The multiple forms of an enzyme catalyzing the same chemical reaction are called isoenzmyes. They, however, differ in their physical and chemical properties.
Examples: Isozymes of numerous dehydrogenases, and several oxidases, transaminases, phosphatases, transphosphorylases, proteolytic enzymes, aldolases.
This slide briefly imparts the knowledge of Amylase and Lipase enzymes. The clinical importance, calculation, concentration, sources and principle of amylase estimation are the major components of uploaded slide.
The extraction of DNA involves three main steps that are cell lysis, protein separation, and DNA purification. Cell lysis is usually performed by incubation of cell in buffer containing detergent and protease. Cellular proteins are salted out or phase separated using organic solvents. Finally DNA is isolated and purified either by alcohol precipitation or adsorption with silica and elution.
The multiple forms of an enzyme catalyzing the same chemical reaction are called isoenzmyes. They, however, differ in their physical and chemical properties.
Examples: Isozymes of numerous dehydrogenases, and several oxidases, transaminases, phosphatases, transphosphorylases, proteolytic enzymes, aldolases.
This slide briefly imparts the knowledge of Amylase and Lipase enzymes. The clinical importance, calculation, concentration, sources and principle of amylase estimation are the major components of uploaded slide.
The extraction of DNA involves three main steps that are cell lysis, protein separation, and DNA purification. Cell lysis is usually performed by incubation of cell in buffer containing detergent and protease. Cellular proteins are salted out or phase separated using organic solvents. Finally DNA is isolated and purified either by alcohol precipitation or adsorption with silica and elution.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. • Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) belongs to the group of
transaminases which catalyze the conversion of amino acids to the
corresponding α-keto acids via the transfer of amino groups; they also
catalyze the reverse process.
3. • Although higher activity exist in the liver, minor activity can also be
detected in the kidneys, heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, spleen and
lungs.
• Elevated levels of transaminases are indicative of mycocardial
infarction, hepatopathies, muscular dystrophy, and damage to
internal organs.
4. • In the hepatocyte, ALT is located only in the cytosol whereas AST is
found in the cytosol and in the mitochondria and thus it has been
suggested, that in the context of liver disease a serum AST value in
excess of the serum ALT value indicates a severe disease process.
5. • Increased ALT activity in the serum, however , is a rather specific
indicator of damage to the liver parenchyma, while AST is not
necessarily a liver specific parameter
6. • Alcoholic liver disease is associated with a high AST:ALT ratio; and it is
further suggested that when the serum transaminase concentrations
are raised, but less than ten-fold the upper reference limit (i.e., <400
UL).
• An AST:ALT ratio greater than 2 is strong evidence for alcoholic liver
disease.
8. REAGENT HANDLING AND PREPARATION
• Mix the contents of each bottle by gently swirling them before use.
• Mix 1 volume of R2 with 5 volumes of R1.
• Wait at least 5 minutes before use
• This solution is stable: 35 days at 2 – 8 oC
9. SPECIMEN
• Collect serum using standard sampling tubes
• SST, HEPARIN or EDTA PLASMA
• Separate serum/plasma from clot/cells within 8 hours at room
temperature or 48 hours at 2 – 8 oC
• Centrifuge samples containing precipitate before performing the
assay.
10. PIPETTE INTO TEST TUBES AS FOLLOWS:
BLANK TEST
WORKING REAGENT 1000 µL 1000 µl
Distilled Water 100 µL ----
Sample ----- 100 µL
Mix gently, incubate for 1 min at 37oC, measure initial absorbance and start stopwatch simultaneously. Read
again after exactly 1, 2 and 3 minutes
12. LINEARITY
• Up to 418 U/l
• Samples with higher values should be diluted with 0.9% NaCl or
distilled /deionized water (e.g. 1+9).
• Multiply the result by the appropriate dilution factor (e.g factor 10)
13. SENSITIVITY
• Detection limit: 3 U/l
• The lower detection limit represents the lowest measurable ALT
concentration that can be distinguished from zero (0)
![Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)/
Glutamate pyruvate
transaminase [GPT]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/alt-230808082018-0bff2df1/85/ALT-pptx-1-320.jpg)
