A Study on Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash and Alumina Reinforced Aluminium ...IOSR Journals
The results of an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of fly ash and Alumina
reinforced aluminium alloy (LM25) composites samples, processed by stir casting route are reported in this
paper. Three sets of composites with constant weight fraction of fly ash (particle size of 3-100 μm) and
Al2O3(particle size of 150 μm) with different wt% were used. Composite samples have the reinforcement weight
fractions of constant 3% fly Ash and varying %wt of 5, 10 and 15% Al2O3 . The main mechanical properties
studied were the tensile strength,ductilityimpact strength & hardness. Unreinforced LM25 samples were also
tested for the same properties. It was found that the tensile strength & hardness of the aluminium alloy (Lm25)
composites increases with the increase in %wt of Al2O3 upto certain limit. in addition of more amount of
reinforcement the Tensile strength decrease due to poor wettability of the reinforced material with metal
aluminium matrix .And the charpy test shows decrease in impact load absorption with increase in %weight
reinforcement.The Microstructure study of the samples indicated near uniform distribution of the fly ash and
Al2O3 particles in the matrix. LM25 alloy is mainly used where good mechanical properties are required in
castings of a shape or dimensions requiring an alloy of excellent castability in order to achieve the desired
standard of soundness.The alloy is also used where resistance to corrosion is an important consideration
particularly where highstrength is also required.
Aluminum-lithium alloys used in the aerospace industry as structural components
and strengthened by age-hardening. This study aims to improve properties of Al-Li
alloys such as strength, behavior hot rolling and addition element, i.e. Mg and Cu to
this alloy. Several tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of alloy, such as
hardness, tensile, and microstructure by OP, SEM and XRD. Result showed that
addition 3.2% Cu to base alloy improve strength from (62MPa) to (78MPa) when
aging at 175°C.and improve hardness from (97.3 Hv) to (119.79Hv) At the same
temperature. But the improvement is great when addition 0.6% Mg to base alloy
improve tensile strength from (62MPa) to (124MPa) at the same time improved
hardness from (119.79Hv) to (152.96Hv) at the same temperature.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash and Alumina Reinforced Aluminium ...IOSR Journals
The results of an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of fly ash and Alumina
reinforced aluminium alloy (LM25) composites samples, processed by stir casting route are reported in this
paper. Three sets of composites with constant weight fraction of fly ash (particle size of 3-100 μm) and
Al2O3(particle size of 150 μm) with different wt% were used. Composite samples have the reinforcement weight
fractions of constant 3% fly Ash and varying %wt of 5, 10 and 15% Al2O3 . The main mechanical properties
studied were the tensile strength,ductilityimpact strength & hardness. Unreinforced LM25 samples were also
tested for the same properties. It was found that the tensile strength & hardness of the aluminium alloy (Lm25)
composites increases with the increase in %wt of Al2O3 upto certain limit. in addition of more amount of
reinforcement the Tensile strength decrease due to poor wettability of the reinforced material with metal
aluminium matrix .And the charpy test shows decrease in impact load absorption with increase in %weight
reinforcement.The Microstructure study of the samples indicated near uniform distribution of the fly ash and
Al2O3 particles in the matrix. LM25 alloy is mainly used where good mechanical properties are required in
castings of a shape or dimensions requiring an alloy of excellent castability in order to achieve the desired
standard of soundness.The alloy is also used where resistance to corrosion is an important consideration
particularly where highstrength is also required.
Aluminum-lithium alloys used in the aerospace industry as structural components
and strengthened by age-hardening. This study aims to improve properties of Al-Li
alloys such as strength, behavior hot rolling and addition element, i.e. Mg and Cu to
this alloy. Several tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of alloy, such as
hardness, tensile, and microstructure by OP, SEM and XRD. Result showed that
addition 3.2% Cu to base alloy improve strength from (62MPa) to (78MPa) when
aging at 175°C.and improve hardness from (97.3 Hv) to (119.79Hv) At the same
temperature. But the improvement is great when addition 0.6% Mg to base alloy
improve tensile strength from (62MPa) to (124MPa) at the same time improved
hardness from (119.79Hv) to (152.96Hv) at the same temperature.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Characterization of Multiaxial Cold Rolled Al6061theijes
Multi directional Cold rolling of Al 6061 along the transverse and longitudinal direction results in more uniform distribution of the particulates. This rolling is associated with a considerable amount of damage to the particulates. Room temperature tensile tests and Vickers hardness test carried out on the rolled alloy at different reduction ratios showed, significant increase in strength and hardness. However, the test results show that the alloy could be cold rolled up to 50% reduction without forming any edge crack. Such behaviors of rolled al alloy are analyzed on the basis of change of microstructure from cores to fine results in increase of tensile strength and hardness by increasing the reduction ratio in the cold rolling process.
DEVELOPMENT AND TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DUAL PARTICLE AND TRIPLE PAR...ijmech
The this work the study on hardness and wear behaviour of dual particle and triple particle size Alumina (Al2O3) reinforced aluminium alloy based metal matrix composite (Al2O3-Al MMC) was carried out. AlMMCs were prepared using 10 vol% Al2O3 reinforcement into aluminium metal matrix and developed using stir casting process. Stir casting is a most suitable process for the production of particulate MMC in which the reinforcement is introduced in to the molten matrix material with simultaneous stirring. The reinforcement in the range of particle size with Dual particle and Triple particle at 10% olume fraction with range from coarse to fine size were used (210µ, 180µ, 80µ & 10µ).The hardness of the composite was
determined by Vickers hardness tester and Brinell Hardness Tester. Tensile strength was determined by Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The wear rate was found by pin-on-disc type wear testing machine with steel disc of 60HRC hardness in dry sliding condition. Wear test was conducted on all the samples
at speeds of 300,600 and 900 rpm by varying the load (2kg, 4kg, 6kg & 8kg) at a constant sliding distance of 55mm. The wear track studies were carried out by optical microscope .The test results showed that Dual particle composite and triple particle composite exhibited better hardness compared to as cast AL- 7075. Strength of Triple particle reinforced MMC was found to be higher than that of dual particle reinforced composite material. The wear resistance properties of dual particle MMC was higher compared to triple particle reinforced MMC. The secondary process will further enhances the wear resistance of the composite and also that heat treatment will promote the wear resistance.
Studies On Fracture Toughness Behavior of Hybrid Aluminum Metal Matrix Compos...IJERA Editor
The limited mechanical properties of Al and its alloys adversely affect its applications in automobile and
aerospace industries. This remains one of the major concern in the fabrication to suit its application in recent
days. The main aim of the present work is to improve the fracture toughness of the Al matrix composite . A
composite with Al 6061 alloy as matrix and Zirconium Oxide as reinforcement is fabricated by stir casting
process. The specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards and fracture toughness, tensile and
hardness tests were performed and the properties were investigated. Zirconium oxide is selected as a
reinforcement because of its ability to influence the microstructure of the Al 6061 alloy to improve the fracture
toughness. The fracture toughness is highest at 6% reinforcement of ZrO2 and hardness is found to be more at
4% reinforcement
Studies on Al8081-B4C Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Stir Casting MethodIJMER
Aluminium MMCs are preferred in the fields of aerospace, military, automotive, marine and
in many other domestic applications. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop and
study the, Mechanical properties of Al-8081/B4C reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites. The
composite was prepared by using Liquid Metallurgy Route (Stir Casting Technique). Liquid state has
some important advantages such as better matrix particle bonding, easier control of matrix structure,
simplicity, low cost of processing, nearer to net shape and wide selection of material. Al-8081 alloy
was taken as the base matrix to which B4C particulates are used as reinforcements. Al8081-B4C
composites were prepared by varying weight percentage of B4C i.e 0 to 6 %, in steps of two. The
objective is to study the effect of B4C particulates on mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile
strength, yield strength and hardness of Al8081 alloy composites. The results of this study revealed
that, as the B4C content was increased, there were significant increases in the ultimate tensile strength,
yield strength and hardness in the composites as compared to the base matrix
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancing the Tribological Behavior of Hybrid Al6061 Metal Matrix Composites ...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this work, the influence of addition of nickel and chromium micron/nano particles on the tribological behavior of developed Al6061 hybrid metal matrix composites has been identified. In the first category Al6061 based hybrid metal matrix composite reinforced with x wt.% of nickel (x=0, 0.9, 1.8 and 2.7) and same wt.% of chromium micron size particles were fabricated throughcost- effective stir casting technique. In the second category Al6061 based hybrid nano metal matrix composites reinforced with y wt.% of nickel(y=0, 0.6 and 1.2) and same wt.% of chromium nanoparticles developed through same technique. Graphite and magnesium micron/nano size particles added to improve self-lubrication property and wettability respectively. The wear rate of developed composites has been tested on pin-on-disc experimental set up at defined speed 500 RPM, sliding distance 1000 m and variable load 10N, 20N & 30N. The reduction of wear rate of Al6061/1.8Ni/1.8Cr hybrid metal matrix composite and Al6061/0.6Ninp/0.6Crnp hybrid nano metal matrix composite 37.1% and 76% w.r.to Al6061 alloy. The results revealed that there is significant improvement in wear resistance or decrement in wear rate of hybrid nano metal matrix compositesas compared to hybrid metal matrix composite and Al6061 alloy. An attempt made in this work to provide information for superior tribological behavior of hybrid nano metal matrix composites.
STRUCTURE PROPERTY CORRELATION OF MODIFIED Al-Mg ALLOYS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICA...sivanagaraju chittelu
Making a new metal for Aerospace applications which is made of many components .Major metals are Aluminium and Magnesium.Checking its structures and properties .
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Characterization of Multiaxial Cold Rolled Al6061theijes
Multi directional Cold rolling of Al 6061 along the transverse and longitudinal direction results in more uniform distribution of the particulates. This rolling is associated with a considerable amount of damage to the particulates. Room temperature tensile tests and Vickers hardness test carried out on the rolled alloy at different reduction ratios showed, significant increase in strength and hardness. However, the test results show that the alloy could be cold rolled up to 50% reduction without forming any edge crack. Such behaviors of rolled al alloy are analyzed on the basis of change of microstructure from cores to fine results in increase of tensile strength and hardness by increasing the reduction ratio in the cold rolling process.
DEVELOPMENT AND TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DUAL PARTICLE AND TRIPLE PAR...ijmech
The this work the study on hardness and wear behaviour of dual particle and triple particle size Alumina (Al2O3) reinforced aluminium alloy based metal matrix composite (Al2O3-Al MMC) was carried out. AlMMCs were prepared using 10 vol% Al2O3 reinforcement into aluminium metal matrix and developed using stir casting process. Stir casting is a most suitable process for the production of particulate MMC in which the reinforcement is introduced in to the molten matrix material with simultaneous stirring. The reinforcement in the range of particle size with Dual particle and Triple particle at 10% olume fraction with range from coarse to fine size were used (210µ, 180µ, 80µ & 10µ).The hardness of the composite was
determined by Vickers hardness tester and Brinell Hardness Tester. Tensile strength was determined by Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The wear rate was found by pin-on-disc type wear testing machine with steel disc of 60HRC hardness in dry sliding condition. Wear test was conducted on all the samples
at speeds of 300,600 and 900 rpm by varying the load (2kg, 4kg, 6kg & 8kg) at a constant sliding distance of 55mm. The wear track studies were carried out by optical microscope .The test results showed that Dual particle composite and triple particle composite exhibited better hardness compared to as cast AL- 7075. Strength of Triple particle reinforced MMC was found to be higher than that of dual particle reinforced composite material. The wear resistance properties of dual particle MMC was higher compared to triple particle reinforced MMC. The secondary process will further enhances the wear resistance of the composite and also that heat treatment will promote the wear resistance.
Studies On Fracture Toughness Behavior of Hybrid Aluminum Metal Matrix Compos...IJERA Editor
The limited mechanical properties of Al and its alloys adversely affect its applications in automobile and
aerospace industries. This remains one of the major concern in the fabrication to suit its application in recent
days. The main aim of the present work is to improve the fracture toughness of the Al matrix composite . A
composite with Al 6061 alloy as matrix and Zirconium Oxide as reinforcement is fabricated by stir casting
process. The specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards and fracture toughness, tensile and
hardness tests were performed and the properties were investigated. Zirconium oxide is selected as a
reinforcement because of its ability to influence the microstructure of the Al 6061 alloy to improve the fracture
toughness. The fracture toughness is highest at 6% reinforcement of ZrO2 and hardness is found to be more at
4% reinforcement
Studies on Al8081-B4C Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Stir Casting MethodIJMER
Aluminium MMCs are preferred in the fields of aerospace, military, automotive, marine and
in many other domestic applications. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop and
study the, Mechanical properties of Al-8081/B4C reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites. The
composite was prepared by using Liquid Metallurgy Route (Stir Casting Technique). Liquid state has
some important advantages such as better matrix particle bonding, easier control of matrix structure,
simplicity, low cost of processing, nearer to net shape and wide selection of material. Al-8081 alloy
was taken as the base matrix to which B4C particulates are used as reinforcements. Al8081-B4C
composites were prepared by varying weight percentage of B4C i.e 0 to 6 %, in steps of two. The
objective is to study the effect of B4C particulates on mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile
strength, yield strength and hardness of Al8081 alloy composites. The results of this study revealed
that, as the B4C content was increased, there were significant increases in the ultimate tensile strength,
yield strength and hardness in the composites as compared to the base matrix
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancing the Tribological Behavior of Hybrid Al6061 Metal Matrix Composites ...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this work, the influence of addition of nickel and chromium micron/nano particles on the tribological behavior of developed Al6061 hybrid metal matrix composites has been identified. In the first category Al6061 based hybrid metal matrix composite reinforced with x wt.% of nickel (x=0, 0.9, 1.8 and 2.7) and same wt.% of chromium micron size particles were fabricated throughcost- effective stir casting technique. In the second category Al6061 based hybrid nano metal matrix composites reinforced with y wt.% of nickel(y=0, 0.6 and 1.2) and same wt.% of chromium nanoparticles developed through same technique. Graphite and magnesium micron/nano size particles added to improve self-lubrication property and wettability respectively. The wear rate of developed composites has been tested on pin-on-disc experimental set up at defined speed 500 RPM, sliding distance 1000 m and variable load 10N, 20N & 30N. The reduction of wear rate of Al6061/1.8Ni/1.8Cr hybrid metal matrix composite and Al6061/0.6Ninp/0.6Crnp hybrid nano metal matrix composite 37.1% and 76% w.r.to Al6061 alloy. The results revealed that there is significant improvement in wear resistance or decrement in wear rate of hybrid nano metal matrix compositesas compared to hybrid metal matrix composite and Al6061 alloy. An attempt made in this work to provide information for superior tribological behavior of hybrid nano metal matrix composites.
STRUCTURE PROPERTY CORRELATION OF MODIFIED Al-Mg ALLOYS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICA...sivanagaraju chittelu
Making a new metal for Aerospace applications which is made of many components .Major metals are Aluminium and Magnesium.Checking its structures and properties .
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Preparation and Investigation on Properties of Cryogenically Solidified Nano ...IJERA Editor
In the present work, AL-alloy containing 12% silicon (LM 13) matrix nano composites were fabricated in sand moulds by using copper end blocks of copper end chill thickness 10 &15 nm with cryogenic effect . The size of the reinforcement (NanoZro2) ranges from 50-80nm being added ranges from 3 to 15 wt % in steps of 3 wt % . Cryogenically solidified Nano Metal Matrix Composites were compressed by using hydraulic compression machine. Specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards and tested for their strength, hardness and fracture toughness. Micro structural studies of the fabricated Nano Composites indicate that there is uniform distributions of reinforcements in the matrix materials (LM 13). An increasing trend of hardness, UTS & fracture toughness has been observed. The best results have been obtained at 12 wt %. The results were further justified by comparing two copper end chill thickness 10 &15 mm. Finally the Volumetric Heat Capacity of the cryo-chill is identified as an important parameter which affects mechanical properties.
A Study on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Rei...ijsrd.com
This work deals with fabricating or producing magnesium based metal matrix composite and then studying its mechanical and tribological properties such as microstructure, tensile strength, impact strength and wear behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop magnesium based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir casting technique has been adopted. An Alloy similar to commercially available composition of AZ31 and SiC, Al2O3 has been chosen as matrix and reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of 3% SiC and 1% Al2O3 & 1% SiC and 3% Al2O3 in matrix metal. The result shown that tensile strength, impact strength, wear resistance is good in matrix metal as compared to used weight compositions of SiC and Al2O3 in the composites.
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
A New Surface Modification Technique and Their Characterisation: Friction Sti...IJERA Editor
Since aluminium alloy is a well-known light alloys to use in aerospace and automotive industries. Therefore, a
new method, so far little known in metal forming industries, is the friction stir processing of surface layers.
Friction stir processing (FSP) is an emerging surface engineering solid-state technology which provides the
ability to thermomechnically process selective locations on the materials surface and to enhance specific
properties to some considerable depth. However, from a practical point of view it is important to determine the
impact of FSP conditions, therefore, a tool rotation speed, travel rate, pressure force as well as the shape and
type of tool on the moment acting to heat generated in the stirring area. The heat generated in the area being
processed and the level of plastic strain are factors having a decisive effect on microstructural changes, and,
consequently, on the mechanical and functional properties of newly formed areas. In this phenomena that the
main FSP features have been investigated through OM (optical microscopy), SEM (scanning electron
microscopy), FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy)
and mechanical properties. Moreover, aluminium alloy being an age-hardening response to evaluated through
Vicker’s hardness measurement a typical characterisation at present task. The research of the FSP of surface
layers, so far has been focused mainly on the metallurgical analysis of microstructural changes in modified
aluminium alloys.
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Alloy Reinforced...IOSR Journals
Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) with the addition of nano-sized ceramic particles can be of
significance for automobile, aerospace and numerous other applications. The physical and mechanical
characteristics of the light refractory carbides such as SiC, TiC and B4C make them suitable for being used as
reinforcement in aluminium base metal matrix composites This paper presents a technique for an inexpensive
fabrication of bulk lightweight MMNCs with reproducible microstructures and superior properties by use of
ultrasonic nonlinear effects, namely transient cavitation and acoustic streaming; to achieve uniform dispersion
of nano-sized B4C particles in molten aluminum alloy. Nano-sized B4Cp enhanced properties of aluminium
matrix composites, with 1.5%wt of B4C. As compared to the base metal alloy, the mechanical properties
including tensile strength and yield strength of the nanocomposites were improved significantly, while the
ductility of base metal alloy matrix castings was retained. Micro structural study was carried out with an
optical microscope and SEM which validates a good dispersion of nano-sized B4Cp in metal matrix. Mechanical
properties of the as-cast MMNCs have been improved significantly even with a low weight fraction of nanosized
B4C.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
2. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 – 9347(Print)
ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
leads to the strong strengthening effect of Mg addition in Al-Mg alloys (Gyozo Harvath et at,
2007). Al-Mg alloys containing more than 3wt% Mg are susceptible to both intergranular
corrosion and stress corrosion cracking when exposed to elevated temperatures (≥500C) in
corrosive environments for sufficient length of time (Searls, Gouma and Bucheit, 2001). Hence
these alloys have wide industrial applications at room temperature, though the formability of
aluminum alloys at room temperature is generally lower than at both cryogenic and elevated
temperatures. Aluminum alloys with high magnesium content show more serrated flow due to
Luders banding (ØYvind Ryen, 2006). Hence the homogeneity of deformation is studied based
on the micro hardness measurements. Attempts have been made to observe the deformation
behavior of as-cast and homogenized structures based on the micro-hardness measurements and
the effect of heat treatment on upset structures in terms of homogeneity. A mathematical model
is developed to design the deformation and heat treatment cycles to get the required hardness.
2. EXPERIMENT
Pencil ingots of 100 mm x 10 mm ф of Al-8% Mg are produced by melting pure aluminum and
magnesium in an induction heating furnace and cast in cast iron moulds at 6900C. Chemical
composition of the alloy using optical emission spectrometer Q8 Magellan is given in table 1.
Element Al Mg Fe Si Mn Ni Cu Zn P
Weight% 92.23 7.573 0.124 0.050 0.018 0.0029 0.0012 <0.000010 <0.00010
Table 1. Chemical composition of Al-8Mg alloy.
Cylindrical specimens of 1.5:1 aspect ratio are prepared from the as-cast ingot and ingots
homogenized at 1000C for 24hours. Microstructures of the same are shown below, fig 1.
a b
10µ 10µ
Fig 1. Microstructures of Al-8Mg alloy, a. cast and b. homogenized
Specimens are given 40% deformation in a hydraulic press at a strain rate of 1mm/min and are
parted vertically (normal direction, ND) into two, fig 2. Microstructure of the parted surface in
the rolling direction, RD, is shown as fig 3. Parted samples are heat-treated at 200 and 4500C for
1 hour and the microstructures are shown as fig 4. Hardness measurements are made using
Vicker’s microhardness tester with a load of 100 g. applied for 15 seconds at an interval of 2 mm
on the parted surface along rolling direction.
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3. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 – 9347(Print)
ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
ND
RD
a b c
Fig 2. Photographs of the specimen, a. before upsetting, b. after upsetting and c. after parting
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 1 shows the cast and homogenized microstructures of Al-8Mg alloy. Cast structure
exhibit super saturated solid solution of Mg in Al. The Hazier appearance is due to the chilling
effect of the metal mold. Al-Mg system is characterized by the limited solid solubility of Mg
(upto 17.4%) in solid Aluminum (Lyakishev, 1996), decreases with decrease in temperature.
When the casting is homogenized at 1000C, Mg from the supersaturated solid solution comes out
with some Al as Al3Mg2 (Hatch, 1993; Mundalfo, 1976), resulting fine Al3Mg2 particles in the
microstructure of the homogenized sample. Formation of fine intermetallics enhances the
hardness of matrix.
10µ
Fig 3. Microstructure of deformed Al-8Mg alloy, parted surface in rolling direction, RD
Figure 3 shows the microstructure of the 40% cold deformed sample. Aluminum alloys with high Mg
content exhibit serrated flow due to Luders banding (ØYvind Ryen, 2006). Mazilkin et.al (2007), have
shown that the undeformed alloys with 10%Mg contain about 8%Mg in the solid solution. Due to
deformation, the system passes to a state that is closer to thermodynamic equilibrium than the initial state
was. The electron diffraction data (Mazilkin et al, 2007) has shown that the alloy structures in both the
initial and deformed states contain intermediate phases, namely, the β-phase (Al3Mg2). As the alloy is
subjected to deformation, the supersaturated solid solution decomposes. Elongated grains are observed in
the microstructure taken in the rolling direction for the deformed sample is shown in the figure. Since Mg
atoms are highly diffusive in nature, the increased dislocation density due to deformation has shown
thicker lines of diffused Mg along these dislocation populations.
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4. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 – 9347(Print)
ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
Along X – direction
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-12 87.4 107.6 79.3 91.7 94 94 91.7 79.3 107.6 87.4
-10 87 101.7 78 93.2 83.4 83.4 93.2 78 101.7 87
-8 75.8 75.6 90.5 81.3 91.5 91.5 81.3 90.5 75.6 75.8
Along Y – direction
-6 83.9 95.1 94.7 95.3 97.5 97.5 95.3 94.7 95.1 83.9
-4 100.9 114.7 83.2 90.3 101.7 101.7 90.3 83.2 114.7 100.9
-2 80.9 78.3 89.9 109.2 112.2 112.2 109.2 89.9 78.3 80.9
2 80.9 78.3 89.9 109.2 112.2 112.2 109.2 89.9 78.3 80.9
4 100.9 114.7 83.2 90.3 101.7 101.7 90.3 83.2 114.7 100.9
6 83.9 95.1 94.7 95.3 97.5 97.5 95.3 94.7 95.1 83.9
8 75.8 75.6 90.5 81.3 91.5 91.5 81.3 90.5 75.6 75.8
10 87 101.7 78 93.2 83.4 83.4 93.2 78 101.7 87
12 87.4 107.6 79.3 91.7 94 94 91.7 79.3 107.6 87.4
Table 2. Microhardness values of cast-deformed Al-8Mg alloy
Tables 2 and 3 show the microhardness values along central cross-section in the rolling direction
of the cast-deformed and homogenized-deformed samples. The average microhardness value
obtained for the homogenized deformed sample is 95 VHN, which is higher than the average
micro hardness of cast-deformed sample of 92 VHN. This increase in hardness is due to the
formation of Al3Mg2 particles by the decomposition of Al-Mg supersaturated solid solution
(Nebti, amana and Cizeron, 1995). More uniform microhardness measurements are obtained for
the homogenized deformed sample than the cast-deformed one.
Contour maps are developed using MATLAB to identify the zones of different deformation
levels. Figures 4 and 5 show the contour maps developed for cast-deformed sample and
homogenized deformed sample respectively. Hardness is higher in the central region, due to
high plastic deformation achieved. Lower microhardness values are observed in the dead metal
zone where the deformation is minimum due to high friction at the interface.
Dead metal zone
Uniform deform
zone
Dead metal zone
Fig 4. Contour map showing variation in deformation in cast-deformed sample.
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5. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 – 9347(Print)
ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
Along X – direction
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-12 94.4 94.4 93.6 96 95.7 95.7 96 93.6 94.4 94.4
-10 84.8 84.8 78.8 92.8 89.7 89.7 92.8 78.8 84.8 84.8
-8 79.6 79.6 97.7 99.3 90.7 90.7 99.3 97.7 79.6 79.6
Along Y – direction
-6 77.7 77.7 117 114.7 103.6 103.6 114.7 117 77.7 77.7
-4 97.6 97.6 116.1 102.6 107.4 107.4 102.6 116.1 97.6 97.6
-2 97.9 97.9 104.6 100 83.5 83.5 100 104.6 97.9 9.9
2 97.9 97.9 104.6 100 83.5 83.5 100 104.6 97.9 97.9
4 97.6 97.6 116.1 102.6 107.4 107.4 102.6 116.1 97.6 97.6
6 77.7 77.7 117 114.7 103.6 103.6 114.7 117 77.7 77.7
8 79.6 79.6 97.7 99.3 90.7 90.7 99.3 97.7 79.6 79.6
10 84.8 84.8 78.8 92.8 89.7 89.7 92.8 78.8 84.8 84.8
12 94.4 94.4 93.6 96 95.7 95.7 96 93.6 94.4 94.4
Table 3 Microhardness values homogenized-deformed Al-8Mg alloy
Figure 6 shows is the graphical representation of the above, ie., variation in the degree of
homogeneity in deformation with cast and homogenized structures. The uniform deformation
zone is higher for the homogenized-deformed sample than the cast-deformed one. Higher Mg
concentrations with cast structures hinder the deformation as Mg atoms readily diffuses to the
dislocations assisting the deformation. This leads to sluggish movement of the material with a
variation from one region to the other. High hardness of the homogenized sample than the cast
one is a signature of the above discussion.
Dead metal zone
Uniform deform
zone
Dead metal zone
Fig 5: Contour map showing variation in deformation in homogenized-deformed sample.
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6. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 – 9347(Print)
ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
Fig 6. Bar charts showing degree of homogeneity in deformation, a. cast and b. homogenized
Figure 7 shows the microstructure of upset samples heat treated at 2000C and 4500C. The
structure shows spherical grains with uniform distribution of β-phase. This is a signature of
recrystallization. An increase in grain size and uniformity in distribution of β-phase is observed
with increase in heat-treatment temperature, which indicates the grain growth.
Tables 4, 5 and 6 show the microhardness measurements taken along the central cross-section of
the deformed samples after heat-treating at 2000C, 3500C and 4500C respectively for 1 hour.
Figures 8, 9 and 10 show the corresponding contour maps developed for the above. With
increase in heat treatment temperature the average hardness of the uniform deformation zone and
the dead metal zone is decreased. The variation in the microhardness values between different
zones of deformation is also decreased which indicates the stress reliving effect. In other words,
the internal stresses developed in different regions of the component due to deformation are
related to the extent of deformation. The average microhardness values are 80 VHN, 67 VHN
and 65 VHN, respectively. With increase in the heat treatment temperature the average hardness
is decreased, which corroborate the earlier discussion.
a b
10µ 10µ
Fig 7. Microstructures of Al-8Mg alloy, after heat treatment, 1 hour, a. 200 C and b. 4500C
0
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9. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 – 9347(Print)
ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
Fig 10. Contour map showing variation in deformation, heat-treated at 4500C, 1 hour.
Figure 11 shows is the graphical representation of the above, ie., variation in the degree of
homogeneity in deformation with heat treatment. The higher the heat treatment temperature, the
more is the homogeneity in the material. In other words, the average hardness is decreased and
the homogeneity in the material is expanding with increasing the heat treatment temperatures.
a. b.
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10. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 – 9347(Print)
ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
c. d.
Fig 11. Barchart showing degree of homogeneity,
a. deformed, b. heat treated 2000C, c. 3500C and d. 4500C
Figure 12 shows the effect of heat treatment temperature on the hardness of the cold-worked
sample. The hardness decreases with increasing temperature.
Figure 12. Variation of microhardness with heat treatment temperature.
A mathematical model is developed using the method of least squares. Considering the three
average microhardness values as H1, H2 and H3 and corresponding temperatures as T1, T2 and T3
the following equations have been derived:
(1)
(2)
are determined from
experimentally obtained microhardness values H1, H2 and H3 at temperatures T1, T2 and T3 .
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11. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 – 9347(Print)
ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
Temperature(T) Micro hardness (H) Log (H) T log(H) T2
200 80 1.903089987 380.6179974 4000
350 67 1.826074803 639.1261811 122500
450 64 1.806179974 812.7809883 202500
, , ,
Substituting these values in equations (1&2) we will get the following equations.
5.535344764 = 3 log (a) + 1000 log (b) (3)
1832.525167 = 1000 log (a) + 36500 log (b) (4)
Equations (3 & 4) are solved and the following relation is obtained between hardness and
temperature.
H = (94.98141844) (0.999084977)T
Using the above equation one can determine the suitable heat-treating temperature to
obtain a particular hardness value in a deformed Al-8%Mg alloy. The obtained equation is
checked for validation by determining hardness measurements experimentally at temperatures
1500C and 3000C. The experimentally measured and mathematically calculated hardness values
at 150C and 3000C are shown in table (7). A good agreement is observed between the
experimentally measured and mathematically calculated hardness values.
Temperature 0C Hardness Error percentage
Experimental Mathematical Model
150 87 83 4.5
300 77 72 6.5
Table 7: Validation of the mathematical model showing error percentage
4. CONCLUSIONS
Present investigation is prediction of homogeneity in deformation based on microhardness
measurements. The results obtained are summerized as follows:
(1) Cast structures show more inhomogeneity in deformation than the homogenized ones.
(2) Homogenization yield stable phases. Formation of Al3Mg2 during homogenization enhances
hardness of the resultant matrix.
(3) Higher the heat treatment temperature, lower is the hardness and more the uniformity in
hardness / homogeneity in matrix.
(4) A mathematical model has been developed and validated to design the temperatures to get
required hardness
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Department of Metallugical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai
and Naval Science and Technologcal Laboratoy, Viskhapatnam for providing facilites in
carrying out this work. Special thanks are due to Sri Sambhi Reddy, Scientist-E, NSTL and Sri P
Mallikarjuna Rao, Senior Research fellow, IIT Madras, Chennai for their valuable suggestions.
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12. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 – 9347(Print)
ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
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