The document discusses various alternative energy sources including wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, nuclear, solar, and gasoline alternatives like hydrogen and electric. It provides details on each type of energy, including advantages and disadvantages. For hydroelectric energy specifically, it explains that energy is generated using water turbines and dams. Large hydro provides power for many consumers while small and micro hydro is for individual or village use. Benefits include clean energy, domestic renewable source, and flood control/water supply. Potential downsides relate to fish, water quality, drought impacting supply, and environmental effects of new dams.

1. ALTERNATIVE ENERGYALTERNATIVE ENERGY
RESOURCERESOURCE

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Content of the seminarContent of the seminar
 IntroductionIntroduction
 Wind energyWind energy
 Hydroelectric energyHydroelectric energy
 Geothermal energyGeothermal energy
 Gasoline AlternativesGasoline Alternatives --
HydrogenHydrogen && ElectricalElectrical EnergiesEnergies
 Nuclear fissonNuclear fisson
 Nuclear fussionNuclear fussion
 Solar energySolar energy
 Other AlternativesOther Alternatives

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IntroductionIntroduction
 At the start of 21At the start of 21stst
century fossil fuels coal, oil,century fossil fuels coal, oil,
natural gas which are the raw material for thenatural gas which are the raw material for the
conventional energy production are at the peakconventional energy production are at the peak
of there consumption.of there consumption.
 As the population of world is incresing, like theAs the population of world is incresing, like the
Energy produced in an uncontrolled chainEnergy produced in an uncontrolled chain
reaction in a neuclear reactor.reaction in a neuclear reactor.
 Henceforth the demand for energy is increasingHenceforth the demand for energy is increasing
day by day and to satisfy the worlds energyday by day and to satisfy the worlds energy
need the conventional energies are failing short.need the conventional energies are failing short.
 And so we have to look for the alternatives,And so we have to look for the alternatives,
direct or indirect form of energy from sun.direct or indirect form of energy from sun.

4. WIND ENERGYWIND ENERGY
Wind Energy is defined as
the “power
generated by harnessing
the wind, usually by
windmills” (Mayhew). In
scientific terms, wind
energy is the "force" of
winds blowing across the
earth’s surface ("Wind
Energy").

5. •• Wind energy is clean and non-polluting.Wind energy is clean and non-polluting. The generation ofThe generation of
wind power does not produce any by-products that could bewind power does not produce any by-products that could be
harmful to the environment.harmful to the environment.
••Wind supply is plentifulWind supply is plentiful,, so wind energy is a renewableso wind energy is a renewable
supply.supply.
••Suitable for less sunny regions.Suitable for less sunny regions. This creates the possibility ofThis creates the possibility of
generating energy non-stop, during day and night.generating energy non-stop, during day and night.
••Dovetails well with other systems.Dovetails well with other systems. The generated windThe generated wind
energy can be used full time in residential or commercialenergy can be used full time in residential or commercial
applications combined with your regular power supply. It canapplications combined with your regular power supply. It can
also act as a back-up in case your residential supply line fails.also act as a back-up in case your residential supply line fails.
••Simple technology.Simple technology. There is nothing too complex,There is nothing too complex,
mechanically, in terms of designing and building windmechanically, in terms of designing and building wind
turbines.turbines.
••Cheap electricity.Cheap electricity. Wind energy is relatively cheap asWind energy is relatively cheap as
compared tocompared to
other sources.other sources.
••Safe,Safe, if properly maintained.if properly maintained.
Wind Energy -Wind Energy -
AdvantagesAdvantages

6. Wind Energy - DisadvantagesWind Energy - Disadvantages
 •• Aesthetically disturbing.Aesthetically disturbing. Some people don't like theSome people don't like the
look of giant whirling blades structures outside theirlook of giant whirling blades structures outside their
window. An Ontario-based company might have a solutionwindow. An Ontario-based company might have a solution
to this, by placing "turbines" floating hundreds of feet highto this, by placing "turbines" floating hundreds of feet high
above the ground!above the ground!
•• Inconstant nature of the wind.Inconstant nature of the wind. Hey, it might be windy,Hey, it might be windy,
or not. Who knows. Constructions companies try to placeor not. Who knows. Constructions companies try to place
turbines in the most windy areas, even though at times, itturbines in the most windy areas, even though at times, it
still might not be as windy.still might not be as windy.
•• Affects the bird population.Affects the bird population. Birds and other flyingBirds and other flying
 creatures have trouble seeing the turbines. Althoughcreatures have trouble seeing the turbines. Although
special coloring patterns and slower moving blades havespecial coloring patterns and slower moving blades have
reduced this problem.reduced this problem.
•• Wind farms generate noise in quiet, rural sites.Wind farms generate noise in quiet, rural sites.
Construction companies tried to solve this by moving theConstruction companies tried to solve this by moving the
turbines offshore (in the middle of a lake or a river).turbines offshore (in the middle of a lake or a river).

7. Gasoline AlternativesGasoline Alternatives --
HydrogenHydrogen && ElectricalElectrical
EnergiesEnergies
Hydrogen energy is a potential primary source of fuel for automobiles, as well as aHydrogen energy is a potential primary source of fuel for automobiles, as well as a
potential source of energy for heating buildings and generating electricity. (Enc.potential source of energy for heating buildings and generating electricity. (Enc.
Britannica). An electric car stores its energy on board, or it may generate energyBritannica). An electric car stores its energy on board, or it may generate energy
using a fuel cell or generator. A fuel cell is a specialized form of battery thatusing a fuel cell or generator. A fuel cell is a specialized form of battery that
combines hydrogen with oxygen in a chemical reaction that produces electricitycombines hydrogen with oxygen in a chemical reaction that produces electricity andand
water vapor. Unlike an electric cell or battery, a fuel cell does not run down or requirewater vapor. Unlike an electric cell or battery, a fuel cell does not run down or require
recharging; it operates as long as the fuel and an oxidizer are supplied continuouslyrecharging; it operates as long as the fuel and an oxidizer are supplied continuously
from outside the cell ("Electric Car"). A fuel-cell power plant is up to 55% efficient,from outside the cell ("Electric Car"). A fuel-cell power plant is up to 55% efficient,
compared to a regular internal-combustion engine, which is only up to 30% efficientcompared to a regular internal-combustion engine, which is only up to 30% efficient
(Zeff).(Zeff).
Another alternative method of energy that is used in transportation, is electricity.Another alternative method of energy that is used in transportation, is electricity.
The electric vehicle uses a unique new technology that redefines how people drive.The electric vehicle uses a unique new technology that redefines how people drive.
Fully electric cars run only on batteries and need a charger to replenish the battery'sFully electric cars run only on batteries and need a charger to replenish the battery's
power from an electrical outlet ("Electric Car"). The engine of a regular car has manypower from an electrical outlet ("Electric Car"). The engine of a regular car has many
moving parts and must convert the linear motion of pistons and rods into rotarymoving parts and must convert the linear motion of pistons and rods into rotary
motion at the wheels; an electric motor has only a single rotating element. Like amotion at the wheels; an electric motor has only a single rotating element. Like a
gasoline-powered car, an electric car has a system of gears, shafts, and joints thatgasoline-powered car, an electric car has a system of gears, shafts, and joints that
transmit motion from the motor to the car wheels. Most electric cars do not havetransmit motion from the motor to the car wheels. Most electric cars do not have
clutches or multi-speed transmissions. In order to go backward, the flow of electricityclutches or multi-speed transmissions. In order to go backward, the flow of electricity
through the motor is reversed, changing the rotation of the motor and causing thethrough the motor is reversed, changing the rotation of the motor and causing the
power train to make the wheels rotate in the other directionpower train to make the wheels rotate in the other direction

8. AdvantagesAdvantages ofof
Gasoline AlternativesGasoline Alternatives
HydrogenHydrogen && ElectricalElectrical
EnergiesEnergies
 Advantages of Gasoline AlternativesAdvantages of Gasoline Alternatives
• Clean, low pollution type of energy.• Clean, low pollution type of energy.
• Emissions are greatly decreased.• Emissions are greatly decreased.
• Hybrid Electrical Vehicle (HEV) reduces the• Hybrid Electrical Vehicle (HEV) reduces the
dependency on fossil fuels.dependency on fossil fuels.
• Improved air quality in metropolitan cities.• Improved air quality in metropolitan cities.
• All buyers of a Toyota Prius in the US are eligible for• All buyers of a Toyota Prius in the US are eligible for
a tax deduction of up to $2,000 from the IRSa tax deduction of up to $2,000 from the IRS
(Toyota.com).(Toyota.com).
Source: “Electric Car”Source: “Electric Car”

9. Disadvantages of Gasoline AlternativesDisadvantages of Gasoline Alternatives
•• Fully electric cars require chargingFully electric cars require charging
stations.stations.
•• Very few charging stations are inVery few charging stations are in
existence.existence.
•• Limited distance a fully electric carLimited distance a fully electric car
can travel, onlycan travel, only
160km.160km.
•• Long charge times.Long charge times.
•• Reduced power in vehicles.Reduced power in vehicles.
•• Car accessories, such as AirCar accessories, such as Air
Conditioning drainConditioning drain
thethe

10. Hydroelectric energy is the electric power generatedHydroelectric energy is the electric power generated
by using the kinetic energy of flowing water.by using the kinetic energy of flowing water.
Hydroelectric power stations employ huge waterHydroelectric power stations employ huge water
turbines to drive electric generators.turbines to drive electric generators.

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Types of HydropowerTypes of Hydropower
PlantsPlants ImpoundmenImpoundmen
 DiversionDiversion
 A diversion, sometimes calledA diversion, sometimes called
run-of-river, facility channels arun-of-river, facility channels a
portion of a river through aportion of a river through a
canal or penstock. It may notcanal or penstock. It may not
require the use of a dam.require the use of a dam.
 The Tazimina project in AlaskaThe Tazimina project in Alaska
is an example of a diversionis an example of a diversion
hydropower plant. No dam washydropower plant. No dam was
required.required.
 Pumped StoragePumped Storage
 When the demand forWhen the demand for
electricity is low, a pumpedelectricity is low, a pumped
storage facility stores energystorage facility stores energy
by pumping water from a lowerby pumping water from a lower
reservoir to an upper reservoir.reservoir to an upper reservoir.
During periods of highDuring periods of high
electrical demand, the water iselectrical demand, the water is
released back to the lowerreleased back to the lower
reservoir to generatereservoir to generate
electricity.electricity.

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Sizes of Hydroelectric PowerSizes of Hydroelectric Power
PlantsPlants
 Facilities range in size from largeFacilities range in size from large
power plants that supply manypower plants that supply many
consumers with electricity to smallconsumers with electricity to small
and micro plants that individualsand micro plants that individuals
operate for their own energyoperate for their own energy
needs or to sell power to utilities.needs or to sell power to utilities.
 Large HydropowerLarge Hydropower
 Although definitions vary, DOEAlthough definitions vary, DOE
defines large hydropower asdefines large hydropower as
facilities that have a capacity offacilities that have a capacity of
more than 30 megawatts.more than 30 megawatts.
 Small HydropowerSmall Hydropower
 Although definitions vary, DOEAlthough definitions vary, DOE
defines small hydropower asdefines small hydropower as
facilities that have a capacity offacilities that have a capacity of
100 kilowatts to 30 megawatts.100 kilowatts to 30 megawatts.
 Micro HydropowerMicro Hydropower
 A micro hydropower plant has aA micro hydropower plant has a
capacity of up to 100 kilowatts. Acapacity of up to 100 kilowatts. A
small or micro-hydroelectric powersmall or micro-hydroelectric power
system can produce enoughsystem can produce enough
electricity for a home, farm, ranch,electricity for a home, farm, ranch,
or village.or village.
Micro HydropowerMicro Hydropower

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Advantage ofAdvantage ofClean source of energyClean source of energy
Hydropower is a fueled by water, so it's a clean fuel source. HydropowerHydropower is a fueled by water, so it's a clean fuel source. Hydropower
doesn't pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as coaldoesn't pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as coal
or natural gas.or natural gas.
Hydropower is a domestic source of energyHydropower is a domestic source of energy
Hydropower relies on the water cycle, which is driven by theHydropower relies on the water cycle, which is driven by the
sun, thus it's a renewable power source.sun, thus it's a renewable power source.
Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control theHydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control the
flow of water through the turbines to produce electricity on demand.flow of water through the turbines to produce electricity on demand.
Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean electricity. VeryHydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean electricity. Very
high efficient 80%.high efficient 80%.
Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety ofImpoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of
recreational opportunities, notably fishing, swimming, and boating.recreational opportunities, notably fishing, swimming, and boating.
Most hydropower installations are required to provide some public accessMost hydropower installations are required to provide some public access
to the reservoir to allow the public to take advantage of these opportunities.to the reservoir to allow the public to take advantage of these opportunities.
Other benefits may include water supply and flood control.Other benefits may include water supply and flood control.
Hydroelectric energyHydroelectric energy

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DisadvantagesDisadvantages
 Fish populations can be impactedFish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream pastif fish cannot migrate upstream past
impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrateimpoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate
downstream to the ocean. Upstream fish passage can be aided using fishdownstream to the ocean. Upstream fish passage can be aided using fish
ladders or elevators, or by trapping and hauling the fish upstream by truck.ladders or elevators, or by trapping and hauling the fish upstream by truck.
Downstream fish passage is aided by diverting fish from turbine intakesDownstream fish passage is aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes
using screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and byusing screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by
maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine.maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine.
 Hydropower can impact water quality and flowHydropower can impact water quality and flow. Hydropower plants can. Hydropower plants can
cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful tocause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to
riparian (riverbank) habitats and is addressed using various aerationriparian (riverbank) habitats and is addressed using various aeration
techniques, which oxygenate the water. Maintaining minimum flows of watertechniques, which oxygenate the water. Maintaining minimum flows of water
downstream of a hydropower installation is also critical for the survival ofdownstream of a hydropower installation is also critical for the survival of
riparian habitats.riparian habitats.
 Hydropower plants can be impacted by droughtHydropower plants can be impacted by drought. When water is not. When water is not
available, the hydropower plants can't produce electricity.available, the hydropower plants can't produce electricity.
 New hydropower facilities impact the local environment and mayNew hydropower facilities impact the local environment and may
compete with other uses for the landcompete with other uses for the land. Those alternative uses may be. Those alternative uses may be
more highly valued than electricity generation. Humans, flora, and faunamore highly valued than electricity generation. Humans, flora, and fauna
may lose their natural habitat. Local cultures and historical sites may bemay lose their natural habitat. Local cultures and historical sites may be
impinged upon. Some older hydropower facilities may have historic value, soimpinged upon. Some older hydropower facilities may have historic value, so
renovations of these facilities must also be sensitive to such preservationrenovations of these facilities must also be sensitive to such preservation
concerns and to impacts on plant and animal life.concerns and to impacts on plant and animal life.
Hydroelectric energyHydroelectric energy

15. Geothermal energyGeothermal energy
 Geothermal energy isGeothermal energy is
the heat stored insidethe heat stored inside
the earth and the energythe earth and the energy
is derived from theis derived from the
transfer of heat from thetransfer of heat from the
core to the surface of thecore to the surface of the
Earth. GeothermalEarth. Geothermal
energy is relativelyenergy is relatively
economic, but not readilyeconomic, but not readily
available or obtainableavailable or obtainable
(Enc. Britannica).(Enc. Britannica).
Energy efficiency and
clean, renewable
energy will mean a
stronger economy, a
cleaner environment,
and greater energy

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AdvantangeAdvantange of Geothermalof Geothermal
energyenergy
 Very high efficiency.Very high efficiency.
 With Low initial costWith Low initial cost It is the CheapIt is the Cheap
source of energy.source of energy.
 Also a Clean source.Also a Clean source.
 Low initial cost.Low initial cost.

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DisadvantageDisadvantage GeothermalGeothermal
energyenergy Non-renewableNon-renewable (more is take out than put in by nature).(more is take out than put in by nature).
 The hot steam and water brought to the surface areThe hot steam and water brought to the surface are
frequently heavily laced with salt and otherfrequently heavily laced with salt and other
contaminant, particularly sulfur comp leached fromcontaminant, particularly sulfur comp leached from
mineral in the bedrock these contaminant are highlymineral in the bedrock these contaminant are highly
corrosive to turbines and other equipments.corrosive to turbines and other equipments.
 they cause air pollution if the steam is realised in thethey cause air pollution if the steam is realised in the
atmoshpere.although by no means equivalent to thatatmoshpere.although by no means equivalent to that
from a plant burning high sulphur, coal, sulphurdioxidefrom a plant burning high sulphur, coal, sulphurdioxide
pollution from a geothermal plant can be significantpollution from a geothermal plant can be significant
 hot brines from geothermal source realeased intohot brines from geothermal source realeased into
streams or river would be ecologically disasterstreams or river would be ecologically disaster

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NuclearNuclear fissionfission
fission caused by the neutron in thefission caused by the neutron in the
radioactive isotope like uranium235. To produceradioactive isotope like uranium235. To produce
ve fission productve fission product
n
U-235
fp
n
n
n
energy
energy
energy
energy
fp
U-235
200MeV
fp

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AdvantageAdvantage
&disadvantage&disadvantage
 Large amt of energyLarge amt of energy  Radioactive emissionRadioactive emission
 Biologic effects likeBiologic effects like
cancer and mutation.cancer and mutation.
 U235 only 0.71%U235 only 0.71%
naturally availablenaturally available
 Accident likeAccident like
chernobly.chernobly.
NuclearNuclear fissionfission

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NuclearNuclear fussionfussion
 InIn fusion reaction energy is produced whenfusion reaction energy is produced when
light atoms, the hydrogen isotopes that islight atoms, the hydrogen isotopes that is
deutrium and tritium reacts to form heavierdeutrium and tritium reacts to form heavier
atom with evolution of large amount of energy.atom with evolution of large amount of energy.
H2 + H3-> h4 +H2 + H3-> h4 +
 Works on the same principle as the sun. its likeWorks on the same principle as the sun. its like
building a star on earth.building a star on earth.
 To use controlled fusion reaction as an energyTo use controlled fusion reaction as an energy
source it is necessary to heat a gas atsource it is necessary to heat a gas at
temperature exceeding 100milliontemperature exceeding 100million
celsies.many time hotter than sun center .celsies.many time hotter than sun center .

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Advantages of nuclearAdvantages of nuclear
fusionfusion
Large amount of energy produced,1gmLarge amount of energy produced,1gm
of U235 can produce energyof U235 can produce energy
equevalent to ---------amout of coalequevalent to ---------amout of coal
burnt.burnt.
Nuclear fusion is seen to be cleanerNuclear fusion is seen to be cleaner
approach to power generation than nuclearapproach to power generation than nuclear
fission and fossil fuel as it genetrates lessfission and fossil fuel as it genetrates less
radioactive waste.radioactive waste.

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Solar Energy, radiation produced by nuclearSolar Energy, radiation produced by nuclear
fusion reactions deep in the Sun’s core. Solarfusion reactions deep in the Sun’s core. Solar
energy travels to Earth through space inenergy travels to Earth through space in
discrete packets of energy called photonsdiscrete packets of energy called photons
(“Solar Energy”). A Photon is defined as a(“Solar Energy”). A Photon is defined as a
packet or quantum of a wave-like fluctuations inpacket or quantum of a wave-like fluctuations in
electric and magnetic fields traveling throughelectric and magnetic fields traveling through
free space or a material medium.free space or a material medium.
Solar EnergySolar Energy

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Solar Energy - AdvantagesSolar Energy - Advantages
•• Clean, non-pollutingClean, non-polluting..
•• RenewableRenewable, endless supply that belongs to no, endless supply that belongs to no
one.one.
•• Works best in the sunniest, often the poorest,Works best in the sunniest, often the poorest,
parts of the world.parts of the world.
•• Dovetails with other clean systems.
•• Flexible and modular - systems can be resized.Flexible and modular - systems can be resized.
•• SafeSafe..

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SolarSolar EnergyEnergy -- DisadvantagesDisadvantages
 Solar Energy - DisadvantagesSolar Energy - Disadvantages
•• Some research and development not funded.Some research and development not funded.
•• Electricity produced is more expensive.Electricity produced is more expensive.
•• Cannot be used as the only system in cloudy places.Cannot be used as the only system in cloudy places.
•• Energy has to be stored in batteries, hydrogen, water orEnergy has to be stored in batteries, hydrogen, water or
other matter.other matter.
Source: “Simply – energy”Source: “Simply – energy”

25.  Other AlternativesOther Alternatives
Other sources of alternative energy are,Other sources of alternative energy are,
biomass and tidal/ocean energy.biomass and tidal/ocean energy.
Tidal/Ocean energy involves the processTidal/Ocean energy involves the process
in which, the regular rise and fall of the waterin which, the regular rise and fall of the water
level in the earth's oceans, is capable oflevel in the earth's oceans, is capable of
producing energy. The rise and the fall is aproducing energy. The rise and the fall is a
result of the gravitational forces between theresult of the gravitational forces between the
earth, moon, and sun.earth, moon, and sun.
Biomass energy is the energy obtained fromBiomass energy is the energy obtained from
the methane gas generatedthe methane gas generated

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ThankThank
youyou

27. 03/01/15 27
RefrencesRefrences
 WebsiteWebsite
 www.google.comwww.google.com
 Books authorBooks author
 Environmental scienceEnvironmental science stanely E. manahanstanely E. manahan
and technologyand technology
Environmental scienceEnvironmental science richard T. wrightrichard T. wright
(towards sustainable development)(towards sustainable development) bernardJ.nebelbernardJ.nebel