and resistance to chemical attack and also give the opacification effect . For this reason, alumina is used in compositions of engobes, glazes and inks.
In its use in glazing, alumina has a wide range of functions it can be used to ensure the increase of the PEI coating to generate optical effects semi-gloss, matte, fusibility and control the expansion of the glaze. The addition of alumina can be given either in the grinding of raw materials or in the dispersion of the glaze / correction phase characteristics.
The final effect of the alumina addition depends on its physicochemical characteristics. There are different types of calcined aluminas, each of which is produced by a different type of processing. Thus, the microstructural aluminas have physical differences, which give different behaviors in the preparation and firing of the glaze process.
Aluminium Processing,Properties and Application Cooper Lackay
Aluminium is an element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13
Aluminium is so called because it is a base of “alum,” which in turn is derived from the Latin for “bitter salt.”
Aluminium is the second most plentiful metallic element on earth; an estimated 8.3% of the earth crust is composed of aluminium.
This presentation is about Extraction of Aluminium. It covers meaning of 'Extraction of Metal', Hall Heroult's process, Bayer's process and Uses of Aluminium. To make such presentations for a reasonably cheaper price, please visit https://sbsolnlimited.wixsite.com/busnedu/bookings-checkout/hire-designer-for-powerpoint-slides
Use of alumina ceramic coatings
Calcined and fused aluminas in ceramic tiles are used to confer both resistance to abrasion and resistance to chemical attack and also give the opacification effect . For this reason, alumina is used in compositions of engobes, glazes and inks.
In its use in glazing, alumina has a wide range of functions it can be used to ensure the increase of the PEI coating to generate optical effects semi-gloss, matte, fusibility and control the expansion of the glaze. The addition of alumina can be given either in the grinding of raw materials or in the dispersion of the glaze / correction phase characteristics.
The final effect of the alumina addition depends on its physicochemical characteristics. There are different types of calcined aluminas, each of which is produced by a different type of processing. Thus, the microstructural aluminas have physical differences, which give different behaviors in the preparation and firing of the glaze process.
Aluminium Processing,Properties and Application Cooper Lackay
Aluminium is an element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13
Aluminium is so called because it is a base of “alum,” which in turn is derived from the Latin for “bitter salt.”
Aluminium is the second most plentiful metallic element on earth; an estimated 8.3% of the earth crust is composed of aluminium.
This presentation is about Extraction of Aluminium. It covers meaning of 'Extraction of Metal', Hall Heroult's process, Bayer's process and Uses of Aluminium. To make such presentations for a reasonably cheaper price, please visit https://sbsolnlimited.wixsite.com/busnedu/bookings-checkout/hire-designer-for-powerpoint-slides
Aluminium Processing,Properties and Application Cooper Lackay
Aluminium is an element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13
Aluminium is so called because it is a base of “alum,” which in turn is derived from the Latin for “bitter salt.”
Aluminium is the second most plentiful metallic element on earth; an estimated 8.3% of the earth crust is composed of aluminium.
Aluminum (Al) or alumium, chemical element, silvery-white metal of Group 13 of periodic table uses widely due to its exclusive properties and cheap in price
Aluminum(Al) is a fairly plentiful element on Earth, accounting for around 8.1 percent of the mass of the Earth’s crust. After oxygen (46.6% abundance) and silicon, it is the third most plentiful element on the planet’s surface (27.7% abundance.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal and the second most widely used metal after iron. It can be recycled over and over. There are many interesting facts about aluminum and aluminum cans recycling
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. HISTORY OF ALUMINUM…
History: Alum (potassium aluminum sulfate- KAl(SO4)2) has been used since
ancient times. It was used in tanning, dyeing, and as an aid to stop minor
bleeding and even as an ingredient in baking powder.
In 1750, German chemist Andreas Marggraf found a technique to produce a new
form of alum without the sulfur. This substance was called alumina, which is
known as aluminum oxide (Al2O3) today. Most contempory chemists of the time
believed alumina was an 'earth' of an previously unknown metal. Aluminum
metal was finally isolated in 1825 by Danish chemist Hans Christian Ørsted
(Oersted). German chemist Friedrich Wöhler attempted unsuccessfully to
reproduce Ørsted's technique and found an alternate method that also
produced metallic aluminum two years later. Historians differ on who should
receive credit for the discovery.
3. Name: Aluminum derives its name from alum. The Latin
name for alum is 'alumen' meaning bitter salt.
Note on Naming: Sir Humphry Davy proposed the name
aluminum for the element, however, the name aluminium
was adopted to conform with the "ium" ending of most
elements. This spelling is in use in most countries.
Aluminium was also the spelling in the U.S. until 1925,
when the American Chemical Society officially decided to
use the name aluminum instead.
6. FACTS ABOUT OERSTED
Hans Christian Oersted launched a new epoch in science
when he discovered that electricity and magnetism are
linked.
He showed by experiment that an electric current flowing
through a wire could move a nearby magnet.
The discovery of electromagnetism set the stage for the
eventual development of our modern technology-based
world.
Oersted also discovered the chemical compound piperine
and achieved the first isolation of the element aluminum.
8. • The name is derived from the Latin name for alum,
'alumen' meaning bitter salt.
ALUMINUM BASIC FACTS:
Symbol: Al
Atomic Number: 13
Atomic Weight:26.981539
Element Classification Basic Metal
CAS Number: 7429-90-5
9. Aluminum Periodic Table Location
Group: 13
Period: 3
Block: p
ALUMINUM PHYSICAL DATA
State at room temperature (300 K): Solid
Appearance: soft, light, silvery white metal
Density: 2.6989 g/cc
Density at Melting Point: 2.375 g/cc
Specific Gravity: 7.874 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 933.47 K, 660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F
10. Boiling Point: 2792 K, 2519 °C, 4566 °F
Critical Point: 8550 K
Heat of Fusion: 10.67 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization: 293.72 kJ/mol
Molar Heat Capacity: 25.1 J/mol·K
Specific Heat: 24.200 J/g·K (at 20 °C)
Uses and properties
Image explanation
Aircraft fuselages and aluminium foil are just two of the many and varied
uses of this element.
Appearance
Aluminium is a silvery-white, lightweight metal. It is soft and malleable.
11. Uses
Aluminium is used in a huge variety of products including cans, foils, kitchen
utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aeroplane parts. This is because of its
particular properties. It has low density, is non-toxic, has a high thermal
conductivity, has excellent corrosion resistance and can be easily cast, machined
and formed. It is also non-magnetic and non-sparking. It is the second most
malleable metal and the sixth most ductile.
It is often used as an alloy because aluminium itself is not particularly strong. Alloys
with copper, manganese, magnesium and silicon are lightweight but strong. They
are very important in the construction of aeroplanes and other forms of transport.
Aluminium is a good electrical conductor and is often used in electrical
transmission lines. It is cheaper than copper and weight for weight is almost twice
as good a conductor.
12. When evaporated in a vacuum, aluminium forms a highly reflective coating for both
light and heat. It does not deteriorate, like a silver coating would. These aluminium
coatings have many uses, including telescope mirrors, decorative paper, packages and
toys.
Biological role
Aluminium has no known biological role. In its soluble +3 form it is toxic to plants.
Acidic soils make up almost half of arable land on Earth, and the acidity speeds up the
release of Al3+ from its minerals. Crops can then absorb the Al3+ leading to lower
yields.
Our bodies absorb only a small amount of the aluminium we take in with our food.
Foods with above average amounts of aluminium are tea, processed cheese, lentils
and sponge cakes (where it comes from the raising agent). Cooking in aluminium
pans does not greatly increase the amount in our diet, except when cooking acidic
foods such as rhubarb. Some indigestion tablets are pure aluminium hydroxide.
Aluminium can accumulate in the body, and a link with Alzheimer’s disease (senile
dementia) has been suggested but not proven.
13. Natural abundance
Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust (8.1%) but is rarely
found uncombined in nature. It is usually found in minerals such as bauxite
and cryolite. These minerals are aluminium silicates.
Most commercially produced aluminium is extracted by the Hall–Héroult
process. In this process aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite and
then electrolytically reduced to pure aluminium. Making aluminium is very
energy intensive. 5% of the electricity generated in the USA is used in
aluminium production. However, once it has been made it does not readily
corrode and can be easily recycled.
14. Cool Facts
Once, more precious than gold and silver
Before the discovery of the Bayer and Hall–Héroult processes, aluminum was
more expensive than gold or silver. Napoleon III served state dinners on
aluminum plates.
Aluminum helped pioneer flight
The Wright brothers used aluminum to build key parts of their biplane’s engine because no
manufacturer could provide an engine light enough with the needed horsepower.
The lifespan of an aluminum can
A can is recycled over and over again in a true closed loop. Unopened aluminum cans are
very strong, despite being so thin. Four six-packs of cans are able to support the weight of
a 2-ton vehicle!
Recycling efforts can be improved
Every three months, Americans throw away enough scrap aluminum to rebuild the entire
U.S. commercial airplane fleet. Recycling that metal would save the energy equivalent of
16 million barrels of oil.
15. Cool Science Project Ideas
Aluminum as a thermal insulator
uctor
Compare the electrical conductance of aluminum wire versus cooper wire.
Hydrodynamics (buoyancy/Archimedes principle)
What is the average diameter at which an aluminum sphere (foil ball) sinks (or floats)?
Electricity
Make aluminum foil jump like popcorn using static electricity from a balloon.
Metal properties
Compare the properties/facts and test different metals. Comparison of oxidation rates (rusting)
between aluminum, iron and steel is a solid starting point.
Electrophorus-induction char
Compare how long aluminum keeps an object cold versus other materials. Aluminum cans
versus steel cans is a good place to start.
16. Electrophorus-induction charging using a Leyden Jar
A Leyden Jar is an early form of capacitor consisting of a
glass jar with layers of metal foil on the outside and inside.
Schools and Recycling
Aluminum can be recycled continuously with no loss of its
qualities. Recycling saves 95 percent of the production of
energy needed to create the metal through smelting
processes. Discarding a can wastes as much energy as
powering a laptop computer for 11 hours, or a television for 4
hours. The aluminum industry pays more than $800 million for
recycled material, and every minute an average of 113,000
aluminum cans are recycled. School programs for recycling
can make an environmental difference and create funds for
programs.
17. Aluminum Can Be Fun Stuff
Aluminum powder is commonly used to make fireworks.
Solid rocket boosters, including the engines on the space
shuttle and model rockets, use aluminum as their primary
fuel. Etch-A-Sketches use aluminum powder on the back
side of their screens. Glitter and liquid-metal paint are
made using aluminum pigments.
