Solar Panels, Hydropower, And Wind Turbines

Solar Panels, Hydropower, And Wind Turbines
DISCUSSION
How Biomass Works
Solar panels, hydropower, and wind turbines are all well–known renewable resources. However, one
of the most prevalent sources for energy is often overlooked. Biomass is a renewable and
sustainable energy resource that uses organic materials to generate electricity. ("Biomass Power
Association.") Biomass energy is made from any form of previously–living material. This includes
any animal material or product, all vegetation, and even human waste. Scrap lumber, forest debris,
crops, manure, and even industrial wastes can all be utilized and turned into renewable energy
through biomass. Often leftover materials from factories such as paper mills are used to help sustain
the renewable resource. However, this process tends to be inefficient and unreliable (Mary, Booth),
so frequently biomass energy is instead produced by cutting down forests or converting crops such
as sugar or corn into combustible fuels. Biomass is considered a renewable resource because organic
material and waste will always exist. Whether this is through forests, crops, or animals, as long as
humans inhabit the earth there will be waste to utilize. [figure 2]
Although biomass is sometimes considered inefficient in comparison to other fuels, biomass fuels
have two strengths when compared to widely–used fossil fuels. The first reason is the time
difference there is between fossil fuels and biomass. One example would be coal. In nature coal
requires close to 400 million
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The Architecture Of Wind Turbines
1.0–Architecture of Wind Turbines Wind turbines are commonly thought of not being complex;
however, turbines are composed with much more than meets the eye. Starting at the base which has
drastically changed and will continue to change as new technology arises. The base is the most
important part of the wind turbine as it takes forces from all sides, and is the hardest part of a turbine
to change because the whole turbine has to be taken down. With today 's technology the base can
withstand loads and stress from various directions; therefore, being one of the most important
aspects of a wind turbine.
The yaw motor is next in line, and it moves the turbine 360 degrees, a full circle, and this
technology is there to accommodate for wind coming from any direction. It has increased
productivity, and is key to the production of energy.
The gearbox and generator are the most important aspect of a wind turbine because without, energy
would not be produced. With better technology increasing the production of energy. There have been
different three stages to the development of wind turbine technology; stage 1, which consist of
constant speed turbine with a squirrel–cage induction generator; stage 2, consist of a variable speed
turbine with a squirrel–cage induction generator and fully–rated frequency converter; stage 3, which
consist of a variable speed turbine with a wound–rotor induction generator and partially–rated
frequency converted. Advancement in these stages has

How Wind Turbines Work. I Can Still Remember That I’Ve
How Wind Turbines Work
I can still remember that I've made a windmill by a paper in my childhood. I hold my windmill
running on the lawn. Currently, wind power has become the world 's fastest growing renewable
power source. The earliest use of wind to produce energy is when the Egyptians are said to have
used it to propel their sailboats through the water. At 1300's, the windmill appeared in Europe and
was used in the to drain fields. After hundreds of years, people have utilized the wind to do works
and used across North America pumping water by the end of 1800's. It was called steel blades at that
time, also had been introduced to improve efficiency. In 1888, windmill was used in Cleveland,
Ohio to generate electricity. Now in the 21st ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The generator turns rotational energy into electricity. At its essence, generating electricity from the
wind is all about transferring energy from one medium to another.
The main components of a windmill consist of blades, rotor and generator etc. The blades are the
most important feature of the wind turbine. It looks like sails, normally have two or three blades,
they are aerodynamically shapes to make the most of the energy in the wind, turning a shaft which is
connected to a generator and turn into wind power. When the wind forces the blades to move, it has
transferred some of its energy to the rotor which is the technical term for the entire hub. It is also
known as a propeller. The rotor usually consists of two or more wooden, fiberglass or metal which
rotates about an axis at a rate determined by the wind speed and the shape of the blades. In addition,
rotor can turn a generator which transforms the mechanical energy into electricity. There is an
electric motor orientates the nacelle so that, rotor is positioned facing into the wind. In terms of
generator, that is converts the motion of wind turbine in to electricity. A simple generator consists of
magnets and a conductor. The conductor is typically a coiled wire, they are rotated in a magnetic
field to produce electrical voltage. The shaft connects to permanent magnets which surround by
coils of wire. In the electrical process, when the conductor that has magnets rotating to the other,
there is an electric

Why Wind Turbines Have Caused Such Controversy in Puerto Rico
Wind Turbines: Why has it caused so much controversy in Puerto Rico?
As the Law of Conservation states, energy can be neither created nor destroyed (The Secret Lives of
Energy). That means that an energy source has to be use in order to generate the energy needed. It is
common knowledge that the pollution caused by the use of fossil fuels over time is making society
live in a contaminated world. In addition, the cost of the use of fossil fuels is increasing and
becoming too expensive, forcing people to find alternate ways in which they can pay less for the use
of energy. The use of fossil fuels over time has increased to a point where the remaining reservoirs
have decreased by a large margin. On the other hand, renewable energy is ... Show more content on
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It is considered green energy because it uses resources the Earth will replace and does not pollute
nor harm the environment (Alliant Energy). Fossil fuels, which are fuels found under the Earth's
ground, such as petroleum, cannot be replaced and cause large levels of pollution (SF Environment).
One of the renewable sources causing the most controversies in Puerto Rico is the wind. In order to
use the wind to generate power, also known as Aeolic energy, wind turbines are needed.
According to research done by Discovery News, in January 25, 2013, the top 10 countries, by order
of most demand and use of wind energy, are: China, United States, Germany, Spain, India, Italy,
France, Canada, Brazil, and Denmark. All of these countries are investing money in wind turbine
projects because, in the long run, it is going to benefit them from both the economic and ecofriendly
point of view (Discovery News). In addition to these top ten countries in the world, there are more
countries that have, or are, investing in these types of projects, since this is the future and correct
path for the use Renewable Energy as a replacement for fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are harming the
environment to the point where in a short amount of time it is going to be almost impossible to live
on Earth because of the catastrophic changes the pollution will cause. (Environmental and Energy
Study Institute). The controversies caused in

Wind Power And The Wind Turbine System
Abstract
Wind force is still the most encouraging renewable energy in the year of 2013. The wind turbine
system (WTS) began with a few tens of kilowatt power in the 1980s. Now, multi megawatt wind
turbines are widely installed even up to 6–8 MW. There is a widespread use of wind turbines in the
distribution networks and more and more wind power stations, acting as power plants, are connected
directly to the transmission networks. As the grid penetration and power level of the wind turbines
increase steadily, the wind power starts to have significant impacts to the power grid system.
Therefore, more advanced generators, power electronic systems, and control solutions have to be
introduced to improve the characteristics of the wind power plant and make it more suitable to be
integrated into the power grid. Meanwhile, there are also some emerging technology challenges,
which need to be further clarified and investigated. The global electrical energy consumption is still
rising and there is a steady demand to increase the power capacity. The production, distribution and
the use of the energy should be as technological efficient as possible and incentives to save energy at
the end–user should be set up. The deregulation of energy has lowered the investment in larger
power plants, which means the need for new electrical power sources may be very high in the near
future. Two major technologies will play important roles to solve the future problems.
One is to change the electrical

A Report On Gaia Wind Turbine
INTRODUCTION. The Eau Bank is located in Eau Bank Road, North Somercotes Louth,
Lincolnshire LN11 7LP. As the the 2001 census, Louth had a population of approximately 28
people. This comprise of 16 women and 12 men living in 12 households. The location is on the
longitude 0.120151 and latitude 53.484. The intending wind project will make available a suitable
method of generating a clean renewable, sustainable and efficient electrical energy to Eau Bank
farm community using a single micro wind turbine. The choice of turbine to be installed is based on
certain design criteria such as economic value, physical robustness, quiet nature and high efficiency.
Gaia wind turbine possesses all the afore–mentioned qualities as a single micro turbine will be
mounted on a 18m tower in an open landscape with few buildings and possibility of no windbreaks
all through the year to be able to get the wind speed at 6.8m/s. One promising and innovative idea is
to install a turbine higher than the surrounding areas to have access to a more energetic wind
resource. SITE DESCRIPTION. Installation Location: Eau Bank Farm Eau Bank North Somercotes

Effects Of Conventional Ground Based Wind Turbines
Tethered airfoil HAWP devices have 3 main components: 1.) the airfoil or lifting surface, 2.) the
tether, and 3.) the anchor point or base station [1]. One of the benefits of these devices over
conventional ground based wind turbines is that the material footprint of each device is significantly
less than their ground based counterparts for the same amount of power generated [6]. These devices
do require slightly different materials than HAWTs for example, however they are not significantly
more complex, which should allow them to penetrate the market in a similar fashion to how ground
based turbines did and became widespread. The first main component of these HAWP devices, the
airfoil or lifting surface, could be made of a variety of materials. If the device uses a parasail as in
[1] [4] [6] [7], then it is likely to be made of conventional parasail materials, namely nylon. If
instead of a parasail, an airfoil is used, then such an airfoil will likely be made out of similar
materials to airplane wings. Airplane wings and thus airfoils, can be made out of a variety of
different materials, ranging from wood and cloth used on old WWI planes, to aircraft grade
aluminum used in modern airliners, to composite materials found in today's gliders. Any of these
materials could be potentially viable for the airfoil, as different materials are suited to different
properties of the airfoil [1]. If the airfoil also has onboard power generation in the form of propellers
that spin motors,

The Wind Turbines Are A Dominant Method Of Harnessing Wind...
This paper discusses how scientists can help bring wind power into urban areas with limited space
such as London, and make wind energy a sustainable energy resource. Three–blade wind turbines
are a dominant method of harnessing wind power, but this technology has drawbacks which make it
unsuitable for placement in London. Small Wind Turbines, owned by individuals and/or
communities have attempted to fill the gap, but are only capable of supplying lower levels of power
than a city demands. This paper assumes that wind power will continue be used in combination with
other (renewable) energy sources, such as solar, tidal or nuclear power to meet the UK's future
energy needs and sustain at least an equivalent lifestyle to now.
3–blade wind turbines are the dominant wind power technology used by the UK and they are a
strong force in the UK renewable energies market (Renewable UK, 2014). As such, the market has
invested in wind energy and drives a profitability mentality to renewables. There is public support
for using wind energy generally, but also concerns about the effects of (in particular) 3–blade wind
turbines and Small Wind Turbines on human and animal health, noise pollution, and their visual
impact were they placed in sight of people's homes (Tatchley et al., 2016). These market forces spur
on innovation into wind energy which makes it more accessible.
Using wind turbines has helped put the UK on track to achieve deriving 20% of its energy needs
from renewable sources

Vibration Control Of Wind Turbines : A Comparative Study...
Vibration Control in Wind Turbines: A Comparative Study Milad Rezaee1 and Aly Mousaad Aly2
1, 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,
LA, USAAbstract. Recently, the increased energy demand has led to explorations in other sources,
particularly in renewable energies. Wind energy is one of the cleanest sources that plays a
significant role in providing sustainable energy. Wind turbines, as wind energy power plants, are
considered tall and slender structures, and depending on their location, which can be inland or
offshore, can be exposed to high wind and/or strong wave loads. These loads can exert unwanted
vibrations on the structure that may have detrimental effects on energy production. The current
paper reviews some of existing methods to control these vibrations and investigates the influence of
using different methods to suppress the motion of a wind turbine tower. In this study, the capability
of the tuned mass dampers, tuned liquid column and sloshing dampers, and viscous dampers to
decrease the tower's vibration are evaluated. Finally, a comparison among these devices is made and
recommendations on the application of each technique are suggested. Based on the results
presented, viscous dampers can reduce both displacement and acceleration of the tower better than
other types of dampers, for the same control effort (total control force). Nevertheless, the use of
viscous dampers may require space considerations,

Divided Over Wind Turbines Analysis
The cost for renewable energy is halted for an endanger species. The text "Divided Over Wind
Turbines" by Maria Glod is discussing how the windmills should not be built because the low
number of bats that are already left will die off due to the wind turbines. In the other text, "District
Court Conclusion" by the court is how the decision was made in favor of the bats. Lastly in "The
Indiana Bat Decision: a Dangerous Precedent for Alternative Energy?by Brandon Middleton discuss
how this person feels about the court's decision was wrong because of the renewable energy source
should not be turned down because of bats. The windmills farms are huge 389–foot windmills able
to turn the Appalachian breezes into energy that can be used in daily life sounds easier than done
because the case is where the wind turbines are placed happens to be where the Indiana bats
hibernate in limestone caves within several miles of the wind farm. The concerns of the court
decision are debatable due to the fact both arguments are a logical one for the bats and the other for
the possibility of renewable energy. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now since the author Brandon Middleton that wrote " The Indiana Bat Decision: a Dangerous
Precedent for Alternative Energy?" have been one example how the people are uncertain that the
court have pickt the best solution state's, "threat to the overall species. The injunction was
completely unnecessary given that only 3% of the Indiana bat population is located in West Virginia,
meaning that wind turbines in Greenbrier County could only affect a miniscule portion of the
Indiana bats." Now since the court had not known this about the population of bats in West virginia
some people are outrage because renewable sources have been denied for 3% of bats that can
possibility to kill bats from the turbines of the

The Aerodynamic Performance Of A Wind Turbine
The aerodynamic performances of a wind turbine with airfoil
Type Turbosail blades based on the lifting line model
Abstract
One of attracting concepts has been the use of Turbosail principle to produce lift from fixed
cylinders in various engineering applications. With emerging innovative Turbosail type wind turbine
technology, it is important to determine power performance and characteristics of such generators as
correctly as possible.
The objective of this project paper is to develop an efficient numerical code, for the prediction of the
aerodynamic characteristics of Turbosail type wind turbine. A vortex model has been treated based
on the lifting line theory.
Introduction
Increasing global warming and environmental pollution forced the nations resort to renewable
energy sources like wind energy. However, due to the constantly increasing energy demand of the
world, the clean energy should also be obtained efficiently. Wind energy is obtained using many
devices. One of attracting concepts has been the use of Turbosail principle to produce lift from tick
sucked airfoil in various engineering applications.
The Turbosail is made essentially of a ovoid–section cylinder with longitudinal suction zones and a
thin movable flap on the lower side of the trailing edge [ ]. Fig.1 shows a perspective view of the
Turbosail model and Fig.2 is the view in the median plane
The first successful device based on the principle of Turbosail returns to the year 1980, when the
foundation

The Plan And Implementation Of The Wind Turbine Project
II. The Plan
Since it is proved that Shishalh Nation has an intention in the development of sustainable energy but
with considering existing competitors in the energy market, we need to have a deep and better
conditions for the renewable energy project to Shishalh First Nation.
A. Characteristics of the negotiators
First of all, we have to select who is going to contact and deal with Shishalh First Nation in a good
faith. For example:
Open mind: a negotiator should be an open mind to accept and understand the cultural and
personality differences.
Well thought out: a negotiator should be well thought out for explaining about the plans and
implementation of the wind turbine and how it benefits for them.
Persuasive: a negotiator always has to have a persuasive argument to deal with First Nation.
Knowledgeable: a negotiator has to fully understand about the project, detail statistics and data
about the wind turbine project, and expert on geography and location of Shishalh territory.
Patience: a negotiator always has to be patient about opponent's response and give a reasonable time
to consider the plan.
Respectful: a negotiator should respect their meeting with us since aboriginal people want to be
respected from government and business sectors.
B. Radio advertisement
Before we directly approach them to introduce the wind turbine project, we can use radio
advertisement to get first nation's attention and reminds them over and over again to create an

Internet Of Things : Applications Of Wind Turbine Industry
Internet of Things: applications in Wind Turbine Industry
Abstract
Over the past decade we have seen a rapid adaptation of ubiquitous internet–enabled technologies in
many fields, from home security to public transport to monitoring natural resources. The
proliferation of these devices, enabled by advances in sensor technologies, have provided us with a
platform where devices can communicate with each other and execute management tasks without
human oversight. In this paper, we look at potential applications for Internet of Things based
solutions in wind turbine industry. A major bottleneck observed in the functioning of wind turbines
is the premature gearbox failures that result in unexpected maintenance shutdowns and related costs.
We see how IoT, coupled with debris monitoring systems currently in place, can help address this
issue.
Keywords: Internet of Things, MetalSCAN, Wind turbine gearbox, cloud computing
1. Introduction
Wind mills have existed as part of human civilization from as early as first century, and have been
used to harness the power (KE) of winds. In present day, wind turbines are used to convert the
kinetic energy of wind to electric energy that can be stored and distributed far and wide as controlled
energy. There has been a huge rise in interest and investment in wind turbines and wind farms, as it
represents a renewable source of energy that is plentiful, widely available and has much less effects
on environment compared to non–renewable sources.

Case of the Proposed Jiminy Peak Wind Turbine Essay
1. Two commonly used methods of financial analysis are payback and present value. Payback
determines the length of time for an investment to return its original cost (1). Using the assumptions
stated below the payback of the Jiminy Nick wind turbine with a cost of about $3.3 million would
return the investment in about four years time. Net present value summarizes the initial cost of an
investment, the estimated annual cash flows, and expected salvage value, taking into account the
time value of money (1). A NPV calculation for the scenario SED is reviewing equals $7,697,286
minus the investment costs of $3,318,000 totaling $4,379,286.
The capital budgeting analysis reflects the assumptions stated in the case scenario that the initial ...
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Not only is the wind turbine environmentally sustainable, it can lead to tremendous cost savings for
the resort. Below are the advantages (3):
The turbine is able to generate energy 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. While the resort may not use
all of the electricity that the turbine generates, the excess electricity can be diverted to the power
grid and sold resulting in additional money for the resort (approximately $161,000/year).
With a wind turbine, Jiminy Peak Mountain Resort will buy 2.3 million fewer kWh per year
resulting in cost savings for the resort.
The resort will benefit from renewable energy production tax credits for 10 years.
The wind turbine eliminates the need for diesel fuel generated power.
The wind turbine eliminates gases such as CO2, SOx and NOx.
The turbine does not produce much sound at 200 yards away, only that equivalent to a quiet whisper.
3. While the wind turbine can be advantageous to Jiminy Peak Mountain Resort, the resort must also
consider the disadvantages of erecting the turbine prior to making a final decision (4).
The wind turbine is taller than the Statue of Liberty and its blades are more than 100 feet wide.
Local residents may not want such a tall structure at the top of the mountain.
The construction materials for the wind turbine would travel noisily through the local community
which would add to the road

Wind Energy : Land Based- Large Turbines
Wind Energy: Land Based– Large Turbines
Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere from the sun, irregularities of the earth's
surface and the rotation of the earth. This wind flow can be used to generate mechanical and
electrical power when used by wind turbines. Wind energy is a renewable resource that does not
create pollution. Wind energy is derived from natural wind speeds of at least 10 mph. The incoming
wind is harnessed by large wind turbines that are used to move blades. The movement of these
blades results in the turning of a drive shaft and generator to create clean electrical power. A wind
turbine is the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, wind turbines use wind to
make electricity. Wind turbines convert the potential energy in the wind into kinetic energy that
results in mechanical power– The turning of the blades and drive shaft. The mechanical energy can
then be used for traditional tasks such as grinding grain or pumping water. Modern wind turbines
use generators to convert this mechanical power into electricity that can power homes, businesses,
schools and other buildings. Wind turbines are often grouped together into a single wind power plant
also known as a wind farm, and generate bulk electrical power. Electricity from these turbines is fed
into a utility grid and distributed to customers, just as with conventional power plants. Wind turbines
come in a variety of sizes and power ratings. Utility–scale turbines

The Application Of Wind Turbine
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Bhavesh Purohit, 12226, student of B.Tech in ASET (Department) has
carried out the work presented in the project entitle "Design of Wind Turbine" as a part of Second
year programme of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical and Automation Engineering from Amity
School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh under my
supervision. Mr. Sonu Sharma Dep't. Of Mechanical and Automation Engineering ASET, Noida.
ACMNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel grateful towards our MAE department who has solved my every query from time to time. I
wish to extend my sincere thanks to my guide Mr. Sonu Sharma for his informative and illuminative
guidance. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and whole hearted thanks to
my teacher for his valuable guidance and support.
At last my sincere thanks to all those who have directly or indirectly helped me during the making
of the project.
ABSTRACT
This project investigates the current available designs of wind turbine and examines the predicted
future advancements of the same. The project also allows us to perform certain tests not only
verifying the efficiency of the various wind turbine designs but also the efficiency of a 'pulley belt
type dynamometer'. This report explains the very basics involved in the study of Wind Turbo
machinery. The report commences with a very brief introduction of the project aim and of all the
other elements

Design Constraints For The Wind Turbine Tower
ENG 1050 –Materials Selection Report
Abstract
After careful considerations of material properties with the objectives of the research (minimise cost
and weight), the material that would be most suitable for the wind turbine tower is low–alloy steel
and for the blades, CFRP. Considering the design constraints, the tower is best designed with a
hollow circle frame with 5m (inner) and 3m (outer) radius which translates to a material cost of
$4.96 million (tower only) and weighs 7893 tonnes. CFRP is the most suitable material for the blade
as it has the lowest density and high fracture toughness and fits the constraints. Additional costs are
based on anti–corrosion protection, CFRP production (based on blade length), transport and
recycling commitments.
Introduction
Due to the dying ability of traditional fossil fuels to power the earth's power requirements,
alternative energy sources – such as solar, wind, geothermal and hydropower are beginning to
supply the rapidly growing demand. Offshore wind farms, a clean energy source, are being
introduced given their consistent and relatively higher power output.
The purpose of this exercise is to design a wind turbine tower and blades to meet the service
specifications for an offshore environment. This involves manipulating the design – tower shape and
dimensions, selected material while minimising the cost of construction and the weight. Given that
the turbines are to be offshore, we will also predict possible corrosion damages and

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Wind Turbines?
Wind Turbines
Wind turbines are a renewable energy they work by the wind turning the blade, the blade then turns
a shaft inside the nacelle(the box at the top of the turbine), the shaft then goes into a gear box which
increases the rotation speed, the generator then converts the rotational energy into electrical energy,
the transformer then converts the electricity from around 700 volts to the right voltage for
distribution which is usually 33,000 volts after all of these procedures, the national grid then
transmits the powers around the country.
Some things a typical wind turbine consist of, the tower which is a cylinder made of steel painted
light grey and from 25 to 75 meters tall, wind turbines also have rotor blades which are always on a
wind turbine and have in–between 1 to 3 made of fibre glass–reinforced or wood–epoxy and theses
are usually in–between 30 and 80 meters in diameter, the longer the blades the greater the energy
output, the rotor blades typically rotate at 10 to 30 revolutions per minute at constant speed but some
vary as to increase or decrease the output speed. Wind turbines also contain a yaw mechanism which
turns the turbine to face the wind.
Advantages of wind turbines is the wind is free and can be captured efficiently with modern
technology, although wind turbines are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wind turbines are noisy each wind turbine can generate up to the same level of noise as a family car
travelling at 70 mph. When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is produced,
therefore wind power does produce some pollution. Another disadvantage of wind turbines is many
people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant or interesting to look at. They
disfigure the countryside and are generally

Wind Energy and Turbines
Introduction In today's world, there are many different sources of energy that can be used to
generate electricity. When you think of the word energy, what comes to mind? For me, I think of
having the ability to do wok, whether it is moving an object from one place to another, compressing
a gas, producing heat, sound, or light, and having the ability to power something. One very
important source of energy that has become very popular in todays world for a means of power
generation is wind energy, wind power, or also known as a wind turbine.
What is Wind Energy? Wind is air in motion, and is caused by the uneven heating of the Earth's
surface by the sun ("Wind"). Because of this, wind energy has less impact on the environment then
other energy sources. Therefore, wind can produce electricity through a turbine or windmill. A wind
turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power. ("Wind
Turbine") In order for a wind turbine to work there are many properties that must be present such as:
wind, wind speed, location with the right wind, as well as other characteristics that come to play
such as short and long term fluctuations and the distribution of wind direction.
History of Wind Energy Now that you know what wind energy is, it is time to look at where did the
term wind energy originate from. To start, wind energy has been around as early as 200 BC, and was
used to ground grain or pump water. One of the first uses of wind energy was by

The Power Of Wind Turbines
Introduction
Today society shares enthusiasm about the expansion and increased production of alternative energy
to meet the global energy needs, rather than relying on the limited supply of fossil fuels. It is
estimated, by the end of this century, the fossil fuels that sustain civilisation will be depleted. So to
prepare for the new age of energy production, development of renewable energy sources such as
wind power is very important.
Wind & Wind Turbines
Wind is formed from the heating and cooling of the atmosphere, which causes air and air layers to
rise, fall and move over each other. This movement results in wind currents. The kinetic energy of
wind can be transformed into electrical energy through the use of wind turbines.
There are two main types of wind turbines, horizontal and vertical axis. Vertical axis wind turbines
(VAWT) have blades which are connected to the vertical shaft. The horizontal axis wind turbines
(HAWT) however all the main components on top of a tall tower. Since horizontal axis wind
turbines are the most common used, the report will focus on this design.
The Gearbox
As the wind passes over the blades it creates lift which causes the rotor to turn. The blades turn a
low–speed shaft inside the nacelle. The gearbox connects the low speed shaft to the high speed shaft
and increases the rotational speeds from 30 – 60 rotation per minute (rpm) to around 1000 –1800
rpm. This is about the rotational speed required by most generators to produce

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Vertical Wind Turbine...
The vertical wind turbine are designed with vertical rotor shaft a generator a gearbox which are
located at the bottom of the turbine and has various shapes that designed the power of the wind in
any direction the wind blows (VAWT), which may be as efficient as current horizontal axis systems,
might be practical, simpler and significantly cheaper to build and maintain than horizontal axis wind
turbines (HAWTs). Advantages of VAWT:
 They are always facing the wind
 Have greater surface area for energy capture.  Are more efficient in gusty winds
 Can be installed in more locations.
 Do not kill birds because it is highly visible.
 less expensive to build
 low maintenance
 Produce less noise
a vertical rotating shaft it has very good ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without a tail vane, the machine rotor naturally tracks the wind in a
The more blades there are on a wind turbine, the higher will be the torque and the slower the
rotational speed. But turbines used for generating electricity need to operate at high speeds, and
actually don't need much torque. So, the fewer the number of blades, the better suited the system is
for producing power.
A one–bladed wind turbine is the most efficient turbine design. This is because the turbine blade
sweeps 360 degrees before encountering its wake. However, only having one blade causes many
problems structurally and dynamically, so it is not very feasible.
A two–bladed turbine is the next most efficient because each blade sweeps 180 degrees before
reaching the wake of the other blade, but you get something called yaw chatter when the turbine
rotates to face the wind. The yaw chatter cause noise, vibration, and stress on the tower.
A three–bladed wind turbine is the most efficient turbine design without having any dynamic issues.
This is why pretty much all large wind turbines these days are three

Working of Wind Turbines
There are a large number of literatures available on the study conducted to improve the working of
wind turbines. Some of these researches have been implemented practically while others are still in
experimental phase. A literature was prepared by Md. Mahfouz Sarwar, Nazia Nawshin, Muhammad
Ali Imam and Mohammad Mashudon on "A new approach to improve the performance of an
existing small wind turbine by using Diffuser." They have studied the improved effect of diffuser on
the performance of a small wind turbine system. They have analyzed two hollow structures: Nozzle
and Diffuser. Also by experimental setup they have proved that the wind speed in diffuser was
greatly influenced by diffuser open angle, and speed increases near the inlet region of it.
3.1 Selection of Diffuser Shape
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET) had done smoke–wire analysis on two
types of hollow–structure models, a nozzle and a diffuser. The experiments revealed that a diffuser–
shaped structure can accelerate the wind at the entrance of the body. They examined the inner flow
of two typical hollow structures, namely a nozzle–type model that reduces the inside cross section
and a diffuser type model that expand the inside cross section downstream. The diffuser model has a
remarkable effect on the collection and acceleration of the approaching wind. It has been found that
the wind tends to avoid the nozzle type model, while the wind flows into the diffuser type model as
it is inhaled.

Wind Turbines
"A wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy". (1)
The inventor of the first electric wind turbine was Clevelander Charles Brush, who ran his entire
Euclid Avenue mansion off of one for 20 years, which later made the cover of Scientific American
in 1888. (2) Although the use of alternate energy didn't rise a great deal afterwards, this event did
open the eyes for many environmentalists. Wind power is only one of our several "energy source[s]
whose 'fuel' is free and will never be exhausted" (3) with the pros and cons not completely weighed
out as to whether it will be truly beneficial or not. The two main issues regarding wind turbines are
the environmental effects that they have and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The integration process would be slow until there was more emphasis on its use in society. It will be
true with wind turbines as well; more transmission lines will be needed to make them more
appealing for the general public and businesses.
Another problem with building wind turbines is that you are placed on a waiting list in order to be
able to build one and "waiting lists now fall somewhere in the vicinity of a year–and–a–half to two
years". (10) The wait may not be too long considering the benefits that they can provide, but then
building one becomes an even more difficult issue because there is "the necessity of one of only six
cranes in the country that are capable of hoisting the turbine's pieces into place". (11) The
construction also takes months and even years, if you are planning a wind farm. After all this work,
some people would question whether or not it was worth it. The British Wind Energy Association
states that "it is cheaper to save electricity than to generate it, by whatever method", (12) but since
people don't take actions to reduce their electricity use, another method has to be put into place. "On
average, MN residents use 7 blocks of electricity/month. This premium of 1¢/kWh compares to the
price of under 10¢/kWh for non–wind power. Each year, every block of wind power purchased will
have the same environmental benefit of planting ½ acre of trees or not driving a car 2400

Wind Turbines Essay
"A wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy". (1)
The inventor of the first electric wind turbine was Clevelander Charles Brush, who ran his entire
Euclid Avenue mansion off of one for 20 years, which later made the cover of Scientific American
in 1888. (2) Although the use of alternate energy didn't rise a great deal afterward, this event did
open the eyes for many environmentalists. Wind power is only one of our several "energy source[s]
whose 'fuel' is free and will never be exhausted" (3) with the pros and cons not completely weighed
out as to whether it will be truly beneficial or not. The two main issues regarding wind turbines are
the environmental effects that they have and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The constructions of the turbines alone are creating an effect on these mammals because of the
frequency of noise that is emitted into the water. These frequencies disrupt mammal communication,
location and location of other species around them.
One other environmental factor regarding wind turbines, especially the wind farms, is that "erecting
and maintaining wind turbines can also necessitate clearing land: ridgeline installations often require
a fair amount of deforestation, and then there's the associated clearing for access roads, maintenance
facilities, and the like". (7) Although we are trying to help the environment by creating a safer and
cleaner source of energy, the actions of clearing our forests, and whatever ecosystem that lived in
that forest, in order to save the environment appears to be an oxymoron. "But there are also now a
great many turbines situated on farmland, where the fields around their bases are still actively
farmed". (8)
The long term effects of this issue could be devastating if precautions are not taken. Small rodents
are known to find shelter at the base of the large wind turbines, luring different bird species to wind
farms causing a higher death rate for the birds. The wind farms are also unfortunately located in the
migration

Wind Turbine Thesis
CESP 750 D OUTLINE FORMAT
Name: Chaitanya Polaki
Proposed Title: Benefits of the Vertical axis wind turbine
Problem or Thesis Statement: The VAWT is better than the HAWT in wind power plants because
VAWT significantly requires less installation room, has low–cost efficiency, decreased mechanical
vibrational stress, and much higher output efficiency.
OUTLINE
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Large scale industries, mostly depend upon the HAWT and is estimated that the coefficient of
output energy is almost 0.5 i.e. 90% acquired through HAWT whereas the VAWT gives about 0.4
factor of output power, so is it necessary to design, establish and implement VAWT in the
industries?
B. In past, humans fully depend upon the nonrenewable sources like ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A. Brown, ).
C. The VAWT is better than the HAWT in wind power plants because VAWT significantly requires
less installation room decreased mechanical vibrational stress, much higher output efficiency, and is
a lot easier to construct.
II. BODY
A. Although the HAWT are mostly for the large scale industries and remote areas, in the urban
region and small scale industries target mostly VAWT. The flow of the wind in urban areas is less,
area occupying by the VAWT motor and blades is less because this part is small and vital to run the
wind turbine, and the noise pollution is less due to small design model and flexible composite
blades. Not only acoustic pollution is less, but also the structural design and safety problems
restricts the usage of HAWT in urban areas (Yang Zhong–Jia). The blades of HAWT a must be made
of are metals and the ratio of the wind blade length, thickness and width are more which leads to
more stress on the blades and motor rotating the turbine.
B. Turbine Blades and internal parts such as motors are the main part of the Windmill. Materials
used in the HAWT lead to effect more cost. Unlike the materials of VAWT, the materials of HAWT
are made of high composites metals and steel blades, power required to store the energy in the end
in the generator is more, and it must be installed near offshore or remote areas (K. A. Brown*).
However the turbine blades made up of composite materials such

Risk Analysis: Onshore Wind Turbine
There is a rising commitment towards utilizing clean energy across the world. Wind turbines happen
to be an efficient choice to meet some of the demand on electricity. A group of wind turbines
connected to each other by electrical cables forms a wind farm. A wind farm produces 17 to 39
times the power it consumes, which is more efficient when compared to other forms of energy such
as nuclear power (16 times) or coal (11 times) [1]. An onshore wind turbine sits on a structural
support usually made of concrete, called Foundation, the importance of a foundation is to transfer
the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the wind turbine to the surrounding ground. Whether the
case is offshore or onshore, a wind turbine would essentially consist of the same parts. The first
component ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Risk assessment is the overall process of hazard identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation [5].
Risk assessment provides an understanding of risks, their causes, consequences, and their
probabilities [6].
Hazard Identification is the process of finding, listing, and characterizing hazards.
Risk Analysis is a process for comprehending the nature of hazards and determining the level of
risk.
Risk Evaluation is the process of comparing an estimated risk against given risk criteria to
determine the significance of the risk.
A decision has to take place based on risk evaluation in order to mitigate or control the risk. This
step is known as Risk Control. Before implementing risk control measures, the level of risk has to
be determined in order to decide which hazard to start treating [5]. One of the conventional methods
used to rank or prioritize risks is the Risk Matrix shown

Wind Turbine: A Study to Harness a Energy Source Essay
Introduction
Following the recent developments in renewable energy sources, wind turbines have been one of the
primary devices focussed on. Basically, wind turbines are devices that convert the kinetic energy
from the wind into electrical power for human usage. "Wind farms" are created in very windy places
to harness this energy.
It is however impossible to harness the entire power potential from the wind. Only 59% of the total
kinetic energy of the wind flowing in the turbine can be harnessed. Efficiency greatly depends on
the maintenance of the wind turbine and its components.
A variety of tests can be applied to test the material and structures.
In–Depth analysis and NDT tests done.
The lifecycle of wind turbines, the blades are a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is usually best to calibrate with a calibration block made from the same material as the real
component. Althought this results in higher costs but it gives certainly most reliable results. Open
cracks and tight cracks can be separated from each other with eddy current technique.
However a crack which goes through grain boundary is clearly more difficult to estimate. Figure 1
shows eddy current signals from three cracks that were found with dye penetrant testing. a) 3
surface breaking cracks on a turbine blade b) Eddy current signals from cracks.
Fig 1: Eddy current signals from the three cracks shown in the blade .
Measuring the width of a layer is simple with eddy current technique, if there are no strong changes
in permeability. In addition, the geometry of a turbine blade can complicate the dimension. Figure 2
shows the width dimension from a first stage X45 vane. The layer was non–conducting material. In
this case, the dimension can be easily to carried out with conventional eddy current technique. Fig 2:
EC thickness dimension of the layer from a 1. stage vane, material X45 with ceramic layer.
During the lifespan of a material, property can differ severely as displayed in figure 3. In these
cases, the solid effect from the permeability can't be fixed simply. The layer from IN738 turbine
blade is impaired. The impaired part gives a similar indicator to ferritic steel. While in the intact
area, the measured indication was similar

Essay about How Wind Turbine Improved the World
WIND TURBINE
INTRODUCTION:
Windmills are incredible creations that have its importance in our history. Early pioneers utilized
windmills for pumping water out of the ground and provide the water for their cattle's over a
century. Throughout the years, diverse outlines and varieties were made to make the windmill run
more effectively. In spite of the fact that there have been many plans made, a large portion of the
windmill parts still remained unaltered.
Now–a–days the handling of "Electricity" has been increased rapidly. Due to this the "Fossil Fuels"
are getting extinguished day–to–day. So we need to choose for an alternate source of energy that is
Renewable Source. Among the Renewable Sources "Wind Energy" is one of them. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rotors are placed in the blades and in the hub. The main function of rotor is to convert wind energy
into rotation. "Lift" principle is used in the rotor blades. The two forces over pressure which is
produced by wind at the bottom of the wind blade and vacuum at the top o f the wind blade makes
the rotor to rotate.
YAW DRIVE: The main function of yaw drive is to move rotor according to the direction of the
wind, otherwise a yaw error is produced which results in less utilization of wind.
YAW MOTOR: Its function is to power the yaw drive.
CONTROLLER: Controller is a sub–system which acts as a watch–dog in the sense it controls
various parts of the turbine. It automatically stops working of the turbine if any faults occur and
information is passed to operator's computer.
TOWER: Tower height is mandatory in producing more electricity. Wind capturing capability of the
turbine increases as the tower height increases. As the tower height

The Wind Power Of Wind Turbines And Wind Farms
I. The nature of noise related symptoms in residents who reside within a certain proximity to wind
turbines and wind farms.
Over the past several decades, there has been a resurgence in wind power. This technology is a clean
renewable energy source that does not contribute to global warming nor does it create any harmful
wastes. As communities look to identify safe renewable energy sources many have turned to wind
power; inspired by the numerous benefits and perceived benign risks many have attempted to
harness wind power through wind turbines and wind farms. As the Sun heats the Earth it creates
wind. Due to the changing seasons and moving cloud coverage, the sun heats the Earth unevenly
and this uneven heating, in addition to the Earth 's rotation, causes warmer air to move toward
cooler air resulting in wind. Although wind power is not new, technological advancements have
altered the image of the traditional windmill and have created new obstacles and environmental
concerns for local residents.
Wind power is harnessed using wind turbines, which transforms the energy into electrical power.
Wind turbines are typically designed either on a horizontal–axis or a vertical–axis. According to the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "horizontal–axis wind turbines have either two or three long
blades that collect the energy in the wind and convert it to electricity." Additionally, "the blades spin
when the wind blows over them and the energy of motion contained in the

Designing A Wind Energy Into Electrical Energy With The...
ABSTRACT
The topic aim to prepare a vehicle which can convert a wind energy into electrical energy with the
help of wind turbine. Wind turbines are mainly used for electricity generation to pump water etc.
This design conveys simple wind turbine which converts kinetic energy into mechanical energy that
can produce electricity. The energy stored in the battery which is produced by windmill on a small
vehicle. The vehicle can be setup by the small wind mill that produce energy. the alternator will
boost the energy and produce. it works because the motion of the car moves with wind .It gives
project limitations and drawbacks.
MANUFACTURE OF WIND VITALITY VECHICLE we are in this world largely depend on power
which is generated from various sources contribution of conventional, renewable and non renewable
sources. It deals with utilizing wind energy in a fast moving vehicles. It is also a pollution free. The
wind is more unpredictable .Neighborhood winds are brought on by two parts. The primary is
different warming of territory water. sun based protection in the midlist of the day is immediately
changed over to sensible essential. of the zone surface yet is made some of that water, which causes
the air over the range to warmth up and gets the zone arises, and the cooler heavier over the air
water moves into the supplement . this is instrumentation of shore breezes. Around night time, the
head of the breezes is exchanged in light t the fact

Essay on The Importance of Wind Turbines for Renewable Energy
The American inventor Charles F. Brush invented the first automatically operated wind turbine in
1887. [1] Since then, multiple developments have contributed to the design of today's modern wind
turbine. And when grouped together into a wind farm, wind turbines are becoming an important
source of renewable energy.
HAWT blades are designed like airplane wings in order to use lift to capture the wind's energy. The
airfoil design that they use makes one surface of the blade rounded, while the other is smooth and
flat. [3] When air passes through the blades, a difference in pressure is created between the top and
bottom of the blade. The introduction of the blade into airflow acts like an introduction of a force
and causes the streamlines of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main purpose of the gearbox is to increase the rotational speed of the blades to the generator. In
order for the electrical generator to perform efficiently and effectively, the input speed must be very
fast. The blades are not able to turn fast enough due to the centrifugal strain of high speeds. [6] The
gearbox uses multiple gears and gear trains in order to provide speed and torque conversions that are
necessary. These conversions are dependent on the gear ratio of the gearbox.
Most of the mechanical energy that is produced by the rotating blades is transformed into electrical
energy via the generator. The generator, through the process of electromagnetic induction, produces
an electrical voltage that will cause a current to flow out of the generator. As the rotor spins the
shaft, the shaft spins the coil of wire held within the generator. The coil is surrounded by an
assembly of permanent magnets that produce a voltage when the coil is spun inside of them. [7] This
voltage is what drives the electrical current through the power lines for distribution.
The yaw controller is responsible for controlling the angle between the rotor and direction of wind
(yaw angle). Varying wind direction becomes an issue for the power–generating abilities of turbines.
In order for the turbine to produce the most power, the turbine's horizontal axis must be parallel to
the wind direction. The yaw controller is able to turn the

Renewable Energy Resources : Wind Turbines Vs Solar Panels...
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
– WIND TURBINES VS SOLAR PANELS –
HOW THEY WORK
Wind turbines:
A wind turbine turns wind into energy. As wind blows towards the blades of the turbine, the rotors
spin around, capturing kinetic energy from the wind. The rotor blades are able to rotate around the
hub (located at the front, middle of the turbine) allowing them to meet the wind at the best possible
angle. Inside the nacelle (the main body of the turbine), the gearbox is able to convert the low–speed
turning of the drive shaft into high–speed rotations that are fast enough to drive the generator
proficiently. The generator then takes the kinetic energy from the spinning shaft and turns it into the
electrical energy. With the help of anemometers that provide the measurements of wind direction
and speed, the rotors and nacelle can be rotated by a yaw motor allowing the blades to face directly
towards the oncoming wind, capturing the maximum amount of energy possible. The electrical
current produced by the generator then flows through a cable running through the centre of the
turbine tower. From there, a step–up transformer converts the electrical energy to a voltage about 50
times higher. The energy can then be transmitted efficiently to buildings and homes nearby or to the
power grid.
Solar Panels:
A solar panel turns the sun's light into energy. Solar panels are made up of many small solar cells.
Every one of these cells needs light from the sun to allow the electrons to move. Each

Electricity Generation With Micro Wind Turbines Placed On...
Electricity Generation with Micro Wind Turbines placed on the Vehicle Vijaya Krishna Teja Bangi*,
Second Author** *Department of First Author, Faculty of First Author, Affiliation of First Author,
Postal address **Department of Second Author, Faculty of First Author, Affiliation of First Author,
Postal address ***Department of Third Author, Faculty of First Author, Affiliation of First Author,
Postal address (First Author Mail Address, Second Author Mail Address, Third Author Mail
Address) ‡ Corresponding Author; Second Author, Postal address, Tel: +90 312 123 4567, Fax: +90
312 123 4567,corresponding@affl.edu Received: xx.xx.xxxx Accepted:xx.xx.xxxx Abstract– Enter
a Wind energy is one of the prominent renewable sources of energy. This ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This paper deals with generating electricity by utilizing the flow of air on the vehicle while cruising
on a highway. The micro wind turbines are coupled to micro generators placed above the trunk at
the rear end of the car. Two turbines have been tested at various speeds of the vehicle ranging from
50 – 80 mph on the freeway. When hooked up to an electrical load consisting of 4 LED bulbs
connected in parallel, consistent output of 4V and 800mA was achieved using the two turbines
connected in parallel. Keywords– Micro Wind Turbines; Vehicle; Electricity generation. 1.
Introduction When any vehicle is moving on the road it experiences resistance due to the wind. As
the vehicle moves forward, air flows along the surface of the vehicle in the opposite direction. This
kinetic energy in the air can be utilized to propel the turbine, which in turn rotates the generator
shaft connected to it. This test can be performed on any vehicle. Since an automobile was available
at our disposal, we choose to test the setup of micro wind turbines on it. There were few studies
which dealt with this concept in several other ways and none of them have actually tested out their
designs. Our primary aim was to prove that electricity can be generated using micro–wind turbines
on any moving vehicle. Hence, the aerodynamic performance of the car was not given much
consideration during the experiment. CFD analysis

Environmental and Health Concerns Relating to Wind Turbines
The observation of nature and the formulation of a hypothesis is the back bone of many scientific
experiments today. This allows for many observers or scientists to product a conclusion based on
statistical results of the phenomenal (SOURCE). The result of the scientific method has produced
much technological advancement and has solved many practical problems (Bocking, 2006). Many
inventions by science has given power to scientist and their work, this "authority of science" as
Bocking (2006) describes it, allows power to reside in science and allows for it to be trustworthy
enough to be part of many political decisions. This authority has placed a status on science as a
provider of reliable knowledge (Bocking, 2006). In many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
If one were to look at human related variables, then the third most bird related mortality variable
would be transmission line collisions, which is responsible for more than 16 million bird deaths
(Calvert et al, 2013). The article by Calvert et al (2013) suggests that there are other variables that
contribute higher bird mortality than wind power. The article by Pagel et al (2003) is a collection of
reports by industry on bird death by wind turbines, while the article by Calvert (2013) is an
estimation based on reports. Both support either sides of the argument, thus causing more
controversy.
Since the wind industry acknowledges that wind turbines have the potential to harm or cause bird
mortality, the industry has put in resources to resolve this issue. Collaboration between TansAlta
Corp. and the University of Calgary have found a way to reduce bat mortality by 60% (Jones, 2013).
They were able to achieve this by studying the interactions between bats and wind turbines. They
found that bat mortality were not the result of external injury, but by lung damaged through a drop
in air pressure (Jones, 2013). The drop in air pressure was caused by the low rotation frequency of
the turbine blades (Baewald et al, 2008; Jones, 2013). This finding has been supported by other
research papers such as the one by Baewald et al (2008) Barotrauma is a significant cause of bat
fatalities at wind turbines. Their findings were that 8% of bats had only external

Wind Power : Wind Turbines
The Answer Is Blowing in the Wind
Wind energy is a term used to describe the process by which the wind is used to generate electricity
or mechanical power. This alternative energy source is not a new technology. Wind mills, similar to
wind turbines, have been in use since 2000 B.C. and were first developed in China and Persia. Now
with the increasing demand for renewable power, wind turbines or wind generators are beginning to
be seen scattered over the countryside. Wind power is believed to be a practical, renewable source of
green energy. Wind turbines, like large aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air and power an
electric generator that supplies an electric current to power homes, businesses, schools and more.
Modern wind ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wind energy can be generated in most geographical areas, anywhere in the world where the wind
blows consistently and with a strong enough force to make wind energy generation efficient. The
stronger the wind the more power produced. Some of the best locations for wind farms are large
agricultural areas and coastlines. This causes conflicts with other prime concerns, such as
agriculture, urban development, or waterfront views.
Wind energy may seem to be only a clean and non–controversial renewable energy source, but wind
energy turbines do have some environmental concerns. The noise factor is one of those concerns, the
sound may be disguised by the sound of the wind, but there is a definite noise from the turbines.
Analysts and engineers have worked to improve turbines so the noise is reduced. Other
environmental concerns are the aesthetic issues they cause to the land, and how the turbines possibly
interfere with radar or telecommunications. Also the flying rotors take part in bird and bat deaths.
Even though they have these concerns they still have little impact on the environment compared to
fossil fuels. These problems have also been either resolved or greatly reduced through technological
development. According to the wind energy foundation, "In 2013, roughly 168 million megawatt–
hours generated by wind energy avoided 95.6 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) – the
equivalent of reducing power–sector CO2

How Have Wind Turbines Changed Over The Years
Wind turbines have altered the way that we get our energy. Wind turbines are used to harness wind
power and turn into electricity. They are comprised of usually 2 or 3 blades that are connected to a
shaft that was attached to a generator which then turns into electricity. Although we now generally
use it to produce electricity, wind energy was originally used in the form of windmills to do chores
and housework. Because of the rapid increase in the use of wind turbines, it has added jobs and
changed the way we get energy.
Wind turbines over the years
Wind turbines have evolved over the years to develop into what they are today. People have been
using technology for years. For example, it was used for transportation sailboats as early

A Note On Wind Turbine
TERM PAPER
ON
WIND TURBINE
Submitted to–
ASET
Guided By: Submitted By:
VINAYAK B HEMADRI SUSHANT JAIN A2305413012
AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH
GAUTAM BUDDHA NAGAR
Declaration by the student
I, SUSHANT JAIN, student of B.Tech (MAE) hereby declare that the project titled "WIND
TURBINE" which is submitted by me to Department of ASET, Amity University Uttar Pradesh,
Noida, in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical, has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or other
similar title or recognition.
The Author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copy righted material
appearing in the Dissertation / Project report other than brief excerpts requiring only proper
acknowledgement in scholarly writing and all such use is acknowledged.
Signature
Noida
Date Name and Signature of Student(s)
CERTIFICATE BY FACULTY

This is to certify

Wind Turbine Essay
DESIGN AND SURFACE MODIFICATION OF WIND TURBINE BLADE USING
ANALYTICAL AS WELL AS VIRTUAL METHOD
1Prof.S.M.CHOUDHARY
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Wainganga college of engg& management, Nagpur
2Mr.NavinBambode M–TECH Scholar,
Wainganga college of engg& management, Nagpur navin_bambode123@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Designing horizontal–axis wind turbine (HAWT) blades to achieve satisfactory levels of
performance starts with knowledge of the aerodynamic forces acting on the blades. In this paper,
HAWT blade design is studied from the aspect of aerodynamic view and the basic principles of the
aerodynamic behaviours of HAWTs are investigated. Firstly, blade design procedure for an optimum
rotor according to CFD analysis as well as analytical calculations.Then designed blade shape is
modified such that modified blade will be lightly loaded regarding the highly loaded of the designed
blade and power prediction of modified blade is analysed. When the designed blade shape is
modified, it is seen that the power extracted from the wind is reduced about 10% and the length of
modified blade is increased about 5% for the same required power.
Keywords: Horizontal–Axis Wind Turbine Blades, Wind energy, Aerodynamics,Airfoil
INTRODUCTION
Wind turbine technology, dormant for many years, awoke at the end of the 20thcentury to a world of
new opportunities. Developments in many other areas of technology were adapted to wind turbines
and have helped to

Wind Turbines Essay
Introduction:
Wind turbines capture the energy of wind and transform it into kinetic energy that is then converted
to electricity. Turbines are available in a range of sizes and designs and can either be free–standing,
mounted on a building or integrated into a building structure (Pennycook, 2008).
System types:
There are basically two sorts of wind turbines: horizontal–axis design and vertical–axis design.
Horizontal–axis wind turbines are the most common type used and can have various sizes. This type
of turbine has a horizontal rotor shaft and generator usually located at the top of a tower. The
propeller–type blades are used to capture wind thus are oriented into the wind, for instance for small
turbines a wind vane is used, or if ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a matter of fact in a direct–connected system, the wind turbine output is connected directly to the
load. A turbine direct–connected control unit is used to provide the interface between the turbine and
the load.
As for battery system this charges the wind turbine after capturing energy in the battery bank, via a
control unit. A controller is needed to ensure that the batteries are not over or under charged and can
direct electrical power to another load for example space and/or water heating when the batteries are
fully charged.
The advantages and disadvantages of wind turbines
Wind turbines are recognized as one of the fasted growing renewable energy and very sustainable
for the environment but it also has its own advantages and disadvantages. They are as follow:
Advantages
Firstly, it has a clean energy which means that obtaining energy form the wind produces zero
emissions into the atmosphere. Less space is needed, wind turbines usually take up very less space
than what is necessary for a single power station, the rest of the surrounding land can be used for
other purposes for instance agriculture. Wind turbine is a renewable energy, therefore unlike fossil
fuels, the wind will not run out, and can provide the planet with a limitless source of free power. In
addition, wind turbines generate energy in remote locations such as mountainous or countryside

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