Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) with the addition of nano-sized ceramic particles can be of
significance for automobile, aerospace and numerous other applications. The physical and mechanical
characteristics of the light refractory carbides such as SiC, TiC and B4C make them suitable for being used as
reinforcement in aluminium base metal matrix composites This paper presents a technique for an inexpensive
fabrication of bulk lightweight MMNCs with reproducible microstructures and superior properties by use of
ultrasonic nonlinear effects, namely transient cavitation and acoustic streaming; to achieve uniform dispersion
of nano-sized B4C particles in molten aluminum alloy. Nano-sized B4Cp enhanced properties of aluminium
matrix composites, with 1.5%wt of B4C. As compared to the base metal alloy, the mechanical properties
including tensile strength and yield strength of the nanocomposites were improved significantly, while the
ductility of base metal alloy matrix castings was retained. Micro structural study was carried out with an
optical microscope and SEM which validates a good dispersion of nano-sized B4Cp in metal matrix. Mechanical
properties of the as-cast MMNCs have been improved significantly even with a low weight fraction of nanosized
B4C.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Al 6061-TiO2 -CNT Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Stir Castin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium Hybrid Composites are the new groupof
metal matrix composites (MMCs) due to their attractive
properties like high ductility, high conductivity, light weight
and high strength to weight ratio and is a response to the
dynamic ever-increasing demand of these super material in
the field of aircrafts and marines. Carbon Nanotube (CNTs)
are also known for their high strength and stiffness and their
low density which when combined together makes CNTs an
ideal reinforcement. This work briefly reviews the research
revelation of an Aluminium (Al-6061) based hybrid metal
matrix composite reinforced with CNTs and TiO2. The
Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AMMCs) is
prepared with various CNTs weight percentages (0, 0.5, 1 and
1.5 wt. %) and keeping TiO2 weight percentage fixed to
1%.Stir Casting (SC) is focused in general to successfully
fabricate the MMCs. The discussion of this work revolves
around tensile test, hardness test, and Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) of the MMC. The mechanical properties
of the fabricated MMCs materials like tensile strength,
hardness and impact strength is found by using these
experimental methods. It has been observed that the tensile
strength of the MMCs increases in the presence of TiO2 and
CNTs and increases even more with the increase in the weight
fraction of CNTs. Same results have been obtained for
hardness and impact strength where there is an increase in
them in the presence of TiO2 and CNT and their value
increases even further with increase in weight fraction of
CNTs.
The main objective of this project is to be produce copper reinforced metal matrix composite (MMC) layers using micron sized AlN particles via friction stir processing (FSP) in order to enhance surface mechanical properties. Micro structural evaluation using Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) indicated that an increase in traverse speed and a decrease in rotational speed cause a reduction in the grain size of different groove width (0,0.4,0.8,1.2 mm) of stir zone (SZ) for the specimens friction stir processed (FSPed) without AlN particles. It was found that upon addition of AlN particles, wear properties were improved. This behavior was further supported by SEM images of wear surfaces. Results demonstrated that the micro composite produced by FSP exhibited enhanced wear resistance and higher average friction coefficient in comparison with pure copper. Tensile properties and fracture characteristics of the specimens FSPed with and without AlN particles and pure copper were also evaluated. According to the results, the MMC layer produced by FSP showed higher strength and lower elongation than pure copper while a remarkable elongation was observed for FSPed specimen without AlN particles and been greatly developed by the use of AlN.
final year ece projects in chennai,final year embedded projects in chennai,final year engineering projects in chennai,final year eee projects in bangalore
Electrospun Nanofibers Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites, A Trial to Imp...IJAMSE Journal
A comparison between TiO2 nanofibers and carbon nanofibers as fibers reinforced metal matrix composites with respect to mechanical properties improvements have been made in this paper. Al and Mg have been chosen as metal matrices. The used carbon and ceramic nanofibers (Titanium Oxide) were successfully synthesized using electrospinning technique. Various weight percentage of calcined
electrospun TiO2 and carbon nanofibers (1, 3, 5 and 10%) were mixed with metal matrix and fabricated by route of powder metallurgy using High Frequency Induction heat Sintering (HFIHS). Mechanical properties of the sintered composites have been investigated. The manufactured pellets were tested for compression test, hardness and microstructures by the field emission scanning electron microscopes (FESEM), which reveals the homogeneous distribution of nanofibers in the Al/Mg matrices. In addition,
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to obtain the chemical analysis of each composite. The result shows that, the ultimate compressive strength increased to 415 MPa at 5% TiO2, which is 13.5% more than the pure Al. The hardness increased up to 64% in case of using the ceramic nanofibers as reinforcement. While using CNFs as reinforcement to the Al matrix deteriorates the
mechanical properties.
Microstructure and Wear Behavior of B4C Particulates Reinforced Al-4.5%Cu All...IOSRJMCE
The work is carried out to investigate the microstructure and wear behavior of B4C reinforced Al- 4.5% Cu alloy metal matrix composites. In the present work Al-4.5% Cu alloy was taken as the base matrix and B4C particulates as reinforcement material to prepare metal matrix composites by stir casting method. For metal matrix composites the reinforcement material was varied from 0 to 4 wt. % in steps of 2 wt. %. The wear resistance of metal matrix composites was studied by performing dry sliding wear test using a pin on disc apparatus. The experiments were conducted at a constant sliding speed of 300rpm and sliding distance of 4000m over a varying load of 0.5, 1 and 1.5Kg. Similarly experiments were conducted at a constant load of 1.5Kg and sliding distance of 4000m over a varying sliding speed of 200, 300 and 400rpm. The results showed that the wear resistance of Al-Cu-2%B4C and 4% B4C composites were better than the unreinforced alloy. The wear in terms of height loss found to increase with the load and sliding speed. To study the dominant sliding wear mechanism for various test conditions, the worn surfaces were analyzed using optical microscopy
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Al 6061-TiO2 -CNT Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Stir Castin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium Hybrid Composites are the new groupof
metal matrix composites (MMCs) due to their attractive
properties like high ductility, high conductivity, light weight
and high strength to weight ratio and is a response to the
dynamic ever-increasing demand of these super material in
the field of aircrafts and marines. Carbon Nanotube (CNTs)
are also known for their high strength and stiffness and their
low density which when combined together makes CNTs an
ideal reinforcement. This work briefly reviews the research
revelation of an Aluminium (Al-6061) based hybrid metal
matrix composite reinforced with CNTs and TiO2. The
Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AMMCs) is
prepared with various CNTs weight percentages (0, 0.5, 1 and
1.5 wt. %) and keeping TiO2 weight percentage fixed to
1%.Stir Casting (SC) is focused in general to successfully
fabricate the MMCs. The discussion of this work revolves
around tensile test, hardness test, and Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) of the MMC. The mechanical properties
of the fabricated MMCs materials like tensile strength,
hardness and impact strength is found by using these
experimental methods. It has been observed that the tensile
strength of the MMCs increases in the presence of TiO2 and
CNTs and increases even more with the increase in the weight
fraction of CNTs. Same results have been obtained for
hardness and impact strength where there is an increase in
them in the presence of TiO2 and CNT and their value
increases even further with increase in weight fraction of
CNTs.
The main objective of this project is to be produce copper reinforced metal matrix composite (MMC) layers using micron sized AlN particles via friction stir processing (FSP) in order to enhance surface mechanical properties. Micro structural evaluation using Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) indicated that an increase in traverse speed and a decrease in rotational speed cause a reduction in the grain size of different groove width (0,0.4,0.8,1.2 mm) of stir zone (SZ) for the specimens friction stir processed (FSPed) without AlN particles. It was found that upon addition of AlN particles, wear properties were improved. This behavior was further supported by SEM images of wear surfaces. Results demonstrated that the micro composite produced by FSP exhibited enhanced wear resistance and higher average friction coefficient in comparison with pure copper. Tensile properties and fracture characteristics of the specimens FSPed with and without AlN particles and pure copper were also evaluated. According to the results, the MMC layer produced by FSP showed higher strength and lower elongation than pure copper while a remarkable elongation was observed for FSPed specimen without AlN particles and been greatly developed by the use of AlN.
final year ece projects in chennai,final year embedded projects in chennai,final year engineering projects in chennai,final year eee projects in bangalore
Electrospun Nanofibers Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites, A Trial to Imp...IJAMSE Journal
A comparison between TiO2 nanofibers and carbon nanofibers as fibers reinforced metal matrix composites with respect to mechanical properties improvements have been made in this paper. Al and Mg have been chosen as metal matrices. The used carbon and ceramic nanofibers (Titanium Oxide) were successfully synthesized using electrospinning technique. Various weight percentage of calcined
electrospun TiO2 and carbon nanofibers (1, 3, 5 and 10%) were mixed with metal matrix and fabricated by route of powder metallurgy using High Frequency Induction heat Sintering (HFIHS). Mechanical properties of the sintered composites have been investigated. The manufactured pellets were tested for compression test, hardness and microstructures by the field emission scanning electron microscopes (FESEM), which reveals the homogeneous distribution of nanofibers in the Al/Mg matrices. In addition,
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to obtain the chemical analysis of each composite. The result shows that, the ultimate compressive strength increased to 415 MPa at 5% TiO2, which is 13.5% more than the pure Al. The hardness increased up to 64% in case of using the ceramic nanofibers as reinforcement. While using CNFs as reinforcement to the Al matrix deteriorates the
mechanical properties.
Microstructure and Wear Behavior of B4C Particulates Reinforced Al-4.5%Cu All...IOSRJMCE
The work is carried out to investigate the microstructure and wear behavior of B4C reinforced Al- 4.5% Cu alloy metal matrix composites. In the present work Al-4.5% Cu alloy was taken as the base matrix and B4C particulates as reinforcement material to prepare metal matrix composites by stir casting method. For metal matrix composites the reinforcement material was varied from 0 to 4 wt. % in steps of 2 wt. %. The wear resistance of metal matrix composites was studied by performing dry sliding wear test using a pin on disc apparatus. The experiments were conducted at a constant sliding speed of 300rpm and sliding distance of 4000m over a varying load of 0.5, 1 and 1.5Kg. Similarly experiments were conducted at a constant load of 1.5Kg and sliding distance of 4000m over a varying sliding speed of 200, 300 and 400rpm. The results showed that the wear resistance of Al-Cu-2%B4C and 4% B4C composites were better than the unreinforced alloy. The wear in terms of height loss found to increase with the load and sliding speed. To study the dominant sliding wear mechanism for various test conditions, the worn surfaces were analyzed using optical microscopy
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum, Rice Husk and Silicon Carbide M...ijsrd.com
Aluminium is an abundant element of 8% on earth’s crust and normally found in Aluminum oxide i.e. bauxite. In the present work the mechanical behavior of pure aluminium reinforced with Silicon Carbide and Rice Husk ash fabricated by liquid metallurgical (stir casting) method was investigated. The reinforcements were added in varying weight percentages of (3% - 6%). Tests were conducted for tensile test, impact test and hardness test. The results reveal that higher tensile strength with increase in rice husk content and higher impact strength & hardness of the hybrid composite with increased SiC content.
The objective of this paper is to study the micro
structural features of ZA27alloy containing nickel in the range
from 1 to 3 wt. %. The microstructure of the alloy was examined
using both optical and SEM. High percentage of nickel helps in
imparting strength to the alloy and also to overcome dimensional
instability as it forms various intermetallic compounds containing
hard particles. Small percentage of magnesium in the alloy helps
in reducing intergranular corrosion. The microstructure consists
of small, flaky and rod like irregularly shaped intermetallic
compound in the interdendritic and eutectic regions.
Metallographic studies showed that addition of nickel resulted in
microstructural modifications of the alloy involving the
formation of complex intermetallic compounds α.
Wear characteristics of pure aluminium, al alloy & al-alumina metal mtrix...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this report, an aluminium metal matrix was reinforced with 1.5 wt. % of Al2O3 nano particles using non-contact cavitation method to prepare the metal matrix nano composite. Microstructural examination conducted on the sample revealed a uniform distribution of alumina particulates. Sliding wear behavior of the as-cast MMNC was studied in dry condition, under different test conditions by varying the load and the sliding velocity, with an unlubricated Multiple Tribo Tester. It was found that sliding wear resistance improved considerably with the addition of alumina nano particles. Microscopic examinations of the worn out surfaces of pure Al, Al-alloy (duralumin) and MMNC reveal that the MMNC has greater resistance to sliding wear compared to pure aluminium and duralumin. Wear increases with increase in load and sliding velocity. Delamination and abrasion are the dominating types of wear observed. Keywords: Sliding Wear, Al2O3, MMNC, Duralumin, Delamination and Abrasion.
Evaluation of Mechanical properties of Aluminium based MMCBishal Bhandari
The aluminum 6061 MMC with Graphite,Fly ash and Magnesium used as reinforcement has got the higher value of hardness, toughness,less wear rate and less ductility compared to pure aluminium. Hence this composite can be deployed to make an piston rods,bush,aircraft body and automotive body parts.
Editor: Eng. Mohamadreza Govahi
Mentor: Dr. Ehsan Borhani
Date of Presentation: Apr 2016, Semnan PN Univeristy
*Contents
~Introduction to MMCs
~Introduction to Aluminum MMCs (AMMCs)
~Ceramic Reinforcements in AMMCs
~Types and Morphology of Reinforcements
~Aluminum Nano-composites
~Producing Methods
~Comparison in Different Procedures
~Reviews of some Experiments And Researches
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
Development of mathematical model on gas tungsten arc welding process parameterseSAT Journals
Abstract GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING (GTAW) is the quality weld process. It is preferred welding process for stainless steel, low alloy steel, nickel, cobalt, titanium, aluminum, copper, and magnesium. The present work aims to evaluate the effect of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process parameters on the quality of the weld bead. The process parameters Welding Current, Wire Diameter, Wire Feed Speed, Ratio of wire feed rate to travel speed and Plate thickness are taken as a input variables for this present work. The quality of the weld bead can be assessed by the bead characteristics such as Penetration, Reinforcement & Width. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of the welding process parameters. Statistically designed experiments with 5 process parameters (each at 3 levels) are conducted to study the effect of these parameters on bead geometry. It is found from the analysis of variance (ANOVA) that the wire feed rate, travel speed and wire diameter are the main parameters that influence bead geometry in GTAW. Mathematical models are developed for depth of penetration, reinforcement height and bead width for GTAW using the multiple regression analysis. Index Terms: GTAW, DataFit version 9.0.59, I, D, WFR, TS, PT.
A Study of microstructure and mechanical properties of 5083 Al-alloy welded w...IJRES Journal
Based on the lightweight design of high-speed vehicles, IPG YLS-5000 optical fiber laser was used for welding test of 5083 aluminum alloy. The influence of laser power and welding speed on the weld forming is carried out, and also analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joint. It indicates that the welding process of fiber laser welding of 5083 Al alloy was instability and easy to produce the defects such as undercut, bite edge; Laser power and welding speed have larger influence on the weld forming state; The microstructure of the welding joint near the fusion line is columnar and in the center of the weld is the fine equiaxed dendrites crystal, and there is a certain degree of segregation; The microhardness of welded joints are fluctuated, its hardness value than that of base metal; The tensile strength of joint is about 289MPa, the fracture position is located in the weld, and belongs to ductile fracture.
A Review: Parametric effect on mechanical properties and weld bead geometry o...IOSR Journals
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is high quality and high precision welding process which are
suitable for welding thin metals. Inert gas as helium and argon are used as a shielding gas to prevent the weld
bead from air, dust and other contaminations in welding. There are so many welding process parameter affect
the weld quality in GTAW. Important process parameter which mainly affect the weld quality are welding
current, arc voltage, welding speed, gas flow rate, heat input, gun angle, stand of distance and specimen
thickness. Important quality parameters in GTAW process are depth of penetration and weld bead geometry.
Depth of penetration and weld bead width both are affected by welding speed. As welding speed increases,
depth of penetration increases but weld bead width decreases. The weld joint quality can be assessed in terms of
weld bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion. Post weld heat treatment is done to improve the
weld quality by solutioning and aging which results in refinement of grain size and thus, mechanical properties
of weld joint improved. Heat input effects the filler rod deposition rate in the form of droplets in weld bead. This
paper covers review of process parameters of GTAW and their effect on weld quality.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum, Rice Husk and Silicon Carbide M...ijsrd.com
Aluminium is an abundant element of 8% on earth’s crust and normally found in Aluminum oxide i.e. bauxite. In the present work the mechanical behavior of pure aluminium reinforced with Silicon Carbide and Rice Husk ash fabricated by liquid metallurgical (stir casting) method was investigated. The reinforcements were added in varying weight percentages of (3% - 6%). Tests were conducted for tensile test, impact test and hardness test. The results reveal that higher tensile strength with increase in rice husk content and higher impact strength & hardness of the hybrid composite with increased SiC content.
The objective of this paper is to study the micro
structural features of ZA27alloy containing nickel in the range
from 1 to 3 wt. %. The microstructure of the alloy was examined
using both optical and SEM. High percentage of nickel helps in
imparting strength to the alloy and also to overcome dimensional
instability as it forms various intermetallic compounds containing
hard particles. Small percentage of magnesium in the alloy helps
in reducing intergranular corrosion. The microstructure consists
of small, flaky and rod like irregularly shaped intermetallic
compound in the interdendritic and eutectic regions.
Metallographic studies showed that addition of nickel resulted in
microstructural modifications of the alloy involving the
formation of complex intermetallic compounds α.
Wear characteristics of pure aluminium, al alloy & al-alumina metal mtrix...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this report, an aluminium metal matrix was reinforced with 1.5 wt. % of Al2O3 nano particles using non-contact cavitation method to prepare the metal matrix nano composite. Microstructural examination conducted on the sample revealed a uniform distribution of alumina particulates. Sliding wear behavior of the as-cast MMNC was studied in dry condition, under different test conditions by varying the load and the sliding velocity, with an unlubricated Multiple Tribo Tester. It was found that sliding wear resistance improved considerably with the addition of alumina nano particles. Microscopic examinations of the worn out surfaces of pure Al, Al-alloy (duralumin) and MMNC reveal that the MMNC has greater resistance to sliding wear compared to pure aluminium and duralumin. Wear increases with increase in load and sliding velocity. Delamination and abrasion are the dominating types of wear observed. Keywords: Sliding Wear, Al2O3, MMNC, Duralumin, Delamination and Abrasion.
Evaluation of Mechanical properties of Aluminium based MMCBishal Bhandari
The aluminum 6061 MMC with Graphite,Fly ash and Magnesium used as reinforcement has got the higher value of hardness, toughness,less wear rate and less ductility compared to pure aluminium. Hence this composite can be deployed to make an piston rods,bush,aircraft body and automotive body parts.
Editor: Eng. Mohamadreza Govahi
Mentor: Dr. Ehsan Borhani
Date of Presentation: Apr 2016, Semnan PN Univeristy
*Contents
~Introduction to MMCs
~Introduction to Aluminum MMCs (AMMCs)
~Ceramic Reinforcements in AMMCs
~Types and Morphology of Reinforcements
~Aluminum Nano-composites
~Producing Methods
~Comparison in Different Procedures
~Reviews of some Experiments And Researches
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
Development of mathematical model on gas tungsten arc welding process parameterseSAT Journals
Abstract GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING (GTAW) is the quality weld process. It is preferred welding process for stainless steel, low alloy steel, nickel, cobalt, titanium, aluminum, copper, and magnesium. The present work aims to evaluate the effect of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process parameters on the quality of the weld bead. The process parameters Welding Current, Wire Diameter, Wire Feed Speed, Ratio of wire feed rate to travel speed and Plate thickness are taken as a input variables for this present work. The quality of the weld bead can be assessed by the bead characteristics such as Penetration, Reinforcement & Width. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of the welding process parameters. Statistically designed experiments with 5 process parameters (each at 3 levels) are conducted to study the effect of these parameters on bead geometry. It is found from the analysis of variance (ANOVA) that the wire feed rate, travel speed and wire diameter are the main parameters that influence bead geometry in GTAW. Mathematical models are developed for depth of penetration, reinforcement height and bead width for GTAW using the multiple regression analysis. Index Terms: GTAW, DataFit version 9.0.59, I, D, WFR, TS, PT.
A Study of microstructure and mechanical properties of 5083 Al-alloy welded w...IJRES Journal
Based on the lightweight design of high-speed vehicles, IPG YLS-5000 optical fiber laser was used for welding test of 5083 aluminum alloy. The influence of laser power and welding speed on the weld forming is carried out, and also analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joint. It indicates that the welding process of fiber laser welding of 5083 Al alloy was instability and easy to produce the defects such as undercut, bite edge; Laser power and welding speed have larger influence on the weld forming state; The microstructure of the welding joint near the fusion line is columnar and in the center of the weld is the fine equiaxed dendrites crystal, and there is a certain degree of segregation; The microhardness of welded joints are fluctuated, its hardness value than that of base metal; The tensile strength of joint is about 289MPa, the fracture position is located in the weld, and belongs to ductile fracture.
A Review: Parametric effect on mechanical properties and weld bead geometry o...IOSR Journals
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is high quality and high precision welding process which are
suitable for welding thin metals. Inert gas as helium and argon are used as a shielding gas to prevent the weld
bead from air, dust and other contaminations in welding. There are so many welding process parameter affect
the weld quality in GTAW. Important process parameter which mainly affect the weld quality are welding
current, arc voltage, welding speed, gas flow rate, heat input, gun angle, stand of distance and specimen
thickness. Important quality parameters in GTAW process are depth of penetration and weld bead geometry.
Depth of penetration and weld bead width both are affected by welding speed. As welding speed increases,
depth of penetration increases but weld bead width decreases. The weld joint quality can be assessed in terms of
weld bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion. Post weld heat treatment is done to improve the
weld quality by solutioning and aging which results in refinement of grain size and thus, mechanical properties
of weld joint improved. Heat input effects the filler rod deposition rate in the form of droplets in weld bead. This
paper covers review of process parameters of GTAW and their effect on weld quality.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Al 7075 Alloy, Flyash, SiC and Redmud ...ijsrd.com
Aluminium alloys are widely used in aerospace automobile industries due to their low density and good mechanical properties, better corrosion resistance and wear, low thermal coefficient of expansion as compared to convention metals and alloys. The main aim involved in the present work is focused on study of mechanical properties of Al7075 alloy composite having varying weight percentages of 3% - 6% of Silicon Carbide, Fly ash and Red mud were fabricated by liquid metallurgy (Stir Casting) method. The casted composite specimens were machined as per BS: 18: 1962 test standards. The result obtained reveals that tensile strength, impact strength and wear resistance is higher in Al7075-SiC-Redmud samples when compared to Al7075-SiC-Flyash samples.
Fly ash, Sic, Red mud, Al7075 alloy composite, mechanical properties, and sti...ijsrd.com
The aluminium Al 6061 alloys are mainly used in the application of automobile and aeronautical industries. In the present investigation Al6061 alloy composites having varying weight percentages of (3% - 6%) Silicon Carbide, Fly ash and Red mud were fabricated by liquid metallurgical (Stir Casting) method. The casted composite specimens were machined as per BS: 18: 1962 test standards. The specimens were tested to know the mechanical properties such as tensile test, impact (Charpy) test and wear test. The result reveals higher tensile strength, impact strength and wears resistance in Al6061-SiC-Flyash samples when compared to Al6061-SiC-Redmud samples.
EFFECT OF THERMAL EXPOSURE ON THE MECHANICAL AND WEAR PROPERTIES OF AEROSPACE...Journal For Research
Aluminum alloys are becoming increasingly important available data were utilized to prepare maps that are intended to serve to design Al Alloys with desired combination especially in the automotive and aerospace industries aluminum alloys AA6061 T6 is subjected to several combinations of solution treatments to correlate their mechanical tensile properties to hardness and conductivity measurement Additional the AA6061 T6 alloys were thermally exposed to several temperature to simulate heat damage effects the thermal exposure was correlated to the tensile properties and hardness and conductivity measurement however these materials tend to have poor wear resistance during working conditions study was to evaluate the wear behavior of Al alloys with various parameter by using pin-on-disk machine the wear rate was decreased then after database were created to consolidate the information about microstructure mechanical properties and corrosion behavior for Al Alloys.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy (LM6) Reinforced with SiC...IOSR Journals
This work deals with fabricating or producing aluminium based metal matrix composite and then
studying its microstructure and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength and wear
behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop aluminium
based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of
producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir
casting technique has been adopted. Aluminium Alloy (LM6) and SiC, Fly Ash has been chosen as matrix and
reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of Fly Ash ( 5%
and 15%) while keeping SiC constant(5%). The result shown that the increase in addition of Fly Ash increases
the Tensile Strength, Impact Strength, Wear Resistance of the specimen and decreases the percentage of
Elongation
Basic knowledge of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) for freshers in the field. This is one of the welding process that produces one of the highest quality of weld for high integrity structures...
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
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ALUMINIUM METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE WITH DUAL REINFORCEMENT IAEME Publication
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Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Alloy Reinforced with B4C Nano-particles using Ultrasonic cavitation method
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 7, Issue 4 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 01-07
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024
Alloy Reinforced with B4C Nano-particles using Ultrasonic
cavitation method
Dr.Govind Nandipati 1
, Dr.Ravindra kommineni2
, Dr.Nageswara Rao Damera3
,
Dr.Ramanaiah Nallu4
.
1
Associate.Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering , R.V.R&J.C college of Engineering ,Guntur,
2
Professor & Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.V.R&J.C college of Engineering ,Guntur,
3
Vice chancellor Centurion University of Technology and Management, Parlakhemundi, Odisha,
4
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra university college of Engineering
Visakhapatnam.
Abstract: Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) with the addition of nano-sized ceramic particles can be of
significance for automobile, aerospace and numerous other applications. The physical and mechanical
characteristics of the light refractory carbides such as SiC, TiC and B4C make them suitable for being used as
reinforcement in aluminium base metal matrix composites This paper presents a technique for an inexpensive
fabrication of bulk lightweight MMNCs with reproducible microstructures and superior properties by use of
ultrasonic nonlinear effects, namely transient cavitation and acoustic streaming; to achieve uniform dispersion
of nano-sized B4C particles in molten aluminum alloy. Nano-sized B4Cp enhanced properties of aluminium
matrix composites, with 1.5%wt of B4C. As compared to the base metal alloy, the mechanical properties
including tensile strength and yield strength of the nanocomposites were improved significantly, while the
ductility of base metal alloy matrix castings was retained. Micro structural study was carried out with an
optical microscope and SEM which validates a good dispersion of nano-sized B4Cp in metal matrix. Mechanical
properties of the as-cast MMNCs have been improved significantly even with a low weight fraction of nano-
sized B4C.
Key Words: Metal matrix nano composites, Ultrasonic cavitaion, Boron carbide nanoparticles.
I. Introduction
Aluminium alloy 2024-T3 is an alloy, with copper as the primary alloying element. It is used in
applications requiring high strength to weight ratio, as well as good fatigue resistance. It is weldable only
through friction welding and has average machinability. Due to poor corrosion resistance, it is often clad
with aluminium or Al-1Zn for protection.
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are very interesting in various applications due to their improved
properties. Efforts have been made to develop aluminium metal matrix nano composites in recent years due to
their low density, high strength, superior creep resistance, high damping capacity and good dimensional
stability. Magnesium matrix composites are excellent candidates as structural materials and have great potential
in automotive and aerospace applications. Discontinuous micro-scale reinforcements such as short fibers,
particles or whiskers, have been used to produce magnesium MMCs. Nano-sized SiC enhanced magnesium
matrix nanocomposites Mg-2Al-1SiC with 2% SiC and Mg-4Al-1Si with 2% SiC, were successfully fabricated
by ultrasonic cavitation based dispersion of SiC nanoparticles in Mg-(2,4)Al-1Si magnesium alloy melts. As
compared to the magnesium alloy matrices, the mechanical properties including tensile strength and yield
strength of the Mg-2Al-1Si/2% SiC and Mg-4Al-1Si/2% SiC nanocomposites were improved significantly,
while the ductility of magnesium alloy matrix castings was retained [1]. The ultrasonic non-linear effects are
used to disperse nano-sized SiC ceramic particles in AZ91D magnesium molten metal. The dispersion of nano-
sized ceramic particles uniformly in molten metal is done by ultrasonic nonlinear effects, namely transient
cavitation and acoustic streaming, into molten aluminum alloy A356. High-resolution scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), X-ray photo spectroscopy (XPS), and high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (XRD)
techniques show a nearly uniform distribution and good dispersion of the SiC nanoparticles within the nano-
composites (MMNCs) can be of significance for automobile, aerospace and numerous other light weight
applications. It also indicates that partial oxidation of SiC nanopartilces results in the formation of SiO2 in the
matrix. Mechanical properties of the as-cast MMNCs have been improved significantly even with a low weight
fraction of nano-sized SiC [2,3].
Ultrasonic cavitation is a best way to disperse SiC nanopowders in magnesium melt and for
manufacturing of Mg/SiC nanocomposites. SiC nanoparticles inside the matrix were mostly separated by
2. Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Alloy Reinforced with NanoB4Cp
www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
magnesium. Due to the addition of nano SiCp, the grain size of magnesium was refined. SiC nanoparticles
bonded well with Mg matrix without forming an intermediate phase. The mechanical properties of the Mg/SiC
nanocomposites, the yield and tensile strengths, were improved significantly, while the ductility of pure
magnesium was retained [4]. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of Mg/ 2%SiC, Mg-4Zn/1.5%SiC
and Mg-(2, 4)Al-1Si/2%SiC nanocomposites were improved significantly as compared to those of unreinforced
pure magnesium, Mg-4Zn and Mg- (2, 4)Al-1Si matrices. The good ductility of the matrices was twice that of
pure Mg-4Zn [5]. Yong Yang, Xiaochun Li[6] have fabricated Bulk Al-based nanocomposites that enhanced the
mechanical properties with nanosized SiCp by an ultrasonic based nanomanufacturing process. The
microstructural study reveals that high-power ultrasonic cavitation is an effective method to disperse nano SiCp
particles in aluminum A356 alloy which enhances the wettability between the particles and Al matrix..
Magnesium alloys--one third lighter than an equal volume of aluminum alloys--are one of the lightest
metallic structural materials and are very attractive for applications in automotive and aerospace systems. The
need for complex structural components of high performance magnesium materials is expected to continuously
increase as automotive and aerospace industries are forced to improve the energy efficiency of their products.
Nanoparticle reinforcements can increase the matrix mechanical strength by more effectively promoting particle
hardening mechanisms than micron size particles. A fine and uniform dispersion of nanoparticles provides a
good balance between the strengthener (non deforming particles) and inter-particle spacing effects to maximize
the yield strength and creep resistance (by mechanisms such as dislocation bowing around the particles and
pinning down dislocations at the particles by rapid diffusional stress relaxation at elevated temperatures) while
retaining the good matrix ductility [7].
S. M.Zebarjad et al.[8] concentrated their study on the role of particle size of silicon carbide (SiC) on
dimensional stability of aluminium. Al/SiC composites were reinforced with different sizes of SiC particles
(25μm, 50μm, and 70 nm).The results showed that for all materials, there was an increase in length as
temperature increased and the temperature sensitivity of aluminum decreased in the presence of both micro- and
nanosized silicon carbide and dimensional stability of Al/SiC nanocomposite was better than the conventional
Al/SiC composites.
Different volume fractions of nano-alumina(Al2O3)particles were dispersed into the A356 aluminum
alloy by a mechanical stirrer to avoid agglomeration and for segregation of particles. The microstructural
characterization of the composite samples showed uniform distribution of reinforcement, grain refinement of
aluminium matrix and presence of the minimal porosity. Due to the presence of nano-Al2O3, significant
improvement in hardness, 0.2% yield strength, UTS and ductility were observed [9].Due to the unique
tailorability, aluminium composite materials have wide applications in aerospace and automotive industries.
Earlier, fine particles of SiCp are to be reinforced in aluminium 6061 alloy which improve mechanical
properties slightly. Due to the presence of cavities and agglomerates there is less significant improvement in the
properties [10].
In recent years, Lan et al. and Yang and Li [11,12] developed a new nanomanufacturing method that
combines solidification processes with ultrasonic cavitation based dispersion of nanoparticles in metal melts.
Ultrasonic waves can produce transient cavitations of the order of nanoseconds, “micro-hot-spots” that can have
temperatures of about 5000°C, pressures above 1000 atm. that distribute and disperse nano particles uniformly.
C.F.Deng et. al [13], reinforced Carbon nano tubes(CNT) in the aluminum alloy matrix with iso-static
pressing followed by hot extrusion techniques. The mechanical properties are affected by carbon nano tubes
content. At 1.0%wt of CNTs the mechanical properties increased and decrease at higher %weight. The more
percentage of Si constrains the reaction between the SiC and Al in the matrix. It is observed that viscosity of the
molten metal increased due to the addition of the nano SiC particles [14].
In this paper, B4C/AA2024 composites are fabricated by casting using high-intensity ultrasonic wave
technique. The microstructure and microhardness of these composites are investigated.
II. Experimental Procedure
The base material used in this study is AA2024alumunium alloy has the following chemical
composition.
Table.1 Chemical composition of AA2024
Alloy
element
Al Cu Si Fe Mg Mn Cr Ti Zn
% by
weight
90.7 4.9 0.5 0.5 1.8 0.9 0.1 0.15 0.25
B4C nano particulate of size 50 nm are used in the study. B4C is selected as its density is close to the
Al, and thus there will not be any agglomeration of the particulate during the process. The experimental setup
3. Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Alloy Reinforced with NanoB4Cp
www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
consists of an electrical resistance heating unit for melting the AA2024 aluminum alloy in a EN-8 steel crucible
at 6380
C. The Ultrasonic transducer probe of the sonicator is dipped into the melt for sonication process. Boron
carbide (B4C) particles are added at various weight percentages [0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and
2%] to the melt during the cavitation process.
Fig.1. Schematic of experiment setup
The molten metal is protected from atmospheric air by Argon gas during melting. The metal is poured
into a die of size 200x130x9mm3
and plates are cast. The as cast plates are heat treated, (solutionised at 5600
c
for1hr) and ageing is done at 1600
C for12hrs. Tensile specimens are prepared as per the ASTM-E8 standards
from these plates. The heat treated plates are processed through rolling to remove the casting defects and for
grain elongations. The enhanced mechanical properties of the cast plates as well as rolled sheets are observed.
For Microstructural analysis MMNC cast plates are cut to size of 10x10x5mm3
, ground and polished to mirror
finishing. The samples are etched with Keller’s reagent (composed of 2ml HF, 3ml HCl, 5ml HNO3 and 190ml
water). Optical images and SEM images are taken to study the grain refinement and grain structures and
elongations.
III. Results And Discuscussion
The mechanical properties and microstructures of the parent metal, the fabricated composites and
rolled sheets are studied and the results are presented.
3.1. Hardness Tests
The nano B4C particles are added to the molten metal. While adding, the particulate tend to float on the
surface of the melt. The B4C particles have a slightly lesser specific density than that of the molten aluminium
alloy. As the surface tension of the melt is high, there is poor wetting between B4C particulate and the melt. By
applying the high intensity ultrasonic waves, the acoustic streaming traps the nano particles into the melt
effectively.
The Hardness of the MMNCs is measured at different locations on the samples. The hardness increased
nearly linear with various weight percentages of the nanoB4C particulate. The hardness of the aluminum
AA2024 alloy is found to be Hv-137. The hardness values of the as cast MMNCs, heat treated and after rolling
are presented in the table below. The decrease of value at 2wt% is due to the formation of voids and
agglomerates
Table.2.Table showing the hardness values of MMNCs and after rolling
%wt of B4C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Hv-of
MMNCs
140 143 148 151 154 157 160 155
Hv-after
rolling
142 145 149 153 156 158 162 157
3.2. TENSILE TESTS:
The tensile specimens are prepared with gauge length 28mm and cross sectional area as 5x6mm2
.The
tests are conducted on 2Ton extensometer. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the base metal
4. Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Alloy Reinforced with NanoB4Cp
www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
AA2024 are found to be 420MPa and 276MPa respectively. Also the tensile tests are conducted on metal matrix
nano composites and after rolling and the results presented in tables below. With only 1.5% by weight of nano
B4C particles the ultimate tensile strength has been increased by 6% and reads 442MPa.The higher dislocation
density in the MMNC is responsible for strengthening mechanism. This dislocation phenomenon is due to the
difference in thermal expansion coefficients between matrix and uniformly dispersed nano B4C particulate,
which act as barriers for dislocation movements. The coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch the strain
between the aluminum alloy metal matrix and the reinforcing nano B4C particulate. The plastic deformation of
the ductile aluminum alloy metal matrix in the presence of discontinuous B4C reinforcements, is non uniform.
This is due to the hard, brittle and refractory particles resisting the plastic flow of the soft, ductile and
plastically deforming aluminium alloy metal matrix. The Ultimate tensile strength and Yield strength of the
MMNC is increased for various wt% of nano particlesupto1.5wt% and decreased at 2wt%.This decrease is due
to the formation of agglomerates and voids in the matrix.
Table.3. Mechanical properties of MMNCs
%wt of B4C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Yield
strength of
MMNCs-
Mpa
282 283 285 290 295 301 310 306
Ultimate
strength of
MMNCs-
Mpa
422 425 428 431 435 440 445 442
Table.4. Mechanical properties of MMNCs after rolling
%wt of B4C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Yield
strength of
MMNCs-
Mpa
283 285 287 293 296 303 312 305
Ultimate
strength of
MMNCs-
Mpa
424 427 430 434 439 444 449 401
Fig-2 Stress Vs Strain relationship for MMNCs
The Fig-2 shows the stress-strain relationship for various percentages of nano B4C particles. The plastic
deformation, induced dislocations, or slip dislocations become dominant when the plastic strain exceeds the
thermal mismatch strain and the two effects eventually act in combination. The increased yield strength of the
MMNCs is due to dislocation generation and accumulation and assuming the dislocations to be uniformly
dispersed in the metal matrix. The residual dislocations are likely to be trapped at the reinforcing B4Cp. This
results in local regions of high dislocation density; i.e. the density is highest near the reinforcing B4Cp or at the
reinforcement matrix interfaces.Fig-3 shows the relation between %wt of nano particles and strength of the
MMNCs. The strength of the MMNCs reduced at 2% of the nano particulate due the formation of agglomerates
in the matrix, failure occurred at the interfaces of the matrix and particulate.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 0.02 0.04
StressinMpa
Strain
Strain Vs Stress 0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1
1.5
2
5. Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Alloy Reinforced with NanoB4Cp
www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
Fig-3 Strength of MMNCs
Fig-4 Strength of MMNCs after rolling
3.2.1. DAMAGE DURING TENSILE DEFORMATION: With the influence of tensile load fine microscopic
voids appear to grow confirming a possible contribution from particle constraint induced triaxiality on failure of
composite matrix. Failure of MMNCs is governed by combined effect of local plastic constraints, particle size
and agglomeration. The fracture is highly localized at the discontinuous B4Cp reinforcement with the formation
of voids. Fracture occurred in the regions of particle clustering due to the enhanced localised stresses resulting
from restriction of plastic deformation. The stress immediately adjacent to a reinforcing nano B4C particle is a
combination of stress components imposed by the macroscopic applied stress and the stress component that
developed on a microscopic scale. The microscopic scale components arise as a result of conjoint influence of
strain incompatibility between the reinforcing particle and deforming matrix, individual stresses arising from
thermal expansion mismatch between the second phase inclusion and the matrix and load sharing by the
reinforcing particulates. A combination of thermally induced stress, local stress concentration and macroscopic
applied stress and intrinsic brittle nature of reinforcing particle is responsible for cracking. Furthermore,
assuming that the aluminium alloy metal matrix-B4C particle interfaces are strong, the triaxial stresses generated
during far field tensile loading favors limited growth of microscopic voids in the matrix of the composite. The
limited growth of voids during far field tensile loading coupled with lack of their coalescence and thus inhibiting
the dominant fracture mode to be ductile failure.
IV. Microstructures
The enhanced properties of the metal matrix nano composites depend on distribution of the reinforcing
particles and interface bonding between metal matrix and the dispersed particles. The optical micrograph and
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
StrengthinMpa
% by weight of NanoB4C
StrengthVs %nanoparticles
ultimatetensile
strength
yield strength
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 1 2 3
strengthinMpa
%wt of nano particles
Strength for MMNCs after rolling
yield strength
ultimatetensile
strength
6. Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Alloy Reinforced with NanoB4Cp
www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
SEM images of MMNCs reinforced with 1.5wt% of nano B4Cp are presented in figures below. The optical
images of the base metal and MMNCs are shown in Fig-5(a),(b) where the grain boundaries are clearly
observed. With the optical microscopy no pores are observed. The grains in Fig 5(a) are larger in size and that of
MMNC’s are smaller as seen in Fig-5(b).
Fig 5(a) Fig-5(b)
Fig-6(a) Fig-6(b)
Fig-7 Fig-8
The SEM images of MMNCs reveal that, there is uniform distribution of the nano B4C particles in the
matrix (Fig-6) and small agglomerates of the powders and voids also be seen at higher magnification Fig-7. The
overall microscopic analysis shows that there is good bonding between the matrix and the refractory particulate
interface, indicating uniform distribution of particles due to ultrasonic cavitation and grain boundaries are seen
distinctly in Fig-8.
V. Conclusions
The metal matrix nano composites are fabricated using mechanical stirring and ultrasonic cavitation
methods. The effects of nano B4Cp dispersion on microstructure and mechanical properties are investigated.
a) The metal matrix nano composites have fine and more homogeneous microstructure with the increase of % wt
of nano B4Cp content.
b) The hardness of the aluminum MMNCs improved significantly by the addition of B4Cp particles into it.
c) The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength are increased with the increase of B4Cp content. The hardness,
UTS, Y.S increased by 14%, 6%, 11% respectively.
d) Ultrasonic nonlinear affects efficiently disperse nano particles into molten alloy by enhancing their
wettability.
7. Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Alloy Reinforced with NanoB4Cp
www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
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